18

Bi 10 (TKYH)




I. GII THIU

K thut kim nh thng k c thng s (parametric tests) thng i hi 1 s gi
nh (assumptions) v dn s c kho st, c bit nht l tnh phn phi bnh thng, bin
s c o thang khong (interval) hoc thang t s (ratio), v mu ngu nhin v c lp.
Ngc li, k thut kim nh phi thng s khng i hi gi nh v tnh phn phi bnh
thng ca dn s (do vy cn c gi l php thng k phn phi t do distribution-free
statistics).

K thut kim nh phi thng s c th c s dng phn tch s liu v dn s o
lng thang nh danh, thang th t, thang khong, v/hoc thang t s. K thut ny cng
c s dng khi c mu nh ( 30) hoc khi c nhiu gi tr cc trong tp hp s liu. c
bit, k thut c s dng khi dng phn phi ca dn s kho st khng c bit hoc
c bit l phn phi khng bnh thng.

K thut kim nh phi thng s c th c s dng kim nh gi thuyt v:
+ Mi lin quan gia cc bin s
+ Mi lin quan gia cc bin s trong cc mu cp i (paired samples)
+ Mi lin quan gia cc bin s trong hai mu c lp
+ Mi lin quan gia cc bin s trong 3 mu lp.

II. PHP KIM CHI-SQUARE (B sung)

1/ H s Phi (Phi coefficient)
o mnh ca mi lin quan gia 2 bin s (trong php kim Chi-square) trong
bng 2x2


2
/ n | _ =
H s Phi cng c din t nh h s tng quan Pearson r, nhng ch bin thin
trong khong 0 n 1.

2/ H s Cramrs V
o mnh ca mi lin quan gia 2 bin s (trong php kim Chi-square) trong
bng ln hn bng 2x2

Cramrs V =
2
/ ( 1) N m _
m : s nh hn trong s hng hoc ct ca bng RxC

H s Cramrs V bin thin t 0 n 1. Ngng c ngha thng k cng ging nh
ca
2
.




PHP KIM PHI THNG S
(Non-parametric tests)
19
III. McNEMAR TEST

L mt bin th ca
2
test vi 1 t do. c s dng khi s liu dng cp i v
c o lng thang nh danh.
Cc gi nh ca McNemar test:
+ S liu dng nh phn.
+ Cc s o nh phn l nhng cp gi tr o c t cng 1 i tng hoc i tng
c bt cp (matched pairs).
+ Cc lp nh phn c lp h tng vi nhau (mutually exclusive).
+ S liu trong cc (celss) ca bng l s cp m c.

Th d minh ho: Nh nghin cu mun so snh thi ca hc vin trc khi ghi danh
v sau khi tt nghip kho trung cp chuyn nghip v Qun l thng tin sc kho (HIM). 50
hc vin c ngh tr li bng kho st v thi thi im trc khi ghi danh v
thi im 1 tun sau khi tt nghip. Cc tr li c ghi nhn l tch cc hoc tiu cc (nh
phn).

Sau khi tt nghip

Trc khi ghi danh (+) () Tong

Dng tnh 38 (a) 05 (b) 43
Am tnh 02 (c) 05 (d) 07

Tong 40 10 50

(a) = dng tnh trc v sau (khng i) (c) = thay i t m sang dng tnh
(b) = thay i t dng sang m tnh (d) = m tnh trc v sau (khng i)
Gi thuyt
H
0
: thi trc ghi danh = thi sau tt nghip.
H
A
: thi trc ghi danh thi sau tt nghip.

Cng thc tnh s TKK McNemar
2
:

McNemar
2
= (b c 1)
2
/(b + c)
= (5 2 1)
2
/(5 + 2)
= 0,57
Gi tr ti hn ca
2
vi = 0,05 01 t do l 3,841.
Khng th t chi H
0
v s TKK nh hn gi tr ti hn. Gi tr p = 0,453
Khng c s thay i v thi ca hc vin thi im trc ghi danh v thi im
sau tt nghip.

