Data Link Layer

Types of Errors

Single-bit errors

Burst errors

Redundancy

To detect or correct errors, redundant bits of data must be added

XOR Operation

Main operation for computing error detection/correction codes Similar to modulo-2 addition

Error Detection in Block Coding

Notes

An error-detecting code can detect only the types of errors for which it is designed

Other types of errors may remain undetected.

There is no way to detect every possible error

CRC Encoder/Decoder

CRC Generator

Checking CRC

Polynomial Representation

More common representation than binary form Easy to analyze Divisor is commonly called generator polynomial

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Division Using Polynomial

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Properties of Good Polynomial

It should have at least two terms The coefficient of the term x0 should be 1 It should not divide xt + 1, for t between 2 and n 1 It should have the factor x + 1

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Example: CRC Generators

Which of the following polynomials guarantees that a single-bit error can be detected
(a) x+1 (b) x3 (c) 1

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Example: CRC Generators

Criticize the following CRC generators

x3 x10 + x9 + x5 x6+1

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Standard Polynomials

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