B CNG THNG TRNG I HC KINH T - K THUT CNG NGHIP KHOA IN - B MN IN T

BI GING K THUT THNG TIN QUANG

i tng:

HSSV trnh i hc

Ngnh o to: Dng chung cho Khi ngnh Cng ngh

Lu hnh ni b

LI NI U
Ngy nay, cng ngh vin thng v ang c nhng bc nhy vt k diu a ton x hi loi ngi bc sang mt k nguyn mi l k nguyn thng tin. Trong , s pht trin mnh m ca cng ngh QUANG- IN T, a h thng thng tin cp si quang chim u th trn cc mng thng tin quc gia v ton cu. H thng thng tin quang c u im ni bt v linh hot v bng tn ln hn, kinh t hn v.v... M cc linh kin v h thng truyn dn trc khng th p ng c. khai thc ht kh nng truyn dn ca cp quang mt tc cao hn v bng tn rng hn nn trong h thng thng tin quang s dng k thut truyn dn SDH thay cho k thut PDH. Nh c k thut truyn dn SDH nn cc nhu cu dch v nh: truy cp t xa, hi ngh truyn hnh t xa, a dch v (ISDN) v.v... c p ng mt cch d dng. p ng vi yu cu hc tp ca Sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh in t Trng i hc Kinh t - K thut Cng nghip t chc bin son bi ging K thut thng tin quang. y l mt hc phn c s ca Sinh vin chuyn ngnh Cng ngh in t. Bi ging cp n nhng vn v c s quang hc, cc linh kin quang v kin thc thit k tuyn quang ni ht . Bi ging c bin son theo ng chng trnh o to v cc quy nh v cch trnh by ca Nh trng. Ni dung ca bi ging bao gm 5 chng, trong mi chng bao gm cc phn ni dung ch yu nh sau: - Mc tiu ca chng. - Ni dung phn tho lun. - Tm tt ni dung ct li. - Bi tp ng dng v lin h thc t. - Hng dn t hc nh. Do thi gian v trnh c hn nn bi ging kh c th trnh khi nhng thiu st nht nh. Chng ti lun mong nhn c s gp ca bn c bi ging c ti bn hon thin hn trong nhng ln sau. Xin chn thnh cm n!

Chng 1 C S QUANG HC MC TIU CA CHNG Nghin cu cc c tnh ca nh sng v rt cn thit hiu c s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang v nguyn l ca dao ng laser, c th: 1.Ph ca sng in t 2. Chit sut ca mi trng 3.Hin tng phn x ton phn I TNG Sinh vin nm th 4
NI DUNG V BI GING L THUYT

1.1.GII THIU V LCH S PHT TRIN K t khi con ngi bit s dng la lm phng tin truyn thng tin i xa n nay, thng tin quang tri qua qu trnh pht trin nh sau: Nm 1790: Claude Chope k s ngi Php xy dng h thng in bo quang. Thng tin truyn qua chng ng ny mt 15 pht i c 200km. Nm 1870: John Tyndall nh Vt l hc ngi Anh, chng t nh sng c th truyn theo vi nc un cong vi nguyn l phn x ton phn. Nm 1880: Alexander Graham Bell l ngi M gii thiu h thng photo phone ting ni, c th truyn i bng nh sng trong mi trng m khng kh khng cn dy. Nm 1934: Norman R.French, k s ngi M pht hin ra mi trng truyn dn ca h thng thng tin quang l cc thanh thu tinh. Nm 1958: Charles H. Cao v Geogge A.Hockhan hai k s ngi Anh xut dng si thu tinh dn nh sng. Nm 1970: Corning Glass Worlks ch to thnh cng si quang loi SI c suy hao di 20dB/km bc sng 653nm. Nm 1972 : Si SI c ch to vi suy hao 4dB/km. Nm 1983: Si n mode SM c xut xng ti M. Ngy nay si SM c s dng rng ri, suy hao ca si ny ch khong 0,2dB/km bc sng 1550.

1.2.S KHI CA H THNG TRUYN DN QUANG. S khi c bn ca mt h thng truyn dn quang nh hnh 1. Tn hiu c th l

T n hi u i n

Mch k ch th ch

Ngun quang

S i quang

L K thu quang

Phc hi t n hi u

T n hi u i n

Thi t bpht

Thi t bt hu

Analog hoc Digital, nhng dng Digital ngy nay c dng ph bin hn. Hnh 1-1: S khi ca h thng truyn dn quang Nu c ly gia hai trm u cui qu xa c th thm mt vi trm lp (tip vn) vi s hnh 2.

T n hi u Thu i n quang

Sa dng

Pht quang

T n hi u i n

Hnh 1- 2: S khi trm lp 1.3. PH CA SNG IN T Cc bc x in t ni chung c cng bn cht t nhin v c th xem nh sng hoc ht (photon). Tnh cht sng hoc ht ni bt trong tng vng. c trng c bn ca cc ngun bc x in t l di ph bc x ca n, tc l mt di tn s ca cc dao ng in t hay cn gi l sng in t c sinh ra, hoc l di bc sng tng ng. Hai i lng tn s v bc sng t l vi nhau theo cng thc: C(m/s)=(m).f(HZ) hoc E(ev) = h.f Trong : C l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng [ C=3.108 m/s ] H l hng s Planck [ h=6,25.10-34J/s ] nh sng dng trong thng tin quang trong vng cn hng ngoi vi bc sng t 800nm n 1600nm. c bit c ba bc sng thng dng l 850nm, 1300nm v 1550nm. 4

Hnh 1-3: Cc bc sng trong thng tin quang

Tiav tuy n Tia hng ngoi Tia t ngoi Tia R nghen Tia Tia Gamm a V tr

1,6

1,5

1,4

1,3

1,2

1,1

900 800 700

600 500

400 m

nh s ng nh n thy c nh snh t rong thng tin quang

T m

Ta bit nu bc sng cng nh th tn s cng ln m khi tn s cng ln th suy hao cng ln. Song qua c tuyn suy hao ca si quang (hnh 2-7) v c bit bc sng 1550nm th suy hao l di 0,2dB/km. Nh vy l vn suy hao c gii quyt nn ba bc sng hin nay ang c dng rng ri m c bit l bc sng 1550nm. Cng ta khai thc thm c cc vng tn s khc m rng di tn s ng thi khai thc c cc u im ca cp si quang. 1.4. CHIT SUT CA MI TRNG. Chit sut ca mi trng c xc nh bi t s ca vn tc nh sng trong chn khng v vn tc nh sng trong mi trng y.
n= C V

trong : n : Chit sut ca mi trng V : Vn tc nh sng trong mi trng

M C V nn n 1. Chit sut ca mi trng ph thuc vo bc sng ca nh sng truyn cho n. 1.5. HIN TNG PHN X NH SNG TON PHN: Cho mt tia sng n sc i t mi trng c chit sut n1 sang mi trng th hai c chit sut n2 (n1<n2) nh hnh v sau:

P 2 1 n2 2 T 1 n1 2

P n2 n1 T

Vng phn x ton phn a) (b)

Tia ti (tia 1) hp vi php tuyn P ca mt phn cch gia hai mi trng mt gc , khi sang mi trng th hai, tia sng ny b khc x v hp vi php tuyn P mt gc . Theo nh lut khc x Snelious ta c: n1.sint = n2.sin Khi tia ti t ti gc thi tia khc x s chy song song vi mt phn cch gia hai mi trng. Tc l gc khc x t = 900. Suy ra: Sin t = n 2 Gc t c gi l gc ti hn, ln ca gc ti hn ph thuc vo chnh lch chit sut gia hai mi trng v khi tia ti vi gc >t th tia phn x ti mt phn cch tr li mi trng 1. Vy mun c phn x ton phn cn c hai iu kin sau : Chit sut n1 > n2 Gc ti ln hn gc ti hn
n1

NI DUNG TM TT Ba vn sau s l c s l thuyt cho vic hnh thnh h thng thng tin quang. 1.Ph ca sng in t 2. Chit sut ca mi trng 3.Hin tng phn x ton phn CU HI THO LUN 6

Cu hi tho lun 1: Ti sao gi ba bc song 850nm, 130nm v 1550nm l ba bc sng thng dng trong thng tin quang, v bn hy tm hiu ng dng c th cho mi trng hp.

Chng 2 SI QUANG MC TIU CA CHNG: Cung cp kin thc c bn v si quang, v cc yu t nh hng n cht lng tn hiu khi c truyn trn si quang. I TNG: Sinh vin i hc 2.1. CU TO V PHN LOI SI QUANG 2.1.1. Cu to: Si quang c sn xut bng vt liu truyn c nh sng nh: Si thu tinh Si nha flour

Li

dK

dm

Hnh 2.1: Cu to si quang Si quang cu to gm 2 phn chnh: - Mt li dn quang c c chit sut n1, bn knh a, ng knh l dk v mt lp v cng l vt liu dn quang bao xung quanh rut c chit sut n 2 (n1>n2) v ng knh dm. Ngoi ra lch chit sut si quang: n = n1- n2 V lch tng i: 7

2 n2 n n1 n2 n1 2 = = 2 n1 n1 2.n1

Hai tham s ny quyt nh c tuyn truyn dn ca si quang. 2.1.2. Phn loi si quang: Cc loi si quang c th phn chia theo nhiu cch khc nhau nhng c hai loi phn loi sau y l ch yu: a. Phn loi cn c vo phng php truyn sng: * Si a - mode (Multi - Modes): MM Trong li ca si cp c nhiu tia sng c ng thi truyn dn ti cc ng i khc nhau gi l mode. Loi MM ny c ng knh dk = (25 100) m. * Si n mode (Single - Modes): SM

b. Phn loi theo ch s chit sut:

* Si c chit sut phn bc (Step - Index): SI Si ny c chit sut li n1 lun lun bng hng s v t bin ti b mt tip gip gia li v v:

n2 d
m

dK

n1

Hnh 2-2 * Si c chit sut lin tc (Gradien - Index): GI Chit sut trong li s gim t tm ca li ra v li v t bin ri b mt tip xc gia li v v. n2 dm dK n1

Hnh 2 - 3 Song trn thc t ngi ta thng phn ra lm 3 loi: Si a mode c ch s khc x phn bc SI - MM (Stepindex - MultiMode). Si a mode c ch s khc x lin tc GI - MM (GradienIndex - Multimode). Si n mode c ch s khc x phn bc SI - SM (StepIndex - SingleMode). Hnh 2 4: Cc loi si quang SI MM(a), GI MM(b), SI SM(c) v s bin thin ca

SI - MM

Xu ng v o

Xu ng ra

GI - MM

Xu ng v o

Xu ng ra

SI - S M

Xu ng v o

Xu ng ra

ch s khc x theo bn knh ca si. S bin thin ca chit sut trong mt si c th biu th qua cng thc sau:
r n1. 12. ( )g n(r) = a n 2

Vi

r < a r > a

Trong trng hp nh th cng thc trn l cho si GI, cn khi g th n(r) n1 tc l ta c si SI. Trong thc t g 10 c coi l si SI. Trong thng tin ng di si GI c g 2 c c tnh truyn dn tt nht nn thng c chn s dng 1 g 3. Thng thng tiu

chun v kch thc cc loi si quang c tng quc gia qui nh v cng ang c tiu chun ho quc t. - Si SI - MM: L loi si c chit sut li khng i.
m). ng knh li l 50 m( 3

m). ng kinh v dm = 125 m( 3

- Si GI -MM: L loi si c chit sut li gim dn.

m). ng knh li l 50 m( 3

m). ng kinh v dm = 125 m( 3

- Si n mode: C dm = 125 m. ng knh li dk = ( 8 10) m, si SI -MM trong thc t loi ny t dng v suy hao ln, si GI - MM ch c dng trong cc tuyn c li ngn v trung bnh vi tc s liu khong vi trc Mbit/s, cn si mode thng c dng cc tuyn ng trc tc cao. 2.1.3. NGUYN L TRUYN DN NH SNG TRONG SI QUANG: Nguyn l truyn sng nh sng trong si cp l nh sng truyn t u si n cui si quang khng b mt lp v th phi da vo hin tng phn x nh sng ton phn. Nh phn ni v hin tng phn x ton phn (III, Chng I) trnh by v iu kin xy ra hin tng phn x ton phn l: + n1 > n2 + Gc ti ln hn gc ti hn. Do c im cu to ca si quang c iu kin l n1 > n2. Vy ch cn iu kin l gc ti t phi ln hn gc ti hn th (t >th). Nn ngi ta a ra khi nim gi l khu s NA (Numerical Aperture) ngha l kh nng ghp lung bc x quang vo si. p dng cng thc : Snelious tnh N: n2 n0 th n1 10 t

Hnh 2 - 5 n0Sinth=n1.Sin. (n0=1 : chit sut ca khng kh) 1.Sinth=n1.Sin=n1Cos1. (Sin=Sin(900-t)=Cost)

Cos t = 1 Sin2 t = 1 Sin th = n1. 1 n2 2 2 n1

n2 2 2 = n2 2 n1 2 n1

2 NA = Sin th = n2 2 n1 = n1. 2

Vi =

2 n1 n2 2 gi l lch chit sut tng i 2 2.n1

Vy iu kin t c hin tng phn x ton phn trong li l khi a ngun sng vo li cp phi nm trong mt hnh nn c gc m
th = arcsin n1. 2 .

2.1.4. S LAN TRUYN CA CC MODE TRONG SI QUANG. Theo quan im truyn dn sng in t mun bit c bn cht thc ca cc qu trnh truyn dn nh sng, cn phi gii phng trnh sng. Mt mode c hiu l mt trng thi dao ng in t ng vi nghim ca phng trnh sng v s lng cc mode c quan h vi cc sng in t n tho mn cc phng trnh Maxwell v iu kin b t si quang. Cc mode ca cc sng in t c th chia ra mode vi tn hao thp. Mode v vi tn hao cao v cc mode r c c tnh ca c hai loi mode trn. D nhin khi a nh sng vo si quang th phn ln nng lng tp trung trong rut si, cn phn nng lng r ra v to ra mode v v mode r b dp tt ngay. Ngi ta ch n cc mode c truyn dn trong rut si v cc mode lan truyn c nhng c tnh sau : Cc mode hon ton c lp vi nhau. Mi mode c mt tc lan truyn rng. Mi mode ch tn ti cho mt bc sng xc nh ca ngun sng. Thc t phi tn ti mt bc sng gii hn g sao cho cc bc sng ca cc mode u phi tun theo iu kin > g.

11

S lng cc mode lan truyn trong si quang ph thuc vo t s d k/ nn dk ln hn nhiu th si cho v s mode truyn qua, cn khi d k rt nh th ch c mt mode c bn c truyn qua (si n mode). Ngi ta nh ngha tham s cu trc V hay cn gi l tn s chun ho:
V= .dk .n1 . 2.

Vi si SI, nu V<2,405 th ngi ta c n mode, ngc li l si mode. Cn si GI, nu V<3,518 c si n mode, V>3,518 ta c si a mode. nghin cu chnh xc ngi ta phi s dng cc phng trnh truyn sng. V cc mode lan truyn chnh l nghim ca h phng trnh truyn sng. Tuy nhin vic lp v gii phng trnh sng rt phc tp nn n gin nht l dng phng php quang hnh hc xem xt cc mode lan truyn trn mt ct dc ca si. n2 n1 a)

2 1 max

1 max

3 b)

c) Hnh 2 5: Cc mode lan truyn trong si a mode SI(a), GI(b), v si n mode(c) nh sng t ngun bc x pht ra c a vo si vi nhiu gc khc nhau nn si chy theo nhiu ng dch dc khc nhau (a) hoc dng hnh sin (b)vi chiu di khc nhau v c mt mode chy song song trc c qung ng i ngn nht (c). nh sng lan truyn trong li phi tho mn iu kin phn x ton phn c ngha l nh sng a vo si phi nm trong mt hnh nn c na gc m th 12

Si SI c Si GI c

M .dk .n1 th = arcsin 2,405

2 2.. n1 n2 2

r th = arcsin n1. 2.. 1 ( )2 a

M nh ta bit khu s NA = Sinth Nh vy si SI c

2 NA = n1 n2 . 2 = n1. 2

Gi tr ca NA nm trong gii hn t 0,20,37. Cn si GI c

r NA = n1. 1 ( )2 a

m ca si GI lun lun thay i tu gi tr a ra nh sng vo ti tm li c m l ln nht, cn ra n ch mt phn cch li th m bng 0. Mun tng hiu sut nh sng vo si cn c m ln song l thuyt chng minh l khi tng m th xung nh sng lan truyn b tn x ln, bng tn truyn dn ca si b thu hp li. Theo hnh 2-5 ta khng th m t c trng ca cc mode v thc t khng phi tt c cc tia sng i vo li trong phm vi gc m cho php u c lan truyn n cui si. Do bn thn nh sng c tnh sng, gia cc tia c hin tng giao thoa. Hai tia sng s trit tiu nhau nu nh ca mt sng gp bng ca mt sng khc, hoc hai sng lch pha nhau mt na bc sng, cn nu hai bc sng c nh gp nh th s cng tng cng chy n cui ng si m ta gi l cc mode. V phng tin truyn sng, c th ni mode c c trng bi s phn b cng nh sng trn mt ct ngang ca si v c lan truyn vi tc xc nh. Xa hn na, xt v phng din truyn dn th mode s tr thnh ti tin khi iu bin, nh th trn si n mode c mt ti tin cn trn si a mode th c rt nhiu ti tin, mi ti tin ng vi mt bc sng nht nh. 2.2. CC THNG S CA SI QUANG 2.2.1. Suy hao ca si quang: 1.nh ngha: Khi truyn nh sng trong si quang, cng sut nh sng gim dn theo c ly vi quy lut ca hm s m nn nh sng b suy hao. Biu thc tng qut ca hm s truyn cng sut c dng: P(L)=P(0).10-.1/10 13

Trong : P(0) l cng sut u si (L) P(L) l cng sut c ly L tnh t u si : H s suy hao.

P1 = P(1)

P1 = P(1)

Hnh 2 6: Cng sut truyn trn si quang suy hao ca si quang tnh bi :
P A (dB ) = 10 . log 2 P1

Trong : P1=P(0) P2=P(1) H s suy hao trung bnh :

(dB/ Km) = P 1 A .10 .log 2 = L P1 L

2.Cc nguyn nhn gy ra suy hao. a.Suy hao do hp th. Cc tp cht kim loi trong thu tinh l mt trong nhng ngun hp th nh sng. Mc hp th ca tng loi tp cht ph thuc vo nng tp cht v cc bc sng nh sng truyn qua n. S hp th ca cc ion OH, hp th tng vt cc bc sng 950nm, 1240 v 1400nm. Bn thn thu tinh tinh khit cng hp th nh sng trong vng cc tm v hng ngoi. S hp th trong vng hng ngoi gy tr ngi cho khuynh hng s dng cc bc sng di trong thng tin quang. b. Suy hao do tn x. 14

Suy hao do tn x hay cn gi l tiu hao tn x Rayleigh, xut hin do nh hng ca nhng ch khng ng nht cn xt li trong giai on lm ngui si hay nhng ch hn ni si quang khng chun. Kch thc ca cc ch khng ng nht cn nh hn bc sng nh sng. Vng hng ngoi nhiu nn khi bc sng tng th tiu hao ny gim nh rt nhanh, t l nghch vi s m bc 4 ca bc sng :
tx( ) = tx( 0 ) 0

V t l nghch vi lu tha bc 4 ca bc sng nn gim nhanh v pha bc sng di nh hnh 2-7

(dB/Km ) 4 3 2 1 0 800 600 100 0 120 0 140 0 160 0 (n m)

Hnh 2 6: Suy hao do tn x reyleigh Suy hao do mt phn cch gia cc li v lp v bc khng hon ho, lc tia sng s b tn x. Lc ny mt tia ti c nhiu tia phn x vi cc gc phn x khc nhau. Nhng tia c gc phn x nh hn gc ti s khc x ra lp v bc v i ra ngoi v i ra ngoi lp bc sau b suy hao dn. c. Suy hao do si b un cong. Khi si quang b chn p to nn ch un cong nh th suy hao ca si cng tng ln. S phn b trng s b xo trn i qua nhng ch un cong v dn ti s pht x nng lng ra khi li khi si b un cong vi bn knh un cong cng nh cng suy hao nhiu.

