Chapter 4

Abatement of Pollution

Chapter-4

Control of Pollution
Introduction The concern for environmental quality has become the utmost issue in the present scenario of increasing urbanization, industrial and vehicular pollution as well as pollution of water courses due to discharge of effluents without confoming to the environmental norms and standards. Realizing this trend of pollution in various environmental media like air, water, soil etc., the Ministry adopted policy for abatement of pollution, which provides multi-pronged strategies in the form of regulations, legislations, agreements, fiscal incentives and other measures to prevent and abate pollution. To give effect to various measures and policies for pollution control, various steps have been initiated which include stringent regulations, development of environmental standards, control of vehicular pollution, spatial environmental planning etc. Progress of Activities Undertaken under various programmes Control of Air Pollution The air pollution and the resultant air quality can be attributed to emissions from vehicular, industrial and domestic activities. The air quality has been, therefore, an issue of social concern in the backdrop of various developmental activities. The norms for ambient air quality have been notified and various industry specific emissions standards are evolved and notified from time to time. For control of air pollution, with a view to initiate policy measures and to prepare ambient air quality management plans, 332 ambient air quality monitoring stations are operational covering twenty five States and four Union Territories. Presently, only the criteria pollutants namely; sulphur dioxide, oxides of nitrogen and respirable suspended particulate matter are monitored by Pollution Control Boards, Pollution Control Committees, Universities

and Research Institutes. Besides, additional parameters for other toxic trace matters and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are also being monitored in selected cities of the country. Installation of automatic Air Quality Monitoring Stations is proposed for sixteen cities for continuous air quality monitoring. Out of which the continuous monitoring has been introduced in six metro cities namely; Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Pune and Hyderabad. The monitored ambient air quality data indicates that the levels of Sulphur Dioxide and Oxides of Nitrogen are within the notified ambient air quality norms. However, on certain occasions, the values of Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) are exceeding the prescribed norms due to the meteorological conditions. Under this scheme, grants are being provided to the State Pollution Control Boards/UT Pollution Control Committees, Environment Departments, Central/State Research Institutions, and other government agencies/ organizations with the aim of strengthening their technical capabilities to achieve the objectives of the Policy Statement. Assistance is also provided to North Eastern Pollution Control Boards & Pollution Control Committees as salary support for the technical staff. In addition, support is also extended for undertaking projects for Abatement of Pollution. During the 10th Plan period, financial assistance of Rs.24.98 crore was provided under the scheme against the approved outlay of Rs.24.5 crore. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas has enunciated an Auto Fuel Policy which aims to comprehensively and holistically address the issues of vehicular emissions,
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Assistance for Abatement of Pollution

Auto Fuel Policy

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vehicular technologies and auto fuel quality in a cost-efficient manner while ensuring the security of fuel supply. The Policy objectives include ensuring sustainable, safe, affordable and uninterrupted supply of auto fuels; optimum utilization of infrastructure for import of crude and crude products, processing and production, and the storage and transportation; assessing the future trends in emissions and air quality requirements from view point of public health; adopting such vehicular emission standards that will be able to make a decisive impact on air quality etc. The Policy provides for a road map for reduction in vehicular emission norms for new vehicles as well as for reduction of pollution from in-use vehicles. It also sets standards for quality of fuel and other kits. The road map for new vehicles is as follows Coverage

Assessment, Emission Inventory / Source Apportionment Studies for Indian Cities has been initiated To evaluate contribution from various s o u rc e s t o a i r q u a l i t y, S o u rc e Apportionment Study (SAS) has been initiated for six cities namely; Delhi, Bangalore, Chennai, Mumbai, Pune and Kanpur involving the Institutions like National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), New Delhi, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Chennai, Automotive Research Association of India (ARAI), Pune and Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur. The objectives frame work for Source Apportionment Study include preparation of emission inventory, emission profile, monitoring of ambient air quality, 2/3 wheelers

Pa s s e n g e r C a r s , l i g h t commercial vehicles & heavy duty diesel vehicles Bharat Stage II 1.4.2005 Eu ro I I I e q u iva l e n t 1.4.2010

Entire country

Bharat Stage II 1.4.2005 Bharat Stage III - Preferably from 1.4.2008 but not later than 1.4.2010.

11 major cities (Delhi / NCR, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune, Surat, Kanpur & Agra) Source Apportionment Studies

Bharat State II 1.4.2003 Eu ro I I I e q u iva l e n t 1.4.2005 Eu ro I V e q u iva l e n t 1.4.2010 assessment of data and its authentication and source apportionment of RSPM (PM10) using factor analysis and receptor modeling etc. Application of Chemical Mass Balance (CMB-8) Receptor model and ISC dispersion model have been included in the study.

Due to multiplicity and complexity of air polluting sources, apportionment of contribution to ambient air pollution from these sources is important for planning cost effective pollution control strategies. In view of this, a study on Air Quality

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For appraisal and guidance during the survey and study, a National level Steering Committee under the chairmanship of Secretary(E&F) has been constituted. In order to provide technical assistance and guidance during data collection, use of appropriate model etc. a Technical Committee has also been constituted under the chairmanship of Chairman, CPCB and Members drawn from various technical institutions and organizations. Environmental Standards refer both to the a c c e p t a b l e l e v e l s o f s p e ci f i e d environmental quality parameters at different categories of locations i.e. ambient standards as well as permissible levels of discharges of specified waste streams by different classes of activities i.e. emission standards. Environmental standards cannot be universal, and each country should set standards in terms of its national priorities, policy objectives, and resources, as stated in the National Environment Policy, 2006. These standards, may, of course, vary (in general, become more stringent) as a country develops, and has greater access to technologies and financial resources for environmental management. Within the country different States, UTs and local bodies may adopt stricter standards, based on local considerations. In order to abate pollution from various sources, Ministry notifies general as well as industry specific emission and effluent standards for various categories of industries under the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 as per procedure specified in the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986. Based on development of new pollution control technologies and their feasibility, these standards are reviewed from time to time and new ones are notified.

During the year, Standards in respect of following category of industry have been evolved and are being finalized for notification : Petroleum Oil Refinery; Sulphuric Acid Plant; Com m on H aza rd ous Incinerator; Sponge Iron Plant; and Coffee Industry. Wa s t e

Development of Environmental Standards

Noise Pollution Noise levels have been a matter of concern due to various activities, religious fu n ct io n s, fe s t iva l s a n d re l a t e d celebrations. The main sources of noise pollution include industrial activities, use of public address system, construction activities, use of generator sets, pressure horns, fire crackers etc. Keeping in view the increasing trend in noise levels, Ministry has issued various regulations from time to time to control noise pollution in ambient air, at source and at manufacturing stage. To control community noise, Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rule, 2000 was notified in February, 2000. In Civil Writ Petition No. 72 of 1998 regarding noise pollution- implementation of laws for retracting use of loudspeakers and high volume producing sound system, the Honble Supreme Court in its judgement of July, 2005 has given detailed directions regarding implementation of laws for controlling noise. In pursuance of the judgement and to collect bench mark data, all the regulatory agencies of the State Government/ Union Territories are being regularly advised to comply with stipulated norms and to draw an Action Plan for ensuring the compliance of the directions of Honble Court. The concerned agencies have also
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been advised to strengthen/establish environmental cells at the State and district levels to check noise pollution an also to undertake surveys in major cities specially before and after the festivals to ensure compliance. The Central Pollution Control Board has been advised to develop monitoring protocol for noise level and ambient air monitoring especially during Diwali festivals. The noise limits for Diesel Generator (DG) sets up to 1000 KVA were notified in May, 2002 and are under implementation since 1st January, 2005. The Ministry has issued a draft notification in November, 2007 inviting suggestions for amending the said notification on Noise Limit For Generator Sets Run With Diesel under Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 so as to make the definition of manufacturer broad based by including assemblers of DG sets and to facilitate transportation of DG sets above 250 KVA capacity without comprising with emission and noise norms.

the work of the task forces, wherein it was resolved that it should be the endeavor of the task forces to comply with the milestones through more regular meetings. Environmental Authorities Environment Pollution (Prevention Control) Authority for the National Capital Region The Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority (EPCA) for National Capital Region was constituted under SubSection (3) of Section 3 of the Environment Protection Act, 1986 on January 29, 1998 vide S.O. No. 93 (E) dated January 29, 1998 under the chairmanship of Sh. Bhure Lal. The tenure of the EPCA was extended from time to time, and at present extended upto 28th July, 2008 vide S.O. No. 1219 (E) dt. 26th July, 2007. The issues considered by the Authority include environment related matters covering vehicular pollution control, sewage treatment and assessment of operations and handing over of Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETPs) in NCR to the concerned societies, monitoring of action plans for improvement of air quality in seven metro cities etc. and in addition, the matters referred to it by Honble Supreme Court in its various judgements. EPCA is reporting the compliance status and special tasks assigned to it to the Honble Supreme Court from time to time.

Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) After a series of industry specific interaction meetings, the Charter on Corporate Responsibility for Environmental Protection (CREP) was adopted in March, 2003 for 17 categories of polluting industries and is a road map for progressive improvement in environmental management. For effective implementation of the Charter, eight task forces comprising of experts and members from institutions and industr y associations have been constituted. These task forces are meeting regularly to monitor and to provide guidance to the industries for adopting necessary pollution abatement measures. A meeting of the Steering Committee was held in July 2007 to review the progress of

National Environment Appellate Authority (NEAA) The National Environment Appellate Authority (NEAA) was established under the National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 (22 of 1997) to hear appeals in regard to restriction of areas in which any industries, operations or class of industries, operations or process shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and for matter connected therein or accidental

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thereto. Loss of Ecology (Prevention and Payments of Compensation) Authority for the State of Tamil Nadu. In compliance with the Honble Supreme Courts order dated August 28, 1998 in Writ Petition (Civil) No. 914 of 1991 viz. Vellore Citizens Welfare Forum versus Union of India and Others, the Ministry constituted the Loss of Ecology (Prevention and Payments of Compensation) Authority for the State of Tamil Nadu under the Chairmanship of a retired Judge of Madras High Court vide notification SO 671 (E) dated September 30, 1996, to deal with the situation created by the tanneries and other pollution industries in Tamil Nadu. The tenure of the authority has been extended up to December 28, 2008 vide Notification IV S.O. 2228(E) dated 31-12-2007. Recognition of Environmental Laboratories under Environment (Protection ) Act, 1986 The successful implementation of environmental protection programmes essentially requires us to identify and quantify the pollution sources and pollutants, conduct baseline survey, lay down standards and build-up monitoring systems. To meet these requirements an environmental laboratory requires to be provided with all the necessary instruments and equipments as also expertise and capability of its staff for monitoring all groups of parameters including water, air, noise, hazardous waste, soil, sludge etc. In order to develop guidelines for establishment and development of Environmental laboratory, the Central Pollution Control Board had published a document during the year 1994-95. Over the year, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 has been strengthened with several enactments, rules and notifications. Standards have been formulated for various parameters in each industrial sector. The earlier published document has

been updated and revised by CPCB after several rounds of discussions with MoEF with emphasis laid on Quality Assurance and Quality Control Aspects. The revised guidelines under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 have been placed on the website of the Ministry for wider circulation. The entire notification for notifying the Laboratories under Section 12 and 13 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was also redrafted and published in July, 2007. During the year, eleven Laboratories have been recognized by the Central Government under E(P)A, 1986 (till February, 2008). The concept of the Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) arose in order to make a co-operative movement for pollution control. The main objective of the CETPs is to reduce the treatment cost to be borne by an individual member unit to a minimum while protecting the water environment to a maximum. Wastewater treatment and water conservation are the prime objectives of the CETP. The concept of CETPs was envisaged to treat the effluent emanating from the clusters of compatible small - scale industries. It was also envisaged that burden of various Government authorities working for controlling pollution and monitoring of water pollution could be reduced once the C ET Ps a re i mp l em ente d a n d commissioned. A Centrally Sponsored Scheme has been undertaken by the Government for enabling the small scale industries (SSI) to set up new and upgrade the existing Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP) to cover all the States in the country. A scheme for financial assistance for the CETPs has been formulated as follows:
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Common Effluent Treatment Plants (CETP)

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Fig.34 A common effluent treatment plant at Chennai

State subsidy 25% of the total project cost; Central subsidy 25% of the total project cost; Entrepreneurs contribution 20% of the total project cost; Loan from financial institutions 30% of the total project cost. (e.g. IDBI, ICICI or any other nationalized banks, State Industrial Financial Corporation etc.) During this year, an allocation of Rs. 3.95 crore has been provided for providing financial assistance to the on-going CETP projects and for new projects. Financial assistance was provided for the ongoing projects namely, Palsana, Globe Envirocare and Veraval in Gujarat and Ro h a a n d Ch i k h l o l i - M o riva l i i n Maharashtra. One new project for setting up of CETP at Taloja in Maharashtra has been provided financial assistance.

In pursuance of the Honble Supreme Courts Order, projects for environmental protection of World Heritage Site of Taj Mahal were initiated and funded by the Ministry. The Planning Commission approved Rs. 600 crore on a 50:50 cost sharing basis with the State Government to implement various schemes in the Taj Trapezium Zone for environmental protection of the Taj Mahal. In the first phase during the IX Five Year Plan, 10 projects were approved by the Government and are being implemented by the State Government of Uttar Pradesh. The Ministry has now sponsored a postevaluation study for completed projects through the National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur for ascertaining the improvement in environmental status of the area. The Report of the study by NEERI is being reviewed.

Taj Protection Mission

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Eco-cities

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The Eco-cities Project aims at improving the existing environment and at changing those aspects that are causing environment damage. The focus of the project includes protection of environmental resources like water bodies, forests etc., improving infrastructure and sanitary conditions in the towns and creating aesthetic environs. The Eco-cities Programme was initiated to b r i n g i n v i s i b l e e n v i ro n m e n t a l improvement in the small and medium towns. The following towns were taken under first phase of Eco-cities programme to bring in visible environmental improvement: Vrindavan (Uttar Pradesh) Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh) Puri (Orissa) Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh) Kottayam (Kerala) Thanjavour (Tamil Nadu)

solid waste disposal facility. In Thanjavur towns, the activity on Renovation of old tanks has been proposed to be taken up to protect presently used and potentially useable aquifers from further degradation and to facilitates the rainwater harvesting system. Industrial Pollution Abatement through Preventive Strategies Four important activities are going on under this sub-scheme Waste Minimization for small & medium scale industries; Environmental Audit; Environmental Management; Environmental Statistics & Mapping. Waste Minimization for Small & Medium Scale Industries Waste Minimization is one of the preventive strategies to address the problem of Industrial Pollution. The objective of the scheme is to assist the Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SMIs) in adoption of cleaner production practices and reduction in waste generation. The activities being pursued under this included the following: Establishing and running Waste Minimization Circles (WMCs) in clusters of SMIs. Capacity building in the area of Waste Minimization/Cleaner Production through training. Waste Minimization demonstration studies in selected industrial sectors. Preparation of sector specific technical manuals on waste reduction, reuse and recycling. Aw a r e n e s s p r o g r a m m e s a n d preparation of compendium of success stories on cleaner production/waste minimization.
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An Expert Committee has been constituted for the identification of the projects and approval of Environmental Developed Plan (EDP) and Detailed Projects Reports. The project in Kottayam is aimed at rejuve n a t i n g M u n d a r Rive r a n d Kacherikadavu Boat Jetty and Canal that have severe siltation and pollution problems. The Project in Ujjain is aimed at improvement around Mahakal Temple and cleaning of Rudra Sagar lake, which is highly silted and polluted with sewage. While the project in Vrindavan aims at improvement of historic core of the town located around Rangnath Temple, the project in Tirupati is for improvement of storm water drains in the northern, southern and western side of the Gobind Raja Swamy Temple. Similarly, Project in Puri is to improve around Jagannath Temple, renovation of three of the religious ponds, shifting of garages and automobile workshop and improvement of existing

MoEF Annual Report 2007-08

Progress of Activities Undertaken A total of 118 Waste Minimization Circles (WMCs) have been established in 41 industrial sectors through which 600 small and medium industries have been benefited. In this process, 39 WMC Facilitator Organizations have taken an initiative in establishing WMCs under the guidance of National Productivity Council. The WMC training programmes are integral part of the activity for which the Government of India funding under the scheme is utilized. The participating organizations facilitate NPC in conducting the training programme by providing necessary logistic assistance. The aggregate environmental benefits Reduction in Water Consumption Reduction in Electricity Consumption Reduction in fossil fuel Consumption

