548

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

2. f x  lnx  3

4. lnx2  1x  1  lnx2  1  lnx  1

y
3

Horizontal shift 3 units to

the right
Vertical asymptote: x  3

x=3

2
1

x
1

1
2
3

 x 25x
 1 
3

6. 3ln x  2 lnx2  1  2 ln 5  3 ln x  6 lnx2  1  ln 52  ln x3  lnx2  16  ln 25  ln

8. ln x  lnx  3  0

10. hx  ln

ln xx  3  0

hx 

xx  3  e0

xx  1
 ln x  lnx  1  lnx  2
x2

1
1
1
x2  4x  2



x
x  1 x  2 x3  3x2  2x

x2  3x  1  0
x

3 13
2

x

3  13
3  13
< 0.
only since
2
2

12. f x  lnxx2  223  ln x 

fx 

16.

2
lnx2  2
3

1 2 2x
7x2  6

 3
x
3 x2  2
3x  6x

y


a  bx  bx
1
 2
ax2a  bx
x a  bx

lnx
x

tan

dx 

1
dx
x

x
2x
1
1
dx 
dx  ln x2  1  C
x2  1
2 x2  1
2

1
b
a
1
b

 2
ax2 a2 xa  bx
ax
axa  bx

4

24.

20. u  ln x, du 

18. u  x2  1, du  2x dx

1
a  bx  a lna  bx
b2

1
b
 lna  bx  ln x
ax a2

y

dy
1
ab
x

b

dx b2
a  bx
a  bx

1
b
a  bx
 ln
ax a2
x

1
b
dy
1
b
1
  2  2

dx
a x
a a  bx
x

14.

22.

1
1
1
2
ln x
dx  ln x  C
2
x
4

4

4  x
dx  ln cos 4  x

 0  ln

12
 2 ln 2
1

ln x
dx 
x

ln x1

1
1
dx  ln x2
x
2

1
2

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

26. (a)

f x  5x  7

(b)

y  5x  7

10

1
6

y7
x
5
x7
y
5
x7
f 1x 
5

28. (a)

f x  x3  2

10

(c) f 1 f x  f 15x  7 

f  f 1x  f

(b)

x 5 7
 5 x 5 7
 7  x
f

3

y2x

5x  7  7
x
5

y  x3  2

3

x2y
3 x  2
f 1x  

549

3 x3  2  2  x
(c) f 1 f x  f 1x3  2  
3 x  2  
f  f 1x  f 
 3 x  2  2  x
3

30. (a)

f x  x2  5, x 0

(b)

f 1

y  x2  5

y  5  x

x  5  y

f 1

x  x  5

(c) f 1 f x  f 1x2  5  x2  5  5  x for x 0.

f  f 1x  f  x  5    x  5   5  x
2

f x  xx  3

32.

f x  ln x

34.

f 4  4

x  ex

f 1

 f 1x  ex

1
fx  x  3  xx  312
2

 f 10  e0  1

f4  1  2  3

 f 14 

36. (a)

1
1

f4 3

f x  e1x

(b)

y  e1x
ln y  1  x
x  1  ln y
y  1  ln x
f 1x  1  ln x

(c) f 1 f x  f 1 e1x   1  lne1x 

 1  1  x  x
f  f 1x  f 1  ln x  e1 1ln x  eln x  x

550

Chapter 5

38. y  4ex

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

40. gx  ln

1 e e

 ln ex  ln1  ex  x  ln1  ex

5
4

ex
1

1  ex 1  ex

gx  1 
1
x

5 4 3 2 1

1 2 3 4 5

2
3
4
5

42. hz  ez 2

1
46. f   esin 2
2

44. y  3e3t

hz  zez 2
2

y  3e3t3t2 

2x sin x2  xey

dy
 ey
dx

dy
2x sin x2  ey

dx
xey
52. Let u  e2x  e2x, du  2e2x  e2x dx.

dx 

3 1

x2ex

1 x3 1 2
1 3
e
3x  dx  ex 1  C
3
3

1
lne2x  e2x  C
2

e2x
1
1
dx 
2e2x dx
e2x  1
2 e2x  1


e1x
1
dx   e1x  2 dx  e1x  C
x2
x

54. Let u  x3  1, du  3x2 dx.

e2x  e2x
1 2e2x  2e2x
dx 
dx
2x
2x
e e
2 e2x  e2x


56.

f  cos 2 esin 2

1
1
50. Let u  , du  2 dx.
x
x

cos x2  xey

48.