15

3.c tuyn suy hao. Tng hp cc loi suy hao trong si v biu din mt tng quan theo bc sng ngi ta nhn c ph ca si. Mi loi si c c tnh suy hao ring. Mt c tuyn in hnh ca loi si n mode nh hnh 2-7. Nhn vo hnh 2-7 ta thy c ba vng bc sng suy hao thp nht, cn gi l ba ca s suy hao. * Ca s th nht: bc sng 850nm, suy hao trung bnh mc t (2-3)dB/Km, c dng cho giai on u. * Ca s th hai : bc sng 1300nm. Suy hao tng i thp khong t (0,4 0,5) dB/Km, bc sng ny tn sc rt thp nn c dng rng ri hin nay. * Ca s th ba : bc sng 1550nm. Suy hao thp nht cho n nay khong 0,2 dB/Km, vi si quang bnh thng tn sc bc sng 1550nm ln so vi bc sng 1300nm. Nhng vi loi si c dng phn b chit sut c bit c th gim tn sc bc sng 1550nm. Lc s dng ca s th ba s c li : Suy hao thp v tn sc nh. Bc sng 1550nm s c s dng rng ri trong tng lai. Hnh 2 7: c tuyn suy hao (ph suy hao) ca si quang Q[dB/Km] 5 4 3 2 1 0,8 2.2.2.Tn sc (Dispersion). Khi truyn dn cc tn hiu Digital quang, xut hin hin tng gin xung u thu, thm ch trong mt s trng hp cc xung ln cn ln nhau. Khi khng phn bit c cc xung vi nhau na, gy nn mo tn hiu khi ti sinh. Hin tng gin xung ny gi l hin tng tn sc. i vi tn hiu Analog th nh hng ca tn sc lm bin tn hiu u thu gim nh v c tn hiu dch pha. 16 1 1,2 1,4 1,6 ( m)

P AS E 0 S E t 0

Hnh 2 8: nh hng tn sc ln tn hiu digital(a) v analog(b). S ch tn hiu pht, A ch tn hiu thu. a: Dn xung, b: xt bin . Hu qu ca tn sc l lm hn ch bin rng bng truyn dn ca si bi v thu c chnh xc cc xung th phi ch khi xung th nht kt thc, xung th hai mi n. Nu hai xung lin tc c pht vi tn s rt ln, u thu b gin rng ln nhau dn ti thu sai. Ta th xem xt v d hnh trn coi cc xung pht v thu c dng phn b Gauss gn ng, xung 1 l xung pht, xung 2 l xung thu. rng xung gi tr bin 0,5 (mc 3dB) l s,e gin xung l
2 = 2 s e

Xung phn b Gauss c phn b bin l :

P = exp( t2 / 0,36 2 ) Pmax

Sau khi truyn qua si quang. Coi gn ng nh mt b lc thng thp Gauss ti mc suy hao 3 dB, rng bng truyn dn B c quan h vi nh sau:
B 1 2,26

Khi ng thi c nhiu hiu ng tn sc tc ng th tn sc tng cng l:

2 = 1 + 2 + ... v .B = 1

Ngi ta cng nh ngha mt i lng c trng cho dung lng truyn dn ca si quang l tc bit c th truyn dn ln nht C bit/s

17

Do nh hng ca tn sc, cc xung u vo my thu b gin rng, nhng hai xung k nhau cn phn bit c khi gin xung cn nh hn rng xung pht i t c tc bit l: C=1/s=1/=2,26.B=2.B Nh vy gin xung, rng bng tn truyn dn B v tc bit C c quan h nh hng ln nhau. truyn dn 2 bit/s th v l thuyt c rng bng khong 1 HZ nhng trn thc t cn 1,6HZ cho nn ta c th ni rng tc bit/s ln nht ca si quang bng rng bng tn truyn dn. T , si cho php truyn c cc lung bit tc cao hay l c bng tn rng cn phi gim nh hng ca hin tng tn sc n mc thp nht thng qua chn loi si hoc chn cc tham s cu trc ti u ca si. 1.Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc. a.Tn sc mode (Mode Despersion) Do nng lng ca nh sng phn tn thnh nhiu mode. tn sc ca mode ph thuc vo dng phn b chit sut ca si a mode thng qua s m g trong biu thc hm chit sut. Tn sc mode ch xy ra si a mode. V phm vi c hn nn y ch a ra cng thc tnh ton v tn sc mode : Vi chiu di si quang l L, chit sut n1, n2 ; Gi s c hai tia i vo si quang, tia th nht i on ng di hn, tia th hai i on ng ngn hn, ta c:
t1 =
2 L .n1 C.n2 2

2 L .n1 t2 = C

Trong : t1: Thi gian truyn tia th nht

t2: Thi gian truyn tia th hai. Thi gian chnh lch gia hai ng truyn t l:
L t = n1. C
2 n1 n2 2 vi = 2 n1

tri xung do tn sc mode dmat l:

dmat = t n1 = . L C

tn sc mode l :
dmat = t n1 = . . L C 8

18

Vi si GI tri xung do tn sc mode nh hn si SI.

t = L n1. C 8

b. tn sc th : * Tn sc cht liu: Chit sut thu tinh thay i theo bc sng nn vn tc truyn sng ca nh sng c bc sng khc nhau cng khc nhau. l nguyn nhn gy tn sc cht liu.
dmat = M = d2n() . C d.2

Trong n() l chit sut li.

bc sng 850nm tn sc cht liu khong (90120) ps/nm.Km, bc sng 1300nm tn sc cht liu bng tn sc ng dn sng nhng ngc du ln tn sc sc th bng khng. Cn bc sng 1550nm tn sc ny khong 20 ps/nm.Km. * Tn sc do tc dng ca ng dn sng: S phn b nng lng nh sng trong si quang ph thuc vo bc sng. S phn b ny gy nn s tn sc ng dn sng. Tn sc do ng dn sng nh v ch ng ch vi si n mode. 2. tn sc tng cng c tnh theo cng thc: tn sc tng cng c tnh theo cng thc
2 2 D t = CD1 mod + D chr

vi Dchr=Dmat+Dwg

Trong

Dchr: tn sc th Dwg: tn sc ng dn sng.

3. tn sc ca mt vi loi si c bit. a.Si dch tn sc. V suy hao mc sng 1550 nm ch bng phn na so vi suy hao bc sng 1300 nm nn tuyn cp quang ng di hay s dng bc sng ny, nhng tn sc bc sng 1550 nm li ln. gii to tr ngi ny ngi ta lm theo hai cch: - Gim rng ph ca ngun quang gim tn sc cht liu Dmar = Dmar.. - Dch im c tn sc bng 0 n bc sng 1550 nm. c si dch tn sc th cht liu v tn sc ng dn sng trit tiu nhau bc sng 1550 nm ( hnh 2-9).

19

dch r 12 8 4 -8 -4 12 120 0 1 3 130 0 140 0 150 0 2 160 0 (n m)

Hnh 2 9: Tn sc th ca cc loi si 1: Si bnh thng 2: Si dch tn 3: Si san bng tn sc b. Si san bng tn sc Dung lng ca si quang c th c ni rng bng cch ghp hai hay nhiu bc sng trn cng mt si quang (WDM). Cn mt si quang c tn sc nh trong khong mt bc sng. Si nh vy gi l si san bng tn sc v s bin thin tn sc theo bc sng nh hnh (2-9). 2.2.3. Di thng ca si quang Si quang c xem nh hm truyn t
H(fm )= P2 (fm ) P1(fm )

P1(fm) v P2(fm) l bin cng sut u v cui si quang vi tn s iu ch fm. Khi fm = hz tc l c iu ch th hm truyn t biu din dng chun ho:
H(fm ) H(o)

ng biu din ca hm truyn t nh hnh 2-10. Tn s iu ch m ti bin ca hm truyn t bng c gi l di thng B ca si quang. 20

H(fm = B) 1 = H(o) 2

Nh vy di thng B l tn s iu ch m ti cng sut quang gim i 50% (hay 3dB). 1

1 0, 5 0 B Hnh 2 10: Hm truyn t ca si quang Di thng ca si quang t l nghch vi tn sc tng cng v c tnh theo cng thc:
B= 0,44 (GHZ). Dt

fm

tnh c di thng chung ca si quang ta s dng thng s B 1 l di thng ng vi mt n v di (thng l 1km).

B = B1.Ly (GHZ .km )

Tha s y c gi tr t 0,5 n 1 ph thuc vo chiu di ca si thng y = 0,60,8 2.2.4. Bc sng ct. Mi mode LP c mt bc sng truyn khc nhau, khi tha s ct Vc c: Vcn > V th mode mi c truyn. Trong si n mode (ch c mt mode l LP 01) th bc sng ct c1 l bc sng ngn nht m si lm vic. tin ta k hiu c l c1. S phn chia vng n mode v a mode hnh 2-11.
V Mode LP01 , LP11 LP12 , LP21 Vng a mode 0 C2 C1 VC2 Mode LP01 LP12 VC1=2.40 5 0 Mode LP01 LP12 Vng n mode

21

Hnh 2 11: Vng a mode v n mode Trn thc t bc sng ct cn ph thuc vo chiu di si v un cong ca si quang. Si cng di v un cong cng nh th c cng nh v ngc li. 2.2.5. ng knh trng mode (MFD:Mode Field Diameter) Khi s phn tch suy hao ca cc mi ni v iu kin phng nh sng vo si th s phn b trng l rt quan trng. Nng lng nh sng th hin qua nng lng trng bc x F(r) khng ch tp trung trong li m mt phn truyn ngoi lp bc. S phn b trng nh hnh 2-12: Bn knh trng mode P l bn knh ti bin gim i 1/e ln (e = 2,718 nn 1/e 0,37 = 37%). ng knh trng mode 2P ph thuc vo , nu di th ng knh trng mode cng tng. i vi si SI - SM th ng knh trng mode hi ln hn ng knh li v tnh theo cng thc gn ng sau
2p 2a. 2,6 = 2,6.2a. V Vc.c

2.3. HN NI SI QUANG 2.3.1. Yu cu k thut Vi vic hn ni phi t tn tht quang cng b cng tt. Nhng v ng knh ca si quang rt b, nht l nh sng ch c lan truyn trong li si quang, do rt kh phi hp. Trong thc t cc u si quang kh lng khp st vo nhau nn khng trnh khi b suy hao. 2.3.2. Cc phng php hn ni si quang hn ni hai si quang vi nhau ngi ta nghin cu phng php sau: - Dng b ni tho ri c v khng tho ri c. - Hn ni bng si keo dnh v bng h quang in. Phng php u t chnh xc khng cao, nn hay s dng cho cc loi si c tc truyn dn thp, c ly gn. Phng php hn ni th hai c chnh xc cao, c nh. Trong hng ny c hai phng php chnh l ni bng keo dnh v h quang.

22

1. Phng php dng keo dnh Cch ny thc hin hon ton bng nhn cng, khng c s gim st, iu chnh nn chnh xc khng cao v ch c th p dng ni si a mode c ng knh rut ln, y khng trnh by c th v iu kin khng cho php. 2.Phng php dng h quang. c thc hin nh cc my hn. H quang c to ra nh cc tia la in phng in. Nguyn l ca phng php ny nh hnh 2 -13. cc bc tin hnh: Dng ho cht tch v ty sch lp v bo v hai u si cu ni. Kp hai u si ln b g (hnh a). iu chnh cho hai si li gn, iu chnh sao cho u si hon ton ng trc, ng tm nhau (hnh b) ng mch tia la in, hai u si nng chy v vi giy dnh cht vo nhau (hnh c). Kim tra mi ni (mi ni tt nh mt si bnh thng ti ch ni), nu xu th hn li (hnh d). Gia c c hc bo v mi ni (hnh e). Ngy nay cc nh my hn c thit k hin i, vic lm ny c thc hin hon ton t ng tng cht lng.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e) 23

Hnh 2 13: Phng php hn ni bng h quang Vic hn ni nh hon ton t ng nn tiu hao ti cc mi ni rt nh, vi si a mt tiu hao cc mi ni trung bnh l 0,038 dB, cn vi si n mode th l 0,5 dB. Trong thc t, suy hao t khong 0,1 dB l chp nhn c. Hnh 2 14: th suy hao thc t mi hn Furukawa SI 475 2.3.3.Bo v mi ni: S mi hn(n) 10 10 10 10 0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,0 0,1 2 4 6 8 Suy hao

Khi ni cc si quang c tch ra, khng cn cc lp bo v ca v cp v vy ngi ta dng cc hp bo v ch ni. C nhiu loi hp bo v, c loi trong nh, c loi ngoi tri, c loi chn trc tip, tu theo iu kin mi trng v mc ch s dng ta chn cho thch hp.

2.4. CP QUANG
Cng nh cp kim loi, cp quang cp quang cng c cc yu cu, c im cn phi p ng. Trc ht, c lp v bao bn ngoi bo v si cp quang khi nh hng ca mi trng nh cn trng, m hoc cc lc c hc tc ng. Cp cn phi p ng cc yu cu sau: Khng b nh hng bi nhiu in t. Khng thm nc, lt nc. Chng c cc nh hng ca cc tc ng c hc nh va chm, lc ko, nn, lc un cong n nh khi nhit thay i, nht l khi nhit rt thp c tc ng co ngt si. t b bo ho, c thi gian lm vic lu. Trng lng nh v kch thc b. 24

2.4.1.CU TRC CP QUANG. Cho n nay, cp dn quang c rt nhiu cu trc khc nhau. Do cng ngh pht trin a ra c nhng mu cu trc cp quang c c tnh tho mn c nhiu yu cu. to c cp dn quang, si quang trc ht phi c bc s b bng cc lp Polime mng ri mi to thnh cp. Cc si c bc hon thin lm thnh phn chnh ca li cp. Li cp cn c th thm cc si gia cng bng nilon v cc i giy bng kim loi cp ngun t xa. Ngi ta c th t cc si dn cp quang vo li cp vi nhiu hnh thc. Chnh v vy cp quang c th c dng hnh trn hoc dt, si dn quang c th c bc cht hoc bc lng. trnh nh hng c hc lm gy t v thun li khi hn ni. Thng cc si c t lng t do trong li cp, hoc t lng c keo mm n vo. Cc nc Ty u v c thng thit k li cp c cc rnh mi kh m trong cc rnh l cc si cp quang. Cn cc nc Chu M v Nht th thng cho si nm lng trong cc ng ghen nh li cp. Vic cu trc v cp rt phong ph, ph hp vi iu kin tng mi trng t cp.

S i g ia c ng t m

Vbc m L p cht do V bc m B ng th p

ng gie n

S i d n qua ng Li c r nh V b c ngo i S i th p bc g i a c ng

S i d n qua ng

V b c ngo i

S i th p bc g ia i ac ng

Hnh 3 - 1: Cu trc tng qut ca cp quang Hnh 3 -1: L hnh minh ho tng qut ca cp quang n c nhng thnh phn c bn sau: Si quang: c t trong rnh hoc ng ghen. Thnh phn chu lc: Gm c thnh phn chu lc trung tm v chu lc bn ngoi. Cht nhi: lm y rut cp. V cp: bo v rut cp. 25

Lp gia cng: Bo v si cp trong iu kin khc nghit. 2.4.2. PHN LOI CP QUANG: Ngi ta phn loi cp quang theo nhiu loi khc nhau thun li cho vic nghin cu. 1. Phn loi theo cu trc: Cp c cu trc c in: Cc si hoc cc nhm si quang c phn b i xng theo hng xoay vng ng tm, loi cu trc ny rt ph bin. Cp c li trc c rnh: Cc si hoc cc nhm si c t trn cc rnh c sn trn mt li ca cp. Cp c cu trc bng dt: Nhiu si quang c ghp trn cng mt bng v trong rut cp c nhiu bng xp chng ln nhau. Cp c cu trc c bit: Do nhu cu, trong cp c th c cc dy kim loi cp ngun t xa, cnh bo, lm cc ng nghip v hoc cp i trong nh ch cn hai si l .

a)

b)

c)

d)

e) Hnh 3 2: Cc v d v cu trc cp quang

a.Cp c cu trc c bit b. Cp c li hnh trc c rnh 2. Phn loi theo mc ch s dng:

c. Cp c cu trc bng dt d. Cp si quang dng trong nh

e. Cp c dy ng Cp dng trn mng thu bao, ni ht, nng thn. Cp trung k gia cc tng i. Cp ng di. 26

3. Phn loi theo iu kin lp t: Cp chn trc tip. Cp t trong ng nc. Cp th di nc. Cp dng trong nh. Cp treo ngoi tri. NI DUNG TM TT Cc dng si quang Si thu tinh Si nha flour V lch tng i:
2 n2 n n1 n2 n1 2 = = = 2 n1 n1 2.n1

Hai tham s ny quyt nh c tuyn truyn dn ca si quang. Nguyn l truyn sng nh sng trong si cp l nh sng truyn t u si n cui si quang khng b mt lp v th phi da vo hin tng phn x nh sng ton phn. Vy iu kin t c hin tng phn x ton phn trong li l khi a ngun sng vo li cp phi nm trong mt hnh nn c gc m
th = arcsin n1. 2 .

S lan truyn ca cc mode trong si quang tham s cu trc V hay cn gi l tn s chun ho:
V= .dk .n1 . 2.

Vi si SI, nu V<2,405 th ngi ta c n mode, ngc li l si mode. Cn si GI, nu V<3,518 c si n mode, V>3,518 ta c si a mode.

CC THNG S CA SI QUANG 2.2.1. Suy hao ca si quang:

Suy hao do hp th.

27

 Suy hao do tn x. Suy hao do si b un cong. c tuyn suy hao.

