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Chapter 4
Calculations and the Chemical Equation

Denniston Topping Caret

5th Edition

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Atoms are exceedingly small
Unit of measurement for mass of an atom is atomic mass unit (amu) unit of measure for the mass of atoms
carbon-12 assigned the mass of exactly 12 amu 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 g

Periodic table gives atomic weights in amu

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Mass of Atoms
What is the atomic weight of one atom of fluorine? Answer: 19.00 amu What would be the mass of this one atom in grams?
19.00 amu F 1.661 10 -24 g 3.156 10 23 g F F atom 1 amu F F atom

Chemists usually work with much larger quantities

It is more convenient to work with grams than amu when using larger quantities

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

The Mole and Avogadros Number

A practical unit for defining a collection of atoms is the mole 1 mole of atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms This is called Avogadros number
This has provided the basis for the concept of the mole

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

The Mole
To make this connection we must define the mole as a counting unit
The mole is abbreviated mol

A mole is simply a unit that defines an amount of something

Dozen defines 12 Gross defines 144

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Atomic Mass
The atomic mass of one atom of an element corresponds to:
The average mass of a single atom in amu
The mass of a mole of atoms in grams 1 atom of F is 19.00 amu 19.00 amu/atom F 1 mole of F is 19.00 g 19.00 g/mole F

19 .00 amu F 1.66 10 24 g F 6.022 10 23 atom F 1 atom F 1 amu F 1 mol F

=19.00 g F/mol F or 19.00 g/mol F

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Molar Mass
Molar mass - The mass in grams of 1 mole of
atoms

What is the molar mass of carbon?

12.01 g/mol C

This means counting out a mole of Carbon atoms (i.e., 6.022 x 1023) they would have a mass of 12.01 g One mole of any element contains the same number of atoms, 6.022 x 1023, Avogadros number

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Calculating Atoms, Moles, and Mass

We use the following conversion factors:

Density converts grams milliliters

Atomic mass unit converts amu grams Avogadros number converts moles number of atoms Molar mass converts grams moles

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Strategy for Calculations

Map out a pattern for the required conversion Given a number of grams and asked for number of atoms Two conversions are required
Convert grams to moles
1 mol S/32.06 g S OR 32.06 g S/1 mol S

Convert moles to atoms

mol S x (6.022 x 1023 atoms S) / 1 mol S

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Practice Calculations
1. Calculate the number of atoms in 1.7 moles of boron. 2. Find the mass in grams of 2.5 mol Na (sodium).

3. Calculate the number of atoms in 5.0 g aluminum.

4. Calculate the mass of 5,000,000 atoms of Au (gold)

4.1 The Mole Concept and Atoms

Interconversion Between Moles, Particles, and Grams

4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula Weight, and Molar Mass

Chemical formula - a combination of symbols of the various elements that make up the compound Formula unit - the smallest collection of atoms that provide two important pieces of information
The identity of the atoms The relative number of each type of atom

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

Chemical Formula
Consider the following formulas:

H2 2 atoms of hydrogen are chemically bonded forming diatomic hydrogen, subscript 2

H2O 2 atoms of hydrogen and 1 atom of oxygen, lack of subscript means one atom NaCl 1 atom each of sodium and chlorine Ca(OH)2 1 atom of calcium and 2 atoms each of oxygen and hydrogen, subscript outside parentheses applies to all atoms inside

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

Chemical Formula
Consider the following formulas:
(NH4)3SO4 2 ammonium ions and 1 sulfate ion
Ammonium ion contains 1 nitrogen and 4 hydrogen Sulfate ion contains 1 sulfur and 4 oxygen

Compound contains 2 N, 8 H, 1 S, and 4 O

CuSO4.5H2O
This is an example of a hydrate - compounds containing one or more water molecules as an integral part of their structure 5 units of water with 1 CuSO4

4.2 The Chemical Formula,

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

Comparison of Hydrated and Anhydrous Copper Sulfate

Hydrated copper sulfate

Anhydrous copper sulfate

Marked color difference illustrates the fact that these are different compounds

4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula Weight and Molar Mass

Formula Weight and Molar Mass

Formula weight - the sum of the atomic weights of all atoms in the compound as represented by its
correct formula expressed in amu

What is the formula weight of H2O?

16.00 amu + 2(1.008 amu) = 18.02 amu

Molar mass mass of a mole of compound in grams / mole

Numerically equal to the formula weight in amu

What is the molar mass of H2O?