In order to sustain various WM efforts and to provide a continuing impetus to the programme, continued publicity and dissemination of the waste minimization activities is also proposed by including the following activities: Development of publicity materials such as news letters, posters, video films etc., on waste minimization in English and local languages Development of guidelines on waste minimization Compilation of WM success stories Development of sector specific database on waste minimization. Continuous updating of the Ministrys : : : : : : : : 10 35% 15 20% 10 20% 10 20% 10 30% 5 10% 5 20% 2 5%

Reduction in Raw Material & Chemical Consumption Reduction in Wastewater Generation Reduction in Air Emissions Reduction in Solid Waste generation Yield improvement (estimated in percentage terms) from WMCs established so far are as follows Sensitization of financial institutions like SIDBI, etc. through meetings and consultations for easy uptake of WM solutions by SMIs. As vast majority of the Small and Medium Industries (SMIs) in the country are still unaware of the benefits of waste minimization and resource conservation and its potential, the proposed activities would support the demonstration projects in designated industrial sectors through the network of facilitators/capacity that is already built through Waste Minimization Circles.

Website with new information, findings of the studies and the success stories of Waste Minimization Utilization of the sector specific training manuals and a compendium of success stories prepared by NPC. The Final Technical Reports (FTRs) of two projects namely Waste Minimisation Studies and Air Pollution control in Cupola Furnaces in Smalkha District, Haryana by Punjab State Council for Science & Technology (PSCS&T), Chandigarh and Waste Minimisation studies in Bulk Drug Manufacturing Units in and around Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh by M/s Andhra Pradesh Industrial & Technical

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Consultancy Organization (APITCO) Ltd., Hyderabad have been received. Observations and key findings of this study have been sent to concerned organization for implementation. New Projects The following new projects have been recommended for assistance during the year Minimization of Environmental impacts of Slaughter House Wastes by Value Addition as Pet Foods by Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh. Demonstration of Waste Minimization in Basic Chrome Manufacturing Unit by Ramky Enviro Engineers Ltd., New Delhi. C l e a n Te c h n o l o g y f o r w a s t e Minimization from Nutraceutical Industry, University of Mysore, Mysore. On going projects Waste Minimization and Demonstration Studies in Textile dyeing Industries in Kolkata by M/s Environ Control & Development Consultants, Kolkata. Waste Minimization Studies in Small Scale Industries in Balanagar Industrial Area, Hyderabad by Environment Protection Training Research Institute (EPTRI), Hyderabad. Waste Minimization Studies in Small Scale Industries - Textile Sector in N a n d ig a on Vi l l a g e, Kot hu r Mahbobnagar Distt., Andhra Pradesh by Environment Protection Training Research Institute (EPTRI), Hyderabad. Waste Minimization in Small Scale Industries WMC Extension Phase-II by National Productivity Council, New Delhi. Waste Minimization, Environmental Audit and Management System for the Industries and Regulatory agencies, CPCB, Delhi. Environmental Audit Under this component, various studies relating to preparation of sector specific performa have been initiated. Project has been

sponsored to the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) in this regard for development of environmental statements in the sectors of sugar, pesticide, thermal power, cement, textile, iron & steel, tanneries, petrochemicals, oil refineries, pulp & Paper and bulk drug industries. Environmental Management Environmental Management System provides a systematic approach for effective environmental management in industry. It enables the industry to combine systems improvement with simultaneous legislative and regulatory compliance. The activities being pursued under this include the following Training and awareness programme. Development of criteria for accreditation of certification bodies. Development of guidelines for certification bodies to conduct Environmental Management System audit. Development of criteria for assessing the performance of certification bodies. Conducting model Environmental Management System audits in selected sectors of the industry. Environmental Statistics & Mapping Various studies under this component have been initiated through research institution, organisations, universities and State Pollution Control Boards, which are at final stages of completion. During the year, funds were released for the following new projects under the scheme Inventory of Industrial units and Characterisation of Effluents/Emission by Manipur State Pollution Control Board. Preventive strategies for abatement of pollution caused by dying units in the State of U.P. by State Pollution Control Board.
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Development and Promotion of Clean Technologies Adoption of Cleaner technologies and Cleaner Production Strategies wee adopted to provide a balance between development and environment through economic benefit by way of increased resource efficiency, innovation and re d u c e d c ost fo r e nvi ro n m e n t a l management. Under the scheme details of various ongoing projects are given as under

organic compounds like phenol formaldehyde and urea formaldehyde. Development of Air Pollution Control Package for Medium Scale Lime Kilns The project has been sponsored for Development of Air Pollution Control Package for medium Scale Lime Kilns. The outcome of the project on flue gas treatability studies of lime kilns will eventually lead to designing of techno-economic treatability option for full scale installation. Design and Development of Computer Numerical Controlled Eco-Friendly Welding Machine The project has been sponsored to develop a low cost computer numerical controlled environmentally cleaner Friction Stir Welding (FSW) technology to weld almost all structural application materials. The effect of toxic exposures to the workers at the work place and surrounding environment due to the toxic fumes generated in metal cutting industries will be reduced by application of this technology. It will also help to minimize air pollution, soil pollution water pollution and control the causative factors for dreadful diseases like Cancers, Bronchitis, Pneumonitis, etc. Development of Natural Dyes from Forest Wastes The ongoing project on Identification, Development and utilisation of Natural Dyes from the Forest Plants of Uttarakhand by Forest Research Institute, Dehradun was continued during the year. Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) system and energy recovery in Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) The ongoing project on Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) system and energy recovery in Common Effluent Treatment Plant (CETP) at Dindigul, Tamil Nadu was continued during the year.

Recycling of Marble Slurry Under the ongoing project Manufacture of Bricks and Tiles from Marble Slurry, Indian Environmental Society, New Delhi have set up two demonstration units at Udaipur and Rajsamand Districts of Rajasthan, with the aim of utilizing marble slurry wastes arising out of marble cutting and processing. Based on the successful demonstration of technology at the above two locations, the project proponents have been asked to set up brick and tiles manufacturing unit utilizing stone slurry at Kota also. Awareness workshops were also organized to promote the usage of bricks made out of marble slurry. Two more demonstration units at Kota have been proposed to be set-up. Bio-remediation of Railadevi Lake, Thane, Maharashtra The ongoing demonstration project relating to cleaning of Railadevi Lake in Thane District in Maharashtra using bio-remediation technique is likely to be completed soon. Development of Adhesive from Bio-material The project has been sponsored for development of adhesive for use in the manufacture of plywood drawn from biological materials like tannin from tree bark, cashew nut shell liquid and lignin obtained from black liquor wastes generated by Pulp and Paper Industry. The material so developed will replace existing adhesives based on
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New Projects Evaluation and Monitoring Committee for Clean Technology met on 30th November, 2007 and recommended the following new projects for funding Development & Demonstration of Environmentally Sound Technology for Regenerating/ Recovery/ Recycling of Pain Sludge by National Productivity Council (NPC), New Delhi. Flue Gas Cleaning System an Alternative to ESP by M/s Indus Smelters Ltd., Raipur, Chhattisgarh. Defluridation of water using natural materials for better drinking water supply in rural regions by Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi. Effective removal of arsenic from ground water covering Maslandapur Ghoshpur blocks of 24 Parganas (N) ( II- Phase) by ion specific adsorbents carrying sorbed ferric hydroxide by Central Salt and Marine Research Institute, Bhavanagar, Gujarat. Completed Projects The following projects were completed under the scheme Life Cycle Assessment for Cement Sector by National Council for Cement and Building Materials, Ballabgarh. Development of bio-degradable emulsions for increasing the shelf life of fruits and vegetables by Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi but toxicity study report is awaited. Utilisation of Anode Mud and Chips solid wastes generated in the zinc industry for making value added products by Regional Research Laboratory, Bhopal. Development of a point of use (POU) clean technology in the form of a domestic unit employing a complexing
Fig.35 Arsenic contamination seriously affects human health

resin for removing arsenic (v) from water by Central Salt & Marine Ch em ic a l s Rese a rch I n st i t ute, Bhavnagar. Water Cess Water Cess is levied on water consumed by persons carrying on certain industries with a view to augment the resources of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) for the prevention and control of water pollution. The proceeds of the Cess levied are first credited to the Consolidated Fund of India and after that the Central Government makes available the proceeds to CPCB and other SPCBs. During the year an amount of Rs.167.33 crore were collected by SPCBs/PCCs and Rs.76.52 crore were reimbursed to different SPCBs and PCCs by the Central Government. The following projects on Environmental Health were considered and funded to generate base line data State of Health & Environment mapping of Manipur State by Department of Environment Govt. of Manipur.
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Environmental Health

