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 EDITOR’S PEN

“WEB OS”
A WEBOS can be taken as “A window manager running on
the client, where apps are located in these windows as iframes. This
is not really an operating system, rather a window manager, where
apps are in draggable layers/windows as a part of the webpage,
running JavaScripts supported by a JavaScript library and possibly
by the server with a public API for that purpose. This API would have
to have some limitations/restrictions or it would be plain dangerous
security wise.

“These are the new types of operating system where

everything resides on a web browser. With WEBOS, you can have
your desktop, applications and files always with you, from your
home, your college, your office or your neighbour's house. Just open List of WEBOS where you can register and
a web browser, connect to your WEBOS System and access your work independently of the location:
personal desktop and all your stuff just like you left it last time.”If
we look at conventional operating systems they can be taken as Legion
Globus
the interaction between hardware and software via drivers Netsolve
the memory and execution of programs Globe
the layout, retrieval, and modification of files on disk GOST
user management, permissions, and preferences PVM
higher level functionality like networking and user interface AppLesS
widgets Broadway:
So we can see a WEBOS as “an applications run entirely within a
web browser, but have the look and feel of desktop applications. An For more information on WEBOS search in
application's code and data reside remotely but are executed and “WEBOS” in your favorite search engine. Just
modified locally. This model allows for a great deal of freedom. You give trial to this great emerging tool that may
can edit a document at home in a text editor and then go to school make you location free computer freak.
or work and instantly access the same text editor and document.”
So by using these new types of logical operating systems we can SHASHWAT SHRIPARV
have our own operating system wherever we go, we just need to
dwivedishashwat@gmail.com
have a login name and password. So Working out of internet cafes
or libraries? Your desktop, applications, and data travel with you
from cafe to cafe, session to session.

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 1. GET INSPIRED

Narayana Murthy

2. ARTICLE SECTION

Self-defending network
Web 2.0 & web design
It is more than storage problem
Can computer think like human brain

3. KNOW LANGUAGE

Java
-IT-
Ajax
Knowledge is power in the
modern intellectual society 4. TROUBLESHOOTING
information technology is a
part of advance knowledge Why PC Crashes
.Through this we gain 5. IT SCHOOLS
knowledge in different field
like our communicational ER&DCI-IT Profile
technology, computing
6. SOURCE CODE OF THE MONTH
technology, computing
technology and different Locking folder without any software
type of virtual reality
technology. 7. TIPS AND TRICKS
So today society’s life is
Hibernate Option In Windows
changing day by day now it
is information society, Windows Firewall
tomorrow it becomes 8. GAGET FREAKS
knowledge society and after
some time wisdom society. Morphing Mobiles
IT play an
9. FROM YOUR PEN
important role in each and
every phase … Give Feedbacks
Contacts

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 GET INSPIRED

NAGAVARA RAMARAO NARAYANA MURTHY

Nagavara Ramarao Narayana Murthy, better known as N. R.

Narayana Murthy, is an Indian industrialist, software engineer and
one of the seven founders of India‘s one of the largest IT company
Infosys Technologies, a global consulting and IT services company
based in India. He is currently the non-executive Chairman and
Chief Mentor of Infosys. He was the CEO of the company for 21 Quotes
years, from 1981 to 2002. After stepping down as CEO in 2002, he
has broadened his scope of activities to social services as well as “Our assets walk out of the door each
evening. We have to make sure that
promoting India globally
they come back the next morning.”
Mr. Murthy was born into a Kannada Madhva Brahmin family in
“Performance leads to recognition.
Mysore, India on August 20, 1946, He graduated with a degree in
Recognition brings respect. Respect
electrical engineering from the National Institute of Engineering,
enhances power. Humility and grace in
University of Mysore in 1967 after attending government school,
and received his master's degree from IIT Kanpur in 1969. one's moments of power enhances
His first position was at IIM Ahmadabad as chief systems dignity of an organization,”
programmer where he worked on a time-sharing system and
“The real power of money is the power
designed and implemented a BASIC interpreter for ECIL
to give it away.”
(Electronics Corporation of India Limited).
After IIM Ahmadabad, he then joined Patni Computer Systems in “In God we trust, everybody else bring
Pune. Before moving to Mumbai, Murthy met his wife Sudha data to the table.”
Murthy in Pune who at the time was an engineer working at Tata
Engineering and Locomotive Co. Ltd. (Telco, now known as Tata “Progress is often equal to the
Motors) in Pune. In 1981, he founded Infosys with six other difference between mind and mindset.”
software professionals. He served as president of the National
Association of Software and Service Companies, India from 1992 “I want Infosys to be a place where
to 1994. people of different genders,
Murthy served as the founder CEO of Infosys for 21 years, and was nationalities, races and religious beliefs
succeeded by co-founder Nandan Nilekani in March 2002. He is the work together in an environment of
chairman of the governing body of the International Institute of intense competition but utmost
Information Technology - Bangalore, and was the Chairman of the harmony, courtesy and dignity to add
Governing Body of the Indian Institute of Management, more and more value to our customers
Ahmadabad. day after day.”
In addition he is the member of board in several national and
international institutions. "Ships are safest in the harbor but they
Mr. Murthy has been the recipient of numerous awards and honors are not meant to be there. They have to
like Padma Shri, Padma Vibhushan. sail long and hard and face stormy seas
He is a living legend and an epitome of the fact that honesty, to reach the comfort of a desirable
transparency, and moral integrity are not at variance with business destination"
acumen. He set new standards in corporate governance and
morality.