Tn sc Cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc: Tn sc mode (Mode Despersion) tn sc th :

Tn sc cht liu: Tn sc do tc dng ca ng dn sng tn sc tng cng c tnh theo cng thc
2 2 D t = CD1 mod + D chr

vi Dchr=Dmat+Dwg

Trong

Dchr: tn sc th Dwg: tn sc ng dn sng.

tn sc ca mt vi loi si c bit.
Si dch tn sc. Si san bng tn sc

Bc sng ct. CU HI THO LUN Cu hi tho lun 1: Phn bit si a mode v si n mode, ng dng c th ca mi loi. Cu hi tho lun 2: Hin tng suy hao nh hng n cht lng tn hiu truyn trong h thng thng tin quang nh th no? Cc bin php khc phc? BI TP

28

Chng 3 TN HIU C TRUYN TRONG SI QUANG MC TIU CA CHNG Cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc c bn v tn hiu trong thng tin quang, k thut PCM, k thut ghp knh trong thng tin quang I TNG Sinh vin nm th 4 3.1.K thut PCM (Pluse codes modulation) Trong mng vin thng vic truyn dn ting ni c thc hin bng s. thc hin iu ngi ta phi thc hin qu trnh bin i tn hiu tng t (Analog) sang tn hiu s (Digital). Quy trnh bin i c thc hin bng k thut PCM (Plulse code modulation) hay cn gi l iu ch xung m. Trong k thut PCM ngi ta x l tn hiu tng t qua ba bc sau: Ly mu (Sampling) Lng t ho(Quantization ) M ho (coding) Sau cc bc trn, tn hiu tng t c s ho v truyn i ti u thu. Ti ngi ta s thc hin ti to li tn hiu tng t ban u t tn hiu s thu c. Cng vic ny gi l qa trnh gii m (Decoding).

u vo t ng t

Ly mu

M ho
u ras

Ti to vtr
u ras

Gii m

Lc
u ra t ng t Ph n thu

Phn pht

Ti to v truy n dn

Hnh 3 1: S khi ca mt h thng truyn dn s s dng k thut PCM 29

1. Ly mu (Sampling): Nguyn tc c bn ca iu xung m (PCM) l qu trnh chuyn i cc tn hiu lin tc nh ting ni thnh tn hiu s. bc ly mu c nhim v l ri rc ho cc tn hiu lin tc mt cch tun t theo nh l Shanon - Kachennhicop. * nh l Shanon - kachennhicp: Tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian c di tn xc nh hon ton c th xc nh bng cc gi tr ri rc c chu k tho mn iu kin. fs 2. Fmax fs =
1 Ts

Tn s ly mu

Fmax : Gii hn cc i ca tn hiu lin tc

u x(t)

Ts

Hnh 3 2: Tn hiu lin tc sau khi ly mu Sau khi ly mu c cc xung c bin bng gi tr tc thi ti im ly mu. Kt qu ly mu ta c dy xung iu bin PAM (Plulse amplitude Modulation). * Cng c ly mu;

X(t)

iu bin xung (PAM)

CLK(fs = 2Fmax) Hnh 3 3: S khi c bn ca cng c ly mu 30

Nhn xt: Trong ph ca dy xung iu bin c cha thnh phn ca tn hiu gc t (0 Fmax). V vy khi phc c dng tn hiu gc t dy xung thu c th ch cn dng b lc thng thp. Nn iu kin lc c: Fmax fcfs - Fmax Fc: Tn s ct b ca b lc. 2. Lng t ho ( Quantization). Sau khi ri rc ho tn hiu tng t mt chui cc xung PAM c bin bng gi tr tc thi ti thi im ly mu. Song vi quan im ca truyn dn ngi ta khng truyn i nhng xung PAM v : * Nu truyn nh vy trn ng truyn tp m tc ng mnh nht vo nh xung nn bin xung thay i m nh xung l ni mang tn hiu ngha l tc ng trc tip vo tin tc. * Do UPAM l mt i lng ngu nhin nn khi m ho s c rt nhiu t m lm cho b m ho s rt phc tp v khng tiu chun c b m ho. Tt c cc mu nm trong mt khong cch cho s c gn cho mt gi tr s chung. Vic ny c gi l lng t ho . U X

t 0

Hnh 3 4: Biu lng t ho x: Bc sng lng t ho Do vic lng t ho l lm trn bin xung mu nn dn n vic sai s lng t ho. mo lng t khng c lp m c lin quan n bin ca xung. gim nh mo lng t c th dng hai cch sau: 31

Hoc l nn di thng ca tn hiu trc khi lng t v dn phc hi pha thu Hoc l tng khong lng t theo bin l qu trnh dn

C nhiu phng php lng t ho xong c hai phng php ch yu l : Lng t ho u: Ton b di bin ca tn hiu (di ng) c chia thnh cc on u nhau v k hiu l x
x = 2.X max = const (Bc n

lng t ho)

Trong : Tn hiu thay i t -Xmax +Xmax n : S nguyn mc lng t ho Cc xung PAM gn mc no th s lm trn v gn cho gi tr mc (vi sai s x/2). Qu trnh lng trnh ho ngi ta lm trn do vy c gy ln sai s lng t ho. Lng t ho phi tuyn: phng php lng t ho phi tuyn ngi ta s dng lut dn nn. Nn l phng php th nht c cp t c mt h thng lng t phi tuyn. Lut lng t logarit c s dng trong nn v dn trong bin y theo quan h y = logx v quan h ngc li c s dng trc khi khi phc bin u vo ti u ra ca h thng nh b dn. Hin nay ngi ta s dng hai lut nn Logarit thng dng l v A. Lut c vng Bc M v Nht s dng cn lut A th c cc nc Chu u s dng. S dng b lng t phi tuyn c bc lng t nh i vi tn hiu vo mc thp. S dng b lng t phi tuyn nn ch vic tin hnh m ho u t m 8 bt thay cho m ho khng u vi t m l 12 bt. 3. M ho M ho l mt qu trnh so cc gi tr ri rc nhn c bi qu trnh lng t ho vi cc xung m. Thng thng cc m nh phn c s dng cho vic m ho l cc m nh phn t nhin, cc m Gray ( cc m nh phn phn x), v cc m nh phn kp. Phn ln cc k hiu m so snh cc tn hiu vo vi in p chun nh gi xem c cc tn hiu no khng. Nh vy, mt b chuyn i D/A hoc b gii m l cn thit cho vic to in p chun. Trong vin thng cng cng PCM, ting ni c biu din vi 8 bt. Tuy nhin trong trng hp ca lut , cc t PCM c lp nn bng nh sau: Bit u = (0,1) Bit phn on = (000,001,.,111) 32

Bit phn trc = (0000,0001,.,1111) C nhiu phng php m ho nhng nhng phng php m ho sau ch yu l: a. M ho trc tip Xung PAM c so snh trc tip vi cc in p mu ( mc chun) nhn c cc t m tng ng nh vy b m ho cn phi c tt c cc mc chun nn dn n b m ho cng knh, thi gian rt chm. b.M ho theo phng php gin tip. * Phng php m qua trung gian: Xung PAM c bin i thnh cc i lng m c nh tn s, thi gian v thc hin m ( m theo c s 2). Phng php ny thi gian m ho chm v phi m qua tt c cc gi tr m xung PAM c th c. * M ho theo phng php so snh: Xung PAM c so snh vi cc in p mu U RFi (Referent) theo th t t cao n thp theo nguyn tc. Xung PAM URFi th bi (bt th i) nhn gi tr 1 Xung PAM URFi th bi nhn gi tr bng 0 Trong : URF1 = 64 URF2 = 32 URF3 = 16 URF4 = 8 URF5 = 4 URF6 = 2 URF7 =

CLK Upa m Mr X

URFi

Cu

1 11 0 1 01 1 CLK P/S

1 1 01 0111 PCM

33

Hnh 3 5: S khi ca b m bng phng php so snh MR (memory): COM(compare): URFi : CU(Coutrol Umit): tng ng vi u vo X P/S(Paralel/Series): 3.2.K thut ghp knh. Ghp knh l ta ghp nhiu tn hiu trong 1 di dn chung (hoc trong mt dng s) ng thi truyn dn trn mt phng tin truyn dn nht nh, tng hiu sut truyn ca dn, tng khi lng tin tc truyn i. C nhiu phng php ghp knh nh: Phng php ghp knh khng bin i tn hiu Phng php ghp knh theo tn s FDM (Frequency Division Mutilplex) Phng php ghp theo thi gian TDM (Time Division Mutilplex) Song y ta ch gii thiu v hai phng php ghp knh l FDM v TDM ch yu l phng php TDM m trong thng tin quang s dng. 1.Phng php FDM: S dng ghp knh theo tn s FDM, tn hiu c truyn i lin tc theo thi gian phn bit gia cc tn hiu khc nhau th ngi ta nh du (phn chia) bng cc di tn ring bit. Mi tn hiu c nh du bng mt di tn ring bit lin tip nhau to thnh mt di tn chung. Ngi ta dng k thut chuyn ph bng phng php iu ch tn hiu (iu ch n bin) dng b lc thng di lc ly mt bin. Ghp theo phng php ghp chng: n knh thoi c dng n sng mang khc nhau ba b lc thng di khc nhau ghp tng knh 1. Nu s knh thoi n ln dn n gp kh khn trong ch to, s dng v khai thc (phng php ny hin nay khng dng). Phng php to ra cc nhm knh c bn : Nhm s cp (PG: Primary Group) Nhm c bn(BG: Basic Group) 34 B bin i t m t song song sang ni tip B nh UPAM trong sut thi gian m ho So snh UPAM vi cc in p mu Mch to ra in p mu Khi iu khin c 8 u ra t b 0b7 nhn cc gi tr

 Siu nhm (SG: Super Group) Nhm chnh(MG: Master Group) Siu nhm chnh(SMG: Super Master Group) Nhm cc ln (JG : Jumbor Group) 2. Phng php TDM (Time Division Mutilplex): Khi s dng phng php ghp phn chia theo thi gian, lin lc khng c li ch c th thc hin c nu cc bit, cc khung v cc knh ghp ng b ho cng mt kiu nh nhau ti ni pht v ni thu. Ghp knh l mt qu trnh chuyn i mt s tn hiu s thnh tnh hiu s tc cao. V Vit Nam, chng ta thng s dng cc thit b vin thng theo tiu chun Chu u. Nn y ta cng ch tm hiu v phng php ghp knh theo thi gian theo tiu chun Chu u. Cu trc khung ghp c s theo tiu chun sau: Mt chu k ghp (1 khung ghp) t=125s

Mt khung ghp chia lm 32 khe thi gian ts=3,9s Tc truyn dn =2,048Mb/s Mt khe thi gian chia thnh 8 bt t (b0b7) : b=488ns Chu k mt a khung =2 ms

2ms 1 2 16

125 s Ts0 3,9 s

4 48 ns

Ts1

Ts2

Ts31

35

Hnh 3 6: Cu trc khung ghp tiu chun Chu u Cc khe thi gian t Ts1Ts15 ci c 15 byte thoi s cc knh thoi ny c nh s t 115. Cn cc khe t Ts17Ts31 ci 15 byte thoi s c nh s t 1630. Khe Ts0 ci t m ng b khung ghp c dng c bit u thu c th nhn bit c t o tch ra c chnh xc knh thoi theo th t. Khe Ts16 ci bo hiu. Mt khe Ts16 ci c hai knh bo hiu (mi knh bo hiu l 4 bit), do cn 30 knh bo hiu cho 30 knh thoi nn ngi ta t chc ghp a khung Do cu trc ghp nh vy nn ngi ta gi n l PCM-30, ngoi PCM-30 ngi ta c th ghp theo tiu chun M - Nht c gi l PCM-24 3. Gii thiu tng qut v cc phn bc dng s : a.Cng ngh PDH. tng cng hiu qu s dng truyn dn ngi ta thc hin vic ghp knh vi cc cp cao hn tng tc truyn dn. Theo khuyn ngh ca CCITT cho tiu chun ghp knh s dng Chu u cng nh Vit Nam. Th tc ghp knh v tc bit nh sau:

2,048M b/s (30knh) 1 2 3 4

8,448M b/s (120knh) 1 2 3 4

30

34,368M b/s (480knh) 1 2 3 4

139,264M b/s (1 920knh) 1 2 3 4

565,128M b/s (7 680knh)

Hnh 3 7: Phn cp PDH * Nhc im ca PDH Kh nng qun l, iu hnh, gim st km khng linh hot. Trong cp ghp c s khng t chc cc khe ring bit, khng a vo cc thng tin nghip v qun l, kim tra. Do ghp xen bit nn khng th kim tra n tng byte s liu. Thit b ghp v tch knh cng knh phc tp khng c kh nng tch trc tip cc lung c s t lung truyn dn. Ch s dng cao nht l 140Mb/s. 36

Tn ti 3 phn cp khng ng nht (Tiu chun Chu u, M, Nht) nn khng th u cho to mng chung. b. Cng ngh SDH. Do nhng nhc im ca cng ngh PDH nn khng th p ng c nhu cu pht trin thng tin ngy cng cao nh cc mng ISDN, truyn s liu... Nn cn phi c mt h thng truyn dn mi trn th gii v k thut SDH ra i nhm p ng rngj ri cc nhu cu. * Cc c im chnh ca cng ngh SDH. V nghp cc lung ng b vi nhau. m bo vic qun l ngun thng tin. m bo iu hnh mng. c im quan trng ca SDH l c kh nng kt hp vi PDH trong mng li hin ti n ghp thc hin vic hin i ho mng li mt cch dn dn theo tng giai on pht trin v c th tip nhn tt c cc tn hiu PDH trc y. *Cu trc ca mt khung ghp STM 1. C32 C21 C11 C4 C12 C22 C31 VC12 VC22 VC21 VC11 TU21 TU11 VC4 TU12 TU22 x4 VC31 VC32 x4 TUG21 TU32 x3 AU4 x4 x 16 TUG22 AU31 TU31 x4 STM1 STMN x3 AU32

Hnh 3 - 7: Cu trc khung SDH (STM)

37

Do cc u im ca SDH nn hin nay trong thng tin quang ch yu c truyn dn theo cng ngh SDH. 3.3. Linh kin bin i in quang (E/O). 3.3.1. Nguyn l chung: Ngy nay c hai loi dng lm linh kin chuyn i tn hiu in thnh cc tn hiu quang l LED v laser. Cc c tnh k thut ca ngun quang phn ln ph thuc vo cu to ca chng. Bc sng nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ph thuc vo vt liu ch to ra chng. Mi cht bn dn c b rng nng lng Eg khc nhau m Eg li quyt nh tn s nn quyt nh bc sng nh sng pht ra: Eg = h.v =
h. c
hc 1.24 = E g E g (ev )

hay

Ta thy: Bc sng nh sng pht ra t l nghch vi b rng khe nng lng ca cht bn dn ch to. Vy mun c ngun quang pht ra bc sng di th phi dng cht bn dn c b rng khe nng lng hp. 3.3.2 LED (Light Emiting Diode): a. Cu to v phn loi: Ngy nay c nhiu loi LED song t c s dng v ph ca LED qu rng, dn ch dung lng v c ly thng tin, nn ch s dng truyn c ly ngn. C cc loi LED sau y: LED tip xc mt Gaas : Hn ch t Gaas vi nng khc nhau to nn lp N

v P. Bc sng ca LED Gaas khong 880950 nm. Led Burrus : C cu trc nhiu lp bao gm cc lp N v P c b dy v nng

khc nhau. Vng pht sng ca Led Burrus hp. Trn b mt ca Led c khot l a si quang vo gn vng pht sng. Bc sng ca Burrus khong t 800 850 nm, Led ny c ch to t AlGaas/ Gaas. Led pht bc sng di: Dng cht bn dn InGaas P/InP ch to. Loi Led ny

cng c cu trc nhiu lp, c vng pht sng hp. y dng lp nn InP c dng mt thu knh ghp nh sng vo si quang. Bc sng pht ra khong 13001550nm. Led pht x cnh ELED (edge Led): ELED c cu to c bit khc hn vi cc

loi Led pht x mt. Cc in cc tip xc phi kn mt trn v y ca ELED. V vy nh sng khng th pht ra pha hai mt c m c gi trong vng tch cc c dng vch hp. 38

Lp tch cc mng, bng vt liu c chit sut ln kp gia lp P v N c chit sut nh hn. nh sng pht ra c hai u, mt trong hai u c ni vi si quang.

i n c cP Cch i n
p n p

A lGaA s GaA s A lGaA s GaA s

Mi nh ot t nh

i n c cn Lu ng nh s ng bc x

Hnh 3 8: Cu to ca led pht x ra ELED Cu trc ny c vng pht sng hp v gc pht sng nh nn hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang cao. Nhng khi hot ng, nhit ELED tng kh cao nn phi c gii nhit. b. c tnh k thut ca LED: Thng s in: Dng in hot ng t (5030) m Led t (1.5 2.5) Cng sut pht quang: L cng sut tng cng m ngun pht quang ra. Cng sut pht ca LED t (1 3) mW Gc pht quang: Cng sut nh sng do cc ngun quang pht ra cc i mc pht quang v gim dn theo gc hp vi trc. Gc pht quang xc nh mc cng sut quang gim mt na (3dB) so vi mc cc i. Hiu sut ghp quang: c tnh bi t s cng sut quang ghp vo si quang vi cng sut pht quang tng ca ngun quang. Hiu sut ghp ca Led pht x mt khong (1 5)% do tuy cng sut pht ca Led pht x mt ln hn nhng cng sut pht a vo si quang ca ELED li li. rng ph: Ngun quang pht ra cng sut cc i ti bc sng trung tm, gim dn v hai pha. rng ph l khong bc sng trong cng sut khng nh hn phn na cng sut nh. 39 in p st trn

Popt (mw) 1 40n m

0,5

800

900

(nm)

Hnh 3.9: rng ph ca Led nh hng ca nhit : Khi nhit tng th cng sut bc x s gim. 3.3.3.Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulateol Emission of Radiation): C rt nhiu loi laesr nhng gii hn y ch tm hiu v 3 loi Laser chnh l: Laser dch th kp chn BH : Buried HeteroustructuRe. Diode phn hi phn b DFB : Distributed Feedback Laser FD : FabRy Pesot (B cng hng quang)

a. Cu to FP, BH v DFB: * Laser FP : L loi laser ch to theo nguyn l b cng hng quang gm c hai lp bn dn P, N. Gia c mt lp gi l kch thch c mt ht photon bc x vo gia hai lp qu trnh. Xy ra nh sau: Khi mt nguyn t b kch thch s xy ra qu trnh ging nh phn ng dy truyn trong cc b dao ng hi tip. Nguyn t b bc x s dao ng v lan truyn p vo nguyn t th hai v c nh vy. Nh gng phn x mt phn mt u laser m nh sng c dn ra mt phn nh. Gng cn li ca b cng hng l gng phn x ton phn (100) % . Hai gng ny phn x hai u laser to thnh b cng hng quang. Khong cch gia hai gng gi l hp cng hng quang. L=n2

40

Laser FP hin nay t c dng do laser BH v DFB c nhng u vit hn. Laser FP c c tnh chn lc tn s. Ch c nh sng ca cc bc sng no c th to ra trong b cng hng phn ng dy truyn ch phn x kch thch. y cng l nguyn l c bn ca laser. * Cu to BH v DFB:

Ti p xc P Cch i n (SIO2) L p N (InP) L p P (InP) L p N (InP) L p N (InP) Ti p xc N

BH

DFB

L p t ch cc L p n n L p P + (InGaAs P) L p P (InP) L p h ng dn (g n sng)

Lp tch cc(InGaAsP) (2m x 0,2m x 300m)

Hnh 3 10: Cu trc Laser BH v DFB b. c tnh k thut ca Laser: * Thng s in: Dng in kch t vi chc n vi trm mA in p st trn laser t (1.5 2.5) v dng. Cng sut pht t (1 10) mW. Vi laser ngy nay c th t c 50mW. Hnh 3.11: c tuyn pht quang ca laser P (mw) Laser Min kch Khi c dng kch cho laser nh, th laser pht x t pht nn cng sut thp. Khi

c kch vi dng in ln, laser c kch thch lc ny cng sut quang tng nhanh theo

LED

I (mA) I ngng 41

Gc pht sng theo phng ngang ca lp tch cc ch khong 5 0- 100 cn theo phng vung gc vi lp tch cc gc pht c th t 400. rng ph: Ph ca laser rt hp trong khong t (1 4)nm nn c tn sc cht liu gim. Dng ph (nh hnh v 4.12) gm nhiu vch ri rc.

a)

b)

Hnh 3.12: Ph pht x ca BH a. Dng hnh thnh b. Dng thc t Hiu sut ghp: V c cng ph sng nh v gc pht sng hp nn t hiu sut cao t (30 - 90)%. Cn ph pht x ca laser DBF th hp hn ca BH