9e3t
t2

58. (a), (c)

10,000

1
lne2x  1  C
2
0

5
0

V  8000e0.6t, 0 t 5

(b)

Vt  4800e0.6t
V1  2634.3 dollarsyear
V4  435.4 dollarsyear

60. Area 

2ex dx  2ex

62. gx  62x 

2
0

 2e2  2  2 

2
 1.729
e2
64. y  log4 x2

5
4
3
2
1

8
6

5 4 3 2 1
2

x
2

2
3
4
5

x
1 2 3 4 5

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

68. y  x4x

66. f x  4xex

y  4x  x  4x ln 4

fx  4xex  ln 44xex  4xex1  ln 4

x
 log5 x  log5x  1
x1

70. hx  log5

hx 

1 1
1
1
1


ln 5 x
x1
ln 5 x x  1

74. t  50 log10

72.

21t
1 1t
dt 
2
C
t2
ln 2

18,000
18,000
 h

t  50 log10

(c)

(a) Domain: 0 h < 18,000

(b)

551

10t50 

18,000
18,000
 h

18,000
18,000  h

18,000  h  18,00010t50

100

h  18,0001  10t50

80

As h 18,000, t .

60
40
20
h
4000

12,000

(d) t  50 log10 18,000  50 log1018,000  h

dt
50

dh ln 1018,000  h
50
d 2t

dh2 ln 1018,000  h2

Vertical asymptote: h  18,000

No critical numbers
As t increases, the rate of change of the
altitude is increasing.

76. 2P  Pe10r

y5

78.

2  e10r
y600  5

ln 2  10r
r

dy
 0.012y, s > 50
ds

1
0.012

 
dy

y

ds

1
ln y  s  C1
0.012
y  Ce0.012s
When s  50, y  28  Ce0.01250 C  28e0.6
y  28e0.60.012s, s > 50
e2x
dy

dx 1  e2x

 
dy 

12

t1620

6001620

 3.868 grams

ln 2
 6.93%
10

80. (a)

82.

12

e2x
1 2e2x
dx  
dx
2x
1e
2 1  e2x

1
y   ln1  e2x  C
2

(b)
Speed(s)

50

55

60

65

70

Miles per Gallon (y)

28

26.4

24.8

23.4

22.0

552

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

84. y  ey sin x  0
dy
 ey sin x
dx

ey dy 

sin x dx

ey  cos x  C1
ey 

1
cos x  C

y  ln

86.

C  C1

1
 ln cos x  C
cos x  C

dy 3x  y
(homogeneous differential equation)

dx
x
3x  y dx  x dy  0
Let y  vx, dy  x dv  v dx.
3x  vx dx  xx dv  v dx  0

3x  2vx dx  x2 dv  0
3  2v dx  x dv

1
dx 
x

ln x 

1
dv
3  2v

1
ln 3  2v  C1  ln3  2v12  ln C2
2

x  C23  2v12

x2  C3  2v  C 3  2

yx

x3  C3x  2y  3Cx  2Cy

y

88.

dv
 kv  9.8
dt
(a)

dv

kv  9.8

x3  3Cx
2C

(b) lim vt 

t

dt

9.8
k

1
9.8  kv0  9.8ekt dt
k

(c) st 

1
1
9.8t  kv0  9.8ekt  C
k
k

1
9.8t
 2kv0  9.8ekt  C
k
k

1
ln kv  9.8  t  C1
k
ln kv  9.8  kt  C2
kv  9.8 

ektC2

 C3

ekt

1
v  9.8  C3ekt
k
At t  0,

1
v0  9.8  C3 C3  kv0  9.8
k
1
v  9.8  kv0  9.8ekt
k

Note that k < 0 since the object is moving downward.

s0 

1
1
kv  9.8  C C  s0  2kv0  9.8
k2 0
k

st 

9.8t
1
1
 2kv0  9.8ekt  s0  2kv0  9.8
k
k
k

9.8t
1
 2kv0  9.8ekt  1  s0
k
k

Review Exercises for Chapter 5

90. hx  3 arcsin2x

92. (a) Let   arccot 2

cot   2

1
tanarccot 2  tan   .
2

553

(b) Let   arcsec 5

sec   5

5
2

1
.
cosarcsec 5   cos  
5

94. y  arctanx2  1
y 

96. y 

2x
2x

1  x2  12 x4  2x2  2

y 

1
arctan e2x
2

1
1
e2x
2e2x 
4x
2 1e
1  e4x

x
98. y  x2  4  2 arcsec , 2 < x < 4
2
y 

x

x  4
2

x2  4
1
4
x
x2  4




2
2
2
2
x
x 2x2  1 x  4
x x  4
x x  4

100. Let u  5x, du  5 dx.

1
1
dx 
3  25x2
5

102.

104.

