Their Relationship with the Western World

Impacts of Westernization and Media Framing on the Quechua People

by Alonso Abugattas

Westernization

Etic Approach
What westernization does with the Quechua according to their
Socio-political structure? Social subsistence methods? Religious beliefs? Education system?
Language?

Social relationships? (kinship, gender).

Effects in Quechua Socio-Political Structure

Assimilation of Western model of political administration.
Assignation of communal mayors.
Ayllu representative (imitiating curaca role).

Insertion in regional governments.

Effects in Social Subsistence Methods

Traditional:
Self subsistence economical production (Kalman, 1994).
Kinship-based.
Families.

Use of traditional techniques.

Pastoralism Horticulture

Reciprocity:
Exchange of goods (Parker,1997) Flowed between generalized and balanced. Also kinship based
Generalized: Intrafamiliar. Balanced: Interfamiliar.

Changes:
Assimilation of Western economic models:
Use of nation-state currency. Exportation of goods product of pastoralism and horticulture.
Insertion in nation-state capitalist market.

Effects in Quechuas Religious Beliefs

Given by historical reasons:
Repression of Andean beliefs by Spaniards. Migration from villages to cities (Cumbira University, 2007). Decentralization of religion.

Pre-Columbian-Catholic syncretism (Advameg, 2007).

Assimilation of Catholic beliefs and moral principles.
Hanan Pacha/Ukhu Pacha (Heaven and Hell). Apu/Catholic saint syncretism.

Syncretism of traditional forms of celebration with and Catholic holidays.

Carnavales (patronal festivals). Takanakuy: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKjSyZhIIiw (Morton, 2012).

Preservation of Andean beliefs from pre-Columbian eras.

Dualism. Division of the World (Pachas). Ceremonies.

Effects in Education
Key component: Quechua Language.
Loss of Quechua-speaking people (Safley, 2011).
Only 19, 25 and 23% of total population speak Quechua in Peru, Ecuador and Bolivia respectively (CerronPalomino, 1987).

Quechua-Spanish cross-linguistic influence (Manley, 2012).

Creation of Spanish jargon by insertion of Quechua words.
Pucho, Chomba, Concho.

Effects in Education
Assimilation of Western models of formal education.
Dependency on public schools. Aim towards seeking superior education in public universities in cities.
Centralization of education.

Enculturation of Spanish by formal educational system.

Quechua language enculturation by families.

Effects in Social Relationships

Gender
Workforce balance.
Migration due to economical and educational centralization.

Decrease in feminine subordination

Primary authoritarian figure for children in family.

Kinship
Family
Predominance of patrilineal descent. Incorporation of surname of women in their offspring.

Marriage, Sex, Love

Acculturation of Western ideals of romantic love. Dependence on religious ideals. Madonna-whore complex incorporation.

Media Framing

 Pejorative framing of Quechua people.

Clash of interests with transnational corporations.
Seemed as retrograde people. Go against the progress of the nation state
Conga case in Cajamarca, Peru.

Conflictive.

Depicted as submissive, compliant people.

Due to compliance of Inca forefathers to Spaniard control.

Beneficial framing from tourist media. (Erkenbrack, 2011).

People rich in culture. Hospitable people. Rather seen as victims of nation-state conflicts than perpetrators.
Peruvian Civil War 1980s.

References
Jermyn, Leslie Peru Milwaukee, Wisc.: Gareth Stevens, 1998. Prayer. SIM Go Serve. 2013 http://www.sim.org/index.php/content/quechua (accessed March 9, 2013). Kalman, Bobbie Peru: The People and Culture New York: Crabtree Publishing Company, 1994. Parker, Edward. Peru Austin, Tex.: Raintree Steck-Vaughn, 1997.

References
Safley, Mike The Quechua People: An Abandoned Race. Northwest Alpacas. 2011 http://www.alpacas.com/AlpacaLibrary/QuechuaAbandonedRac e.as px (accessed March 11, 2013). Advameg, Inc. Countries and Their Cultures: Quechua. February 4, 2007. http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Norway-toRussia/Quechua.html (accessed March 11, 2013). Cumbria University The Religion of the Quechua. January 23, 2013. http://www.philtar.ac.uk/encyclopedia/latam/quech.html (accessed March 11, 2013). . Performed by Thomas Morton Fist Fighting on Christmas: A Peruvian Tradition. Directed by Vice.2012.

References
Cerrn-Palomino, Rodolfo (1987) Lingstica Quechua Cuzco, Peru: Centro Bartolom de las Casas. Manley, Marilyn S Cross-Linguistic Influence of the Cuzco Quechua Epistemic System on Andean Spanish Electronic essay, Rowan: Rowan University, 2012. Erkenbrack, Elizabeth The Mobilization of Quechua as an Ethnocommodity Electronic essay, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 2011.