P(opt) 0,1n m

42

Hnh 3.13: Ph pht x ca Laser DFB Thi gian chuyn: cng sut quang tng t (10 -90)% th mc xc lp ca laser rt nhanh, khng qu 1ns. nh hng ca nhit : Khi nhit thay i th dng ngng nhit ca laser cng thay i nn cng sut pht quang cng thay i khi m dng in . Ikch = const Ta thy khi nhit tng th dng I ngng cng tng. Khi nhit thay i th bc sng cng thay i theo. 3.4. Linh kin bin i quang in (O/E): 4.4.1. Nhim v v nguyn l : u cui h thng truyn dn, cc my thu c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu quang iu khin t cp quang a ti thnh tn hiu ban u a vo thit b ghp knh u cui. Ngoi ra trn ng truyn dn ti cc trm lp cng cha c kh nng thc hin khuych i quang. Cng ging nh trong my thu, tn hiu quang trc tin c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in ti sinh, tc l c khuych i v ti to dng xung nh phn li a vo iu khin mt diode LED hoc LD cho pht tip i tn hiu quang. Phn t pha trc my thu thc hin chc nng ny l b bin i quang in, cng cn gi l linh kin thu quang hoc b tch quang. Cc linh kin tch quang c nhim v n nhn bc x quang v chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Chng c phn chia thnh hai nhm. * Nhm 1: L linh kin hot ng theo nguyn l bin i quang nng thnh nhit, chuyn i gin tip nh sng thnh tn hiu in hu nh khng c ng dng trong k thut vin thng. * Nhm 2: L cc linh kin hot ng theo nguyn l bin i trc tip lng t nh sng thnh tn hiu in, c gi l b tch quang lng t, hoc n gin l b tch quang, bi v hin ny l linh kin chnh c s dng trong k thut vin thng. Cc b tch quang lng t li c chia ra thnh linh kin s dng hiu ng quang ngoi v hiu ng quang ni. Hiu ng quang ngoi ngha l qu trnh pht x cc in t t vt rn vo khng gian khi c tc ng ca cc lng t nh sng. Cc linh kin ny l cc t bo quang in chn khng hoc cc b nhn quang in, rt ph bin trong cc thit b cn 43

dng n in t. Chng c nhc im l kch thc ln, cn in p cung cp ln hng trm vn v hiu sut lng t ho rt thp cc bc sng di. Hiu ng quang ni l qu trnh to ra cc phn t mng in trong cht rn, c th l to ra cc cp in t - l trng trong bn dn, khi c tc ng ca cc lng t nh sng. Cc linh kin loi ny bao gm in tr quang, ph to diode, transistor quang v thysistor quang. Cc linh kin ny ph hp cho s dng trong cc h thng thng tin hin i, v ph hp vi cng ngh vi in t. Trong cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay ch s dng hi loi diode quang ph bin l diode PIN v diode quang thc APD. C hai u s dng hiu ng quang ni xy ra vng ln cn lp tip gip P - N. Trong cc phn tip theo cng ch ch trng tm hiu vo hai loi diode ny. Qu trnh bin i quang in ngc li vi qu trnh trong diode LED v LD. M LED v LD do nh hng ca in p thun dt vo m cc cp in t v l trng ti hp vi nhau bc x ra cc photon. Lp tip gip P - N cu diode thu quang c t mt in p phn cc ngc to ra trng dch chuyn cc phn t ti in thiu s s c sinh ra, sao cho khi cha c tc dng ca nh sng vo th trong diode thu cha c dng in, ch c th xut hin mt dng ti hoc mt dng r rt nh, bi v diode hon ton b kho. Khi cho nh sng tc ng vo, nng lng h.f ca cc photon c trao cho cc in t nng in t di kho ln di dn.

E Ed di dn P h.f n h.f Ef mc fecmi

Eh di ho E

Hnh 3.14: Nguyn tc to cc cp in t l trng tip gip P - N Ti chnh tip gip P - N sinh ra mt min in tch khng gian do chnh in p phn cc ngc t vo v c mt in trng. Cc in t - l trng mi sinh ra ln cn 44

vng in tch khng gian ny l cc phn t thiu s. Do tc ng ca in trng vng in tch khng gian cc in t thiu s t min P c dch chuyn qua vng ny sang min N v cc l trng thiu s t min N tri sang min P, nh th trn mch ngoi c mt dng in chy qua gi l dng quang in. Tn s v cng ca dng ny hon ton do tn s v cng ca nh sng kch thch quyt nh . rng ca min in tch khng gian v tc tri ca cc phn t mang dng thiu s quyt nh thi gian tri ca chng, do cn lu khi s dng truyn vi tc cao, v lc cc xung nh sng rt hp 3.4.2. Phn loi v nhng thng s c bn a. Cc yu cu c bn. Cc diode quang hot ng gn lin vi mch khuych i thu. Cc my thu phi tho mn cc yu cu cao v cht lng truyn dn, do cc diode quang cng phi c nhiu c tnh tt. Chng phi tha mn cc yu cu sau : C hiu sut lng t ho cao. Hiu sut c nh ngha l
= ne sdin tdc sinhra = nph sphoton d oc hpth

C thi gian tng nh in dung tip gip nh. Dng ti ( dng ngc) nh. Tp m ni nh. C nhy ln. nhy ph ca diode quang c nhiu cch nh ngha, trong c mt nh ngha n gin, l t s ca dng quang in sinh ra v cng sut nh sng a vo :
= Is n [ A / W] = P 1 ,24 .106

b. Phn loi Trong k thut thng tin quang hin nay s dng hai loi cu trc diode quang c bn l diode PIN v diode quang thc APD. Nguyn l chung ca chng v c bn ging nhau ch nh sng a vo min tip gip P _N c phn cc ngc, to ra trong cc cp in t l trng dch chuyn nh in trng ngoi, to thnh dng quang in. Diode APD cn c kh nng khuych i dng quang in nh hin tng ion ho do va chm, do tng c nhy. 45

* Diode PIN Diode PIN c cu to v nguyn l nh hnh v sau :

in cc vng nh sng Lp chng phn x SiO2 U P+

in cc d N+ I

Min tri

Ed Eh Rt

a)

b)

Hnh 3.15: Cu to diode quang PIN (a) v phn b di nng lng (b) Trong ba lp bn dn P - I - N ca diode PIN th lp bn dn I l lp bn dn khng pha tp cht hoc rt t. Qu trnh hp th photon tch ra cc tia in t v l trng xy ra trong lp 1. B dy lp P ph thuc vo kh nng xm nhp ca nh sng vo bn dn. Khi bc sng nh sng tng th kh nng i qua cht bn dn tng. * Diode quang thc APD. tng nhy ca diode quang, ngi ta c th ng dng hiu ng ging nh hiu ng nhn in t trong cc b phn nhn quang in. Cu to ca diode quang s c dng c bit, l diode quang thc nh hnh 4.16 sau V c bn cu to ca APD ging ca PIN, lp I ca PIN c thay th bng mt lp bn dn P dn yu l Sp. Hai lp cn li vn l bn dn, dn tt P + v N+. Min Sp to thnh min tri, v l ni sinh ra cc cp in t - l trng.

46

in cc vng nh sng

N p+ N+ SP Vng thc in cc

N Rt U a) b)

Hnh 3.16: Cu to ca diode APD (a) v s phn b cng in trng Khi c nh sng p vo min dn th nng lng t nh sng s c truyn vo cc in t lm cho in t tr thnh in t t do v n c gia tc bi in th phn cc. Cc in t c gia tc s nhp vo cc in t v lm cho cc in t tr thnh in t t do v c lp i lp li tr thnh dng thc l in t. Vy trong APD dng quang in c nhn ln m ln. Dng quang in do APD to nn s l Iph = S.M.Popt APD c h s khuych i tu thuc vo vt liu. * So snh APD v PIN nhy : APD c nhy cao hn PIN. nhy ca APD ln hn PIN t 5 15dB (hnh 4.17). Tuy nhin do diode PIN c tp m rt nh nn ngi ta lm thm trong transitor trng na l PIN - FET, lc ny th PIN s c nhy cao gn bng APD.

47

 nhy (dB)

-30 -40 -50 -60 -70 1

PIN ADP

10

100

100 0

Tc bit (Mbit/s)

ca APD rng hn nhiu.

Hnh 3.17: nhy ca PIN v APD

Thi gian p ng : APD c thi gian p ng nhanh hn PIN do di thng p ng nh nhit : PIN c n nh nhit cao hn APD. Dng ti : Ca APD cao hn so vi PIN. Gi thnh : APD cao hn khong 5 10 so vi PIN.

NI DUNG TM TT K thut PCM (Pluse codes modulation) Ly mu (Sampling) Lng t ho(Quantization ) M ho (coding) K thut ghp knh. Phng php ghp knh khng bin i tn hiu Phng php ghp knh theo tn s FDM (Frequency Division Mutilplex) Phng php ghp theo thi gian TDM (Time Division Mutilplex Song y ta ch gii thiu v hai phng php ghp knh l FDM v TDM ch yu l phng php TDM m trong thng tin quang s dng. Gii thiu tng qut v cc phn bc dng s : a.Cng ngh PDH. Cng ngh SDH. 48

. Linh kin bin i in quang (E/O). Ngy nay c hai loi dng lm linh kin chuyn i tn hiu in thnh cc tn hiu quang l LED v laser. Cc c tnh k thut ca ngun quang phn ln ph thuc vo cu to ca chng. Bc sng nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ph thuc vo vt liu ch to ra chng. LED: 2 LED (Light Emiting Diode): . Linh kin bin i quang in (O/E): Cc linh kin tch quang c nhim v n nhn bc x quang v chuyn i thnh tn hiu in APD v PIN NI DUNG THO LUN Ni dung tho lun 1: Nguyn l bin i in sang quang v quang sang in. Trn th trng hin c nhng loi Led v Laser no? Ni dung tho lun 2: Tm hiu v a ra mt vi v d c th ca ng dng mng PDH, SDH ca mng quang trong thc t. Chng 4 H THNG QUANG DN QUANG DIGITAL MC TIU CA CHNG Chng ny nhm gii thiu tng qut v h thng truyn dn quang digital ang c s dng ph bin hin nay trn mng vin thng ton th gii, l cc h thng truyn dn quang thu trc tip, ghp knh thi gian tn hiu in nh k thut iu xung m PCM. Cc h thng c xem xt l cc h thng bng rng, vi tc truyn dn t 32 Mbit/s hoc 34 Mbit/s tr ln. 4.1. c trng k thut 4.1.1 Phn tn hiu in: Cc thng tin cn truyn nh ting ni, tn hiu truyn thanh, truyn hnh, truyn s.. u c s l thnh tn hiu digital v ghp vi nhau thnh chm tn hiu tc cao nh k thut PCM. Hin ti c hai h thng ghp knh PCM c bn l PCM - 30 vi tc c s l 2,048 Mbit/s v PCM - 24 vi tc 1,544Mbit/s. Cc h thng ny u l ghp kn truyn dn khng ng b. Khi ghp cc lung tc nh c lung tc cao hn cn phi phi hp tc cc lung bng cch a cc bit chn v bit bo chn b xung. 49

Cc h thng truyn dn digital c s dng VN u l loi xy dng theo ghp kn c s PCM - 30 ca Chu u, trog knh thoi c truyn vi tc 64 Kbit/s di dng digital. Tn hiu truyn thanh cht lng cao c truyn dn vi tc 384 Kbit/s tng ng vi 6 knh thoi. Cn tn hiu truyn hnh mu c truyn vi tc 34 Kbit/s nh k thut DPCM (iu xung m vi phn). 4.1.2. Phn truyn dn quang: S dng nguyn l iu bin quang trc tip u thu v gii iu trc tip u thu sau khi cc tn hiu in c s ho. iu c ngha l thc hin iu bin quang. Cng nh trong thng tin in, qu trnh iu bin mt ngun quang la lm thay i lung bc x theo thi gian nh mt tn hiu in, thng l tn hiu c ch. Nh th lung bc x quang l mt ti tin. Trong thng tin in th tn hiu tin tc iu khin bin hoc tn s hoc pha ca ti tin, cn trong thng tin quang th hiu tin tc iu khin cng hoc iu bin pha. Cc phn t u truyn dn bng rng v ngi ta cn c c ly khong lp ln nn cc phn t ca h thng u c chn cn thn: Si quang l si n mode, lm vic bc sng l 1,3 m hoc 1,55m vi tn x dch chuyn. Diode pht quang l diode laser n mode. Diode thu v my thu l diode APD, PIN vi b khuych i tp m b, hoc t hp PINMESFET. C tp m b v nhy ln. 4.1.3. Yu cu truyn dn: Theo s khi tng qut t chc h thng truyn dn nh trn hnh 1. V pha thit b ghp knh (in) cc u cui cn c cc mch giao tip (Interface) chun, m bo truyn lung tn hiu igital khng b hn ch, khng ph thuc vo ni dung chui xung. T chc CCITT c khuych ngh cho cc im giao tip theo tc lung bit theo tiu chun ca t chc CEPT. Chui tn hiu cn dch chuyn i theo m ng dy ph hp c ph ng u, m bo ti sinh tn hiu khng c li v ti sinh nhp chnh xc. S suy gim cht lng truyn dn, nhng phi m bo t l li bit BER l 10 -9, 10-10 hoc 10-11 trn mi khong lp. Nh th i vi cp quang cn c d tr cho lp t v hn ni. Trong qu trnh hot ng cn phi lun gim st tnh trng v cho cnh bo chnh xc. Nu cp c s c b hng th phi ct mch laser an ton cho con ngi. 50

4.2. Cu trc thit b: Nhim v ch yu ca thit b truyn dn quang, khng xt n phn thit b ghp knh, l truyn a tn hiu in mt cch chnh xc di dng tn hiu quang, sao cho u thu tn hiu c dng ng nh tn hiu pht. Cc xung b dn rng v suy hao v tn x ca tuyn truyn quang cn phi c ti sinh v dng ban u. V vy, trn tuyn truyn dn phi c cc thit b u cui v cc thit b trm lp nh hnh 5.1

P T

Cp quang

P T

P T

Cp quang

P T

Cp quang

P T

Cp quang

P T

P T

Cp quang

P T

Trm u cui A

Trm lp

Trm u cui xen, r knh C

Trm lp

Trm u cui B

Hnh 4.1: S tuyn thng tin quang 4.2.1. Thit b trm u cui. Trn hnh 5.2 gii thiu cc khi chc nng ca thit b trm u cui. Ti u vo F 2 - a pha ghp knh c mt chui xung tn hiu in a n. Tn hiu ny l mt dng m truyn dn theo khuyn ngh ca CCITT c th c nhiu trng thi, chng hn nh + L, 0, - L. Thit b ny s i m CCITT thnh tn hiu nh phn c hai trng thi ph hp vi truyn dn bng nh sng, nhng vn gi nguyn tc bit lung bit c a qua b ngu nhin ho S CR n xo trn cc xung mt cch ngu nhin, nhng li c qui c thu xung c th hon tr tr li trt t c tn hiu c ph phn b ng u hn gn vi ph tn hiu iu ho v do ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn. Sau chui xung a n b m ho coder to m ng dy ph hp ri a vo kch thch diode laser pht ra chui xung quang a vo si quang.

51

SCRAMBLER CODER
Sa dng i m B/U Ngu nhin ho M ho Kch thich E/O O/E

Tch nhp

Chuyn i nhp

iu chnh cng sut laser

Ghp knh F2

Gim st

Si quang F1
Nghip v

Chuyn i nhp

Ti to nhp

i m U/B

Gii ngu nhin ho

Gii m Decode r

Phc hi

Khuych i

E/O

AGC

Hnh 4.2: S khi mt trm lp u cui quang hng thu, tn hiu quang t si quang vo u F 1 - b c diode quang chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Sau khi c khuych i tn hiu c ti sinh bin v thi gian ri a vo b gii m v b gii ngu nhin ly li chui tn hiu ng nh u pht cung cp ra mch Interface vo ghp knh F2 - b. 4.2.2. Thit b trm lp. Trn hnh 5.3 sau l s mt trm lp. Cc khi chc nng thu pht ca n ging nh trm u cui. Cc b ngu nhin ho, gii ngu nhin m ho v gii khng cn c, v trm ny khng cn ly thng tin ra. Ti y c chc nng gim st m truyn dn m bo cht lng truyn dn.

52

Ti n khuy c h i

Khuy c h i c h nh

Ti sinh bin

Ti sinh thi gian

Ti t o nh p

i uch nh Laser

Gim st

i uc h nh Laser

Ti t o nh p

K ch th ch Ti sinh thi gian Ti sinh bin Khuy c h i c h nh Ti n khuy c h i

Hnh 4.3: Cc khi chc nng 4.3.Cc khi chc nng. a. Diode laser pht: Thng tn h thng truyn dn c li xa phi dng diode laser, v si quang phi l si n mode, ch c th mi m bo tc bit ln v khong lp ln. Bi v c tuyn bc x ca laser ph thuc vo tng mu ch to v vo nhit nn cn phi c mch iu chnh bin ( cng ) bc x v m bo bc sng ra khng thay i. Chc nng ny nh trnh by chng trc, do mch iu khin v mt diode quang gim st thc hin cng vi mt b phn n nhit. b.Mch thu quang: Gm mt modul thu, l diode quang v b tin khuych i v mt b khuych i chnh. di bc sng di hin nay th diode quang silic khng c chn s 53

dng m l diode Ge - APD hoc diode PIN loi III - V hoc t hp PIN - MESFET vi tc bit 150 Mbit/s th nhy my thu c th t ( -42 -45) dBm vi BER = 10-10. Mc thu ln nht cho php vi nhy ln nht l khong - 20dB. Vi tuyn truyn ngn nht hoc si quang c suy hao b th phi dng thm b suy hao quang. c. B khuych i chnh: Nhim v ca n l khuych i tn hiu in yu ca dng quang in dn mt gi tr xc nh. Mch c mch iu chnh bin . Cc tn hiu dch v c pht i di dng iu bin c tch ra y. d. B ti sinh tn hiu: Ti to li tn hiu b mo do suy hao v tn x si quang. Mch gm mt b quyt nh bin v quyt nh thi gian quyt nh vic ti sinh bin v ti sinh thi gian. ti sinh thi gian cn c tn s nhp t tn hiu n. Nhp c tch ra s dng cho c phn thit b ghp knh. Cc mch tch nhp thng l cc b to sng L - C hoc thch anh cht lng cao. C th s dng mch vng kho pha PLL, l mt iu chnh theo pha l m b dao ng c tn s v pha c ng b vi tn hiu vo mch ny thc cht l mt b dao ng iu khin in p VCO ( Voltage contrrolled oscillator) v mt b tch sng pha c nhim v so snh dch pha gia tn hiu vo v tn hiu ra ca VCO. Mch iu chnh s khc phc s chnh lch ca tn s pha. 4.2.4. M trong thng tin quang. Chui tn hiu in PCM c dng ph hp vi mi trng truyn dn in c CCITT quy nh. Thng dng hin nay thng l m HDB - 3 l m c mt cao c khng qu ba bit "0" ( Hight Density Bipolar ) c ba trng thi 0, +1 v -1. M ny khng th truyn trc tip trn si quang c. ph hp vi trng thi c v khng c nh sng th tt nht l phi dunga m nh phn. Do cn thc hin i m theo xu th sau : H thng c dung lng nh, tc l 2 hoc 8 Mbit/s th cn p dng phng php i m n gin, r tin v c th bng tn truyn dn b rng ra nhng cng cha nh hng. Mt phng php n gin l i m 1B/2B, tc l chuyn mt bit thnh hai bit 01 hoc 10. H thng c dung lng ln, tc bit t 34 Mbit/s tr ln thic cn thc hin i m phc tp trch lm tng rng bng truyn dn. Mt phng php n gin l i m HDB - 3 sang m o cc CMI ( Code Mark Ivension ) theo quy tc l mt du hiu m HDB - 3 c i thnh mt du hiu ca m CMI nh sau : Du hiu nh phn Du hiu m HDB3 0 0 1 +1 hoc - 1 54

Du hiu m CMI

0L

11,00

Tuy nhin c hai cch trn u lm tng gp i rng bng truyn dn. a. M HDB - 3 ( Hight Dentry Binary with maximum of conseccutive zerros ) l m nh phn mt cao c cc i 3 s 0 lin tip thut ton ny mt tn hiu nh phn thnh tn hiu HDB -3 ph thuc vo cc quy tc sau y . * Dy 3 s "0" tr xung tn hiu nh phn vn gi nguyn trong tn hiu HDB - 3. * Thay th t hp 4 bit "0" bng t hp 000V nu s bt B gia 2 V l l cn thay th bng t hp BOOOV nu s B gia 2V l chn. Trong : B l bt nh phn tun theo lut o du. V l bit phm lut o du.

ng h s li u

HDB3

Hnh 4.4: Kiu m HDB - 3 b. M CMI ( Code Mark Invension) y l kiu phng php m s c 2 mc, cng nh trong trng hp phng php m s lng cc, m s NRZ ( Non Return Zerro) c chuyn i lun phin. Khng c m s thnh cc sng vung "- +" hoc "-+" c pha ring ti im trung tm ca 1 bit. Tng ng, nng lng mt chiu khng tn ti v trng thi tn hiu thay i nhiu. V vy, n c hiu ng nh thi gian tt hn so vi NRZ. ITU - T xut m s ny nh mt giao din chun cho cc lin lc ghp knh ca h thng CEPT4.

