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HSPA+ For Enhanced Mobile Broadband: Qualcomm Incorporated February 2009
HSPA+ For Enhanced Mobile Broadband: Qualcomm Incorporated February 2009
Table of Contents
[1] Executive Summary ......................................................................... 1 [2] Introduction and Overview ............................................................... 2 2.1 What is HSPA+?...................................................................... 3 [3] HSPA Offers an Entire Range of IP Services .................................. 4 [4] HSPA+ Doubles Data Capacity and Reduces Cost ........................ 4 4.1 Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)..................................... 5 4.2 Higher Order Modulation (HOM) ............................................. 6 4.3 Discontinuous Transmission and Reception (DTX/DRX)........ 6 [5] HSPA+ More than Doubles the Voice Capacity .............................. 7 5.1 Higher Data Capacity through Voice over HSPA .................... 8 [6] Enhanced User Experience Benefits ............................................... 9 [7] Multicarrier Further Enhances the Broadband Experience............ 10 [8] HSPA+ is the natural evolution of HSPA at a lower cost............... 12 [9] The Optimal Solution in single and aggregated 5 MHz blocks ...... 13 [10] HSPA+ Has a Strong Evolution Path beyond R8 ........................ 15 [11] Conclusion ................................................................................... 16 [12] Appendix ...................................................................................... 17
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Broadband downloads
2x data capacity Multicarrier- doubled >2x voice capacity data rates to all users
Rel-99
Rel-5 (HSDPA)
Rel-6 (HSUPA)
Rel-7
Rel-8
WCDMA
HSPA
DL: 1.8-14.4 Mbps UL: 5.7 Mbps DL: 28 Mbps UL: 11 Mbps
1R8 will reach 42 Mbps by combining 2x2 MIMO and HOM (64QAM) in 5 MHz, or by utilizing HOM (64QAM) and multicarrier in 10 MHz. 2R9 and beyond may utilize combinations of multicarrier and MIMO to reach 84 Mbps peak rates and beyond. Similarly, uplink multicarrier can double the uplink data rates.
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This paper focuses on the first and second step of the HSPA evolution and the enhancements that have been defined in 3GPP R7 and R8. For a more detailed view of the R7 and R8 features, see the appendix at the conclusion of this paper. As seen in Figure 1, HSPA+ further enhances the mobile broadband experience by providing up to 28 Mbps peak data rates in the downlink (DL) in R7, and up to 42 Mbps in R8. HSPA+ has a strong evolution path and will continue to evolve beyond HSPA+ R8 to further enhance the HSPA+ performance and provide a clear evolution path for current HSPA networks. The definition of HSPA+ R9 was already initiated in early 2009. HSPA+ R9 and beyond is considering enhancements such as expanding HSPA+ multicarrier beyond 10 MHz deployments combined with MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) to provide peak rates of 84 Mbps and more.
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advanced receivers (UE equalizer, device receive diversity and Node B IC)1 in addition to the HSPA+ features.
HSPA greatly increased data capacity over R99 systems by adding the high-speed shared channels with HOM (16QAM), smaller transmission interval, Hybrid ARQ (HARQ) and opportunistic scheduling. HSPA+ builds on this solid foundation by adding support for 64QAM, 2x2 MIMO, DTX/DRX and other air interface improvements to enhance the capacity and the user experience.
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To be most effective, parallel MIMO streams need a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the device and a rich scattering environment. High SNR ensures that the device will be able to decode the signal successfully and a rich scattering environment ensures that the two data streams remain orthogonal. The MIMO benefit is therefore maximized in a dense urban (city) environment, as there is enough scattering and cell sizes are small (potentially high SNR at the device). In rural environments with large cell sizes and less scattering, the MIMO gains will be smaller.
Figure 5: Voice over HSPA more than doubles voice capacity over WCDMA
CS voice over HSPA leaves the core network intact, allowing operators to leverage their existing core network investments, while VoIP relies on the IMS core network. CS voice over HSPA is therefore the natural upgrade for most operators but could also be an intermediate step toward the long-term goal to migrate to VoIP. In current WCDMA/HSPA networks, voice services are carried over dedicated CS bearers, which are assigned to users for the duration of the voice call. Voice over HSPA uses the shared-packet channels with smaller transmission intervals and HARQ to transfer voice packets more
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efficiently. HSPA+ further improves voice capacity by introducing enhancements such as CPC. This optimizes air-interface resource usage, providing almost double the voice capacity without Node B IC and an almost threefold increase with Node B IC. The enhanced serving cell change (E-SCC) in R8 further improves the handover reliability with reduced dropped calls in demanding propagation environments. It also enables full voice over HSPA capacity potential by allowing the use of F-DPCH in all propagation scenarios2.
Without E-SCC, signaling might have to be transported on DCH which will reduce the Voice over HSPA capacity.
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Improved always-on experience by allowing user to stay longer in connected mode without compromising battery life (CPC).
More responsive user experience thanks to lower latency with 50% reduced transition time between inactive and connected states and 50% reduced over-the-air call setup time compared with HSPA R6 (enhanced Cell_FACH/PCH).
Up to 50% extended talk time through voice over HSPA (VoIP or CS voice over HSPA) compared to WCDMA.