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Eco-toxicological investigation of coal fly ash and its toxic constituents by Jamia Hamdard University, Delhi. Capacity building of School Students in promoting Environmental Health Awa re n e s s by So cie t y fo r Environment & Development, Delhi. Exposure Assessment of Heavy Metals through Dietary and Inhalation Routes to Population around a coal-based power plant risk characterization using bio-markers/physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model by IIT, Kanpur Effect of outdoor and indoor air pollution on children Health in Delhi by All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Effect of Outdoor and indoor Air Pollution on Children Health in Delhi by All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi. Training workshop on Environment and Health by KIIT University, Bhubaneswar. Environmental Health Studies in Jodhpur by Desert Medicine Research Institute Jodhpur in association with Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board. Occupational and environmental health hazards due to mercury in cholrakali plant by National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad. Environmental Health Studies in Faridabad by Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health, New Delhi in association with the Haryana State Pollution Control Board. Inventorisation and Source Apportionment of Mercury by National Productivity Council, New Delhi.
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Monitoring of Mercury concentration in components of Environment and its Bio -accumulation by Indian Toxicological Research Institute, Lucknow. World Bank Project on Capacity Building for Industrial Pollution Management (CBIPM) was extended up to November, 2008. Request for project proposals (Municipal Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste Management Studies and Institutional Gap Assessment) were prepared for inviting proposals from the short-listed companies. Proposals have been received and are being evaluated from technical & financial angles. Based on the outcome of the evaluation, contracts shall be awarded to the selected companies for undertaking the proposed studies. One week Training programme for two officers of the Ministry on Selection & Requirement of Consultants in the World Bank Funded Project was organized during November, 2007 at the International Training Centre of the ILO at Turin, Italy.

Central Pollution Control Board Introduction and Objective The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) performs functions as laid down in The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 and is responsible for planning and executing comprehensive nation wide programme for the prevention and control of water and air pollution, for advising the Cent ra l G overn m ent on m a t ters concerning prevention and control of water and air pollution and for coordinating activities of State Pollution Control Boards and providing technical assistance & guidance to State Pollution Control Boards.

Chapter-4

The Board has been playing a key role in abatement and control of pollution in the country by generating relevant data, providing scientific information, rendering technical inputs for formation of national policies and programmes, training and d eve l o p m e n t of m a n p owe r a n d organizing activities for promoting awareness at different levels of the Government and Public at large. The Board coordinates with State Pollution Control Boards for enforcement and implementation of Rules framed under the Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986 and is associated with and provides support to various committees and authorities constituted by the Government of India such as The Environmental Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority for the National Capital Region.

chemicals and dye and dye intermediate have been identified. In depth studies have been conducted for six incinerators (three individual industry incinerators and three common hazardous waste incinerators). The draft emission standards in respect of pesticide sector have been prepared and the development of emission standards for bulk drug sector is being processed. Bullion Industry: Bullion industry uses toxic and hazardous chemicals for beneficiation and refining and, therefore, is considered a major polluting industry as it discharges toxic materials and heavy metals through effluents, air emissions and solid wastes into recipient environment. Comprehensive Industry Document on Bullion Industry has been prepared providing information on production, the processes employed, raw material used, pollution generated, pollution control practices and proposed National Standards for the industry, keeping in view the Best Practicable Technology (BPT) and affordability under the prevailing conditions. Cement manufacturing units: It is generally observed that in most cement industries the control measures adopted for controlling fugitive emissions are not always satisfactory and as a result substantial quantity of fugitive emissions are generated which spread within and out side the industry premises and causes adverse impacts on human health and environment. A study was undertaken in association with National Productivity Council, New Delhi and IIT, Kanpur on Assessment of fugitive emissions and development of environmental guidelines for control of fugitive emissions in cement manufacturing. The report is being finalized. Iron Ore Mining: A project has been taken for description of clean technology for iron ore mining and development of environmental standard and preparation of comprehensive document. Final report of the project has been prepared.
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Progress / Achievements of the Activities Undertaken under various programmes Development of industry / waste specific standards and guidelines Basic organic chemicals manufacturing industry: About 160 chemicals falls under the basic organic chemicals group, which are produced by about 190 industrial units in the country. A study has been undertaken in association with Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (IICT), Hyderabad to develop emission standards and to review effluent standards for basic organic chemicals manufacturing industries. In-depth studies have been completed in 13 industries covering about 56 chemical products. The data and information collected are being processed to arrive at suitable standards for this industry sector. Chemical waste incinerators: A study has been initiated to develop emission regulation and to frame guidelines for emission control for individual industry specific chemical waste Incinerators. For this the chemical industries such as pesticides, bulk-drugs, basic organic

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Distilleries: A study was undertaken in association with Dr R. H. Siddiqi, Retd. Professor AMU, Aligarh to review the irrigation and composting protocols prescribed by the Board visa-vis the current practices followed by distilleries in the country and to evaluate the performance of new technologies for concentration of spent wash. The report suggests that TDS and chlorides value will control the dilution rate of spent wash for its use in irrigation. Based on practical values of TDS, sodium, chlorides and BOD it has been suggested that a 12-15-fold dilution may be required in case of fertiirrigation. It has been observed that discharge of effluents having the prescribed quality may result in concentration of salts in the soil. The report emphasizes consideration of salt balance and annual salt leaching rates in various types of soils and climatic zones so that problem of salinity and alkalinity do not develop with continuous use of spent wash for irrigation. Soda ash industry: A project was taken up in association of National Institute of Oceanography (NIO) to assess the impact on seawater due to discharge of effluents from soda ash industries for the purpose of reviewing existing standards and to suggest measures including modifications in effluent treatment and disposal system to minimize adverse impact on the marine water quality. The study has been completed and report is being prepared. Monitoring Ambient Noise Level due to Aircrafts: There are no procedure for monitoring ambient noise level due to Aircrafts nor any Govt. regulations in the country on aircraft movements and operations unlike the developed countries. An Experts Committee on Noise Pollution Control has been exploring the idea of formulating suitable legislations in the country too on aircraft/airport noise. As a first step, a Draft Procedure for Monitoring Ambient Noise Level due to Aircrafts has been prepared considering prevalent noise
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monitoring procedure practiced internationally and also based on the results of the detailed noise monitoring conducted in and around IGI International Airport. The objective of this document is to specify suitable requirements and procedures for airport authorities to carry out monitoring ambient noise level due to aircrafts around airports. Environmental Research Activities Ground water remediation in Kanpur A three-year project on groundwater remediation in Noraiakheda area of Kanpur has been taken up in collaboration with ITRC Lucknow, NGRI, Hyderabad and IIT Kanpur. The 1st year activities were completed with execution of all the identified works. The entire study area was investigated for revealing subsurface hydro-geological characteristics. The investigations included evaluation of a range of site-specific aquifer characteristics, inventory of groundwater balance, monitoring for surface contours with reference to the MSL, monitoring of fresh water canal and identification of watershed boundaries. The findings of project during 1st year are to be utilized in evaluation of various options for remediation of hexavalent chromium. Characterization of PM10 & PM2.5 in Kolkata A study has been conducted in association with West Bengal Pollution Control Board and Institute of Post Graduate Medical Education and Research, Kolkata to assess the ambient air quality in terms of particulate concentration of different sizes (2.5 and 10 m), PAH, organic carbon, metals and different ions etc. at six major traffic intersections in Kolkata and their adverse impact on human health in terms of metabolites in urine, chromosomal aberration, micronuclei (MN) etc. of the people exposed to such air pollution such as traffic police. The analytical results indicate that PM2.5 and PM10 were varying from 164 to 370 mg/m3 and 256 to 553 mg/m3 respectively. The ratio of