55

 ng h s li u

CM1

Hnh 4.5: M CMI c. M, i m trong thng tin quang. Ta thy thng tin truyn quang trong si quang phi qua hai ln i m. Th nht t m tn hiu in, thng l m nh cu c ba trng thi +1, 0,-1 ( HDB - 3) ngi ta i sang m nh phn (0,1). Sau li i m nh phn thnh m mi trnh s lp li c cc chui bt "0" v "1" lin tip, thng l m 5B/6B. Ngi ta phi i t m nh phn sang m 5B/6B v m nh phn sau khi vo b ngu nhin ho trn chui xung mt cch ngu nhin theo quy lut nht nh trnh s lp li mt chui di cc bit " 0"v "1" ging nhau nhng vn khng th loi tr hu ht cc chui "0" v "1" do tnh ngu nhin ca n. V vy l tt nht l s dng thm b m ho i m mt ln na cho nn ngi ta s dng loi m tng i n gin l 5B/6B trong mt m t 5 bit c thay bng t m 6 bit. Theo kh nng la chn, tu theo nhu cu cc hng c quy tc i m 5B/6B ring ca h. Bng 5.1. l quy tc i m ca hng sn xut Maconi. Bng 5.2. l bng i m ca h thng truyn dn c s dng cho tng i E - 10B H Ni ca hng sn xut ACATEL - CIT.

56

T m 5B 00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 01000 01001 01010 01011 01100 01101 01110 01111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111 + 110010+ 110011110110100011110101+ 100101100110+ 100111+ 101011101001101010+ 001011+ 101100+ 101101+ 101110001110110001+ 111001+ 111010010011110100+ 010101+ 010110+ 010111+ 111000011001+ 011010+ 011011+ 011100+ 011101011110001101+

Bng 6B 110010100001+ 100010+ 100011100100+ 100101100110000111101000+ 101001101010001011101100000101+ 000110+ 001110110001010001+ 010010010011110100010101010110010100+ 011000+ 011001011010001010+ 011100001001001100+ 001101-

Bng 4.1: Quy tc i m 5B/6B ca Maconi

57

T m 5B 00000 00001 00010 00011 00100 00101 00110 00111 01000 01001 01010 01011 01100 01101 01110 01111 10000 10001 10010 10011 10100 10101 10110 10111 11000 11001 11010 11011 11100 11101 11110 11111

6B bng 1 010101 000101 010001 010011 100100 100101 110001 100001 001100 001101 011001 001001 101100 000111 101000 101001 010100 010110 110010 010010 100110 000110 100100 100011 011100 001011 011000 011010 100010 001110 101010 001010

6B bng 2 010101 010111 111000 010011 110101 100101 110001 110011 011101 001101 011001 011011 101100 101101 111001 101001 110110 010110 110010 011110 100110 100111 110100 100011 011100 001011 111010 011010 101110 001110 101010 101011

Bng 4.2: Bng i m 5B/6B ALCATEL - CIT V mt t m c 5 bit c thay th bng 6 bit nn s t hp m 6 bit tng gp i s t hp 5 bit cho nn c nhiu t hp m la chn cha t phn t "0" v "1" lin tip. Theo cch ny tc s tng ln 20%. Nu tc truyn l 34Mbit/s th s tng ln sau khi i m 5B/6B l 41,24Mbit/s cn tc 140Mbit/s s tng ln 168Mbit/s. Nu t hp 5 bit s c 2 5 = 32 t m cha cc bit "0" v "1". Ngi ta s loi i cc t hp bt li cha mt chui "0" v 58

"1" lin tip. Cc t hp 6 bit c dng c s bit "1" v "0" chnh lch khng qu 2, bao gm cc t hp cha 3 bit "0" + 3 bit "1" hoc 4 btit "1" + 2 bit "0". Khi chnh lch bng 2 th nhm bit k tip tc c tra ct khc. Cc t hp tng ng m 5B/6B s c ghi vo trong ROM d tm. NI DUNG TM TT c trng k thut Phn tn hiu in Phn truyn dn quang Yu cu truyn dn Cu trc thit b: Thit b trm u cui. Thit b trm lp. Cc khi chc nng: M trong thng tin quang. NI DUNG THO LUN: Ni dung tho lun 1: Tm hiu mt s mng quang c th c ng dng cc m trong chng 4. Ni dung tho lun 2: So snh phm c im ng dng ca cc m. Chng 5 THIT K TUYN THNG TIN QUANG MC TIU CA CHNG Cung cp cho hc sinh kin thc thc t ca mt tuyn thng tin quang ni ht. I TNG Sinh vin nm th 4 1.1. MNG VNG RING. 1.1.1. Mng Vi s pht trin khng ngng cu cc ngnh khoa hc ni chung v ngnh vin thng ni ring, ngi cm thy nh th gii thu hp li. Chng ta c th lin lc sang cc nc khc mt cch d dng. Cng vic l nh vo s pht trin ca mng vin thng. Ngy nay c rt nhiu cc dch v vin thng nh mng telex, mng s liu cng cng, mng chuyn mch gi,... Mi mng c nhng cu trc v c tnh ring.

59

1.1.2. Mng vng Ring SDH. Hin ny hu ht mng quang H Ni u s dng cng ngh truyn dn SDH. Cc tuyn trung k 34 Mbit/s PDH ti H Ni c thay th bng h thng thng tin quang 155Mbit/s SDH v thit lp mt s mng Ring 622 Mbit/s v kt ni vng Ring 2,5 Gbit/s gia cc HOST. K thut SDH cho php to nn rt nhiu cu hnh mng phc tp, tuy vy chng u da trn mt s cu trc c bn sau. a. Cu trc im ti im ( Point to Point). Cu trc ny c s dng nh i vi k thut PDH thng vic la chn cu trc ny s c hiu qu i vi tuyn c dung lng cao v cu trc ny ch yu ghp nhiu lung nhnh vo lung c tc cao.
SDH Sig na l Tribs SDH MUX SDH MUX SDH Sig na l Tribs

Hnh 1.1: Cu trc im ti im b. Cu trc xen r knh. Nu xt v mt trao i thng tin gia hai im bt k ca cu trc ny th n cng tng t nh cu trc im - im. Tc l n cng dng ghp nhiu lung tn hiu nhnh vo lung c tc cao hn. im khc bit duy nht l t b xen r knh ny c th c tt c cc b xen r knh cn li.

SDH MUX

SDH MUX

60

SD H MUX

SD H MUX

SDH MUX

SD H MUX

Hnh 1.2: Cu trc xen r knh c. Cu hnh mng Ring i vi cc mng c tin cy cao, thng tin khng c php gin on th ngi ta s dng mng Ring. Cu trc ny c u im l cho php ta chn hng lu thoi trong trng hp b t si quang hoc c s c thit b, do lun m bo lu thng tuyn.

Hnh 1.3: Cu trc mch vng 1.1.3. Ch bo v Vn bo v an ton l yu cu quan trng bc nht i vi cc heth truyn dn. Tc l phi m bo tnh lin tc ca thng tin, lm cho thng tin khng b gin on khi s c xy ra trn h thng truyn dn. Cc s c xy ra trn mng thng c chia ra lm hai loi l s c thit b truyn dn v s c tuyn truyn dn.

61

 bo v trong trng hp s c xy ra vi thit b ta thng dng thm cc thit b d phng. Cn i vi cc s c i vi tuyn truyn dn ta cng phi c cc tuyn truyn dn d phng. Trong h thng truyn dn SDH ta cng dng phng php d phng thit b v tuyn truyn dn nh vy. Tuy nhin cng ngh SDH cho php to nn cu hnh mng vng m cng ngh truyn dn trc khng to nn c. Mng vng Ring c th chia ra lm hai kiu l mng vng mt hng v mng vng hai hng. ng thi trong mi kiu ta c th la chn bo v hng theo ng truyn( Path Protection) hoc theo on ( Section Protection). Di y ta s ln lt xem xt cc trng hp. a. Mng Ring mt hng.
WORK PROTECT B

ADM

ADM

ADM

E ADM

D ADM

Hnh 1.4: Mng vng mt hng Trong s ny tn hiu i t A n C theo hng A B C. Cn tn hiu i t C n A theo cc ng cp khc theo hai hng C D EA. b. Mng Ring hai hng. Mng Ring hai hng c m t trn hnh 1.5. Trong s ny tn hiu i t A n theo ng CBA theo mt cp khc.
STM-N ADM B

ADM

ADM

E ADM

D ADM

62

Hnh 1.5: Mng vng hai hng c. Bo v ng truyn ( Path Protection) Kiu ny c thc hin bng cch sp xp cc lung d phng cho hai im bt k. Mi mt lung tn hiu cng tc mc tn hiu nhnh u c d phng bi tn hiu nhnh tng ng theo chiu ngc li v c m t hnh 1.6. Tn hiu i t A n C theo hng A B C cn tn hiu i t C n A theo hng C D E A. Khi c s c trn ng truyn( v d BC0 th tn hiu t C n A vn c gi nguyn, cn tn hiu t A n C s i theo tuyn A E D C.

ADM B

E ADM

D ADM

Hnh 1.6: Bo v ng truyn d. Kiu bo v theo on ( Section protection) Vic bo v trong phng php ny ch c thc hin trn phn on c s c v khi chuyn sang lung d phng th ton b lung tn hiu SDH s b i hng. hnh 1.7 m t phng php bo v theo on. Khi tn hiu lm vic bnh thng i theo ng A B C. Gi s s c xy ra trn on BC, th thit b ADM ti B s t ng u vng ti pha c s c, do lung tn hiu t B n C s chuyn sang lung t B AEC.

63

Ph n on ADM B

ADM

ADM

E ADM

D ADM

Hnh 1.7: Bo v theo on e. Mch vng t phc hi theo hng bo v lung. L s kt hp phng php mng vng mt hng v phng php bo v theo lung. Khi vn hnh bnh thng tn hiu i t A n C theo hng A B C v tn hiu i t C n A theo hng C DEA. Trong trng hp xy ra s c, v d trn on AB hoc BC th chuyn mch P2 ( Hnh 1.8) i chiu. Tn hiu t C n A s chuyn sang hng AEDC. Cn nu s c xy ra trn on AE, ED hoc u cui th chuyn mch P 1 s i chiu cn P2 gi nguyn trng thi. Kt qu l tn hiu A n C vn gi nguyn cn tn hiu t C n A s chuyn t hng C - D -E -A sang C - B -A. Cch bo v ny n gin nhng i hi d phng 100%.

ADM B

P 1

P 2

E ADM

D ADM

64

Hinh 1.8: Mch vng mt hng bo v lung g. Mch vng t phc hi mt hng bo v theo on Ban u tn hiu i t A n C theo hng ABC cn tn hiu t C n A theo hng C D E A. Khi c s c xy ra, v d trn on ED thit b ADM s t ng u vng ti pha xy ra s c. Do tn hiu i t A n C vn c gi nguyn, cn tn hiu t C n A theo hng C DCBAEA.

AD M B

AD M

AD M

E AD M

D AD M

Hnh 1.9: Mng vng mt hng bo v theo on h. Mch vng t phc hi hai hng bo v theo on. Kiu bo v ny hot ng tng t nh mng vng mt hng bo v on. Mch vng hai hng bo v on tu theo s lng c s dng 4 si ta s chn hai si cng tc v hai si d phng nh hnh 1.10 sau. Mch vng hai hng khng p dng cch bo v theo lung v l do l lm c iu ny i hi s knh d phng ln hn nhiu ln so vi s knh lm vic.

ADM B

ADM

ADM

E ADM

D ADM

65

Hnh 1.10: Mng vng hai hng bo v theo on i. Mng a vng ( Multil Ring) Mng a vng l mng c hai hay nhiu mng vng giao nhau. Cu trc a vng lm tin cy ca mng tng ln t l vi s mng vng giao nhau. iu c ngha l nu mng to nn bi hai mng vng giao nhau thng tin s khng b gin on khi c hai s c xy ra. Trong cu trc a vng, ti cc im giao nhau ca cc mng vng c th dng nhiu b ADM nhng cng c th s dng cc b phi lung trnh qu ti lu lng v tng mm do ca mng.

Hnh 1.11: Mng a vng * La chn phng php bo v la chn phng php bo v thch hp ta s so snh cac phng php bo v trnh by trn. V mc phc tp trong vic s dng th bo v mt hng l n gin nht : Nu ly mt lung no ni hai im th phn lung cn li trn mng vng s dng d phng cho hai im theo hng ngc li. Qu trnh bo v cng n gin ch cn dng phng php chuyn mch khi xy ra s c. Phng php ny c th p dng cho mng truy cp khi m s ADM s dng tng i t v c dung lng cao. N lm gim nh vic thit k cng nh vic phn b li lu lng khi cn thit. Nhng nh vy phi d phng 100% nn rt tn km. Phng php bo v hai hng phc tp hn phng php bo v mt hng nhng b li phng php ny c hiu sut s dng knh cao, t tn km v mt kinh t. Phng php ny c bit c ngha kh s dng cc tuyn ng trc m s nt xen s ln. Nh vy ta phi tu theo cc ng dng la chn phng php bo v thch hp.

66

1.1.4. Thay th v chuyn i pht trin mng. i vi mng truyn dn khi chuyn i t PDH sang SDH tn t mt cu hnh mng c. Do phi tn dng cc tuyn ca mng c cng nhiu cng tt bng cch chuyn i cu hnh mng v thit lp thm cc ng truyn mi. iu ny c m t nh hnh 1.12.
B

B C

Hnh 1.12: Chuyn i mng c sn sang mng mch vng Trong mng vng hu ht lu lng tp trung ti mt vi nt, iu ny c th gy tc nghn lu lng mt on no trong mng. Nh hnh 1.13 khi hu ht dung lng tp trung gia hai nt A v C ta c th thit lp thm cc tuyn truyn dn ph gia hai nt A v C tng dung lng gia hai nt ny. Dc theo tuyn mng vng t nt A ti nt B v ti nt C ta c th thit lp cc tuyn im ni im nhm lm n gin s vn hnh v qun l mng.

a)

E B C

b)

c)

Hnh 1.13: Phn b lu lng ca mt mng vng 67

Nu khng to c cc tuyn mi ta c th thc hin truyn dn mt phn lu lng ca tuyn thng tin t A n C sang hng khc ca mng vng nh tuyn A - F - E - D -C nh hnh 1.13b. tng kh nng cung cp dung lng truyn dn nhiu hn na gia cc nt A v C, ta c th thit lp mt tuyn truyn dn im ni im trc tip gia hai nt nh hnh 1.13c. Ngoi ra, ta cng c th m rng mng Ring khi cn m mng li vin thng. Hnh 1.14 m t s pht trin ca mt mng Ring.

Hnh 1.14: M rng mng Ring 1.2. CU TRC MNG H NI Vi xu hng pht trin mnh m ca mng vin thng ni chung v mng vin thng H Ni ni ring th vic s dng cng ngh truyn dn PDH nhc im ca PDH sau y : * Nhc im cu cch kt ni ny l nu mt tng i hoc mt tuyn ng dy no b h hng thi tn hiu trn ton tuyn b mt. * Mng PDH khng linh hot trong u ni khi c nhu cu xen, r v d cn ly ra ( hay xen) vo mt lung 2Mbit/s t lung 140Mbit/s cn phi thc hin gii ( hay ghp) qua cc phn bc : 140 M 34M 8M 2M). Vic gii (hay ghp) qua cc phn bc cc cp trung gian nn cn c thi gian thit lp v cn c thit b tch ghp chng nn rt phc tp v tn km. * Cc lung PDH cha t thng tin qun l mng cho nn vic t chc qun l mng rt kh. 68 l khng ph hp do cc

* PDH tn ti ba tiu chun c tc dng s khc nhau nn khng th ni ghp c vi nhau. * Cha c tiu chun chung cho thit b ng dy, cc nh sn xut ch c tiu chun ring cho thit b ca mnh. * Mng PDH ch yu p ng cc dch v in thoi thng thng. i vi cc dch v mi nh truyn s liu, in thoi truyn hnh, mng ISDN.. th mng PDH kh c th thc hin c. * Mt nhc im khc lin quan n vn iu khin trong mng c nhiu thit b ghp lung. Mi lung 2 Mbit/s c th i theo nhiu hng khc trc khi n ch, do vn qun l lung ti mi trm l phi ng b v cht ch. Trong thc t, nhiu khi d sinh ra li lm trong qun l hoc trong u ni khng ch nh hng n lung ang kt ni m cn nh hng n lung ang khai thc. * Nu trong vng Ring c mt tng i, mt tp trung thu bao hoc mt ng dy xy ra s c. N s t ng truyn dn theo chiu ngc li( ngc chiu kim ng h), nh vy cc tp trung thu bao vn hot ng tt. * C th kt ni mng nhiu loi thit b thuc cc tiu chun khc nhau m khng cn ch n dung lng lm vic ca chng. ( Tt nhin cn phi ch n vic la chn nguyn l ghp l c nh hoc khng c nh, hoc l la chn gia nguyn l ghp khng ng b bit hoc ng byte). * Khng cn phi thay hng lot thit b n hin hu ang s dng trong mng v thit b SDH c th thc hin vic truyn tn hiu cn ng b nh vo nguyn l truyn a bng cc container. * Tinh gim mng li thit b n gin nh vo k thut ghp mt tng khng cn phi thc hin tch gheps theo tng cp nh trong PDH. * Bo v mng trong trng hp c s c lm gin on thng tin bng vic tin hnh ti cu hnh mng li duy tr lin lc mt cch t ng ( ng dng trong mng Ring). * Vn qun l mng n gin hn v c th thay i mt cch mm do hn bng vic thay i ng k mt s phn cng bng phn mm v ngi iu hnh s iu khin thay i cu hnh ca mng bng phn mm. * ng dng c cc loi dch v mi nh ISDN.