IV. SPEARMAN RHO (The Spearman Rho Rank Order Correlation Coefficient)

Spearman rho test c s dng khi t nht 1 trong 2 bin s kho st c o lng
thang th t. H s tng quan tnh c t k thut Spearman rho l kt qu ca vic xp
hng cc s liu, m khng dng gi tr thc ca chng.
20
tnh Spearman rho, chui thng k c xp hng t thp n cao. Cc gi tr bng
nhau (tied observations) c xp hng ngang nhau, tnh bng trung bnh cc th hng ca
chng. Th d :

Gi tr o c : 2 5 5 5 7
Xp hng(d kin) : 1 2 3 4 5

Xp hng (ng) : 1 3 3 3 5

Sau khi xp hng, hiu gia cc th hng ca bin s X v Y s c tnh, tng li, v
bnh phng ln, v c s dng tnh s TKK r
rho


r
rho
= 1 [(6 D
2
)/n(n
2
1)]

Spearman rho c bin thin v cch din t ging nh Pearson r.

Th d minh ho 1: Kho st trn 08 bnh nhn

S iu thuc ht nng ca bnh Hiu ca th hng
B/n R
1
R
2
D(R
1
R
2
) D
2


1 1 2 1 1
2 2 4 2 4
3 3 3 0 0
4 4 1 3 9
5 5 7 2 4
6 6 5 1 1
7 7 8 1 1
8 8 6 2 4

R
1
: th hng ca tng b/n xt theo s iu thuc l ht, thp nht (=1), nhiu nht (=8).
R
2
: th hng ca tng b/n xt theo nng ca bnh, nh nht (=1), nng nht (=8).

Gi thuyt :
H
0
: Khng c mi lin quan gia s iu thuc ht v nng ca bnh.
H
A
: C mi lin quan gia s iu thuc ht v nng ca bnh.

Tnh Spearman rho:
r
rho
= 1 [(6 D
2
)/n(n
2
1)]
= 1 [6 (24)]/[8(64 1)]
= 0,71
Kim nh Spearman rho ca dn s
S TKK : t = rho
2
2 / 1 n rho
= 0,71
2
6 / 1 0, 71
= 1,74/0,7
= 2,49
Vi 06 t do, = 0,05, gi tr ti hn ca t l 2,447.
21

T chi H
0
v s TKK ln hn gi tr ti hn (2,49 > 2,447).

Kt lun : C mi lin quan thun chiu (c ngha thng k) gia s iu thuc l ht v
nng ca bnh.


Spearman rho test cng c s dng trong trng hp c 1 bin s thang khong. Tuy
nhin, cc gi tr ca bin s ny phi c chuyn thnh th hng trc khi tnh ton.

X Y Hiu ca th hng
B/n R
1
R
2
D(R
1
R
2
) D
2


1 8,5 135 6,5
2 8,5 120 9
3 6 140 5
4 6 130 8
5 6 135 6,5
6 4 145 4
7 3 150 2,5
8 1,5 150 2,5
9 1,5 160 1



V. SIGN TEST

Thng c s dng nh gi s liu dng cp i (matched pairs) ca 1 mu kho
st. Sign test khng i hi dn s kho st phi phn phi bnh thng. Gi thuyt trng ca
sign test c pht biu:

P(X
i
> Y
i
) = P(X
i
< Y
i
) = 0,5

Trong 1 cp, ly X
i
tr cho Y
i
. Nu Y
i
nh hn X
i
, du ca hiu s s l du cng (+), v nu
Y
i
ln hn X
i
, du ca hiu s s l du tr (). Nu s trung v hiu bng 0, s du (+) v s
du () 2 bn s trung v s bng nhau. Nh vy, gi thuyt trng c th c pht biu :

H
0
: P(+) = P() = 0,5

S TKK l S v bng s du (+) m c trong cc hiu tnh c t cc cp.
Nu H
0
ng, S c phn phi nh phn vi n v p=0,5.

