TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

Vin in t vin thng B mn in t v k thut my tnh

K THUT PHN MM NG DNG (A li d Software (Applied S ft Engineering) E i i )

Chng 1: GiI THIU TNG QUAN

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Gii thiu

2 tn ch = 45 Tit Hc trn lp im = im thi gi ia k + im thi cui k (30%) (70%) Mc ch mn hc:

Cc khi nim c bn trong k thut phn mm (software engineering) Cc bc c bn xy dng phn mm, t lp k hoch, phn tch, thit k cho n bo tr phn mm C k nng thc hnh lm phn mm theo nhm

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Ni dung
1. 2 2. 3. 4 4.

Gii thiu tng quan Cc pha trong pht trin phn mm C s d liu Ngn ng SQL

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Ti liu tham kho

1.

2. 3.

Software Engineering _a practitioner's approach (5th edition, Roger Pressman) Phn tch v thit k h thng g thng g tin; tc gi Nguyn Vn Ba Software Engineering g g 8th edition in 2007; by Ian Sommerville

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Chng 1. Gii thiu tng quan

1.1 Khi nim v cc giai on tin ha phn mm 1.2 Cc ng dng ca phn mm 1 3 Khi ni 1.3 im k th thut ph hn mm 1 4 Cc lp ca k thut phn mm 1.4 1.5 Tin trnh p phn mm
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1.1 Khi nim phn mm

My tnh: Thc hin cc nhim v rt khc nhau bng cch s dng cc phn mm khc nhau => Phn mm to ra s khc bit gia cc my tnh v cng quyt nh nng lc ca my tnh.

Phn mm l mt cu phn quan trng ca mt h thng thng tin, n l cch gi khc ca ch hng t trnh. h N b bao gm tp lnh h tng b c hng dn my tnh lm vic nhm chuyn i d liu thnh thng tin.

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Cc giai on tin ha phn mm

1950 n 1960: nhng nm u 9 Phn cng thay h i lin li tc 9 Phng thc chnh l x l theo l 9 Lp trnh theo theo bn nng ng 9 Mi trng lp trnh c tnh cht c nhn 1960 n gia nhng nm 1970 9 Xut hin h thng a nhim, a ngi sd 9 H thng thi gian thc 9 Xut hin th h u tin ca h qun tr CSDL 9 Vic bo tr phn mm tiu tn cng sc v ti nguyn

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Cc giai on tin ha phn mm (tip)

1970 n u nhng nm 1990

H thng phn h tn t 9 Mng ton cc v cc b, lin lc s gii thng cao 9 Cng g ngh g ch to cc b vi x l tin b nhanh 9 Th trng phn cng i vo n nh
9

Thi k sau 1990

K ngh hng i tng 9 Quy m v phc tp ca nhng h thng phn mm mi cng g tng g ng g k 9 Ra ng dng thc t Phn mm tr tu nhn to
9

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1.2 Cc ng dng ca phn mm Phn mm h thng Phn mm thi gian thc Phn mm nghip v Phn mm khoa hc v k thut Phn mm nhng Phn mm cho my tnh c nhn Phn mm tr tu nhn to Phn mm phc v KTPM

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Phn mm h thng
Phc

v chng trnh khc, Giao Gi tip vi cc thit b ph hn cng S dng nhiu bi cc ngi dng Lp lch cc hot ng ng thi Chia s ti nguyn, Giao tip vi nhiu thit b ngoi vi

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Phn mm thi gian thc

Phn mm thi g gian thc l cc chng g trnh gim st/phn tch/iu khin cc s kin trong th gi ii thc ngay khi i n xy ra.

in hnh ca p phn mm thi g gian thc l cc phn mm iu khin cc thit b t ng

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Phn mm thi gian thc

Phn mm thi gian thc bao gm cc th h t: thnh Thnh phn thu thp d liu Thnh phn phn tch bin i thng tin Thnh phn kim sot hoc a ra p ng Thnh phn iu phi

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Phn mm nghip v

Phn mm nghip v c c trng: Phc v cc hot ng kinh doanh ha hay cc nghip v ca t chc, doanh nghip L lnh vc ng dng phn mm ln nht L cc h thng thng tin qun l gn cht vi CSDL cc ng dng tng tc nh x l giao CSDL, tc cho cc im bn hng.