69

1.2.1. T chc v kt ni mng Ring H Ni V phn kt ni vn nh c. Cc HOST Hng Vng, T Lim, Thng nh, ui C, B H v tng i quc t AXE - 10, tng i lin tnh TDX 10 kt ni thnh vng Ring c dung lng 2,5Gb/s v 48 si quang. Gi l vng Ring cp 1. Ring HOST B H cn c thm mt tng i qun i v mt tng i cng an cng HOST NEAX 61 Ch M v HOST ALCATEL Trn Kht Trn kt ni vi nhau i qua mt TANDEM vo HOST B H. HOST B H c 2 vng Ring cp II. Vng Ring th nht bao gm: CSND Quang Trung, CSND Nguyn Du, CSND Phc Tn, CSND Trn Nht Dut, CSND Cung vn ho Vit X. Vng Ring ny c dung lng 622 Mbit/s, 48 si quang truyn dn trong khong 20 km. Vng Ring th hai bao gm: CSND Yn Ph, CSND Hng Hnh, CSND ng Xun, CSND Phc X, CSND Hng Bng, CSND Qung B. Vng Ring ny c dung lng 622Mb/s, 48 si quang truyn dn trong khong 20Km. * Ti EWSD Thng nh c mt vng Ring cp II : Gm cc DLU( tp trung thu bao ) ng T S, DLU Kim Lin, DLU Cng Mc, DLU Trung T, DLU Kim Giang, DLU Thanh Xun nam, DLU Thanh Xun Bc, DLU Thanh Xun Bc mi, DLU Khng Thng, DLU Sn bay Bch Mai. Vng Ring ny cng c dung lng 622Mbit/s 48 si quang v truyn dn trong khong 22km. Cng ti Thng nh cn c EWSD ch Da cng kt ni vo. * EWSD ch Da cng c mt vng Ring gm cc tp trung thu bao DLU Hong Cu, DLU Nam ng, DLU ng Tin ng, DLU Khm Thin, DLU Tn c Thng. Vng Ring cng c dung lng 622Mbit/s, 48 si quang, truyn dn trong khong 15 km. * HOST NEAX 61 ui C c mt vng Ring cp II gm : i t 4E1, Ngc Hi 8E1, Cu Bu 4E1. * HOST Hng Vng 1000 E10 Hng Vng kt ni vi hai vng Ring v hai tp trung thu bao l in Bin 12E1, KS La Thnh 4E1. Vng Ring th nht c hai tp trung thu bao : Qun Thnh 12E1, Phan nh Phng 8E1. Vng Ring th hai c ba tp trung thu bao : Hong Hoa Thm 4E1, Ngc H 8E1, Ca ng 6E1. 70

* HOST 1000 E10 T Lim kt ni vi 4 vng Ring c tc l 155Mbit/s . Vng Ring th nht c 2 tp trung thu bao : Lc Long Qun 8 E1, Bi 8E1. Vng Ring th hai c 3 tp trung thu bao : C Nhu 8E1,HSPNN 12E1, Nh VHA T Lim 2E1. Vng Ring th ba c hai tp trung thu bao : Yn Ho 6E1, Ngc Trc 2E1. Vng Ring th t c hai tp trung thu bao : Th L 8E1, Nam Thnh Cng 16 E1. Ngoi cc vng Ring trn, sau y l bng thng s cc tuyn truyn dn t HOST n v tinh ca mng vin thng.
HOST Tng i v tinh Khong cch (m) Dung lng (E1)

B H

Ngun Du Hng Hnh ng Xun Cung vn ho Yn Ph Quang Trung Phc X Phc Tn Trn Nht Dut Hng Bng Hng Mm Vn Phc Thu Khu Nguyn Thi Hc in Bin Qun Thnh Ct Linh Ngc H Phan nh Phng Ca ng Hong Hoa Thm KS La Thnh

1440 1273 2780 3250 4536 1200 2500 1800 1300 2000 3000 1648 2301 3700 1500 2500 1500 1200 3000 3000 3000 4000

16 16 16 + 12 16 16 + 12 6 8 12 12 12 12 12 + 4 12 + 4 12 + 4 12 12 12 8 8 6 4 4 71

Hng Vng

T lim

Lng Trung i Cn i M Ngc Khnh Ngha Cu Din Nam Thng Long Bi Th L Lc Long Qun C Nhu Ngc Trc Nam Thnh Cng HSP Ngoi Ng Yn Ho Nh VH T Lim Trung Ho

4811 5300 3215 2700 3042 4630 7640 3200 1500 5500 5200 100 4500 2100 1500 1500 1500 1881 1911 2651 3782 2500 4587 4000 1800 4200 4800 4670 4000 2220 2358

16 16 + 4 16 16 16 8+8 8+8 8 8 8 8 2 16 8 8 2 2 15 8 6 + 10 16 4+4 16 + 8 12 + 8 16 16 16 16 12 + 4 12 12 + 4 72

Thng nh

Ng T S Thanh Xun Bc Thanh Xun Nam Kim Lin Kim Giang Trung T Cng Mc TXB Mi SB Bch Mai Khng Thng Thanh Tr Tn Mai i La Phng Lit

ui C

Ngc Hi Cu Bu Trn Kht Trn i T Nguyn Cng Tr Bch ng Ng. C. Tr Mi BV Hu Ngh B Triu-Tu Tnh Ch Da m Tru ng Tin ng Hong Cu Nam ng Tn c Thng Ch M Khm Thin Mai ng Bch Khoa B Triu Lc Trung Mai Hng X Trn Ph Tri Gng c Giang Yn S Gia Lm Ph Tru Qu Si ng Ph L Yn Vin ng Anh

8000 9000 3000 4000 3000 1500 1800 2500 5200 5300 5150 1800 4200 4800 2000 1700 3200 4770 1200 5000 1800 6000 2500 10000 8000 6000 8000

8 4 4 16 12 12 16 16 12 16 + 8 16 + 8 12 12 16 16 16 16 12 + 4 16 4 12 8 6 12 8 4 4

Ni Bi 5770 8 Bng 1: Thng s cc tuyn truyn dn t HOST n v tinh

73

74

Quc T
N. T . Hc C tL inh Vn P hc K . S. La Th nh H. H. T hm Ng cH Q. Th nh T hy K hu P . . Ph ng C a ng i nB in

AXE - 10

Ni B i ngA n h
Th L L ng N g c Trc

L in T nh TDX. 10

NEAX61 Ph L

Y n Ho i M Trung Ho . H. S . P. N. N C uDi n

1000E10 H ng V ng

1000E10T T Lim

V HT N. T . Lo ng C Nhu N gh a

Qung B Yn P h ng Xu n Hng Hnh Hng M m Ph cT n Ph cX T. N. Dut Nguy n Du C ung V. H Lng T r u ng Hn gB Q. T r u ng

L . L . Qu n B i i Cn B i Ng. Kh nh N. T . C ng

1000E10 B H

NEAX61 ui C

EWSD T. nh
C ng Mc N g T S Ki m Li n

EWSD C. Da

Trun gT i L a i T T n Mai K. Th ng SB B ch K i mGi ang N g cHi T. Xu nB c T hanh T r C uB u T. X unNam

K . T hin

NEAX61 Ch M
B ch K hoa Mai Hng Tr i Gng B Tri u Lc T r u ng Y n S X T. P h Mai ng

Nam ng . T. ng Hong C u T . . Th ng Yn V in Si ng Tr u Qu G. L mP h a T n

B Tri u

1000E10 . Giang

1000E10 T . K. Ch n

m Tru B ch ng BV H u N. C. Tr N. C . Tr

Hnh 1.15: S mng H Ni n thng 6/1997

75

5.2.2. S mng H Ni sau khi chuyn i v ni vng Ring a. Cc cu trc m rng cc Ring 155Mbit/s. * HOST Hng Vng
i n Bin 12 E1

Ho ng Hoa Thm 4 E1 Ngc H 8 E1 Qua n Thnh 12 E1

Ca ng 6 E1

H ng V ng
K.S La Thnh 4 E1 Ct Linh 12 E1

Phan inh Ph ng 8 E1

Hnh 1.16: M rng HOST Hng Vng * HOST T Lim

C Nhu 8E1 HSP Ngoi ng 12E1
15 24 5 M OF b C it/s R in g Nh vn ho T L im 2E1

L c L ong Qu n 8E1

g in R t/s bi M C 5 15 OF 24

B i 8E1

Ng c Tr c 2 E1

g in R t/s bi M 5 C 15 OF 24 Y n Ho 6E1

15 24 5 M OF b T C it/s R in Lim g

Th L 8E1

NamTh nh Cng 16E1

Hnh 1.17: M rng HOST T Lim

76

* HOST ui C
i T 4 E1

ui C

1 5 5 Mb it/s 2 4 OFC Ngc Hi 8 E1

Cu bu
4 E1

Hnh 1.18: M rng HOST ui C * HOST Ch M

Tri Gng 12 E1 B Tri u 16 E1

Mai H ng 16 E1 M 155 5 Lc Trung 5 Mb 1 it/s R in 16 E1 g Ma i ng 15 Bch Khoa Ch 5M 16 E1 16 E1 bi M t/s Ri Y n S ng 16 E1 X Tr n Ph 16 E1

g in R t/s bi

Hnh 1.19: M rng HOST Ch M

Nguy n Cng Tr 16 E1 Nguy n Cng Tr m i 12 E1 Bch ng 12 E1

BV H u Ngh 16 E1

15 Mbit/s Ring
B Tri u - TuT nh 16 E1

15 Mbit/s Ring
m Tr u 12 E1

Tr n Kht Ch n

* HOST Trn Kht Trn 77

Hnh 1.20: M rng HOST Trn Kht Trn b. Cc mng Ring cp II ( 622 Mbit/s ) * HOST B H

ng Xu n Hng M m

Hng Hnh Y n Ph

Ring 622 Mb/s 48 OFC

Phc X Hng Bng

B H

Cung VH

T. N. Dut Phc T n

Ring 622 Mb/s 48 OFC

Qung B Quang Trung Nguy n Du

Hnh 1.21: Ring cp II ti B H * HOST Thng nh

Cng Mc

Kim Lin Ng T. S

Trung T Kim Giang

Th ng nh
SB Bch Mai

Ring 622Mb/s 48of c

K. Th ng T. X. B c

T. X. Nam

T. X. B c m i

Hnh 1.22: Ring cp II tai HOST Thng nh * HOST Ch Da

Ho ng C u Tn c Th ng

Ch Da

Ring 6 22 Mb/s 4 8 of c
ng Ti n ng Nam ng

Hnh 1.23: Ring cp II ti HOST Ch Da c. Ring cp I ( 2,5 Gb/s) ni gia cc HOST 78

Mng Ring gia cc HOST c thit lp truyn dn tc 2,5Gb/s nhm tho mn dung lng cho cc tng i v tinh v to pht trin sau ny. Mng Ring ny c thit lp mt cp d phng.
1000E10 AXE - 10 AXE - 10 TDX - 10
8x 16 x2 Mb it/s
sma 16c sma 16c

1000E10
8x 16x2 Mb it/s 8x 16 x2 Mbit/s
sm a 16c

4x 16x2 Mb it/s
sma 4

tlm

c2 v t i

c 2 vt n

hv g

t dh
sm a 16c

bho dca
sma 16c sma 16c

gl m
sma 4

8x 16x2 Mb it/s

8x 16x2 Mb it/s 8x 16x2 Mb it/s

4x 16 x2 Mb it/s

EWSD

1000E10

1000E10

NEA - X61

Hnh 1.24: Mng Ring cp I ni cc HOST S ton mng HN sau khi chuyn i v ni Ring

79

AXE Q uc T

AXE -10 TDX-10

1000 E10 T. Lim

1000E10 H . Vuong

1000E10 .G iang

SM C 4C

SM C 16C

SM C 16C

Ring 2.5Gb/s 48 OFC

SM C 16C

SM C 16C

SMA 4C

SM C 16C

SM C 16C

T ng i T ng i ng an qu n i c

EW SD ch D a
DLU SB. B.MAI DLU K.Thu on g
S MA -4 S MA -4

EW SD T. nh

DL U Ng . T.S
S MA -4

NE AX61 u i c
DLU K.Lin
S MA -4

TAN DE M

DL U C.M c
S MA -4

NE AX 6.1 T.K .Ch n

NE AX61 Ch m

S MA -4

Ring 622 Mb/s 48 OFC -22 Km

S MA -4 S MA -4 S MA -4

S MA -4

S MA -4

DL U T.X.B c mi DLU T. X B c

DL U Trun gt u DL U Kimgia ng

DL U T.X.Nam

1000E10 B h
CSND Cun g VH CSND T.N.Du t

S MA -4 S MA -4

DL U Ho n gc u
S MA -4 S MA -4

DL U T. .Th n g

CSND Hn gBn g

CSND Q. B

S MA -4

Ring622Mb /s 48 OFC -15 Km

S MA -4

S MA -4

S MA -4

S MA -4 SMA -4 S MA -4

S MA -4

Ring 622 Mb/s 48 OFC -15 Km

S MA -4

Ring 622 Mb/s 48 OFC -20 Km

S MA -4 S MA -4

S MA -4

CSND Q.Trun g

SCND P .T n SCND N.Du

S MA -4

S MA -4

S MA -4

DL U N . n g DL U . T. n g

DLU K. Th in

CSND P.X

CSND .X u n

CSND H .H n h

CSND Y nph

Hnh 1.25: S mng SDH H Ni 6/1997 5.3. NGHIN CU MT S THIT B CA HNG SIEMENS Trong gii hn ca n ny, em xin xut vic chn mt i tc cung cp thit b l hng SIEMENS v nhng l do sau. * Hng Siemens l mt hng sn xut thit b vin thng ln v rt rt c uy tn trn th trng ( thit b ca hng chim ti : 24,8% th trng thit b SDH ca th gii ). Thit b SDH ca hng ny cng c s dng cho tuyn im ni im 155 Mbit/s t C 2 n B H. * Thit b SDH ca Siemens c sn xut theo tiu chun ca ITU - T ca Chu u. 80

* Siemens c sn phm phi lung DXC v giao din 34Mbit/s a ra th trng. Hin nay cng c cc sn phm SDH 622 Mbit/s v 2,5 Gb/s. * Ngoi ra bu in H Ni cng la chn hng Siemens l nh cung cp thit b SDH cho mng H Ni. Trong khun kh ca chng ny ta tm hiu v hai thit b sau l : Thit b SMA ( Synchronous Multiplex) Thit b SL ( Synchronous Line) 5.3.1. THIT B SMA. 5.3.2.Gii thiu thit b. Thit b SMA c th hot ng cc tc 155Mbit/s( SMA -1); 622Mbit/s ( SMA -4); 2,5 Gb/s( SMA -16). Cng vi cc lung 2 Mbit/s; 34Mbit/s; 140 Mbit/s v 155 Mbit/s. Mi thit b SMA bao gm s kt hp quang p ng vi cc mc phn bn SDH v hot ng di cc cu hnh. * Thit b xen/ r knh ADM ( Add\Multiplex) c s dng trong cc cu hnh mng vng ( Ring) hoc chui ( Chain ) cho vic truy nhp tn hiu cc lung PDH v SDH. * Thit b ni cho lung cc b ( Local Cross - Connect Multiplex ) c s dng khi vn hnh n l hoc kt ni nhiu nht l 4 vng SDH ( chuyn mch khng khi - non Blocking). * Thit b ghp knh u cui ( Terminal Multiplex ): c s dng cho cc im ti ddiemr ( Point to Point) hoc cho vic truy nhp ti cc mng truyn dn SDH trong cu hnh ADM c s dng nhiu nht. Hnh 2.1 di s m t mt cch tng qut v thit b SMA.

F-I\F EOW T3+ T4 Q-I\F + AUX (SYNC - I\F) (EMOS) (L CT)

STM - 1\ STM - 4 Line I\ F

au -4 t u -3 t u -2 t u -12 Swiching le vels SMA - 1\ SMA - 4

STM - 1\ STM - 4 Line I\ F

81
Tributary Inter face ( 155\ 140\ 34\ 2Mb\ s)

Hnh 2.1: Tng qut v thit b SMA Tt c cc thit b SMA u c qun l, iu khin gim st bi h thng qun l tp trung EMOS ( Element Management Operation Systems ) EMOS c th kt ni trc tip ti thit b SMA thng qua giao din Q hoc kt ni t xa thng qua thng tin d liu DDCC ( Data Communication Channel). Giao din F dnh cho vic kt ni ti u khai thc cc b LCT ( Local Craft Terrminal ) ddk o th v gim st thit b SMA. Vic truy cp vo d liu c s ca thit b SMA c chia lm nhiu cp v c bo v bng tn ngi dng ( user name ) cng vi t kho ( Password ) ti cc thit b u cui cc b. Ngoi ra, vic truy nhp ti cc mc thp hn trong khi vn hnh cng b hn ch tr khi xy ra s c vi thng tin t b phn qun l phn t hoc i vi cc thit b u cui m ng nhim v qun l cc phn t trong mng. 5.3.4. c im thit b. * Cung cp kh nng ghp knh v chuyn mch lung mt cch linh hot, hiu qu vi mc chuyn mch TU -12; TU - 2; TU -3; AU -4. Thit b SMA cho php kt ni mt giao din ng bt k vi bt k cng nhnh ( Tributary Port ) hay giao din ng no khc. Cc giao din ng dy phc v k thut ( EOW) cng cc knh d liu. * Giao din Q c s dng nh l Qx\B3 ( Theo tiu chun cho Etherrnet ) hoc Qx\B2 ( theo tiu chun X25 ) kt ni thit b SMA vi h thng vn hnh qun l thit b EMOS. * C th la chn ti cc byte mo u (Over head) ca tn hiu STM - 1 v STM - 4 a ra k thut h thng hay o lng gim st t xa. * Qun l, iu khin c truy nhp t xa hoc ni b cung cp mt cch bao qut v cnh bo, tnh trng, cc thng s o lng, gim st, cu hnh cc lung v cc tuyn bo v d phng. Vic truy nhp khc nhau cho ngi khai thc nhm ngn chn vic s dng tri php. * Ngt Laser t ng cho mc ch an ton. * Tnh linh hot, cu trc modul cng vi vic iu khin hon ton phn mm. *Bo v ton din mt cch c h thng co cc tuyn v lung thng tin vi cc cc kt cu bo v ( 1 + 1) ; ( 1;1) v (1; N).

82

* C kh nng la chn rng ri cc giao din bao gm cc modul cc tc STM -1 ; STM -4) , cc lung thng thng ( 2\34\140\155Mbit/s ) v phn mm cho tt c cc n v ca h thng lm cho thit b SMA c kh nng nng cp d dng theo yu cu ca tng lai. 5.3.5. ng dng ca thit b Thit b SMA c th vn hnh di 4 cu hnh. B xen \ r knh ADM. B ni cho lung cc b ( B ghp - phn knh ) B phi lung DXC. B ghp knh u cui tuyn quang LTE. Trong ch c hai cu hnh thng c s dng l : b xen r knh ADM v b ghp u cui tuyn quang LTE. 1. Cu hnh b xen r knh ADM. y chnh l cu hnh chnh ca thit b SMA, n cho php thc hin chc nng xen r knh ( Add - Drop MultiPlexer ) v cc lung tn hiu tt c cc tod 1,5 - 2 - 34 - 45- 140 Mbit/s v STM - 1 cng vi mt thit b phn cng, thit b SMA c th nhn dng bt k nhnh no load thng tin ( khung STM - N ca tn hiu quang ). Chc nng chnh ca cu hnh ADM c ch ra trn hnh 2.2

Q Bus

Through co nnect

STM - N

Through co nnect

STM - N

Through co nnect

Add - Drop tribut ary

Prote cte d Add - Drop

Cc tribut ary

Hnh 2.2: Cu hnh ADM 83

Trong h thng SDH, ADM c kh nng iu khin t xa v t li cu hnh theo yu cu ca lung. Tt c nhng iu ny c thc hin bi EMOS. Thit b ADM thng c s dng trong cu hnh mng vng v chui. * Cu hnh ADM c s dng theo hai kiu : Nu SMA dng trong mng Ring th n c chc nng nh l b ghp knh vng ch ( Ring Masster MultiPlexer ), to kh nng ng b ho vi tt c cc thit b truyn dn khc trn mng Ring. Nu khng cu hnh l b ghp knh vng ch th SmA s c gn vi mt Card thng tin, lc ny n thc hin chc nng l b ghp knh tuyn cng ( Gateway Multiplex ) v cung cp kh nng truy nhp mng cho b qun l. Vic truy nhp ny thng qua mt lin kt d liu bn ngoi v ni vi Card thng tin trong SMA. Mt b ghp knh tuyn cng c th thc c chc nng ca b xen / r hoc b ghp knh u cui.