Compiled by: Shashidhar Chaturvedi

MCA, ER&DCIT Trivandrum (CUSAT)

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 Self-Defending Networks
`

THE NEXT GENERATION OF NETWORK Introducing Self-Defending Networks

SECURITY • Self-defending networks differ from traditional

• Self-Defending Networks helps networking professionals
understand how to deploy an end-to-end, integrated network
security solution. It presents a clear view of the various
components that can be used throughout the network to not only
monitor traffic but to allow the network itself to become more
proactive in preventing and mitigating network attacks.
Understanding Types of Network Attacks and Defenses
• Categorizing Network Attacks
network defenses in that self-defending
networks have the capability to provide some
amount of automatic protection of the network
components and end-user workstations in the
event of a network attack.
• The layered self-defending network includes
components that can protect the network
connections in the data center, at the remote or
branch location, and at the desktop.

Network attacks can be categorized based upon the nature of the Self-defending network components include the
attack. Categories of network attacks include the following: following:
1. Virus
2. Worm DDoS mitigation, including DDoS Guard and
3. Trojan Horse DDoS Traffic Anomaly Detector
4. Denial of service (DoS)
5. Distributed denial of service (DDoS) • Adaptive Security Appliances (ASA)
6. Spyware • Incident Control Service (ICS)
7. Phishing • Network Admission Control (NAC)
• 802.1x
Understanding Traditional Network Defenses
• Host intrusion prevention: Cisco Security
Agent (CSA)
• Cisco Security Centralized management

Traditional network defenses are composed of the following

products:
1. Router access lists
2. Firewalls
3. Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS)
4. Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
5. Antivirus programs

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DDoS Mitigation
Automatic or self-defending DDoS mitigation
involves the automatic rerouting of the DDoS traffic while
maintaining the valid network traffic connections. Cisco Guard
and Detector appliances and Catalyst 6500/7600 DDoS service
modules can provide this automatic DDoS mitigation by
creating a baseline of normal network activity, detecting DDoS
attacks and then automatically rerouting the DDoS. traffic
away from the target servers by updating the routing tables.
Adaptive Security Appliance
ASA is an integrated and extensible security appliance
product line from Cisco. ASA is an integration of the PIX
firewall, Network IDS/IPS system, and VPN 3000
concentrator. This ASA appliance contains many self-
defending characteristics including inline IPS support,
application layer inspection/enforcement, and SYN Cookie
capabilities. These self-defending features can enable the ASA
appliance to drop network attack connections and protect end
servers and users from attacks by monitoring, inspecting, and
restricting the network connection attempts to target devices.
Incident Control Service
Cisco also offers the ability to contain a worm infection
within the network. The Cisco Incident Control Service (ICS)
is developed in partnership with Trend Micro. The Cisco ICS
provides automatic updates of new vulnerability updates from
Trend Micro. The Cisco ICS also provides the ability to
automatically update these Outbreak Prevention Signatures on
ASA, IOS router, and IPS platforms. In addition to Outbreak
Prevention Signature update, Cisco ICS also provides Outbreak
Prevention ACL (access list) updates, which can recommend
or automatically apply a new ACL to an IOS router or ASA
device in the event that a network infection has been identified
to the Cisco ICS.
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`
Host Intrusion Prevention: CSA
CSA provides host intrusion protection for
users or hosts on the network. CSA can be
considered the last line of the layered self-
defending network defense because CSA can
prevent malicious behavior on a host, including
attacks such as buffer overflow. CSA can be
automatically and centrally updated with new
policies to help protect against new network
attacks.
Cisco Security Centralized Management
A good defense is typically a layered defense. This
layered defense can be composed of router access
lists and firewall service modules to protect the
core network and data center, ASA to protect
DMZs and the perimeter, NAC to provide secure
network access at the perimeter, and CSAs to
protect the server, workstations, and laptops.
Cisco Security Centralized management can be
divided into two main functional areas:
Centralized configuration management
products, like the Cisco Security Manager, enable
hundreds or thousands of routers and security
appliances to be configured with a consistent or
coordinated security policy. Centralized
monitoring products, like the Cisco Security
MARS, receive monitoring events like sys log,
SNMP Traps, IPS Secure Device Event Exchange
(SDEE), and Remote Data Exchange Protocol
(RDEP) events and can create an end-to-end
picture of what is happening in the network based
upon the monitoring events from the devices in the
network. The Cisco centralized monitoring Cisco
Security MARS product also adds a response or
self-defending feature where Cisco Security
MARS can create a recommendation on how to
stop a network attack as well as enable IPS
signatures on IOS routers with the Distributed
Threat Mitigation (DTM) feature.
VINEET PRATAP (MCA B6, ER&DCI-IT, C-DAC)
Page 7
 `
WEBSITE and INTERNET DEVELOPMENT-Web 2.0