Chapter-4

PM2.5 and PM10 was varying from 0.62 to 0.76. The average ratio of PM2.5 and PM10 is 0.69 with coefficient of variation of 6.7 percent. With these findings it may be mentioned that about 70 percent of PM10 are the particle that may be deposited in the lower portion of lung sac, the pleura and bronchioles. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds in both the sizes of particulate matter were also quantified during the study. Concentration of total PAH (sum of 16 compounds) was varying from 8.9 to 16.37 ng/m3 of 10 m sizes with average of 10.73 ng /m3 and CV of 27.02 percent and from 9.44 to 17.53ng /m3 of 2.5 m size with average of 11.6 ng /m3 and CV of 26.26 percent. Total PAH values were normalized with respect to values of PM10 and at PM2.5. The average values of PM2.5 and PM10 were 0.05 ng/mg with CV of 4.7 percent and 0.04 ng/mg with CV of 5.5 percent, respectively. Therefore normalized values of PAH clearly indicate that the adherence of such hazardous compounds is significantly higher to 2.5 m size particles. Similar distribution pattern was observed in case of organic carbon.

formation of these subjects. The subjects for study were taken from different localities in and around Kolkata. Assessment of genotoxic changes and the urinary 1- Hydroxypyrene in these subjects indicate that people are exposed to PAHs. The level of 1- Hydroxypyrene in urine of different subjects so far analyzed showed wide variation. Genotoxicity of these exposed subjects to the ambient air was studied for micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations. In both the groups there is an increase in the micronuclei and chromosomal aberrations when compared with unexposed individuals. The micronuclei per 1000 binucleated cells were almost 2.5 fold more in the traffic police, 3.0 fold more in the COPD patients and chromosomal aberrations were 3.0 fold more in the traffic police and COPD patients when compared with unexposed individuals.

Standardization of BTX and PAH methods Active and passive methods for BTX monitoring and analysis using conventional carbon-disulphide desorption and automated thermal desorption techniques followed by capillary Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector have been standardize, documented and sent to BIS for wide circulation among concerned institution and finalized by CHD-32 Committee for final printing. The sampling and analysis method for Particulate PAH using glass fiber filter and high volume samplers followed by capillary Gas Chromatography Flame Ionization Detector have been standardize, documented and finally printed by BIS after wide circulation among concerned institution and approval by CHD-32 Committee. PAH analysis in ambient air particulate in Delhi Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons which pose health hazards in urban areas are contributed by multiple sources especially vehicular traffic,
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Health Impact of Ambient air Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) in Kolkata Urban populations are exposed to an array of toxic air pollutants released as combustion and pyrolysis products such as PAH, carbon mono-oxide, and volatile organic compounds. The study to evaluate effects of these pollutants on human health has been undertaken. Traffic police having longer exposure to ambient air and chronic obstruction in pulmonary disorder (COPD) patients coming from different localities were taken into consideration to a ss e ss t h e l eve l of u ri n a r y 1 hydroxypyrene. The influence of PAH was a s s e s s e d t h ro u g h e s t i m a t io n o f chromosomal aberrations and micronuclei

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thermal power plants, and industrial & domestic fuel burning. The samples were collected at six NAAQM (TSPM laden PAH) locations and one integrated monitoring station at ITO (TSPM and RSPM laden PAH). Toluene extracts of Total Suspended Particulate Matter (TSPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM) samples on glass fibre filter papers from various locations in Delhi were analyzed using GCMS by CPCB Air Laboratory for 18 Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as Naphthalene, Phenanthrene, Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo (a) a n t h ra c e n e, C h r ys e n e, B e n zo ( b ) fluoranthene, Benzo (k) fluoranthene, Benzo (e) pyrene, Benzo (a) pyrene, Perylene, Dibenzo(ah) anthracene, Indeno (cd) pyrene and Benzo (ghi) perylene, to assess the trend of PAHs contamination in ambient air at Delhi. Detoxification of paper mill effluent The toxicity of the paper and pulp mill effluent is due to the presence of tannins, resins, synthetic dyes and lignin and its derivatives. Biological treatment utilizing white-rot fungi can be used to biologically decolorise the pulp mill effluent but high glucose concentration is required for such treatment making it less economically feasible. An alternate to biological treatment utilizing white-rot fungi is the electro-chemical methods where iron electrodes are used to separate the ligno-sulphonate waste. A study aimed at the removal of toxic & coloring substances present in paper mill effluent using selective chemical coagulants/oxidants has been taken up. The report is being finalized. Characterization of emission and dust from different sources Re-suspension of dust in industrial area and fugitive and stack emission are mainly responsible for high level of contaminants in the ambient air of the local environment. This dust may contain toxic chemical substances. A
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study has been carried out to characterize the emission from source and dust forms different sources (road dust, soil, mining waste etc.). Results revealed that level of Zinc, Magnesium and Potassium (178, 3502 and 8447 mg/kg respectively) was significantly higher in ash collected from rice mill. Nickel was found to be higher in roadside dust of Ranigunj (Durgapur), but the rest of the metals were higher in dust of ESP in comparison with agricultural soils of a remote Dhubulia Village (Durgapur). Metallic concentrations were also found on the higher side in ambient air with respect to rural areas (Canning). Further analysis of more parameters would reveal the distribution pattern of different contaminants of the dust and in other sources pollutants and their impact on ambient air quality. Cleaner Technologies for Industries In order to comply with the directives of Honble Supreme Court in respect of carrying out R & D Work related with application of cleaner technology in industries, Central Pollution Control Board sought proposals from the Organizations like Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad; National Chemical Laboratory, Pune; Central Leather Research Institute, Chennai; National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur for preparation of base document based on the R & D already carried out by these organizations in respect of the Bulk Drug & Pharmaceutical, Pesticides and Dyes & Dye Intermediates; Tanneries and Non-ferrous metallurgical sectors respectively. Central Pollution Control Board also sponsored international workshop on Cleaner Te c h n o l o g i e s a n d E nvi ro n m e n t a l M a n a g e m e n t Syst e m s Po n d ich e rr y Engineering College, Pondicherry during January 04-06, 2007. Cleaner Technology in Paracetamol Units Paracetamol is produced from para-nitrophenol using iron-acid reduction for hydrogenation that results in huge amount of

Chapter-4

hazardous waste generation with high organic impurities that is difficult to dispose. It will be very difficult to dispose such waste even in a common hazardous waste disposal facility due to large quantity of waste. Cleaner production options were studied for this sector that indicated that it will be worthwhile to employ catalytic hydrogenation or any other cleaner technology options, so that the effluent, emission and hazardous waste generation can be minimized. The study brought out following modifications in the existing process route: Addition of borate in hydrolysis step to reduce undesirable by-products and load on effluent treatment, and to improve purity of product Replacement of iron-acid reduction by catalytic hydrogenation to eliminate generation of iron sludge Stepwise catalytic hydrogenation and acetylation to eliminate use of acids Use of activated carbon for pre-treatment with sulphite solution Treatment of Water and Wastewater by Using Recycled Alum Sludge Central Pollution Control Board has developed Sludge-Reagent-Product (SRP) technology in the process of water treatment for drinking/domestic purpose through which 80 to 90% of chemical coagulant (alum) could be recovered from discarded alum-treated-sludge for recycling and reuse and alum chemical worth of Rs. 65 crore per year can be saved in the area of water treatment in India. Further the technology will take care of problems of disposal of huge volume of discarded alum chemical sludge. CPCB has obtained the patent on the technology entitled An apparatus for treatment of Raw water. The Construction work for a 0.5 mld pilot water treatment plant based on SRP technology is under progress at Bhagirathi Water Works in Delhi. The major Laboratory experimental

work related to Part- II of this project (Treatment of Wastewater using SRP Technology) has been completed for further improvement in developed technology. Hazardous Waste Management CPCB co-ordinated with the Ministry in preparation of National Policy Document on Management of Hazardous Waste and revision of Schedule 3 (list of wastes applicable for import & export for reprocessing, Schedule 4 (list of wastes, the reprocessing of which need registration from Central Pollution Control Board) and Schedule 8 (list of wastes prohibited for import and export of hazardous wastes) of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 as amended in 2003. The final draft of National Policy Document on Management of Hazardous Waste and proposed draft amendments to Schedule 3, Schedule 4 and Schedule 8 of the Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules has already been forwarded for consideration. In the Draft National Policy on Management of Hazardous Waste, it has been suggested that inter-state movement of hazardous waste will be required when landfillable waste generated by a State/UT is less than 20,000 tonne per annum and or when incinerable wastes generated in a State/UT is less than 3,000 tonnes per annum.