OHA

Line West

Line Card

33,88 Mbps

Switch

33,88 Mbps

By 4 Bus

Line Card

LineEast

Tributary Card

Tributary Card

Tributary Card

Tributary Card

COMMS

Controller

PSU

Hnh 2.3: S khi cu hnh xen/r knh Trong cu hnh ny, cc lung thng tin vo c hai pha West v East u c th b tch ra v a ti cc Card lung trong cc VC -12. Tng t, cc lung thng tin khc cng c th c chn vo trong di dng VC - 12 v i ti u ra. Cu hnh ny cng thc hin xen/r cc lung 6 Mbps ( VC -2), 34 Mbps hoc 45 Mbps ( VC -3), 140 Mbps ( VC-4) v c tn hiu 1,5 Mbps( VC -11). 84

2. Cu hnh b ghp knh u cui (Terminal MultiPlexer) Trong cu hnh, SMA ch c ghp mt Card tuyn. Nh vy, cc lung thng tin i vo thit b ch theo mt hng East hoc West. B ghp knh u cui n thun ch l ni n ca cc lung thng tin, n khng thit lp ch d phng cho cc lung i qua v tt c cc lung u b tch ra khi v tr ca n trong lung chnh SMA cng c th c gn cc Card thng tin thc hin b ghp knh tuyn cng. Cu hnh ny khng thc hin chc nng ng b ch.

OHA

Switch

33,88Mbps

By 4 Bus

Line Card

Line Ea st

Tributary Card

Tributary Card

Tributary Card

Tributary Card

COMMS

Controller

PSU

Hnh 2.4: Cu hnh b ghp knh u cui 5.3.6. Kt cu ni cho. Vic kt ni cho cc lung tn hiu c th thc hin gia tuyn truyn dn ny vi tuyn truyn dn khc, gia tuyn truyn dn vi lung tn hiu v gia cc lung tn hiu vi nhau. Mi Card lung 2 Mbps c 16 cng, cc Card lung 34 Mbps, v 45 Mbps c ba cng, Card lung 140 Mbps ch c mt cng, mt Card STM -1 ( quang hoc in ) c th cung cp 63 lung 2 Mbps. Vic ni cho lung c thc hin bng cch cho cc tn hiu i qua Card chuyn mch nh s kt hp gia cc cng. Ni cho lung c thc hin mc VC, mc VC c dng ni cho lung ph thuc vo Card lung c ni cho. Cc Card lung 2 Mbps thc hin ni cho mc Vc - 12. Cc Card lung 34 Mbps hoc 45 Mbps ni cho mc VC - 3. Cc Card lung 140 Mbps ni cho VC - 4. 85

Cc Card STM - 1 c th ni cho cc mc Vc - 4, VC -3 v VC - 12 5.3.7. ng b Tn hiu ng b thc hin ng b ho cc chc nng bn trong vi tn hiu ng b ra STM -4. Tn hiu ng b c th c cung cp t bn ngoi thng qua cng giao din ng b SIP ( SynchronisatioInterrface Port ) t cc ngun dao ng ni, hoc c th c ti to t t tn hiu STM - N, tn hiu 2 Mbps v 140 Mbps nhn c. Tt c cc ngun u c gim st cht ch, nu xy ra trt tn hiu ng b, ngun nh thi b ghp knh MTS ( Multiplexer Timing Soourrce ) s chuyn mch t ng ti cc ngun ng b khc theo th t u tin nh trc. Nu tn hiu trt c khi phc, MTS c th chuyn mch ny u khng lm sai lch pha ca tn hiu. Cc vng trong thit b SMA c ng b bng vic s dng cc vng kho pha PLL ( Pharse Locked Loop ) vi cc ch hot ng. Ch vn hnh bnh thng ( Normal Mode). Ch lu gi ( Holdover Mode ) Ch vn hnh t do ( Freerun Modde ). 1. Ch vn hnh bnh thng Ch ny c thit lp thng qua cc thit b u cui cc b ( Local Terminal ). N cho php la chn cc lung tn hiu ng h u vo khc nhau vn hnh kho pha PLL. Tn hiu vo tuyn cng STM -1 ( Line Port ) theo hng East v West. Tn hiu vo cc cng lung ( Tribs Port ) STM -1, 140 Mbps, 34 Mbps v 2 Mbps. Hai cng tn hiu ng b ngoi ( East Timing Sign Port ) 2 Mbps hoc 2MHz.

86

Ti cng mt thi im, ch c ba ngun ng h c s dng, bao gm hai cng tuyn v cng th ba l cng lung hoc tn hiu ng h ngoi. Qu trnh la chn cc lung ng h c m t nh sau :
Line w ert Source Line Eas t Sou rce EXT. 1Sou rce EXT. 2Source EXT. 3Source Strib. 1 S TM - 1 S E L E C T

Source

Strib. 2
1

2 Mbps S TM - 1 Line wes t tim in g (Sink) STM - 1 Line Eas t tim ing (Sink)

16

Strib. 3

Sys tem Clock (Sink) STM - 1 t ributary

Strib. 4 EXT .Ou tput 2 Mbp s Tribut ary Input - Se lection

Hnh 2.5: Qu trnh la chn ngun ng h Cc ng h lung (Tributary Timing Source) s c la chn trc nh cc thit b u cui cc b cho ph hp vi cc card lung v cc cng trn card. Sau , tn hiu ng h lung c chn trn v cc tn hiu ng h ngoi c la chn theo th t u tin ca chng ri kt hp vi hai ngun ng h tuyn cng a ti cc b la chn(selector), to ra ba nhnh ng h: ng h tuyn hng West. ng h tuyn hng East. ng h h thng (system Clock). Mi nhnh ng h c cu hnh ring r la chn mt trong ba ngun ng h c thc hin ng b ho mt cch c lp vi hai nhnh ng h kia. Cu hnh vn hnh c lp ny cho php SMA vn hnh c trong cc mng c nhiu tn hiu ng h. Qu trnh chn la cc ngun dng ng h c thc hin thng qua, thit b u cui cc b. Mi nhnh tn hiu ng h s c t mt mc u tin khc nhau v gi tr u tin 87

cao nht s c thit lp cho tn hiu ng h hay c s dng nht. Khi ch Normal c thit lp (thng dng trong cu hnh ADM), cu trc ng b s c thc hin bng u tin cc ngun ng b v c th hot ng cc ch . Ch ng b thng (Through Timing Mode) Ch ng b vng (Loop Timing Mode) Ch ng b lung (Triabutary Timing Mode) Ch ng b ngoi (External Timing Mode) Ch ng b hn hp (Mixed Timing Mode) Ch ng b BIST/SSU (BIST/SSU Timing Mode) 2. Ch lu gi. y l ch d phng, xut hin khi tt cc u ra ca cc ngun tn hiu ng h b s c. Ban u, khi h thng hot ng bnh thng, mt b nh chc nng s lin tc b cp nht cc trng thi ca tn hiu ng h PLL. Khi xy ra s c, b nh trn s t ng thit lp li trng thi m n ghi c cho ngun c s c cho n khi c ngun mi hot ng hoc khi phc c ngun ban u. 3. Ch vn hnh t do. Ch ny c c thit lp khi mt thit b SMA c s dng cung cp tn hiu ng h cho mng truyn dn cha n. Trong ch Freeruning khng c cc tn hiu ng h u vo hay tn hiu ng h c tch ra t lung khc. S ng b c to ra t vng kho pha PLL ring l (trn card chuyn mch) cu hnh nh mt b dao ng ni rt n nh. Ch ny ch dng cho mng nh, i vi mng ln hn cn c mt b dao ng ngoi (External Osscillator) cung cp cho SMA ch(Master) thng qua mt cng ng b ngoi (External Sync. Port). Ch vn hnh t do cn c gi ch vn hnh mc nh v nu c mt thit b SMA khng c t cu hnh ng b th n s hot ng ch mc nh. 5.3.8.Cc tnh nng bo v. khc phc li truyn dn trong SMA, chng li cc li do bn ngoi gy ra thit b SMA c trang b cc tnh nng bo v - ch yu to ra cc tuyn truyn dn p - nhm m bo cht lng thng tin tt nht trn mng truyn dn. Trong thit b SMA s dng mt s cu trc bo v sau:

88

1.6.1 Bo v ( 1 + 1) cho ng truyn on ghp knh Trong thit b SMA, bo v ng 1+ 1 c hiu lc cho tt c cc giao din tuyn v lung. Cc chc nng ca giao din vt l ng b, u cui on lp, u cui on ghp knh u c x l trn c hai ng lm vic v bo v. Tn hiu trn c hai ng l ging ht nhau, u s thu xc nh t cc thng tin gim st ( c lu gi trong phn SOH ) la chn ng truyn c cht lng tt nht. Cu trc bo v c th c thit lp ch Revert hoc Non Revert mt chiu hoc hai chiu.
Mux M ux

Working line STM - N

Selector Fixed bridge

Fixed bridge

Prote ction line

Hnh 2.6: (1 + 1) Line Protection Trong ch Revert, qu trnh vn hnh s thit lp li ng truyn trc mt cch t ng, ngha l khi cht lng ca mt ng truyn dn l tt th n c ch nh lm ng truyn dn hot ng. Cn ch non Revert th khng c s ti thit lp t ng, cc ng truyn hot ng v bo v s chuyn i chc nng cho nhau vn hnh mt cch linh hot. 1. Bo v ( 1 + 1) cho s kt ni cc mng con c gim st ng truyn ( Subnetwork Connection Protection With Path Monitoring ). Cu trc bo v ny t c thi gian chuyn mch nhanh v c s dng trong bt k cu hnh no c th thit lp c hai ng vt l c lp. Thit b SMA cung cp chuyn mch bo v tt c cc mc TU - 12, TU - 3, AU -4. S chuyn mch t ng c thc hin khi xut hin cc c. * Li tn hiu phc v SSF : ( Sever Signal Failure ) c ny xut hin khi pht hin ra mt trong cc iu kin sau : C cnh bo mt thng tin con tr TU/AU (LOP : Clop Loss of Pointer). C tn hiu cnh bo AIS ( Alarm Indication Signal ). 89

Tt c c li bit tn hiu cc lp Card lm xut hin TU/AU -AIS. * Li tn hiu nh du TSF ( Trail Signal Failure ) : C ny xut hin khi pht hin ra mt trong cc iu kin : Khng thu c tn hiu nhn dng ng truyn. Sai lch tn hiu nhn dng ng truyn. Sai lch nhn tn hiu . Vt qua t s li cho php.

2/ 34 /1 40 M b ps pro te c te d Output

2/ 34 /1 40 Mb ps in put

SD MA 1/ 4

S DH N et wor k

S DH N et wor k

Wor ki n g l ine

Pro te c te d l ine

2/ 34 /1 40 Mb ps in put

2/ 34 /1 40 Mb ps pro te c te d Output

Hnh 2.7: (1 + 1) Path Protection * Li suy gim tn hiu nh du TSD ( Trial signal Degreded ) : C ny ch xut hin khi t s li bit BER ln hn 10-5 10-9. Khi xy ra li tn hiu mt hng, tn hiu s chuyn ngay lp tc sang hng ngc li. Thng tin iu khin s chuyn mch ny c truyn dn thng qua 6 byte G1 trong VC - 3 / VC -4. POH v bit 4 ca byte V5 trong VC -1/VC-1. POH.

90

2. Bo v on ghp knh trong cu hnh mng vng ( MS - Ring Protection ). Cu trc bo v ny cung cp kh nng t chuyn i, phc hi trn c hai hng ca mng Ring khi xy ra s c. Thng tin iu khin c trao i gia cc SMA thng qua byte K1 v K2 ca phn MSOH. 3. Bo v Card ( Card Protection ) . Bo v Card c thc hin ch yu bng vic nhn i cc thnh phn hot ng hiu qu. Card lung 2 Mbit/s c th cung cp bo v ( 1 : N), khi Card bo v c thc hin bi mt lnh iu khin tng ng vi li c nhn dng thng qua 1 Bus bo v. Card iu khin cc knh s chuyn cc lung thng tin n Card lung d phng v loi b Card s c. Cn cc lung 34 Mbit/s, 140Mbit/s c cung cp ch bo v ( 1 +1). Chuyn mch bo v c th c thc hin t EMOS hoc t thit b khac thc cc b LCT. 5.3.9. Lin lc trong mng. Vic lin lc trong mng c thc hin thng qua mng LAN ( Local Area NetWork ) khi cn lin kt thng tin gia b ghp knh tuyn cng hoc thng qua knh thng tin d liu DCC khi cn lin lc gia b ghp knh tuyn cng v cc thit b SMA khc trong mng. Cc phn t trong mng truyn dn SDH s cung cp mt a ch NSAP ( Network Serrvice Access Point ) duy nht. Cc a ch NASP c vo d liu ca EMOS v nh vy, EMOS c th lin lc c vi bt k phn t no ca mng. 5.4. THIT B SL Thit b ng truyn SL ( Line System ) c dng truyn dn cc tn hiu s trn cc si quang n mode SM hoc a mode MM cc khong bc sng 1310 nm hoc 1550nm. Thit b SL gm 3 loi l SL1, SL4 v SL16. y ta ch cp n SL1. Thit b SL bao gm cc thnh phn : Thit b u cui tuyn SLT ( Synchoronous Line Terminal ). Thit b lp ng dy SLR ( Synchoronous Line Regenarato). Cc phn mm gim st v bo dng. 5.4.1. Thit b SL1. Thit b SL1 c dng truyn dn tn hiu ng b STM -1 tc 155Mbit/s hoc tn hiu cn ng b 140 Mbit/s. Thit b SL1 v SLR1, c dng trong cc ng dng : H thng tdda tuyn quang cho tn hiu 140 Mbit/s. 91

Np tn hiu 140 Mbit/s cho h thng truyn dn SDH. Chuyn i in\ quang cho tn hiu STM -1. To tn hiu quang STM - 1 cho h thng truyn dn SDH. Np tn hiu 140 Mbit/s cho h thng truyn dn SONET ( Synchronous Optical Network). Thit b SL1 thch hp cho vic s dng trng mng ni ht hoc mng nng thn, n cng thch hp cho vic thit lp cc mng c nhn cc ng dng ngn hn. Cc lung thng tin c th c truyn dn thng qua c si quang SM v MM cc khong bc sng 1310 nm v 1550nm. Cc tn hiu ng truyn quang c t chc theo cc khung STM -1. Thit b SL1 cng cung cp cc la chn cho tr gip k thut EOW, cc giao din ngi s dng, kh nng chuyn mch bo v, qun l mng thng tin phn mo u.

92

1. S khi chc nng

T RCV 155 CM I reg en 140 M bps Or 155 Mu t ip lexer 15 5M bps Scram bled NRZ (Opical Fibre) ST M - 1

CM I Co de

T RCV 155 CM I reg en 140 M bps Or 155 Mu tip lexer 15 5M bps Scram bled NRZ (O pical Fibre) ST M - 1

CM I Co de

Mhz 70 3

SYNC

MCF

SMU0

DFA

DFB

A UX

AUX PS W

AU XBU S

SOHIF

Q3AD

QD2 PCCON

(PC)

Q3

F(PC)

F Bw7R

Use r Inte r fac e

Hnh 2.8: S khi thit b SL1

93

TRCV 155 ( Transceiver Unit 155 Mbps ) : l khi chc nng chnh ca SL1, n thc hin vic p ng cc giao din, ti to tn hiu, ghp/phn knh STM -1, chuyn i quang. TRVC 155 c kh nng chuyn mch bo v ( 1:1). SMUQ ( Signal Monitoring Unit With Q - Interface ) : l khi gim st trung tm ca SL1. Cc chc nng qun l ca SL1, ph thuc vo phn mm c ci t. SMUQ nhn d liu qun l ti cc giao din ca n gm giao din F, QD2,BWW7R v cc knh thng tin d liu DCCr trong tn STM -1. MCF ( Message Communication Function Unit ) : Khi la chn cho cc cng vic qun l SDH. MCF c s dng kt ni SL1 ti thnh phn qun l SDH qua cc knh DCCr v DCCm. SYNC ( Synchoronous Unit ) : Cung cp tn hiu ng h chun 2048 KHz cho tn hiu STM -1 u ra. Khi ny cng Cung cp kh nng hot ng ch Holdover khi ngun ng h chun gp s c. Sync cng phn pht tn hiu 2048 KHz ng b cc khi chc nng khc . AUX ( Auxiliary data Channel Unit ) : khi d liu tr gip s dng knh cc t mo u. AUXPSW ( Auxiliary Wwith Protection Swwichting ) : Lm khi AUX c thm chc nng chuyn mch bo v ( 1+1). AUX BUS ( Auxiliary Data Bus Interface ) : Cung cp nhiu im truy nhp ti cc knh phc v hai hng ring bit khi s dng SLR1 trong cu hnh chui. DF -A ( PCM Serrvice Telephone Unit ) : Cung cp dch v thoi kt ni gia cc trm cng vi s thu nhp v la chn v cc cuc gi. N Cung cp cc chi nhnh ti cc h thng khc. Cc tng i t ng t nhn PABX ( Private Automatic Branch exchange ) v cc trung tm chuyn mch c kt ni thng qua giao din PABX. DF - B ( PCM Serrvice Telephone Unit ) : Cung cp cc dch v thoi kt ni gia cc trm vi kh nng thu nhp cuc gi. SOHIF ( Section Overhead Interrface Unit ) : Khi giao din knh t mo u, n cung cp dung lng knh phc v ca SL1 c th dng cho cc dch v khc. QSAD ( Q3 Gateway Adapter ) : Cung cp cho SL1 kh nng hot ng nh mt thnh phn mng cng ( GNE).