p(S=x) = (0, 5) (0, 5)
n x n x
x
C











22

Th d minh ha: Mt nhm nghin cu v rng mun bit liu vic hng dn chi rng
ng cch c mang li hiu qu g khng. 12 cp b/n n khm ti khoa Nha c chn k
cng bt cp vi nhau theo tui, phi, trnh hc vn, v im v sinh rng khm lc ban
u. Mt thnh vin ca mi cp c hng dn cch chi rng v nhng vn v sinh
rng khc. Su thng sau, 24 i tng c khm v chm im v sinh rng bi 1 nha s
khng h bit i tng no c hng dn. im v sinh rng thp cho thy tnh trng
v sinh rng cao.


im v sinh rng

Cp c hng dn Khng c hng dn
s (X
i
) (Y
i
)
1 1,5 2,0
2 2,0 2,0
3 3,5 4,0
4 3,0 2,5
5 3,5 4,0
6 2,5 3,0
7 2,0 3,5
8 1,5 3,0
9 1,5 2,5
10 2,0 2,5
11 3,0 2,5
12 2,0 2,5

Gi thuyt
H
0
: S trung v hiu bng zero [P(+) = P()]
H
A
: S trung v hiu l s m [P(+) < P()]

Tnh s TKK : vi np v n(1p) u ln hn 5, dng z test vi
z =
0, 5 0, 5
0, 5
S n
n

n = 11 (do c 1 hiu bng 0)
0,5 l h s iu chnh khi chuyn t PP. Nh phn sang PPBT.
Khi S <0,5n, dng +0,5 ; khi S > 0,5n, dng 0,5


Cp 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Du 0 + +
ca hiu

z =
2 (0, 5 11) 0, 5
0, 5 11
x
= 1,809
P(z 1,809) = 0,0359 < 0,05 ()

T chi H
0
vi p = 0,035. Trung v hiu l s m.
Vic hng dn c hiu qu.




23

VI. MANN-WHITNEY WILCOXON TEST

Khi so snh cc mu c lp m cc gi nh c s dng students t test khng
tha th Mann-Whitney Wilcoxon test (Mann-Whitney U test) l la chn thay th. Trong test
ny, s trung v ca 2 dn s, X v Y, c so snh vi nhau. Test s dng cc th hng
(ranks) ca nhng gi tr o c t 2 mu v sp xp li nh trong 1 mu.

Trong Mann-Whitney U test, gi thuyt trng c pht biu:

H
0
: M
X
= M
Y


Th d minh ha: mt nh nghin cu thit k mt th nghim nhm nh gi tc dng ca
vic ht di lu cht Cadmium Oxide. Nh nghin cu s dng 15 con vt th nghim cho
nhm thc nghim v 10 con tng t lm nhm chng. Bin s c lin quan l nng
hemoglobin. Nh nghin cu mun bit liu c th kt lun rng vic ht di lu cadmium
oxide c lm gim nng hemoglobin.

Nng Hemoglobin (grams) ca 25 con vt th nghim

Nhm thc nghim (X) Nhm chng (Y)

14,4 17,4
14,2 16,2
13,8 17,1
16,5 17,5
14,1 15,0
16,6 16,0
15,9 16,9
15,6 15,0
14,1 16,3
15,3 16,8
15,7
16,7
13,7
15,3
14,0



Gi thuyt:
H
0
: M
X
M
Y

H
A:
M
X
< M
Y
= 0,05

M
X
l s trung v ca dn s vt th nghim c cho ht cadmium oxide.
M
Y
l s trung v ca dn s vt th nghim khng c cho ht cadmium oxide.






24

S liu ban u v th hng (Nng Hemoglobin (grams) ca 25 con vt th nghim)

X Rank Y Rank

13,7 1
13,8 2
14,0 3
14,1 4,5
14,1 4,5
14,2 6
14,4 7
15,0 8,5
15,0 8,5
15,3 10,5
15,3 10,5
15,6 12
15,7 13
15,9 14
16,0 15
16,2 16
16,3 17
16,5 18
16,6 19
16,7 20
16,8 21
16,9 22
17,1 23
17,4 24
17,5 25

Tng 145 180

Nu H
0
ng, tng cc th hng s l 325 v s chia u cho 2 nhm (trng hp c mu
bng nhau tng th hng ca mi nhm l 325/2 (M
X
= M
Y
) ;
hoc tng cc th hng ca X s ln hn tng cc th hng ca Y (M
X
> M
Y
)