I still remember the day around the mid of June when Blogger,live
I was in 5 standard, the year being 2000 when a friend of journal,wordpress,open
source publishing
mine with me went to a café‘ (an internet one!) to check the Wikipedia-The
results of a Olympiad, just after 1 month of exam……..he revolutionary trust

said‖Are you gone nuts? They take at least 2 months to Bit Torrent-The radical
The user’s web
compile the solutions and you are telling that they have decentralization
platform ,user
‗Mailed‘ you our results RATHER than the school!(coz the Google-Open source and controls his/her
school hadn‘t had any mail ID those days!),anyways I don‘t ad sense revolutionist data.
know how to create a mailed leave apart using one.
Now this surely must have happened to many of us, Del.icio.us and Flickr-Non
taxonomy
say around 5-6 years back, when visiting a café‘ was
‗suspicious‘ :P and people were doubtful as to how to surf on Social networking-
Renaissance served on
net, because they thought it was difficult to manage net and to internet
know more about it. Features:
Have you ever thought about the difference between  Now Internet users can contribute and create
all types of content - from text
using the Internet in the late 1990s and in 2007? (www.wikipedia.org) to pictures
The most important and revolutionary change that has come (www.photobucket.com) to videos
about on the net is the gradual rise of a new collaborative (www.muvee.com) to personal information
Web. (www.hi5.com) to open source software
(www.openoffice.org).
This new Web environment has so become a part of our daily  There are also a variety of innovative and rich
lives that the Time magazine named its Person of the Year for Web 2.0 applications that are being used by
2006 as 'You'. The decision was based keeping in mind the youngsters, students and almost all who seek
role played by this phenomenon in changing the way people knowledge. The most prominent among them
being Nuvvo (www.nuvvo.com), Schoolr
use the Internet. (www.schoolr.com), Learn Without Limits
According to the magazine: "The story of 2006 was a (www.learnwithoutlimits.com), and Qunu
story about community and collaboration on a scale never (www.qunu.com).
seen before. It's about cosmic compendium of knowledge  Another reason for the immense popularity of
the Web 2.0 concept is the continuous rise in
Wikipedia and the people's network YouTube and the online
the number of Internet users.
metropolis MySpace. It's about the many wresting power  But despite low user involvement it can be
from the few and helping one another for nothing and how said that the new collaborative Web has
that will not only change the world, but also change the way certainly changed the lives of Internet users
the world changes."  Web 2.0, seen by many as a confluence of
According to O-Reilly media, Web 2.0 refers to technology, people, and their attitudes, has
second-generation of web-based services - social networking changed the way we think and use the Internet.
sites, wikis, blogs, User Generated Content (UGC) - that
accentuate online collaboration and sharing among users. It is
an arena where the web is a dominant platform compared to
the desktop.

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 `
WEBSITE and INTERNET DEVELOPMENT-Web 2.0

WEBSITE DESIGN
Just continuing from the point I left at the starting…how Two way conversational sites:All mentioned
above and frontend developer languages like
many times you thought that you can have your own Email ID
PHP or ASP.net developed on either C# or
say around 7 years back? It seemed to be almost a difficult VB. MySQL(a database),javascript, ajax (For
thing to have…but now each and every clerk has one! dynamic sites like FORUM,BLOG etc.)learn
more on www.w3schools.com
Similarly now many of us dream to have one‘s own website
say at a very basic level, a one way conversational site but we PHP+MySQL+Apache server(php codes execute
don‘t know how to make one, or don‘t have time for the on server rather than on browser) the combination
of all is available in apps like easyPHP and
same…….now its an everyone‘s cup of tea ill assure you! Just
XAMPP (Google it to download!)
follow my experience and see if you could make one for
yourself……. Free hosting: There are a lot of free hosting
websites on ‗the‘ internet…… www.0fees.net,
 As I mentioned about web 2.0, the major advantage of it is www.110mb.com, ww w.googlepages.com
open source tech and free wares and non taxonomy which
means everything which is meant to be free IS free……and
believe me this free outsourcing is one of the most paying
businesses ;P
 One way conversational sites: These just show you certain
info and you just can‘t really interact with these site, non-
dynamic in nature, and basically meant for just online
portfolios and stuff.
 Requirements: HTML/XHTML, CSS (optional),
Photoshop/Corel draw. Learn them to create web sites and
images for your blogs.
 Photoshop/CorelDraw: Image processing and editing Amar Deep Gupta
software‘s, a must for every web designer but may not be 2nd year Student
that much for a novice in this field…..learn more on I.I.T. Kharagpur
www.wz2k.com , www.phong.com , www.tutorialwiz.com caustic576@gmail.com
 Apart from these, if you don‘t have a good hand on +91-9734428858
Photoshop and CSS for that matter, but know what attribute
serves what purpose then download readymade templates
from www.freecsstemplates.com and
www.freecsstemplates.org and then edit the .html/.htm file
and change its content to suit your purpose, also if you want
to shift some settings on web page here and there study CSS
a bit like what property serves what purpose and change it
according to your need.