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Phn mm khoa hc v k thut

c trng bi s lng thut ton rt ln

Thng i hi phn cng c nng lc tnh ton cao

ng dng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc khc nhau Thit k c s h tr ca my tnh, cc h thng m phng, v cc ng dng tng tc khc bt u tnh n thi gian thc v cc c im ca phn mm h thng

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Phn mm nhng
Trong cc thit b thng minh Nm trong t b nh h v c s dng iu khin thit b Thc hin cc chc nng mt cch hn ch v ng kn c trng g c a p phn mm nhng: g Nm trong b nh ch c C cc c trng g c a p phn mm thi g gian thc v phn mm h thng

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Phn mm cho my tnh c nhn

Pht trin mnh trong khong hn 1 thp k tr li y Yu t giao din ngi-my rt c ch trng Mt s ng dng:

phn mm x l vn bn phn mm x l bng tnh phn mm x l ho phn mm gii tr a phng tin ..

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Phn mm tr tu nhn to

S dng cc thut ton phi s gii quyt cc vn phc tp

Cn gi l h chuyn gia gia, hay cn gi l h thng da trn tri thc.

Mt s ng dng: cc h thng nhn dng (ting ) chng g minh nh l, m p phng g ni v hnh nh), v cc tr chi

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Phn mm phc v KTPM

V d: chng trnh dch, phn mm g ri, cc cng c h tr phn tch thit k (CASE)...

C th xut hin di dng phn mm my tnh c nhn, phn mm h thng hoc l phn mm nghip v.

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1.3 Khi nim k thut phn mm

K thut phn mm (Software Engineering): L mt chuyn ngnh k thut m quan tm n tt c cc kha cnh ca vic sn xut phn mm, vi mc tin sn xut ra cc sn phm phn mm a dng, cht lng cao, mt cch hiu qu nht. q

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Thnh phn ca phn mm

Phn mm (sn phm phn mm), bao gm:

Chng trnh (Program): l phn c thi hnh trn my y tnh D liu (Data): gm cc cu trc d liu, c s d liu lu gi cc d liu vo v ra ca chng trnh Ti liu (Documentation): ti liu h thng, ti liu ngi dng

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1.4 Cc lp ca k thut phn mm

Tools
Methods

Process

Q lit Focus Quality F

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Quality focus

m bo cht lng sn phm hay dch v l l mt nhi lun him v sng cn ca cc cng ty hay t chc. Do , mi nn tng cng ngh v k thut u phi ly vic m bo cht lng l mc tiu hng ti, i v k thut phn mm cng khng th nm ngoi mc tiu ny

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Process

Lp Tin trnh (process) c nhim v nh ngh ha mt khung kh cc giai i i on v cc h hot ng cn thc hin, cng nh cc kt qu km theo chng. Tng ny ng vai tr nn tng kt ni cc phng php, cng c trong cc bc thc hin c th, c th to ra cc phn mm c cht lng v ng thi hn

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Methods
Ch

ra cch lm v mt k thut xy dng phn mm, c s dng trong cc bc: lp k hoch, c lng d n, phn tch yu cu h thng v phn mm, thit k cu trc d liu, kin trc chng trnh v th tc thut ton, m ha kim th v bo tr

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Tools
cp s h tr t ng hay bn t ng pht trin phn mm theo tng phng php khc nhau Cc h thng phn mm h tr trong cng ngh phn mm c gi l CASE (computer-aided software engineering) g g)
Cung

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1.5 Tin trnh phn mm

L mt dy cc giai on v cc hot ng g trong g , cng g nh cc kt qu q km theo. Kt qu cui cng chnh l phn mm cn phi xy dng, p ng c cc yu cu ca ngi dng, dng v hon thnh theo ng k hoch v thi gian v ngn sch C ba giai on chnh trong tin trnh phn mm:
Giai Gi i on nh h ngh ha (definition (d fi iti phase) h ) Giai on pht trin (development phase) Giai on h tr (support phase)

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Tin trnh phn mm

Giai on nh ngha: tp trung vo lm r Ci g, bao gm:

Thng tin g cn x l, bao gm thng tin u vo v u ra. Cc chc nng g cn thc hin. Hnh vi no ca h thng s c mong i. Cc tiu chun hp l no nh gi c s ng n v thnh cng ca h thng.

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Tin trnh phn mm

Giai on pht trin: tp trung vo Lm th no, bao gm:

Kin trc h thng (system architecture) c t chc th no. Cc chc nng c ci t v lin kt vi nhau th no. T chc cc cu trc d liu, c s d liu th no. Chuy Ch n t thit k sang ci t th no? Vic kim th s c thc hin th no?