After considering the views of SPCBs/PCCs and keeping in view that some progress have been made in setting up of common facilities including in relatively small hazardous waste generating States such as Punjab, Himachal Pradesh & Kerala etc., as well as the reluctance of the State Governments to accept hazardous waste from other States, it was felt necessary to review the draft National Policy on Management of Hazardous Waste particularly in respect of interstate movement
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of hazardous waste and disposal of hazardous waste in common hazardous waste treatment, storage and disposal facilities (TSDF). A strategy was therefore proposed, which was discussed in 52nd Conference of Chairpersons and Member Secretaries of State Pollution Control Boards and Pollution Control Committees and was also presented in the 13th meeting of Supreme Court Monitoring Committee (SCMC). After deliberations, following recommendations were made for taking further necessary action by the SPCBs/PCCs: All States /UTs should ensure setting up common facilities for land filling of hazardous waste, latest by June 2006. States/UTs which propose to utilize Common HW landfill facilities set up/ being set up in neighbouring States, should finalize formal agreements by above date. States/UTs generating incinerable wastes exceeding 5000 TPA, should ensure setting up of common facility for incineration by December 2006. States/UTs proposing to utilize common incineration facilities available in neighbouring States should finalize formal agreements by December 2006. To request Chairman, SCMC to write to all t h e S t a t e G o v e r n m e n t s / U Ts Administration enclosing details of subsidy and assistance already provided by some of the State Governments with the suggestion to provide assistance/ incentives for setting up of common facilities Honble Supreme Court may be appraised by SCMC accordingly. The decisions taken in the afore said conference have been communicated to all the Chief Secretaries of State Governments and the Union Territory Administration by the Chairman, Supreme Court Monitoring
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Committee as well as to all the SPCBs/PCCs for necessary action. Random checks of the inventory reports on HW generation: 22 SPCBs and three UTs viz., Chandigarh, Daman, Diu Dadra & Nagar Haveli, and Pondicherry have completed the inventory and submitted the reports. Four States - Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Mizoram, Sikkim and two UTs Lakshdweep and Andaman & Nicobar Islands reported that there is no hazardous waste generating units in the respective States or UTs. Random checks have been completed in 18 No. of States and 03 UTs. The random checks in other States/UTs viz., Goa, Maharashtra, Nagaland, Tamil Nadu are under progress. The observations of CPCB as well as the random check reports were communicated to the Concerned SPCBs/PCCs for updation of the inventory by the concerned SPCB/PCC. Study of hazardous waste in paint sector has been taken up to identify various h aza rd ous waste st re a m s, t h ei r characterization and to recommend waste minimization options in paint industry. The National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) has been engaged to accomplish the project. Study for the preparation of guidance documents for hazardous waste management was taken up through Orissa State Pollution Control Board for industrial sectors such as iron & steel, aluminium, sodium dichromate & galvanising process. The objective of the study is the Identification of hazardous waste streams, its characterization and recovery & recycling options. The study for aluminium & sodium dichromate manufacturing sectors has been completed & the report is under finalisation. The study pertaining to other sectors (Iron & steel and Galvanising) is under progress.

Chapter-4

Study for preparation of guidance document for Pesticide Sector was taken up and completed through M/s. NCL, Pune which covers 12 pesticide products. The study is further continued for additional 12 products such as DDT, Dichlorovos, Phorate, Phosphamidon, Quinalphos, Lindane, Methyl parathion, Mancozeb, 2-4 D, Isoproturon under insecticides, fungicides, herbicides & weedicides group of pesticides, for identification of hazardous waste streams, its characterization and recovery/ recycling options. The study is under progress. Performance Evaluation of Sewage Treatment Plants (STPs) in India was undertaken in association with a consultant. The study includes individual plant visits, discussion with operating staff, evaluating technological aspects & management aspects to bring out the major causes for poor performance. The study brought out large number of technological & managerial deficiencies in operation of various STPs as follows. Eighty four Sewage Treatment Plants (STP) were studied during the year. Besides above stated STPs, Marine out fall at Bandra, Powai Lake in Mumbai and CETP, Kolkata were also visited during the year. The general performance of STPs has not been found satisfactory. Capacity utilization of the STPs has been found inadequate. Information on capacity utilization was collected from 55 STPs. Out of 55 STPs only 18 STPs (i.e 33%) were operating at normal flow (90 to 110% design flow) whereas rest 37 (i.e.67%) were either under-loaded or over-loaded. Sludge removal, treatment and handling appear to be the most

neglected area in STPs operation. In 43 STPs based on ASP technology or other high rate aeration systems, sludge-handling facilities were found mostly out of order. Similarly, in 28 STPs based on Waste Stabilization Pond or where Ponds have been employed in treatment schemes, cleaning of accumulated sludge was not done in 24 cases. Utilization of biogas generated from UASB reactors or sludge digesters has also not been found adequate in most of the cases. It was observed that there was no gas generation and utilization in 13 Sewage Treatment Plants in spite of having anaerobic reactors / digesters. In 14 STPs the gas generated is being flared and not being utilized. In 8 STPs the gas generated is only partly utilized mostly flared. Only in 12 STPs the gas generated was being utilized as domestic fuel (5 STPs) or as fuel for gas engine (4 STPs) or dual fuel generator, DFG (3 STPs) Alternate power supply facility is not available in most of the cases. Out of 84 STPs, only 13 STPs were having operational alternate power supply facility, 12 having DFG and one having DG Set. Six other STPs were also having alternate power supply facility but were not able to utilize this due to funds constraints. Fund shortage was found as an important factor in poor operation and maintenance of STPs and has been reported in 26 cases. The problem of fund shortage is mostly reported from States of Bihar, Haryana, U.P., and West Bengal. This trend shows the root of problem lies in less priority being given to sewage treatment.
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Sewage treatment

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Lack of proper laboratories at STPs site is another area that needs attention. In case of 42 STPs the performance testing is reportedly undertaken at common departmental laboratories. In case of another 16 STPs the performance evaluation is undertaken through contract with some laboratory. In all these cases, day-to-day testing is normally not done that could enable proper control on plants performance. Samples have been found collected and analyzed by departmental/ external labs once in a month or week. In majority of the cases, operation of the STPs is looked after by contractors who generally depute unqualified or less qualified staff at site, which is also an important factor responsible for poor operation of STPs. This indicates that terms and condition of operation contracts are not adequately framed to check this situation. Performance evaluation of STP based on Membrane Bio Reactor (MBR) Technology was carried out by CPCB to compare performance of MBR technology STP with another conventional ASP based STP. In this technology, there are two basic processes of biological oxidation and solids separation combined in a single reactor, where micro-organisms biomass is separated from the treated water by a membrane filtration unit. This enables good control on the solids residence time for the micro-organisms in the reactor and provides highly clarified effluent. Based on the study and available data information, the following inference could be made MBR plant requires only about half of the space required for conventional STP Sludge bulking, sludge rising, etc problems associated with clarifier unit are eliminated
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High quality treated water is generated from MBR plant MBR plant generates highly stabilized sludge of low volume The main disadvantages of MBR is the high initial cost, regular cleaning requirement of membrane filters at least once in 48 hours, and filter replacement cost. Performance evaluation studies of CETPs were carried out of two common effluent treatment plants in UP, two plants in Haryana, one plant in MP, four plants in Rajasthan, and seven plants in Gujarat. Common Biomedical Waste Treatment Facilities (CBWTF) have been set up in various cities for treatment of Bio-medical waste generated in various hospitals, nursing homes. In North Zone 28 CBWTF have been established. Out of these, 8 common facilities were inspected. In central zone, 18 CBWTFs have been established. Out of these 16 common facilities were inspected. In South Zone 10 CBWTFs facilities were inspected. In West Zone 31 CBWTF have been established. Out of these, nine common facilities were inspected. A project on Characterization of Compost Quality was taken up in association with IARI to cover the safe and beneficial use of MSW compost and sewage sludge in agriculture vis a vis its environmental impacts based on extensive experimentations and a review of the scientific literature. Studies indicated that average concentration of heavy metals in the raw waste that was fed to the various compost plants was in the range of 47 to 185 mg per kg in respect of lead, 36 to 63 mg/kg for nickel and 1.5 to 6.5 mg/kg for cadmium. The level of mercury in raw waste was between 0.01 and 0.23