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It is more than storage problem
In today‘s fast growing Information world, all of us on this earth
want to store our information digitally especially on Web Spaces
(i.e. on internet).As the number of users grow in size day-by-day
there is a need of larger storage space arises. Today‘s most
popular server Gmail has more then 1 lack of server in its
America. well I m not talking about the problem of Storage
Space, as it can be solved easily by spending more money in
buying storage spaces, also the memory is less costly these days.
The problem which i m talking about is how efficiently we can
retrieve our information from the rapidly growing databases....?
Every one of us are aware of the fact, that as the number of
records grow in size inside any database its performance
decreases rapidly. for example: if any Query of yours gives
result in 100 milliseconds in 1 million records of database, after
inserting 10 Billion more records in the same database ,same
query will give you result in 100 seconds....? Isn‘t it quiet an
amazing figure in terms of performance issues? Well this is a
tested figure.
Can u see the scenario when we use Google search engine whose
database is scattered over 1 lack servers and then also it is giving
any search result in 10 seconds....how this is possible...? Every
popular mail server is suffering from the same problem, as no of
email messages are increasing like Tsunami and think, if u have
to search something in a larger database, how will u manage...?
Its Obvious, by writing a program.
Jeetu Raj
Can computer think like human brain??
Answer of this question can be viewed as a reinvention in
the development in artificial intelligence. Palm computer founder
JEFF HAWKINS developed a controversial theory of how the
brain works, and he's using it to build a new race of computers.
In Silicon Valley, Hawkins is best known as the founder of Palm
Computing Inc. and Handspring Inc., and as the mastermind
behind the Palm Pilot and Treo line of smart phones.
The idea about this human computer is based on the
theory developed by Hawkins,
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`
Which is known as memory production
framework. The theory says that ―the brain makes
predictions about the world through pattern
recognition and memory, recalling event
sequences and their nested relationships.‖
First of all, the theory explains how the neo cortex
works—not the entire brain. The neo cortex makes
up roughly half of a human brain; it's where all
high-level thought and perception takes place. It's
the place where you perceive the world. And it's a
type of memory system, though it's different from
that of a computer in that it is composed of a tree-
shaped hierarchy of memory regions that store
how patterns flow over time, like the notes in a
melody. We call this Hierarchical Temporal
Memory (HTM).
Computers must be programmed to solve
problems, but HTM systems are self-learning. By
exposing them to patterns from sensors (just like
the neo cortex receives information from the eyes
and ears), HTMs can automatically build a model
of the world. With this model, an HTM can
recognize familiar objects and use that data to
predict the future. So we're not claiming to build
brains here. We are building things that we think
can do what half of a human brain does.
HTMs essentially do three things. First, they
discover how the world works by sensing and
analyzing the world around them. Second, they
recognize new inputs as part of its model, which
we call pattern recognition. Finally, they make
predictions of what will happen in the future. We
think we can build machines that are in some
sense smarter than humans, that have more
memory, that are faster and can process data
nonstop, because they use hierarchical and
temporal data to predict outcomes—the same way
the human brain works.
Rajeev Ranjan
MCA ER&DCI-IT(CUSAT)
Page 10
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 Java `

Java is a high level programming developed by Sun

Different versions of java
Microsystems and released in 1995. Java was created by
James Gosling in June 1991 for use in one of his many set top
 In 1995: Introduced version 1.0 of JDK
box. The language was initially called ―oak‖ after that the
8 package with 212 class
named to java. It should use the OOP methodology and allow
Netscape 2.0-4.0 include java 1.0
the same program to be executed on multiple Operating
 In 1997: Version 1.1
Systems.
23 package with 504 class
What is java technology? Improvements include better event
handling Inner class
Java technology is: swing package of greatly improved
graphics became available during this
1. A programming language: A java programming language time but not include with core language.
is use to create all kinds of applications that programmer  In 1999: Version 1.2 (Java 2 platform)
could create by using conventional programming 59 package with 1520 class
language. Code and tools distributed the s\w
2. A development environment: A java technology provides development kit
you with a large suite of tools: a compiler, an interpreter, a Java class based on swing for improved
documentation generator, a class file packaging tool etc. it graphics and user interface include with
is usually mentioned in the perspective of World Wide core java.
Web and browser that are capable of running programs  In 2000: Version 1.3
called ―applets”. Applets are programs written in the java 76 package with 1842 class
that resides on web servers, are downloaded by a browser Performance enhancement including the
Virtual machine
to a client‘s system and run by the browser.
 In 2002: Version 1.4
3. An application environment: java applications are
135 package with 2991 class
application or general-purpose programs that run on any
Improved IO, XML support
machine where the Java runtime environment (JRE) is  In 2004: Version 5.0
installed. 165 package over 3000 class
4. A deployment environment: there are two main using Metadata
environments. First, the JRE supplied by the Java 2 Improved multithreading features
software Development Kit contains the complete set of the
class files for all of the java packages, which includes Distinctive feature of java
basic language classes, GUI component classes, an
Compiled and Interpreter: The other programming
advance Collection API, and so on. Second, environment
language is either compiled or interpreter but the
is on your web browser. Most commercial browsers
java combines both these approaches. First java
supply a java technology interpreter and runtime compiler translates source code into byte code
environment. Java technology is versatility, efficiency; instruction
platform portability and security make it the ideal
technology for network computing.