3

1
5x
1
5 dx 
arctan
C
3
 5x2
53

1
1
x
dx  arctan  C
16  x2
4
4

4x
1
1
x
dx  4
dx 
4  x2122x dx  4 arcsin  4  x2  C
2
2
2
2
4  x
4  x

106. Let u  arcsin x, du 

1
dx.
1  x2

arcsin x
1
dx  arcsin x2  C
2
1  x2

108.

y = arcsin x

x
0.25

0.5

0.75

2

Since the area of region A is 1

the shaded area is

arcsin x dx 

110. y  x tanh1 2x
y  x


 1  0.571.
2

112. Let u  x3, du  3x2 dx.

1 2 4x
 tanh
2

sin y dy ,

1

2x 

2x
 tanh1 2x
1  4x2

x2sech x32 dx 

1
1
sech x323x2 dx  tanh x3  C
3
3

554

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

Problem Solving for Chapter 5

2. (a)

(b)

3
2

sin x dx  

2

sin x dx

2

2

sin x dx  0

(d)
1

1
2

1

arccos x dx  2

2   

y

4. y  0.5x and y  1.2x intersect y  x.

y

y = 0.5 x

4 , 12.
6

2

y = 2x y = x

does not intersect y  x.

y = 1.2 x
6

Suppose y  x is tangent to y  ax at x, y.

6
2

ax  x a  x1x.
y  ax ln a  1 x ln x1x  1 ln x  1 x  e, a  e1e
For 0 < a e1e 1.445, the curve y  ax intersects y  x.
6. (a) y  f x  arcsin x
sin y  x
Area A 

Area B 

126   12 0.2618

4

6

22

(b)

arcsin x dx  AreaC 

12

6



2

3

3  2

4  22   A  B


2 3  2



8
2
12


CONTINUED

4

sin y  dy  cos y

 82  121  


2  3

0.1346

1
is symmetric with respect to the
1  tan x2

point

2x

sin x  2 dx  22  4

3
2

(c)

0.1589

1
 1

dx 

1  tan x2
2 2
4



Problem Solving for Chapter 5

555

6. CONTINUED

ln 3

(c) Area A 

ey dy

y = ln x

ln 3

 ey

ln 3

312

ey = x

A
B

Area B 

ln x dx  3ln 3  A  3 ln 3  2  ln 27  2 1.2958

x
1

(d)

tan y  x
Area A 

3

tan y dy

4
3


4

 ln cos y

y = arctan x

2
1
1
 ln  ln
 ln2  ln 2
2
2
2

3

Area C 

arctan x dx 

3 3  21 ln 2  4 1

x
1


43  3  21 ln 2 0.6818
12
10. Let u  tan x, du  sec2 x dx

y  ex

8.

y 

ex

yb

ea

Area 

x  a

4

1
dx 
sin x  4 cos2 x
2

y  eax  aea  b Tangent line

bx  ab  b b  ea

sec2 x
dx
tan2 x  4

du
u2  4

 12 arctanu2

1
0

xa1
ca1

Thus, a  c  a  a  1  1.
dy
1
 y1  y, y0 
dt
4

1
1

dy 
y
1y

eax  aea  b



4

If y  0,

12. (a)






1
1
arctan
2
2

(b)

dt

ln y  ln 1  y  t  C

y
ln
tC
1y
y
 etC  C1et
1y
y  C1et  yC1et
y
y0 

C1et
1

1  C1et 1  C2et

1
1
C2  3

4 1  C2

Hence, y 

1
.
1  3et

CONTINUED

x
2

dy
 y1  y  y  y2
dt
d2y
1
 y  y  2yy y  0 for y 
dt 2
2
d2y
1
1
d2y
> 0 if 0 < y < and 2 < 0 if < y < 1.
2
dt
2
2
dt
1
Thus, the rate of growth is maximum at y  , the
2
point of inflection.

556

Chapter 5

Logarithmic, Exponential, and Other Transcendental Functions

12. CONTINUED
(c) y  y1  y, y0  2
1
1  C2et

As before, y 
y0  2 
Thus, y 

1
1
C2  
1  C2
2

1
2

.
1 t 2  et
1 e
2

The graph is different:

y
6
4
2
6

x
2

14. (a) u  985.93  985.93 

v  985.93 

0.095
120,0000.095
1
12
12



0.095
120,0000.095
1
12
12



12t

(d) t  12.7 years

Again, the larger part goes for interest.

(c) The slopes are negatives of each other. Analytically,

u15  v15  14.06.

12t

(b) The larger part goes for interest. The curves intersect when t 27.7 years.

du
dv
u  985.93  v dt   dt

1000

35
0