Municipal Solid Waste (MSW)

Chapter-4

mg/kg. Heavy metals in the finished compost were ranging as follows; Pb; 108203 mg/kg; Ni- 8-80 mg/kg; Cd-3.812.4 mg/kg and mg 0.01-0.31 mg/kg. It has been observed that the growth attributes of wheat/ maize and vegetable crops viz., plant height, number of cobs/tillers/m2, dry matter production and leaf area index, were increased due to supply of nitrogen through combination of different doses of urea with compost/ sewage sludge. A study was instituted on assessment of health status of conservancy staff and other community associated with handling of solid waste management at Kolkata through Chittaranjan Cancer Research Institute and at Chennai with the assistance of Sri. Ramchandra Medical College. Health assessment studies at Kolkata included clinical examination of 732 individuals of which 376 were conservancy workers, 151 rag pickers and 205 controls.

dioxins formation during the use of waste polymer for road construction because chlorine is not present and temperature is not favourable. Addition of waste plastics, generally improves the strength of the road. The addition of fly ash to the polymer aggregate bitumen mix improves the strength of the flexible pavement. It is also observed that the fly ash does not leach from this mixture. Above all, for 1000m x 3.5m road nearly 10 to 15 tons of fly ash is used. Disposal of fly ash becomes easy by this process. Process of road laying using waste plastics is being implemented successfully for the construction of flexible roads at various places in India. Central Pollution Control Board has prepared and published an Indicative Operational Guidelines on Utilization of Plastics in Road Construction. Developments in laboratories National Reference Laboratory for Trace Organics Persistence Organic Pollutants (POPs) are of concern globally because they do not disintegrate easily and cause various serious short-term and life-long health affects. The Persistent Organic Pollutants identified for priority action globally under Stockholm Convention include Pesticides - Aldrin, Dieldrin, Endrin, Chlordane, Heptachlor, DDT, Toxaphene, Mirex, HCB; Poly-chlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs); Polychlorinated dibenzopara-dioxin (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzo-furan (PCDFs). There exists legal framework in the country dealing with POPs under The Hazardous Waste (Management & Handling) Rules. The CPCB Laboratories are regularly strengthened in terms of instruments/equipment, expertise and technical capabilities to undertake the national task of environmental assessment and pollution control in the country. Development of a trace organic laboratory for analysis of trace organics and POPs has been undertaken with following objectives:
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Plastic Waste Utilization of Plastics in Road Construction When polymer is coated over aggregate for road construction, the coating reduces its affinity for water due to non-wetting nature of the polymer and this resists the penetration of water. Moreover, polymers are not soluble in water or acids and even in most of the organic solvents. Therefore polymer will not leach out of the bitumen layer, even after laying the road using waste plastics-bitumen-aggregate mix. Besides, waste polymer-bitumen blend reduce the bleeding of bitumen during the summers. An Indicative Operational Guidelines on Utilization of Plastics in Road Construction has been prepared. The polymer materials used are polyethylene, polypropylene and polystyrene. Use of polyvinyl chloride is not suggested. There is no possibility of

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Trace Level Organics Analysis including POPs in various matrices Development of relevant Laboratory Infrastructure Training to Personnel of CPCB & SPCBs/PCCs Providing Services and Establishing Cooperation and Co-ordination among stakeholders Development of infrastructure facilities for PCDDs and PCDFs Polychlorinated dibenzo -para -dioxins (PCDDs) and Polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs) are environmental contaminants usually present in diverse environmental matrices. Seventy five PCDDs and 135 PCDFs congeners have been reported till date among which seven PCDDs and 10 PCDFs are internationally identified having considerable toxicity. Concentrations of these ultra-trace compounds in environmental matrices may vary from sub-ppt (parts per trillion) and may reach upto ppm (parts per million) level. There exists no laboratory in the country, which is having exhaustive facilities for analysis of PCDDs and PCDFs in environmental matrices. Therefore, a project was undertaken for: Development of infrastructure facilities for measurement of Dioxins / Furans. Development validation of standard methodology for sample extraction, cleanup and analysis of identified Dioxins/Furans species in temperate environmental conditions. Pollution Control Enforcement Eleven pulp & paper industries have been issued proposed directions under Section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and
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directions were issued to State Boards in respect of four pulp & paper mill for taking action while 14 distilleries have been issued proposed directions under section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and 10 distilleries have been issued direction under section 5 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, to restrict their capacity equivalent to treatment facility available with the distilleries. One distillery was closed under section 5 of the EPA and direction were also issued to State Boards under section 18(1)(b) of the water Act 1974 in respect of three distilleries for taking action. National Water Quality Monitoring Programme Nationwide water quality is monitored regularly under National Water Quality Monitoring Programme (NWMP) through a network of water quality monitoring comprising 1019 stations in 27 States and six Union Territories is being operated by CPCB in collaboration with concerned SPCBs/PCCs. The monitoring network covers 592 monitoring stations on 200 rivers, 65 monitoring stations on 60 lakes, 5 monitoring stations on each on five tanks, three monitoring stations on three ponds, three monitoring stations on three creeks, 13 stations on 13 canals, 17 stations on 17 drains and 321 stations on 321 wells. The monitoring is undertaken on monthly or quarterly basis in surface waters and on half yearly basis in case of ground water. Water samples are being analysed for nine core parameters and other physicochemical and bacteriological parameters apart from the field observations. Besides, nine trace metals and 22 pesticides are also analysed in selected samples. In view of limited resources, limited numbers of

Chapter-4

Fig.36 Number of monitoring locations in various categories of water bodies under National Water Quality Monitoring Network

organic pollution related parameters and micro pollutants (Toxic Metals & POPs) are analysed once in a year to assess the water quality. Biomonitoring is also carried out on specific locations. The water quality data are reported in Water Quality Status Year Book. Water Quality Trends The water quality monitoring results were analysed with respect to indicator of organic matter (Bio-chemical oxygen demand) and indicator of pathogenic bacteria (total colliform and faecal colliform). The water quality status for the period 1995 to 2006 in terms of percent of observations having values of parameters in different ranges is presented in the Figs 37 to 39 graphically. National Air Quality Monitoring Programme Nationwide air quality is monitored regularly under National Air Quality Monitoring Programme (NAMP) through a network of water quality monitoring comprising 332 operating stations at 121 cities/towns in 25 States and four Union Territories of the country

are being operated. Under NAMP, four air pollutants viz., Sulphur Dioxide (SO2), Oxides of Nitrogen as NO2 and Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and Respirable Suspended Particulate Matter (RSPM or PM10), have been identified for regular monitoring at all the locations. The monitoring of meteorological parameters such as wind speed and direction, relative humidity and temperature also been integrated with the monitoring of air quality. The monitoring of pollutants are carried out for 24 hours (4hourly sampling for gaseous pollutants and 8hourly sampling for particulate matter) with frequency of twice a week, to have 104 observations in a year. Percentage of Cities with Low, Moderate, High and Critical Levels Trend in percentage of cities (Residential Areas) with low, moderate, high and critical levels of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM according to exceedance factor is depicted below in Fig. 43. Percentage of cities with low levels of SO2 have decreased over the years thus indicating that SO2 level have reduced over the years.