Program.java javac Program.class

Program.class java Byte Code

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 `

Platform Independent: java is a platform Way of using

independence language that means program written in the java
Java
java language must run any supported h\w operating system
program
(Windows, Linux, Solaris).One should be able to write a
program once, compile at once and run it anywhere.
Java
Object oriented programming: java is object
Java c
oriented which means data and function reside within objects
compile
and class. Java comes with an extensive set of classes
r
arranged in package. Applet program
Application
Java program Java
Data
Data appletviewer Interpreter

(enable web
browser)

Method
Method
Output
Object 1 Object 2
Communication

Class
Sample Code
public class ASCII_code{
public static void main(String argv[])
Secure: security is the most important aspects of any {
System.out.println("Value\tChar\tValue\tChar\tValue\tChar\
programming language, java is secure programming tValue\tChar\tValue\tChar\t");
language. The absence of pointer in java ensures that int c=1;
while (c < 256)
programs can‘t gain access to memory location without {
proper authorization. for (int col = 0; col < 5 && c < 256; col++, c++)
System.out.print(c + "\t" + (char)c + "\t");
Why java? System.out.println();
}}}

 Write s/w on one platform run it on virtually any other

platform.
 Create programmers to run within a web browser and
web services.
 Develop server side application for online forums, stores,
polls, HTML, form processing and more.
 Combines application or services using the java language
to create highly customized application and service. Ravindra Bohra
 Develop powerful and efficient application for mobile MCA B8 ER&DCIT(CUSAT)
phones, remote processing, low cost consume products
and practically any other device with a digital heartbeat.

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Ajax (asynchronous JavaScript and XML), or AJAX, is a
group of interrelated web development techniques used for
creating interactive web applications or rich Internet
applications. With Ajax, web applications can retrieve data
from the server asynchronously in the background without
interfering with the display and behavior of the existing
page. Data is retrieved using the XMLHttpRequest object or
through the use of Remote Scripting in browsers that do not
support it. Despite the name, the use of JavaScript, XML, or
asynchrony is not required
History
While the term Ajax was coined in 2005,techniques for the
asynchronous loading of content date back to 1996, when
Internet Explorer introduced the IFrame element.Microsoft's
Remote Scripting, introduced in 1998, acted as a more
elegant replacement for these techniques, with data being
pulled in by a Java applet with which the client side could
communicate using JavaScript. In 1999, Microsoft created
the XMLHttpRequest object as an ActiveX control in
Internet Explorer 5, and developers of Mozilla and Safari
followed soon after with native versions of the object.On
April 5, 2006 the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)
released the first draft specification for the object in an
attempt to create an official web standard
Technologies
The term Ajax has come to represent a broad group of web
technologies that can be used to implement a web application
that communicates with a server in the background, without
interfering with the current state of the page. In the article
that coined the term Ajax, Jesse James Garrett explained that
it refers specifically to these technologies:
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`
XHTML and CSS for presentation
the Document Object Model for dynamic
display of and interaction with data
XML and XSLT for the interchange and
manipulation of data, respectively
the XMLHttpRequest object for asynchronous
communication
JavaScript to bring these technologies together
Since then, however, there have been a number of
developments in the technologies used in an Ajax
application, and the definition of the term Ajax. In
particular, it has been noted that:
JavaScript is not the only client-side scripting
language that can be used for implementing an
Ajax application. Other languages such as
VBScript are also capable of the required
functionality.
The XMLHttpRequest object is not necessary
for asynchronous communication. It has been
noted that IFrames are capable of the same
effect.X
ML is not required for data interchange and
therefore XSLT is not required for the
manipulation of data. JavaScript Object
Notation (JSON) is often used as an
alternative format for data
interchange,although other formats such as
preformatted HTML or plain text can also be
used.
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 `

The use of Ajax can reduce connections to the

server, since scripts and style sheets only have
to be requested once.

Reverse Ajax

Reverse Ajax refers to an Ajax design pattern

that uses long-lived HTTP connections to
enable low-latency communication between a
web server and a browser. Basically it is a
way of sending data from client to server and
a mechanism for pushing server data back to
the browser. This server–client
communication takes one of two forms:

Client polling, the client repetitively

queries (polls) the server and waits for an
Since then, however, there have been a number of answer.
developments in the technologies used in an Ajax Server pushing, a connection between a
application, and the definition of the term Ajax. In particular, server and client is kept open, the server
it has been noted that: sends data when available.
JavaScript is not the only client-side scripting language
that can be used for implementing an Ajax application. Reverse Ajax describes the implementation of
Other languages such as VBScript are also capable of the any of these models, including a combination
required functionality. of both. The design pattern is also known as
The XMLHttpRequest object is not necessary for Ajax Push, Full Duplex Ajax and Streaming
asynchronous communication. It has been noted that Ajax.
IFrames are capable of the same effect.
XML is not required for data interchange and therefore
XSLT is not required for the manipulation of data.
JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) is often used as an
alternative format for data interchange,although other
formats such as preformatted HTML or plain text can
also be used.
Darshana Datta
Advantages MCA B6,ER&DCI-IT,
In many cases, the pages on a website consist of much C-DAC Campus, TVM
content that is common between them. Using traditional
methods, that content would have to be reloaded on every
request. However, using Ajax, a web application can
request only the content that needs to be updated, thus
drastically reducing bandwidth usage.
The use of asynchronous requests allows the client's Web
browser UI to be more interactive and to respond quickly
to inputs, and sections of pages can also be reloaded
individually. Users may perceive the application to be
faster or more responsive, even if the application has not
changed on the server side.