18.02 g/mol H2O

4.2 The Chemical Formula, Formula Weight and Molar Mass

Formula Unit
Formula unit smallest collection of atoms from which the formula of a compound can be established When calculating the formula weight (or molar mass) of an ionic compound, the smallest unit of the crystal is used

What is the molar mass of (NH4)3PO4? 3(N amu) + 12(H amu) + P amu + 4(O amu)= 3(14.01) + 12(1.008) + 30.97 + 4(16.00)= 149.10 g/mol (NH4)3PO4

4.3 The Chemical Equation and the Information It Conveys

A Recipe For Chemical Change Chemical equation - shorthand notation of a chemical reaction
Describes all of the substances that react and all the products that form, physical states, and experimental conditions Reactants (starting materials) the substances that undergo change in the reaction Products substances produced by the reaction

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Features of a Chemical Equation

1. Identity of products and reactants must be specified using chemical symbols 2. Reactants are written to the left of the reaction arrow and products are written to the right 3. Physical states of reactants and products may be shown in parentheses 4. Symbol over the reaction arrow means that energy is necessary for the reaction to occur 5. Equation must be balanced

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Features of a Chemical Equation

2HgO( s )

2Hg( l )

O 2 (g )

Products and reactants must be specified using chemical symbols

Reactants written on the left of arrow

Products written on the right

energy is needed

Physical states are shown in parentheses

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

The Experimental Basis of a Chemical Equation

We know that a chemical equation represents a chemical change One or more substances changed into new substances Different chemical and physical properties

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Evidence of a Reaction Occurring

The following can be visual evidence of a reaction: Release of a gas
CO2 is released when acid is placed in a solution containing CO32- ions

Formation of a solid (precipitate)

A solution containing Ag+ ions mixed with a solution containing Cl- ions

Heat is produced or absorbed

Acid and base are mixed together

Color changes

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Subtle Indications of a Reaction

Heat or light is absorbed or emitted

Changes in the way the substances behave in an electrical or magnetic field before and after a reaction
Changes in electrical properties

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Writing Chemical Reactions

We will learn to identify the following patterns of chemical reactions:
combination decomposition single-replacement double-replacement

Recognizing the pattern will help you write and understand reactions

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Combination Reactions
The joining of two or more elements or compounds, producing a product of different composition

A + B AB
Examples: 2Na(s) + Cl2(g) 2NaCl(s)

MgO(s) + CO2(g) MgCO3(s)

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Types of Combination Reactions

1. Combination of a metal and a nonmetal to form a salt 2. Combination of hydrogen and chlorine molecules to produce hydrogen chloride

3. Formation of water from hydrogen and oxygen molecules

4. Reaction of magnesium oxide and carbon dioxide to produce magnesium carbonate

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Decomposition Reactions
Produce two or more products from a single reactant Reverse of a combination reaction

AB A + B
Examples: 2HgO(s) 2Hg(l) + O2(g) CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Types of Decomposition Reactions

1. Heating calcium carbonate to produce calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
2. Removal of water from a hydrated material

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Replacement Reactions
1. Single-replacement
One atom replaces another in the compound producing a new compound

A + BC B + AC
Examples: 2Na(s) + 2H2O(l) 2NaOH(aq) + H2(g)

Cu(s)+2AgNO3(aq) 2Ag(s)+Cu(NO3)2(aq)

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Types of Replacement Reactions

1. Replacement of copper by zinc in copper sulfate

2. Replacement of aluminum by sodium in aluminum nitrate

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Replacement Reactions
2. Double-replacement
Two compounds undergo a change of partners Two compounds react by exchanging atoms to produce two new compounds
AB + CD AD + CB

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Types of Double-Replacement
Reaction of an acid with a base to produce water and salt HCl(aq)+NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq)+H2O(l) Formation of solid lead chloride from lead nitrate and sodium chloride Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq)

PbCl2(s) + 2NaNO3(aq)
AB + CD AD + CB

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Types of Chemical Reactions

Precipitation Reactions Chemical change in a solution that results in one or more insoluble products To predict if a precipitation reaction can occur it is helpful to know the solubilities of ionic compounds

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Solubilities of Some Common Ionic Compounds

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Predicting Whether Precipitation Will Occur

Recombine the ionic compounds to have them exchange partners Examine the new compounds formed and determine if any are insoluble according to the rules in Table 4.1 Any insoluble salt will be the precipitate
Pb(NO3)2(aq) + NaCl(aq)
s) + NaNO3 ( aq PbCl2 ( (?) ?) )

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Predict Whether These Reactions Form Precipitates

Potassium chloride and silver nitrate
Potassium acetate and silver nitrate

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Reactions with Oxygen

Reactions with oxygen generally release energy Combustion of natural gas
Organic compounds CO2 and H2O are usually the products