CPC improves the always-on experience by allowing packet data users to stay in the connected mode longer without significantly compromising the battery life. A user has to move to the inactive state after some inactivity time, but CPC enables the user to stay in connected mode longer and potentially already be in connected mode when the user becomes active again. In addition, the enhanced Cell_FACH allows for 50% reduced transition time between active and inactive states. Together, these features provide an enhanced user experience with a better always-on experience and more responsive services. The enhanced Cell_FACH/PCH is achieved by moving the transmission of the paging channel (PCH) and the intermediate Cell_FACH state to the high-capacity HSPA channel. This allows for higher performance and thus reduced latency. The enhancements also reduce the over-the-air call set-up time by 50%3
The transition time from inactive mode (Cell-PCH) to active mode (Cell_FACH/DCH).
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Multicarrier thus allows subscribers to enjoy an enhanced broadband experience with quicker overall network responses thanks to the higher data rates. This is especially beneficial for bursty applications like Web browsing in which the user can be served twice as fast compared to a single carrier and experience 50% reduced over-the-air latency.
Future releases beyond R8 may allow combination of MIMO and multicarrier. HSPA+ R8 also allows the combination of MIMO and 64 QAM to enable 42 Mbps in 5 MH.
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Figure 8: R8 Multicarrier doubles user data rates to all users in the cell5
Multicarrier is typically a cost-effective software upgrade to the Node B that allows for incremental introductionmulticarrier can be introduced in high demand areas or even single sites with seamless interoperability with single carrier deployments. Multicarrier leverages spectrum resources better through dynamic load balancing across carriers and improved trunking efficiency, creating a better network performance as data services increase. Multicarrier mainly enhances the broadband experience, but can also provide significant capacity improvement for bursty applications over partially loaded carriers. As shown in Figure 9, multicarrier can support significantly more bursty applications users, like Web browsing, compared to two single carriers for the same user experience (latency) in partially loaded networks. Networks are not typically fully loaded all the time and multicarrier could double the bursty application capacity compared to two single carriers. A multicarrier deployment approaching a fully loaded network scenario will resemble the full buffer scenario and provide limited capacity gain even for bursty applications.
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Each scenario is based on the same total number of users per carrier. Shows peak data rata (scaled down a factor 2x) and the burst data rate for the median users and the 10% worst (cell edge) users.
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The bursty nature means that a multicarrier can support more users at the same response time for partially loaded carriers. The gain depends on the load and can exceed 100% for fewer users (less loaded carrier) but less for many users (starting to resemble full buffer).
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By deploying HSPA+, wireless operators will benefit tremendously from the vast 3GPP device and vendor ecosystem that provides economies-of-scale benefits to the 3GPP community. Operators have greater flexibility in selecting vendors, and have a larger choice of devices and terminals that they can potentially offer to their customers at an affordable price. This wide vendor support and backward compatibility also enables operators to deploy HSPA+ in a timely manner and gives them a timeto-market advantage compared with other competing technologies.
Figure 11 shows the comparable capacity of HSPA+ and LTE in a 5 MHz system. Given the advantages of backward compatibility and superior system performance, HSPA+ is the optimal solution for upgrade of the existing HSPA networks and for new, re-farmed single or aggregated 5 MHz spectrum blocks.
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Figure 11: Downlink Data Capacity per Sector ( Mbps) and peak data rates
3GPP is also standardizing LTE in Release 8, an OFDMA-based system supported by a new core network called EPC. Throughout the design of LTE and EPC, emphasis is placed on ensuring interoperability with existing 3GPP technologies like WCDMA/HSPA. This will ensure that HSPA+ and LTE co-exist while LTE will leverage newer, wider or TDD spectrum to provide a capacity boost in high-demand areas. Initial deployments of LTE will be best suited for urban hot spots, whereas HSPA+ will cover the existing vast HSPA footprint. Multimode devices will be used. HSPA+ will also ensure a consistent user experience across the entire network with similar performance when using the same bandwidth and number of antennas as LTE.
Source: Qualcomm Simulation, details in 3GPP R1-070674. 500m ISD, HSPA+ results scaled up from 10 MHz, HSPA+. HSPA+: 16QAM not considered for the UL and device IC not considered for the DL. HSPA+ multicarrier and DL Interference Cancellation would further increase HSPA+.
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[11] Conclusion
HSPA+ is the natural and most economical evolution from HSPA, allowing WCDMA/HSPA operators to make the most efficient use of their existing assets and investments in network, spectrum and devices at a lower cost. HSPA+ is backward compatible, allowing for a gradual introduction of devices and a smooth, cost-efficient and simple network upgrade to existing HSPA nodes. Thanks to the doubled data capacity and more than doubled voice capacity over HSPA and WCDMA, respectively, HSPA+ enables operators to offer mobile broadband and voice services at an even lower cost. HSPA+ further enhances the enduser experience through lower latency, extended talk time through VoIP, and an improved always-on experience. Given the availability of HSPA+ R7 in early 2009, HSPA+ and its evolution remains the most optimal solution for existing WCDMA/HSPA operators. HSPA+ provides a proven technology with economies of scale in device and network procurement. HSPA+ has a strong evolution path; HSPA+ Release 8 (R8) is targeted for commercialization during 2010 and introduces the first step of the multicarrier feature which further enhances the broadband experience by doubling the user data rates to all users. HSPA+ is therefore the optimal solution for single or aggregated 5 MHz carriers and provides similar performance as LTE in the same bandwidth and when using the same number of antennas.
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[12] Appendix
Table 1presents the key HSPA+ R7 features and their benefits. In addition to the HSPA+ enhancements defined in the 3GPP standards, we anticipate that interference cancellation (IC), both in the uplink (Node B IC) and downlink (UE IC) will be introduced in a similar timeframe as HSPA+. Thus, the performance numbers discussed in this paper assume implementation of Node B IC. Error! Reference source not found.presents the key HSPA+ R8 features and their benefits.
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