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 Why PC Crashes?

Fatal error: the system has become unstable or is busy," it says.

"Enter to return to Windows or press Control-Alt-Delete to
restart your computer. If you do this you will lose any unsaved
information in all open applications." You have just been
struck by the Blue Screen of Death. Anyone who uses Mcft
Windows will be familiar with this. What can you do? More
importantly, how can you prevent it happening?

1 Hardware conflict

The number one reason why Windows crashes is hardware conflict. Each hardware device
communicates to other devices through an interrupt request channel (IRQ). These are
supposed to be unique for each device. For example, a printer usually connects internally
on IRQ 7. The keyboard usually uses IRQ 1 and the floppy disk drive IRQ 6. Each device
will try to hog a single IRQ for itself. If there are a lot of devices, or if they are not
installed properly, two of them may end up sharing the same IRQ number. When the user
tries to use both devices at the same time, a crash can happen. The way to check if your
computer has a hardware conflict is through the following route:

* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System-Device Manager.

Often if a device has a problem a yellow '!' appears next to its description in the Device
Manager. Highlight Computer (in the Device Manager) and press Properties to see the IRQ
numbers used by your computer. If the IRQ number appears twice, two devices may be
using it. Sometimes a device might share an IRQ with something described as 'IRQ holder
for PCI steering'. This can be ignored. The best way to fix this problem is to remove the
problem device and reinstall it. Sometimes you may have to find more recent drivers on the
internet to make the device function properly. A good resource is www.driverguide.com. If
the device is a soundcard, or a modem, it can often be fixed by moving it to a different slot
on the motherboard (be careful about opening your computer, as you may void the
warranty). When working inside a computer you should switch it off, unplug the mains lead
and touch an unpainted metal surface to discharge any static electricity. To be fair to Mcft,
the problem with IRQ numbers is not of its making. It is a legacy problem going back to
the first PC designs using the IBM 8086 chip. Initially there were only eight IRQs. Today
there are 16 IRQs in a PC. It is easy to run out of them. There are plans to increase the
number of IRQs in future designs.

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2 Bad Ram
Ram (random-access memory) problems might
bring on the blue screen of death with a message
saying Fatal Exception Error. A fatal error indicates
a serious hardware problem. Sometimes it may
mean a part is damaged and will need replacing.
But a fatal error caused by Ram might be caused by
a mismatch of chips. For example, mixing 70-
nanosecond (70ns) Ram with 60ns Ram will usually
force the computer to run all the Ram at the slower
speed. This will often crash the machine if the Ram
is overworked.One way around this problem is to
enter the BIOS settings and increase the wait state
of the Ram. This can make it more stable. Another
way to troubleshoot a suspected Ram problem is to
rearrange the Ram chips on the motherboard, or
take some of them out. Then try to repeat the
circumstances that caused the crash. When handling
Ram try not to touch the gold connections, as they
can be easily damaged. Parity error messages also
refer to Ram. Modern Ram chips are either parity
(ECC) or non parity (non-ECC). It is best not to
mix the two types, as this can be a cause of trouble.
EMM386 error messages refer to memory problems
but may not be connected to bad Ram. This may be
due to free memory problems often linked to old
Dos-based-programmes.
3 BIOS settings
Every motherboard is supplied with a range of
chipset settings that are decided in the factory. A
common way to access these settings is to press the
F2 or delete button during the first few seconds of a
boot-up. Once inside the BIOS, great care should
be taken. It is a good idea to write down on a piece
of paper all the settings that appear on the screen.
That way, if you change something and the
computer becomes more unstable, you will know
what settings to revert to.
WWW.INFINITYTECH.CO.NR, WWW.INFINITYSOFT.CO.CC
A common BIOS error concerns the CAS latency.
This refers to the Ram. Older EDO (extended data
out) Ram has a CAS latency of 3. Newer SDRam
has a CAS latency of 2. Setting the wrong figure can
cause the Ram to lock up and freeze the computer's
display. Mcft Windows is better at allocating IRQ
numbers than any BIOS. If possible set the IRQ
numbers to Auto in the BIOS. This will allow
Windows to allocate the IRQ numbers (make sure
the BIOS setting for Plug and Play OS is switched to
'yes' to allow Windows to do this.).
4 Hard disk drives
After a few weeks, the information on a hard disk
drive starts to become piecemeal or fragmented. It is
a good idea to defragment the hard disk every week
or so, to prevent the disk from causing a screen
freeze. Go to
Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-Disk
Defragmenter
This will start the procedure. You will be unable to
write data to the hard drive (to save it) while the disk
is defragmenting, so it is a good idea to schedule the
procedure for a period of inactivity using the Task
Scheduler.
The Task Scheduler should be one of the small icons
on the bottom right of the Windows opening page
(the desktop). Some lockups and screen freezes
caused by hard disk problems can be solved by
reducing the read-ahead optimisation. This can be
adjusted by going to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-System Icon-
Performance-File System-Hard Disk.
Hard disks will slow down and crash if they are too
full. Do some housekeeping on your hard drive
every few months and free some space on it. Open
the Windows folder on the C drive and find the
Temporary Internet Files folder.
Page 17
Deleting the contents (not the folder) can free a lot
of space. Empty the Recycle Bin every week to free
more space. Hard disk drives should be scanned
every week for errors or bad sectors. Go to
* Start-Programs-Accessories-System Tools-
ScanDisk
Otherwise assign the Task Scheduler to perform
this operation at night when the computer is not in
use.
5 Viruses
Often the first sign of a virus infection is instability.
Some viruses erase the boot sector of a hard drive,
making it impossible to start. This is why it is a
good idea to create a Windows start-up disk. Go to
* Start-Settings-Control Panel-Add/Remove
Programs
Here, look for the Start Up Disk tab. Virus
protection requires constant vigilance. A virus
scanner requires a list of virus signatures in order to
be able to identify viruses. These signatures are
stored in a DAT file. DAT files should be updated
weekly from the website of your antivirus software
manufacturer. An excellent antivirus programme is
McAfee VirusScan by Network Associates (
www.nai.com). Another is Norton AntiVirus 2000,
made by Symantec ( www.symantec.com).
6 Printers
The action of sending a document to print creates a
bigger file, often called a postscript file.
Printers have only a small amount of memory,
called a buffer. This can be easily overloaded.
Printing a document also uses a considerable
amount of CPU power.
WWW.INFINITYTECH.CO.NR, WWW.INFINITYSOFT.CO.CC
This will also slow down the computer's
performance. If the printer is trying to print unusual
characters, these might not be recognised, and can
crash the computer. Sometimes printers will not
recover from a crash because of confusion in the
buffer. A good way to clear the buffer is to unplug
the printer for ten seconds. Booting up from a
powerless state, also called a cold boot, will restore
the printer's default settings and you may be able to
carry-on.
7 Software
A common cause of computer crash is faulty or
badly-installed software. Often the problem can be
cured by uninstalling the software and then
reinstalling it. Use Norton Uninstall or Uninstall
Shield to remove an application from your system
properly. This will also remove references to the
programme in the System Registry and leaves the
way clear for a completely fresh copy.
8 Overheating
Central processing units (CPUs) are usually
equipped with fans to keep them cool. If the fan fails
or if the CPU gets old it may start to overheat and
generate a particular kind of error called a kernel
error. This is a common problem in chips that have
been overclocked to operate at higher speeds than
they are supposed to.
9 Power supply problems
With all the new construction going on around the
country the steady supply of electricity has become
disrupted. A power surge or spike can crash a
computer as easily as a power cut.
For graphics related problem install graphic card
driver properly.
Ratnakar Mishra
MCA B6 ER&DCI-IT
Page 18
 PROFILE OF AN IT SCHOOL