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Fig.37 Water Quality Trend (BOD mg/l)

Fig.38 Water Quality Trend (Total colliform, MPN per 100ml)

Fig.39 Water Quality Trend (Faecal colliform, MPN per 100ml)

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MIN

MAX

Fig.40 Water Quality Trend of BOD in river Ganga (2002-2006)

MIN

MAX

Fig.41 Water Quality Trend of BOD in river Yamuna (2002-2006)

MIN

MAX
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Fig.42 Water Quality Trend of BOD in river Narmada (2002-2006)

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Fig.43 Percentage of cities with low, moderate, high and critical level of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM

National Mean Concentration Analysis of National mean concentration with 90th percentile and 10th percentile for SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM has revealed that National mean SO2 concentration has decreased over the years indicating that there has been a decline in SO2 levels. N a t i o n a l m e a n N O 2 a n d RS PM concentration has remained stable over the years despite increase in emission sources such as vehicles. The reason for this may be various intervention measures that have taken place such as improvement in vehicle technology and other vehicular pollution control measures like alternate fuel etc. National mean SPM concentration has been fluctuating over the years. Management of Hazardous Substances Introduction and Objectives The major functions of the Hazardous
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Substances Management Division (HSMD) include regulatory activities for framing necessary Rules relating to environmentally so u n d m a n a g e m e n t of h aza rd o us wastes/chemicals, plastics and municipal solid wastes under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and promotional activities by providing necessary financial support to the concerned agencies for their implementation. The Division is also responsible for planning, overseeing and implementation of the policies and programmes on the management of chemical emergencies and hazardous substances including hazardous wastes. The mandate of this Division is to promote safety in the management and use of hazardous substances including hazardous chemicals and hazardous wastes with an objective to prevent and mitigate damage to health and environment due to hazardous chemicals and wastes.

Chapter-4

Fig.44 National mean concentration of SO2, NO2, RSPM and SPM

Progress of Activities Undertaken under Various Programmes Hazardous Waste Management As per an assessment made, the States of Gujarat, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu are the major hazardous waste generators and approximately 4.4 million tonnes of hazardous waste is generated annually in the country. A comprehensive national inventory on hazardous wastes is being prepared based on the fresh inventorisation of hazardous waste generation in the States/UTs. The legal instruments for management of hazardous wastes are the Hazardous Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules (HW Rules), 1989, as amended in 2000, 2003 and 2004, the Biomedical Wastes (Management & Handling) Rules, 1998 as amended in 2000 and

2003 and the Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and State Pollution Control Boards (SPCBs)/Pollution Control Committees (PCCs) of Union Territories and the State Departments of Environment have been entrusted with the responsibilities of implementation of all these rules and the implementation is monitored by the Ministry. A fresh draft Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Rules has been published on 28th September, 2007 for seeking public comments. The title of the proposed Rules is 'Hazardous Materials (Management, Handling & Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2007'. The time for providing objections/suggestions on the said Draft Rules was over on 28th November, 2007. The proposed Draft Rules would repeal the Hazardous Waste
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(Management & Handling) Rules, 1989 and amendments thereof. The comments on the draft Notification have been received from various organizations and are being examined. The draft Rules are being notified with a view to bring in more clarity to these rules and to streamline the process of implementation of the said Rules. These Rules provide for control on generation, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of hazardous wastes, both indigenously generated as well as imported. All hazardous wastes are required to be treated and disposed off in an environmentally sound manner in secured landfills as prescribed in the Hazardous Wastes Rules. Setting up of Common Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities (TSDFs) in different parts of the country was taken up on priority during the Tenth Plan period. Such facilities are built on Public-Private Partnership on Build Operate Own (BOO) principles. A scheme for providing financial assistance for setting up of TSDFs has been in operation for the same. The Ministry provides grants to the tune of Rs. two crores for each of the facilities with a proportionate contribution from the concerned State Government, supplemented with additional contributions from the entrepreneurs and financial institutions. Financial assistance was provided for setting up of a common facility at TransTh a n e C re ek ( T TC - B el ap u r) i n Maharashtra, Visakhapatnam District of Andhra Pradesh, Chennai in Tamil Nadu and in Daman and Diu. Other States such as Karnataka, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, are also in the process of setting up of such facilities.
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The Batteries (Management & Handling) Rules, 2001 were notified in May, 2001 to regulate the collection, channelisation and recycling of used lead acid batteries. These Rules inter-alia make it mandatory for consumers to return the used batteries. As per the rules the importers of new lead acid batteries are required to take one time registration and so far 240 importers have been registered with the Ministry. The list of registered importers of new lead acid batteries has been put up in the web site of the Ministry and the same is updated regularly. Chemical Safety The Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (MSIHC) Rules, 1989 and the Chemical Accident (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996 are the main instruments for ensuring chemical safety in the country. As per the information available, there are 1724 Major Accident Hazard (MAH) units in 24 States/UTs (21 States & 3 UTs) in 278 Districts of the country. As per the latest report 1713 Onsite Plans and 166 Off-site Plans have been prepared. State level Crisis Groups have been constituted by all States/UTs, except Andaman & Nicobar, Arunachal Pradesh, Daman & Diu, Dadar & Nagar Haveli, Jammu & Kashmir, Jharkhand, Lakshadweep, Mizoram, Nagaland, Uttrakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Manipur. A Sub-Scheme entitled "Industrial Pocketwise Hazard Analysis" has been in operation since Eighth Five Year Plan. Out of the 278 Districts having MAH units, Hazard Analysis studies have been initiated for 121 districts. Out of these, 92 studies have been completed. Financial assistance for conducting training programmes on Emergency Preparedness, Accident Prevention has

Chapter-4

been provided to National Safety Councils, Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry and other state run institutions. The main objective of the programme is to effectively prepare, prevent and mitigate emergencies arising due to chemicals and to impress upon the concerned people regarding the necessity of emergency preparedness and response. A Red Book containing duties to be performed during emergency, names, addresses and telephone numbers of key functionaries of the Ministry, State Governments, State Pollution Control Boards, Chief Inspectorate of Factories, and Experts/Institutions is published and circulated. Ministry initiated a project on developing the National Chemicals Management Profile for India by UNITAR under the IndoCanada Environment Management initiative. The main objective of the project is to develop a national profile to assess India's national infrastructure for managing chemicals, as an important first step to strengthen national capacities and capabilities for the sound management of chemicals. Central Pollution Control Board was entrusted to implement the project. The Draft National Profile has been prepared and submitted for consideration and approval of International funding. The Ministry continues to follow-up the Implementation of the Manufacture, Storage and Import of Hazardous Chemical (MSIHC) Rules 1989 and the Chemical Accidents (Emergency Planning, Preparedness and Response) Rules, 1996. A pilot study entitled "GIS based Emergency Planning and Response (GEPR) System with respect to chemical accidents in Major Accident Hazard (MAH) installations has been completed for 10 States covering 22 Districts- NCT

Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Kerala, West Bengal, Assam, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab. The objective was to help response agencies mainly the Central Crisis Group (CCG), District Crisis Group (DCG) and Local Crisis Group (LCG), during pre-emergency state for planning and rehearsing response to major chemical disasters and also during actual emergency situations so that a well planned response can contain the damage to the minimum. The Phase-III of the project has been initiated to further improve and incorporate the important suggestions received during Phase-II of the project to make the GEPR tool more functional, comprehensive and user friendly to emergency planners and responders of two States Gujarat and Maharashtra. GEF has sanctioned the grant for the preparation of India's National Implementation Plan of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs). An Inter-Ministerial delegation from India participated in the Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Non-compliance and the 2nd Conference of Parties of the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants from 25th-27th April, 2007 and 30th April - 4th May, 2007 in Dakar, Senegal. Solid Waste and Bio-Medical Waste Management The Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000, the Fly Ash Notification, 1999 as amended in September 2003 and the Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999 as amended in June 2003 constitute the regulatory framework for the management of solid wastes in the country. The Ministry continues to follow up the implementation of these Rules. The Municipal Solid Waste
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(Management and Handling) Rules, 2000 and the Recycled Plastics Manufacture & Usage Rules, 1999 have been reviewed for further necessary amendments. Training workshops for stakeholders on Bio-medical Waste Management for effective implementation of Bio-Medical Waste (Management & Handling) Rules,

1998 as amended in 2000 and 2003, were conducted in the States of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh & Chandigarh and Andhra Pradesh by M/s Safety Action Group (Vadodara), Advanced Management Institute (Delhi) and M/s C.P.R. E nvi ro n m e n t a l Ed u c a t io n Ce n t re (Chennai), respectively during the year.

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