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Tin trnh phn mm

Giai on h tr: cn gi l giai on bo tr, tp trung vo vic ng ph vi cc thay i ca h thng phn mm, bao gm:
Sa li (Correction) Lm thch ng (Adaptation) Nng cp (Upgrade) Phng nga, cn gi l ti k thut phn mm ( (software f reengineering) i i )

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Tin trnh phn mm

Lp k hoch d n
Giai on nh ngha

Thu thp cc yu cu Ph t Phn tch h Thit k Ci t v kim th

Giai on Pht trin

Giai on H t tr
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M hnh tin trnh phn mm

M hnh tin trnh (process model) L mt chin lc pht trin phn mm , bao gm cc cch thc kt hp, s dng tin trnh phn mm, cch vn dng cc phng php v cc cng c trong mi giai on pht trin. M hnh tin trnh cng cn c gi l mu tin trnh (process paradigm), hay m hnh pht trin phn mm m.

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Cc m hnh tin trnh

M hnh tuyn tnh c in (m hnh thc nc Waterfall model) M hnh bn mu (Prototyping model) M hnh RAD (Rapid Application Development model) M hnh tng trng (Incremental model) M hnh xoy y c (Spiral ( p model) )

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M hnh tuyn tnh c in*

Thu thp cc yu cu Cc yu cu h thng Cc yu cu phn mm Phn tch Thit k chng trnh

Ci t Kim th

Vn hnh 33

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M hnh tuyn tnh c in

M hnh ny c mt s c im nh sau:
Cc bc c tin hnh tun t, kt thc bc trc th mi thc hin n bc sau Thi gian thc hin mi bc thng ko di do phi lm tht hon chnh Thng ch tip xc vi ngi dng vo giai on u v giai on cui. Ngi dng thng khng tham gia vo cc bc gia, nh t thit k, ci t v n tch h p

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M hnh tuyn tnh c in

u im:

n gin v r rng ng vai tr nh mt mu tham chiu cho cc m hnh khc Vn cn c s dng rng ri cho n nay Khng d dng cho vic thu thp y v tng minh tt c cc yu cu h thng ngay t ban u Ngi dng phi ch n cui cng mi c c h thng dng, nn thi gian ch i l kh lu, c khi n hng nm. Khi c th c cc yu cu mi pht sinh, d dn kh nng h thng khng cn p ng c k vng ca ng i d dng. D dn n tnh trng blocking states, tc l khi c mt nhm b chm tin , th cc nhm khc phi ch, v thi gian ch i thm ch vt qu thi gian lm vic.

Nhc im:

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M hnh bn mu

Thng thng trong thc t, cc yu cu ca h thng kh c th xc nh r rng v chi tit ngay trong gia on u ca d n phn mm:
Ngi dng cng ch a ra cc mc tiu tng qut ca phn mm, ch cng cha nh r c mt cch chi tit cc chc nng c th, hay cc thng tin chi tit u vo vo, u ra nh th no. Nh pht trin cng cha xc nh r rng ngay cc yu cu, u cng nh chc chn v cht lng phn mm, cng nh kh nng tha mn ca khch hng m hnh h h bn mu

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M hnh bn mu

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M hnh bn mu
Gm cc giai on:

Thu thp cc yu cu (requirements gathering): khch hng v nh pht trin s gp nhau xc nh ra cc mc tiu tng th ca phn mm. Sau h s nh ra phn no r, phn no cn phi nh ngha thm. Thit k nhanh (quick design): thit k ny tp trung vo nhng phn m khch hng c th nhn thy c (giao din, cc d liu vo, ra). Sau , t thit k ny, ny mt bn mu s c xy dng. ng Kim tra v nh gi bn mu: Bn mu ny s c dng cho php ngi dng nh gi, nhm lm r hn cc y yu cu ca h. ng g thi, thng g qua bn mu, ngi pht trin h thng cng hnh dung c th hn v nhng yu cu ca khch hng, cng nh kh nng ci t v hiu qu hot ng ca h thng. ng

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M hnh bn mu

u im:

Cho php ngi dng xc nh yu cu ca mnh r rng v c th hn, ng thi nh pht trin cng nm c chnh xc hn cc yu cu . C ngi dng v nh pht trin thng u thch m hnh ny, do ngi dng lun cm nhn c h thng thc s nh th no no, v nh pht trin cng lun c ci xy dng v dn hon thin. c c bn mu nhanh, , vic thit k cng g c lm nhanh, nn thng c lm khng cn thn. iu ny d dn n cc thit k c tnh chp v, khng c ci nhn tng th v di hn. Vic lm bn mu nhanh cng thng ko theo vic la chn cc cng c ci t vi vng, khng cn thn, (nh ngn ng lp trnh, h qun tr c s d liu,v.v). iu ny s nh hng n cc giai on pht trin sau khi quy m v yu cu ca h thng ngy cng ln ln

Nhc im:

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M hnh RAD

L m hnh tin trnh pht trin phn mm tng trng, nhng nhn mnh vo chu trnh pht trin phn mm c thi gian rt ngn. M hnh ny gm cc giai on:

M hnh ha nghi g p v ( (Business modeling): g) m hnh ha cc lung thng tin nghip v gia cc chc nng nghip v M hnh ha d liu (Data modeling): t cc thng tin nghip v, cc thc th d liu, cc thuc tnh ca chng, v cc lin kt gia cc thc th ny g y s c xc nh v c m hnh ha. M hnh ha x l (Process modeling): M t cc chc nng x l trn cc i tng d liu c xc nh giai on trn. Sn sinh ng dng (Application generation): RAD s dng cc k thut cng ngh phn mm th h th 4 4, cho php d dng sn sinh m chng trnh t cc c t v thit k tru tng. Cc k thut ny cng cho php ti s dng cc thnh phn chng trnh c sn (kt hp m hnh Component-based p ) development). Kim th v bn giao (Testing and turnover): phn ng dng xy dng s c kim tra v bn giao cho bn tch hp h thng.

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M hnh RAD

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M hnh RAD

u im:
Tn dng g cc cng g ngh g mi trong gp pht trin h thng, cho php hon thnh h thng trong thi gian ngn hn ng k. Khuyn khch vic ti s dng cc thnh phn ca chng trnh

Nhc im
Khng ph hp vi cc phn mm m khng c s phn chia modul r rng, i hi ti nguyn v chi ph pht trin cao nh s lng nhn lc nhiu, cng c CASE th h 4 t tin

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M hnh tng trng

L s kt hp ca m hnh tuyn tnh v trit l lp li ca m hnh bn mu Phn mm c chia thnh cc phn tng g trng g( (increment), ), trong g mi phn l mt sn phm hon chnh ( chy c v c th bn giao cho ngi dng). ng thi phn tng trng sau s b sung thm tnh nng cn thiu trong nhng phn trc

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M hnh tng trng

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M hnh tng trng

u im
Kt hp c cc u im ca cc m hnh tuyn tnh v lm bn mu Rt ph hp khi s lng nhn vin hn ch, v ng i d dng c i hi ph hi sm c h thng th nghim

Nhc im
Vic gp gp a ra cc thnh phn tng trng cng c th gy ra s manh mn trong phn tch v thit k Kh khn trong vic m bo tnh tng thch (compatibility) gia cc thnh phn tng trng ng.

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M hnh xoy c

Cng l mt m hnh tin ha kt hp c tnh lp li ca m hnh bn mu v tnh h thng ca m hnh thc nc c i n M h hnh h ny cng cho h php h to ra mt dy cc phin bn tng trng (incremental release). ( ) Tuy y nhin khc vi m hnh tng trng, cc phin bn u tin ca m hnh xoy c thng ch l cc m hnh trn giy hoc bn mu (prototype). n cc phin bn sau th mi l cc bn chy c v cng g ngy cng hon chnh.
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M hnh xoy c

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M hnh xoy c

M hnh ny phn chia thnh cc giai on, c gi l cc vng nhim v (task regions). S l ng g vng g nhim v c th thay y i, , v thng c t 3 cho n 6 vng. Mi vng g li bao gm mt tp cc nhim v (set of tasks), v s lng cng thay i ty theo tnh cht ca d n.

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M hnh xoy c

u im:
Linh hot, d thch ng vi cc loi phn mm v cc nhu cu s dng khc nhau, nht l cc phn mm quy m ln C kh y cc bc trong tin trnh pht trin, nht l vic ch trng phn tch tnh ri ro (risk) ca phn mm c v mt k thut v qun l

Hn ch:
Phc tp, cn kh nhiu thi gian hiu v vn dng c mt cch h hiu qu Kh khn trong vic qun l nhiu chu trnh pht trin p

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