Courses Offered.
M.Tech in B.E/B.Tech degree in
VLSI and Electronics &
Embedded Communications /
Systems Electronics &
Instrumentation / Electrical
& Electronics of a
recognized University,
with a minimum of 60%
marks,with an aptitude and
interest in electronics
hardware design.
Admission Forms can be
obtained from the Office of
ER&DCI(IT) by remitting
a fee of Rs.750/-.
About The Campus:- ER&DCI-IT is the manpower Master of As per the norms
development and training arm of Centre for Development Computer prescribed by CUSAT.
of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Thiruvananthapuram, Application Any graduate with
an autonomous institution wholly owned by Department Mathematics as one of the
of Information Technology, Government of India. main or subsidiary subjects
or graduate in Electronics
Formerly known as Electronics Research & Development
/Computer Science /
Centre of India (ER&DCI), the Centre is engaged in a Computer applications /
variety of research, design and development activities in Engineering / Technology
advanced areas of Electronics. Since its inception in 1974, with a minimum of 55%
the Centre has acquired high competency, expertise and marks in all subjects other
experience in the areas of VLSI - ASIC, Embedded than languages and
Systems, Control & Instrumentation, Networking, humanities.
Post Admission shall be based
Broadcast & Communications, Power Electronics, Cyber-
Graduate on the marks obtained in
Forensics, language technologies, etc. with extensive on- Diploma in the qualifying examination
site deployment of its technology outputs, and Transfer- Language The score obtained in the
of-Technologies for manufacture of the products Technology entrance test (objective
developed. The campus at Vellayambalam, in the heart of type)
Thiruvananthapuram city was formally dedicated to the The Principal
ER&DCI Institute of Technology,
nation on 10th November 1980, as a National Centre of CDAC Campus, Vellayambalam,
Excellence by Smt. Indira Gandhi, then Prime Minister of Trivandrum, Kerala – 695033
Ph: +91-471-2726106
India. ER&DCI-IT was started in 2001 with a mission to +91-471-2723333 Ext-295,250
groom and nurture internationally competitive Fax
professionals, empowering them with state-of-the-art skill +91-471-2723456
+91-471-2722230
sets in Electronics, Communications and IT.
www.erdciit.ac.in
erdciit@cdactvm.in