S TKK: T =
( 1)
2
n n
S
+

n: s mu X
S : tng s th hng thuc mu X

(S c th chn ty l ca X hoc Y)

Qui tc quyt nh: T chi H
0
nu gi tr tnh c ca T nh hn gi tr ti hn
o
e (tra
c) n = 15, m =10, v = 0,05.
o
e = 45

Tnh T: T =
15(15 1)
145
2
+
= 25

T chi H
0
. Vic ht cadmium oxide ko di lm gim nng hemoglobin.
0,005 > p > 0,001.
25


Trng hp n hoc m ln hn c mu trong bng tra ( > 1520), chuyn sang z:

z =
/ 2
( 1) / 12
T mn
nm n m

+ +
(z =
/
,
( ) /
25 150 2
2 78
150 26 12

= )

P(z < -2,78) = 0,0027


Cc vng t chi ca Mann-Whitney test theo gi thuyt





















26

VII. KRUSKAL-WALLIS TEST

Khi so snh cc mu c lp m cc gi nh c s dng One-way ANOVA test
khng tha th Kruskal-Wallis l la chn thay th. Kruskal-Walis test i hi cc mu phi
c lp lp v c 3 nhm (k 3). Trong test ny, s trung v ca cc dn s c so snh
vi nhau. Test s dng cc th hng (ranks) ca nhng gi tr o c t cc mu v sp xp
li nh trong 1 mu.

Trong Kruskal-Wallis test, gi thuyt trng c pht biu:

H
0
: M
1
= M
2
= M
3
= = M
n


Th d minh ho: Tc dng ca 2 loi thuc trn thi gian phn ng /v mt kch thch nht
nh c kho st trn 3 mu ng vt th nghim. Mu III l mu chng, mu I c cho
dng thuc A v mu II c cho dng thuc B trc khi p dng kch thch. Thi gian phn
ng c o bng giy. C th kt lun l c s khc bit v thi gian phn ng 3 dn s
i din bi 3 mu ng vt th nghim ny khng?

Thi gian phn ng 13 ng vt th nghim

Mu

I II III

17 8 2
20 7 5
40 9 4
31 8 3
35


Gi thuyt:
H
0
: S trung v ca 3 dn s u bng nhau


H
A:
C t nht mt cp s trung v (t 3 dn s ) khc nhau
= 0,01

Thi gian phn ng thay bng ranks

Mu

I II III

9 6,5 1
10 5 4
13 8 3
11 6,5 2
12

R
1
= 55 R
2
= 26 R
3
= 10



27

S TKK:
H =
2
1
12
3( 1)
( 1)
k
j
j
j
R
n
n n n
=
E +
+

k: s mu (kho st) R
j
: tng cc th hng trong mu th j
n
j
: s gi tr (o c) trong mu th j n: tng s gi tr (o c) ca cc mu

Qui tc quyt nh: T chi H
0
nu gi tr tnh c ca H ln n mc gi tr p tm thy nh
hn (0,01).

Gi thuyt trng hm rng tt c cc gi tr o c trong 3 mu hnh thnh nn 1 mu n
c n = 13 rt ra t 1 dn s n. Nu iu ny ng, cc th hng phi c phn phi kh
u trong 3 nhm, v iu mong i l tng (ton b) cc th hng s c chia trong 3
nhm theo t l ca c mu. S khc bit (khng ng u) nu c s c phn nh qua
ln ca H.

Tnh H:
H =
2 2 2
12 (55) (26) (10)
3(13 1)
13(13 1) 5 4 4
(
+ + +
(
+


= 10,68
Tra bng vi n
j
l 5, 4, v 4, xc sut tm thy gi tr ca H 10,68 th nh hn 0,009.

T chi H
0
ngng (c ngha thng k) 0,01.
C s khc bit v thi gian phn ng trong 3 dn s. p < 0,009.


Khi c 3 mu v mi mu c 5 gi tr, gi tr p (ca H tnh c) c tm ra bng cch tra
bng. Khi c > 5 gi tr trong 1 hay nhiu mu, H c xem nh phn phi
2
dng c bit
vi k1 t do.


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