94

5.4.2. ng b ng h. Thit b SL1 c th c ng b bi ng h chun trung tm (Center Reference Clock) a vo giao din T3in. SL1 cng c th ti to tn hiu ng h u ra t ngun tn hiu u vo v tn hiu F1in. 2.2.1. ng b SLT1. SLT1 c th c trang b mt khi SYNC s chuyn t ch hot ng bnh thng sang ch lu gi ch ny, tt c cc gi tr v tn s, pha lu gi c s dng thay th gi tr chun vi dung sai khong 0,2 ppm trong vng t nht 48 gi. Nu qu trnh li xy ra lu hn, b dao ng trong khi SYNC s cung cp ch vn hnh t do cho thit b vi dung sai khong 4,6 ppm. 2.2.2. ng b SLR1 Trong cu hnh SLR1, tn hiu 155 MHz VCO cho tn hiu u ra s c kho ( Locked) theo tn hiu ng h c khi phc t tn hiu u vo. Nu khng c tn hiu u vo, tn hiu u ra s c kho theo b dao ng ni ch ( Internal Master Ossillator ). 5.4.3. Bo v ng truyn. 1. Chuyn mch bo v on ghp knh ( MSP Switching ). Thit b SL1 cung cp cu trc chuyn mch bo v ( 1:1). Chuyn mch bo v c th c iu khin t ng hoc bng nhn cng. Chuyn mch bng nhn cng cung cp kh nng chuyn mch ni b hoc t xa trn cc yu cu t khi gim st ca SL1. tp hp cc hot ng chuyn mch ny, thng tin chuyn i gia hai h thng SL1 c thc hin thng qua cc byte K trong phn SOH.n. Chuyn mch bo v t ng bt u khi nhn mt trong cc tiu chun sau : Khng c tn hiu quang. Mt du khung tn hiu. Thu hp cnh bo MS - AIS. T l li bit BER 10-3. Suy gim tn hiu ( BER 10-9....10-6). Trt s truyn dn tn hiu hai hng trn cp. 2. Bo v Card c s dng khi AUXPSW. Thit b SL1 cung cp chuyn mch bo v (1+1) khi vn hnh mng trong mi trng SDH. Cu trc ny c th s dng rng ri trong mi trng SDH. Chuyn mch bo v c 95

iu khin t ng hoc bng nhn cng ging nh trong cu trc chuyn mch bo v (1:1). kt hp cc hot ng chuyn mch, thng tin gia hai h thng SL1 s c thc hin thng qua knh DAPS (byte 8/2 ca SOH). Chuyn mch bo v s t ng bt u khi thu nhn cc tiu chun sau : 6 tiu chun ging nh chuyn mch bo v (1:1) Mt thng tin con tr Thu c cnh bo t AU-AIS. B thu pht b li. 3.Chuyn mch bo v trong cu trc (N+1) Thit b SL1 c th c cung cp kiu chuyn mch bng vic s dng thit b chuyn mch bn ngoi, khi tn hiu cnh bo u ra s c cung cp (FK). Chuyn mch bt u khi thu nhn tn hiu c mt trong cc tiu chun ging nh trong cu trc chuyn mch bo v (1:1). 5.4.5.Cc ch tiu k thut ca SL1.(Technical-Specification). Bc sng
B pht quang mc ng dng theo Fabry Perot(FP) Febry Perot(FP) Distrituted Feed nm dB 4 <0,15 -8 -15 2,5 <0,1 0 -3 Back DFB 1 >30 <0,1 +5 +2 G.975 ca ITU-T Diode Laser rng ph... Nn mode cnh... H s trit tiu... Mc pht... Cc i... Cc tiu... B thu quang Diode thu... Mc thu i vi t s li bit10-10 theo G.957 ca ITU-T.. Phn khuch i lp loi si quang n mode... Suy hao do tn x Suy gim cho php dB dB 250 <1 018 400 <1 230 5000 735 Ps/nm

nm

1260 1360
S-1.1

1280 1335
L-1.1

1480 1580
L-1.2/1.3

dBm dBm

dBm

PIN -34-2

PIN -34-2

PIN

96

trn on...

CC GIAO DIN ( INTERRFACES ) Giao din vo ra F2 tn hiu 140 Mbps ( G.823, G.703 ITU - T) Tc bit ....................................................................................139,246 Mbps S dng m..........................................................CMI ( Code Mark Inverstion) in p u Up-p............................................................................................1V. Suy hao ti a trn cp ti tn s 70 MHz ............................................. 12 dB. Tr khng thng thng .............................................................................75. Return Loss............................................................................................ 15dB. Giao din vo ra F2, tn hiu in 155 Mbps Tc bit .....................................................................................155,520Mbps. S dng m ................................................................................................ CMI in p u Up-p vo bin xung............................................................... 1V. Suy hao ti a trn cp ti tn s 70MHz..............................................12,7 dB. Tr khng thng thng ........................................................................... 75 . Return Loss .......................................................................................... 15 dB. Giao din quang F1 ( G.707 G.709, G.957, G.958 ca ITU - T ). Tc bit.................................................................................... 155,520 Mbps. S dng m .................................... m nh phn c ngu nhin ho ( NRZ ). Giao din cho ng b ng h mng ( G.703 ca ITU - T ). Tn s ............................................................................................... 2048 KHz. in p Uo-p...................................................0,375 1,5 V ( khng cn bng ). Hoc ............................................................................. 0,5 1,9V( cn bng ). Tr khng................................................................................................... 75. Hoc........................................................................................................ 120 . Hoc .............................................................................................. 16K/60PF. 97

Giao din u ra T3 out. Tn s ............................................................................................... 2048 KHz. in p Balanced Load : ( 120 hoc 1,6 K/ 60pF) ............................................................ 1V 1,9V. Unbalanced Load ........................................................................ 0,75V 1,5V. Giao din my tnh F ( PC). Loi giao din ................................................................... V.24 ( RS - 232 -C). Band Rate ....................................................................................... 19,2 KBd. Giao din QD2. Loi giao din ..................................................................................... RS - 485. Tc bit............................................................................................ 64 Kbit/s. Cc knh phc v ( Serrvice Channels ) ti AUX hoc AUXPSW. Loi giao din V.28 V.64 V.11 2XV.11 7XE v M Loi giao din 2x4 analog PCM Tc bit 512 Kbit/s 64 Kbit/s 64 Kbit/s 256 Kbit/s 8 Kbit/s ng dng Khng ng b. Khng ng b. ng b vi ng h hng ngc. Hai tn hiu khng ng b hoc mt tn hiu ng b . Cc thng bo tnh ( Static Reports ) ng dng Cc knh thoi.

rng bng tn (0,3 3,4) KHz

Ngun cung cp ( Power Supply ) Di in p mt chiu u vo....................................................... 36V 75V. Hoc ............................................................................................. 18 V 32 V. Cng sut tiu th ti in p 48V. Mt gi Xon c thit lp y ( hai h thng)..................................... 20W.
ng dng

Ni i Tuyn ngn

Lin i Tuyn di 98

Bc sng ngun pht (nm) Loi si Khong cch (Km)

1310 Rec. G652 2 11 1-4 1-16

1310 Rec.

1550 Rec.

1310 Rec. G652 40

1550 Rec. Rec. G652 G652 80 1-4.2 1-4.2 1-16.2 1-4.3 L-4.3 S-16.3

G652 G652 15 S-4.1 S-4.1 S-16.4

Mc STM

STM-1 STM-4 STM-16

S-4.2 1-4.1 S-4.2 1-4.1 S-16.2 S-16.1 Bng 3.1

5.5.TNH TON THIT K TRUYN DN SDH CHO MNG H NI. vic chuyn i mng PDH sang mng SDH c hon tt ta phi thc hin tnh ton tuyn truyn dn thao cc khong cch v dung lng cho trc chn cc m s thit b v kh nng vn hnh ca chng. C ly gia cc HOST trong vng Ring cp 1 (2,5 Gb/s). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 inh Tin Hong - Gip Bt Gip Bt - Thng nh Thng nh - Lng Trung Lng Trung - T Lim T Lim - Hng Vng Hng Vng - B H B H - Gia Lm 8.325m 11.372m 3.349m 3.297m 4.566m 4.550m 6.035m

Di y l cc bng thng s thng s dng tnh ton truyn dn SDH theo ti liu ca hng Alcatel.

99

n v Tn hiu s Tc bit danh nh M s Min bc sng hot ng Phn pht im S Loi ngun Cc loi c tnh ph: - rng RMS ln nht - rng -20 dB ln nht - T l nn b nht Cng sut pht: - Ln nht - B nht H s phn bit b nht Lung quang gia S v R Suy hao cho php Tn sc ln nht ca phn cp im S bao gm cc Connector Phn x ln nht gi S v R dB dBm dBm dB dB ps/nm nm nm dB Kbit/s Nm

Cc gi tr STM - 4 theo khuyn ngh G.707 v G.958 155 520 1- 4 1260 - 1360 S - 1.1 S - 1.2 1260 - 1260 - 1360 1360 MLM LED 40 -8 -15 8.2 0 -7 NA NA 80 -8 -15 8.2 MLM 7.7 -8 -15 8.2 0 - 12 96 NA MLM SLM 2.5 -8 -15 8.2 0 -12 18 25 -27 1 -30 -8 -15 8.2 MLM 4 0 -5 10 10 - 28 NA NA NA SLM 1 30 0 -5 10 SLM 1 0 0 -5 10 10 -28 NA 20 MLM 3/2.5 0 0 -5 10 10 - 28 246/296 NA NA SLM 1 0 0 -5 10 L - 1.1 1430 - 1580 L - 1.2 1280 - 1335 L - 1.3 1480 - 1580

1480 - 1580

Tn hao phn quang b nht dB

NA

NA

NA

NA

-25

NA

100

u thu im R nhy thp nht Mc thu cc i nh nht quang ln nht Phn x ln nht ca u thu dB o im R NA NA NA NA NA NA dBm dBm -23 -8 1 -28 -8 1 -28 -8 1 -34 -10 1 -25 -34 -10 1

D phng lung cng sut dB

Bng 3.2.Thng s tuyn STM-1

n v Tn hiu s Tc bit danh nh M s Min bc sng hot ng Kbit/s Nm Cc gi tr STM - 4 theo khuyn ngh G.707 v G.958 622 088 1- 4 1261 - 1360 S - 4.1 1293 1344/1274 1356 Phn pht im S Loi ngun Cc loi c tnh ph: - rng RMS ln nht - rng -20 dB ln nht - T l nn b nht Cng sut pht: - Ln nht dBm -8 -8 -8 -8 +2 +2 +2 +2 nm nm dB 14.5 35 4/2.5 1 30 20/1.7 <1 30 1 30 1 30 MLM LED MLM SLM MLM SLM SLM SLM S - 4.2 - 1430 - 1580 L - 4.1 1300 1330 L - 4.2 1480 - 1580 L - 4.3 1480 1580

- 1280 - 1335

1335/1296 -

101

- B nht H s phn bit b nht Lung quang gia S v R Suy hao cho php Tn sc ln nht ca phn cp im S bao gm cc Connector Phn x ln nht gi S v R u thu im R nhy thp nht Mc thu cc i nh nht quang ln nht

dBm dB dB ps/nm

-15 8.2 0 -7 13 NA

-15 8.2

-15 8.2 0 - 12

-15 8.2 -12 NA 24

-3 10 10 - 24 92/109 20 NA

-3 10

-3 10 10 - 24 24

-3 10 -10 - 24 NA 20

NA

46/74 NA

Tn hao phn quang b nht db

NA dBm dBm -23 -8 1 NA

NA -28 -8 1 NA

-27 -28 -8 1 -27

-25 -28 -8 1 -14

-27 -28 -8 1 -27

-25 -28 -8 1 -14

D phng lung cng sut dB Phn x ln nht ca u dB thu o im R

Bng 3.3. Thng s tuyn STM-4

102

n v Tn hiu s Tc bit danh nh M s Min bc sng hot ng Kbit/s Nm

Cc gi tr STM - 4 theo khuyn ngh G.707 v G.958 622 088 1- 4 1261 - 1360 S - 4.1 1293 1344/1274 1356 S - 4.2 - 1430 - 1580 L - 4.1 1300 1330 SLM 1 30 -8 -15 8.2 MLM 20/1.7 +2 -3 10 SLM <1 30 +2 -3 10 SLM 1 30 +2 -3 10 SLM 1 30 +2 -3 10 L - 4.2 1480 - 1580 L - 4.3 1480 1580

- 1280 - 1335

1335/1296 -

Phn pht im S Loi ngun Cc loi c tnh ph: - rng RMS ln nht - rng -20 dB ln nht - T l nn b nht Cng sut pht: - Ln nht - B nht H s phn bit b nht dBm dBm dB -8 -15 8.2 -8 -15 8.2 -8 -15 8.2 nm nm dB 14.5 35 4/2.5 MLM LED MLM

103

Lung quang gia S v R Suy hao cho php Tn sc ln nht ca phn cp im S bao gm cc Connector Phn x ln nht gi S v R u thu im R nhy thp nht Mc thu cc i nh nht quang ln nht Phn x ln nht ca u dB thu o im R NA NA -27 -14 -27 -14 dBm dBm NA -23 -8 1 NA -28 -8 1 -27 -28 -8 1 -25 -28 -8 1 -27 -28 -8 1 -25 -28 -8 1 dB ps/nm 0 -7 13 NA NA 0 - 12 46/74 NA -12 NA 24 10 - 24 92/109 20 NA 10 - 24 24 -10 - 24 NA 20

Tn hao phn quang b nht db

D phng lung cng sut dB

Bng 3.4.Thng s tuyn STM-16

104

Sau y ta s tnh ton thit k cho ba tuyn truyn dn sau. B H - c Giang: khong cch 6035 m, dung lng 2,5 Gbit/s c Giang - Yn Vin: Khong cch 6000 m, dung lng 155Mb/s. B H - Quang Trung: Khong cch 1200m, dung lng 622Mb/s. 3.1 Tuyn B H - c Giang: Dung lng yu cu 2,5 Gb/s (STM - 16). Theo bng 3.1 th m s thit b c xc nh l S - 16.1 hoc S - 16.2 tng ng vi cc bc sng l 1310nm v 1550 nm. to cho s pht trin sau ny ta chn thit b c bc sng 1550nm l S - 16.2. Si quang theo khuyn ngh G. 625 l si n mode c suy hao l si = 0,25dB/Km. * Cc thng s ngun pht S (Source). Vi dung lng 2,5 Gbit/s - tra bng 3.4 ta xc nh c: Ngun pht l ngun ph hp SLM. Cng sut ngun pht: Ppmax = 0 dBm Ppmax = -5 dBm *Lung quang gia pht S v thu R (Receiver). Suy hao cho php t cp = 0 12 dB ; Cc ch tiu ng k: Nh vy tuyn B H - c Giang suy hao si si = 0,25dB/Km trn khong cch l 6,035 Km th suy hao trn si l: 0,25 x 6,035 = 1,508 dB Suy hao mi hn hn = 0,1dB, mi cun cp di 500m ( tuyn ngoi thnh) v vy suy hao trn ton tuyn do mi hn l: {(6035 : 500) - 1}. 0,1 = 1,1 Tng suy hao trn ton tuyn l: 1 = 1,1 + 1,508 = 2,608 dB ( tho mn iu kin cp = 0 12 dB ).

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* Thng s u thu R ( Receiver). nhy thp nht c cho php l : Ptmin = - 18 dBm. Mc thu ti a ( an ton) l: Ptmax = 0 dBm. Vi : Cng sut pht l : 0 dBm Suy gim u ni : -3dB D tr gi ho : - 1 dB Tng suy hao trn si : -2,608 dB Cng sut ti u thu l = -6,608 dBm tho mn iu kin trong khong Ptmin Pt Ptmax. *Khi thit b mi lp t cha c hin tng gi ho th cng sut ti u thu l : - 3 - 2,608 = - 5,608 dBm < Ptmax u thu c an ton. * Sau 25 nm PP = - 5dBm th cng sut ti u thu l: -5-3-1-2,608 = -11,608 > Ptmin u thu vn hot ng tt. Kt lun : Vi thit b la chn th tuyn truyn dn hot ng tt. 3.2. Tuyn B H - Quang Trung: Dung lng 622Mb/s ( STM - 4) theo bng 3.1 th m s thit b c xc nh l S - 4.1 hoc S - 4.2 tng ng vi cc sng l 1310nm v 1550nm. to iu kin cho s pht trin sau ny ta chn thit b c bc sng 1550nm l S - 4.2 Si quang theo khuyn ngh G625 l si n mode c suy hao l si = 0,25dB/Km *Cc thng s u ngun pht S (Source) vi dung lng 622Mb/s tra bng 3.3 ta xc nh c Ngun pht l ngun ph hp SLM.

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Cng sut ngun pht: Ppmin = -8 dBm Ppmax = -15 dBm *Lung quang gia pht S v thu R (Receiver). Suy hao cho php t cp = 0 12 dB ; Cc ch tiu khc khng ng k: - Nh vy tuyn B H - Quang Trung suy hao si trn khong cch 1,2 Km l:si = 0,25 x 1,2 = 0,3dB - Suy hao mi hn hn = 0,1dB/mi.M i cun cp di 200m ( tuyn ni thnh) v vy suy hao trn ton tuyn l: {(1200 : 200) - 1}. 0,1 = 0,5dB - Tng suy hao trn ton tuyn l: 1 = 0,5 + 0,3 = 0,8 dB * Thng s u thu - nhy thp c cho l : Ptmin = - 28 dBm. - Mc thu ti a ( an ton) l: Ptmax = -8 dBm. Vi : Cng sut pht l : -8 dBm Suy gim u ni : -3dB D tr gi ho : - 1 dB Tng suy hao trn si : -0,8 dB - Cng sut ti u thu l Pthu= -6,608 dBm Tho mn iu kin trong khong Ptmin Pt Ptmax. Khi thit b mi lp t cha c hin tng gi ho th cng sut ti u thu l : - 8 - 3- 0,8 = - 11,8 dBm < Ptmax u thu c an ton. + Sau 25 nm PP = -15dB, th cng sut ti u thu l: -15-3-1-0,8 = -19,8 > Ptmin u thu vn hot ng tt. Kt lun : Vi thit b la chn th tuyn truyn dn hot ng tt. 107

3.3. Tuyn c Giang - Yn Vin: Dung lng 155Mb/s ( STM - 1) theo bng 3.1 th m s thit b c xc nh l S - 1.1 hoc S - 1.2 tng ng vi cc sng l 1310nm v 1550nm. to iu kin cho s pht trin sau ny ta chn thit b c bc sng 1550nm l S - 1.2 Si quang theo khuyn ngh G.625 l si n mode c suy hao l si = 0,25dB/Km *Cc thng s u ngun pht S (Source) Vi dung lng 155Mb/s tra bng 3.2 ta xc nh c: Ngun pht c th l ngun ph rng MLM hoc ph hp SLM. Nhng hin nay ch dng ph hp SLM Cng sut ngun pht: Ppmin = -15 dBm Ppmax = -8 dBm *Lung quang gia pht S v thu R (Receiver). Suy hao cho php t cp = 0 12 dB ; Cc ch tiu khc khng ng k: - Nh vy suy hao si l:si = 0,25 x 6 = 1,5dB - Suy hao mi hn hn = 0,1dB/mi. Mi cun cp di 500m ( tuyn ngoi thnh) cho nn suy hao trn ton tuyn l: {(6000 : 500) - 1}. 0,1 = 1,1dB - Tng suy hao trn ton tuyn l: 1 = 1,1 + 1,5 = 2,6 dB ( Tho mn trong khong cp 0 12 dB) * Thng s u thu R (Receiver) nhy thp nht c cho l : Ptmin = - 28 dBm. Mc thu ti a ( an ton) l: Ptmax = - 8 dBm. Nh vy vi : Cng sut pht sinh l : - 8 dBm Suy gim u ni : - 3dB

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D tr gi ho :

- 1 dB

Tng suy hao trn si : - 2,6 dB - Cng sut ti u thu l Pthu= - 14,6 dBm Cng sut ny tho mn Ptmin Pt Ptmax. - Khi thit b mi lp t cha c hin tng gi ho th cng sut ti u thu l : - 8 - 3- 2,6 = - 13,6 dBm < Ptmax u thu c an ton. + Sau 25 nm PP = PPmin = -15dB th cng sut ti u thu l: -15-3-1- 2,6 = - 21,6 > Ptmin u thu vn an ton. Kt lun : Vi thit b la chn th tuyn truyn dn hot ng tt. NI DUNG TM TT MNG VNG RING. Mng vng Ring SDH. Ch bo v Mng Ring mt hng Mng Ring hai hng. Bo v ng truyn ( Path Protection) Kiu bo v theo on ( Section protection) Mch vng t phc hi theo hng bo v lung. Mch vng t phc hi mt hng bo v theo on . Mch vng t phc hi hai hng bo v theo on . Mng a vng ( Multil Ring) Thay th v chuyn i pht trin mng.

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