WWW.INFINITYTECH.CO.NR, WWW.INFINITYSOFT.CO.CC Page 19

 SOURCE CODE OF THE MONTH

Without use any software protects cls

your folder for unauthorized access. @ECHO OFF
title Folder Private
1. Make a new folder (name it if EXIST "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-
as you like) 08002B30309D}" goto UNLOCK
2-Inside this folder make a if NOT EXIST Private goto MDLOCKER
(TXT) file & copy the give :CONFIRM
code inside it this: echo Are you sure you want to lock the folder(Y/N)
2. After u copy the set/p "cho=>"
Commanding go to line (23) u if %cho%==Y goto LOCK
will find this word: password if %cho%==y goto LOCK
here (Change it with) any if %cho%==n goto END
password u like. if %cho%==N goto END
3. After that make ‗save as‘ & echo Invalid choice.
name as (locker.bat ) goto CONFIRM
4. Now back to the folder & u :LOCK
will find a ( LOCKER ) ren Private "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-
commanding. 08002B30309D}"
5. Click on it & u will find a attrib +h +s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-
new folder (Private ) 08002B30309D}"
6. Ok ,, now copy what u want in echo Folder locked
it & after that go to ( locker ) goto End
by click on it , it will open and :UNLOCK
ask you want lock your echo Enter password to unlock folder
folder? Y/N? set/p "pass=>"
7. Type Y if NOT %pass%== password here goto FAIL
8. If you want UNLOCK your attrib -h -s "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-
folder, go to (locker) & type 08002B30309D}"
your pass and you will see ren "Control Panel.{21EC2020-3AEA-1069-A2DD-08002B30309D}"
your private folder. Private
echo Folder Unlocked successfully
goto End
:FAIL
echo Invalid password
goto end
:MDLOCKER
md Private
echo Private created successfully
goto End
:End

COMPILED BY:

PADMAKAR MISHRA (PATNA)

mishra_padmakar@yahoo.co.in

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 Tips and Tricks

Hibernate Button on XP
Hibernate is great because it saves the status of your Windows XP session (all the programs and
documents you have open) to the hard drive,so it can automatically restore it the next time you
power up. The first step to making a Hibernate shortcut is to make sure you have Hibernate
turned on.

Note: First read ―support.microsoft.com/default.aspx?scid=kb;en-us;893056‖.

1. Make Hibernate is enabled:

Go start → Control Panel → click Power

Options →Choose the hibernate tab →
Select Enable hibernate support → click
OK.

2. From the desktop right click:

Choose New → Shortcut and in Type the

location of the item

“%windir%\system32\rundll32.exe
PowrProf.dll,SetSuspendState”.

And click Next → Type Hibernate → Finish.

3. Finally right click on your new

Hibernate shortcut

Select Properties from the drop-down menu

→ Choose change icon by browse an icon.

OR

Right click on desktop

Click [new][shortcut] to open the
shortcut wizard
type "shutdown -h -t 00" without the
double quotes.
Click [next] and give it any name u like eg:-" hibernate" or any name.
Click finish to close the wizard.
FOR restart FOR shutdown
type "shutdown -r -t 00" type "shutdown -s -t 00"

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 Enable and Disable Windows Firewall Quickly using Command-line

When testing network connectivity or when performing other troubleshooting tasks, you may
need to turn off the Windows Firewall temporarily. To quickly disable or enable the Windows
Firewall, you may use the Netsh.exe command-line in Windows XP and Windows Vista.

Enabling Windows Firewall

Click Start, Run and type:.

Netsh firewall set opmode enable

Disabling Windows Firewall

Click Start, Run and type:

Netsh firewall set opmode disable

Windows Firewall status can be verified using

Windows Security Center or the Windows
Firewall applet.

Note: In Windows Vista you need to run the

above commands from an elevated Command
Prompt. To open an elevated Command
Prompt, click Start, click All Programs, click
Accessories, right-click Command Prompt, and then click Run as administrator.

You may create desktop two shortcuts to enable and disable the Windows Firewall. To run the
commands as administrator, right-click on the shortcut and choose Run as administrator. Or
right-click the shortcut properties, click Advanced and tick the Run as administrator checkbox
and click OK. Double-clicking the shortcut run the Netsh… command elevated, after you click
the Continue button in the UAC confirmation dialog.

Customize the shortcut icons by picking an appropriate icon from Shell32.dll, Imageres.dll or
from xpsp2res.dll (for Windows XP) for easy identification.

Editor’s Note: Although the netsh firewall command works fine in Windows XP, Windows
Vista and Windows Server 2008 Operating Systems, Microsoft recommends that you use the
netsh advfirewall firewall command in Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008.

Ashok Kumar

ER&DCI-IT

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 GAGET FREAKS

Morphing is a special effect in motion pictures and

animations that changes (or morphs) one image into another
through a seamless transition. After some time we morph
the mobile phone also .Nokia launch the first Morphing
Mobile phone. The main feature of this phone
* Nanotech-based fiber mesh is flexible, stretchable,
transparent, and strong.
* Elasticity lets it change shape.
* Can be worn on wrist.
* Folds up to fit in pocket; unfolds to reveal keyboard,
display, touch pad.
* Nano-structured surface is self-cleaning.
* Repels water, dirt, fingerprints.
* Small, thin, quick-charge battery.
* Built-in solar absorption charges the device.
* Integrated sensors inform user of pollution and
chemicals.
* Transparent electronics offer new aesthetic dimension.
* Made of biodegradable materials.
So in coming day’s we change our Electronic gadget shape
like any Hollywood science friction Film so ready for
revolution .

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 FROM YOUR PEN

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