CH4+2O2CO2+2H2O

Rusting or corrosion of iron

4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Acid-Base Reactions
These reactions involve the transfer of a hydrogen ion (H+) from one reactant (acid) to another (base) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)

The H+ on HCl was transferred to the oxygen in OH-, giving H2O

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Oxidation-Reduction Reactions
Reaction involves the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another Zn(s) + Cu2+(aq) Cu(s) + Zn2+(aq)
Two electrons are transferred from Zn to Cu2+

and the Information It Conveys

4.3 The Chemical Equation

Writing Chemical Reactions

Consider the following reaction:
hydrogen reacts with oxygen to produce water

Write the above reaction as a chemical equation H2 + O2 H2O Dont forget the diatomic elements

4.3 The Chemical Equation

and the Information It Conveys

Law of Conservation of Mass

Law of conservation of mass - matter cannot be either gained or lost in the process of a chemical reaction
The total mass of the products must equal the total mass of the reactants

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

A Visual Example of the Law of Conservation of Mass

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

A chemical equation shows the molar quantity of reactants needed to produce a particular molar quantity of products The relative number of moles of each product and reactant is indicated by placing a whole-number coefficient before the formula of each substance in the chemical equation

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

Balancing
Coefficient - how many of that substance are in the reaction

2HgO( s)

The equation must be balanced

Number of Hg on left?
on right on right 2

2Hg( l ) O 2 ( g )

All the atoms of every reactant must also appear in the products

2 2

Number of O on left?
2

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

Examine the Equation

H2 + O2 H2O

Is the law of conservation of mass obeyed as written? NO

Balancing chemical equations uses coefficients to ensure that the law of conservation of mass is obeyed You may never change subscripts! WRONG: H2 + O2 H2O2

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

Steps in Equation Balancing

H2 + O2 H2O

The steps to balancing: Step 1. Count the number of moles of atoms of each element on both product and reactant sides
Reactants
2 mol H 2 mol O

Products
2 mol H 1 mol O

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

Steps in Equation Balancing

H 2 + O 2 H 2O Step 2. Determine which elements are not balanced do not have same number on both sides of the equation
Oxygen is not balanced

Step 3. Balance one element at a time by changing the coefficients H2 + O2 2H2O

This balances oxygen, but is hydrogen still balanced?

Steps in Equation Balancing 4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

H 2 + O2 2 H 2 O How will we balance hydrogen? 2H2 + O2 2H2O Step 4. Check! Make sure the law of conservation of mass is obeyed

Reactants
4 mol H 2 mol O

Products
4 mol H 2 mol O

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

Balancing an Equation

4.4 Balancing Chemical Equations

Practice Equation Balancing

Balance the following equations:

1. C2H2 + O2 CO2 + H2O

2. AgNO3 + FeCl3 Fe(NO3)3 + AgCl 3. C2H6 + O2 CO2 + H2O

4. N2 + H2 NH3

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Calculation quantities of reactants and products in a chemical reaction has many applications Need a balanced chemical equation for the reaction of interest The coefficients represent the number of moles of each substance in the equation

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

General Principles
1. Chemical formulas of all reactants and products must be known 2. Equation must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass
Calculations of an unbalanced equation are meaningless

3. Calculations are performed in terms of moles

Coefficients in the balanced equation represent the relative number of moles of products and reactants

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Using the Chemical Equation

Examine the reaction:

2H2 + O2 2H2O
Coefficients tell us? 2 mol H2 reacts with 1 mol O2 to produce 2 mol H2O What if 4 moles of H2 reacts with 2 moles of O2? It yields 4 moles of H2O

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Using the Chemical Equation

2H2 + O2 2H2O

The coefficients of the balanced equation are used to convert between moles of substances How many moles of O2 are needed to react with 4.26 moles of H2? Use the factor-label method to perform this calculation

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Use of Conversion Factors

2H2 + O2 2H2O

__mol O2 1 4.26 mol H 2 2.13 mol O2 __ 2 mol H 2

Digits in the conversion factor come from the balanced equation

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Conversion Between Moles and Grams

Requires only the formula weight Convert 1.00 mol O2 to grams
of grams of Plan the path moles Oxygen Oxygen Find the molar mass of oxygen 32.0 g O2 = 1 mol O2 Set up the equation Cancel units 1.00 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2

Solve equation 1.00 x 32.0 g O2 = 32.0 g O2

1 mol O2

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Conversion of Mole Reactants to Mole Products

Use a balanced equation C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(g)

1 mol C3H8 results in:

5 mol O2 consumed
3 mol CO2 formed 4 mol H2O formed

1 mol C3H8 /5 mol O2

1 mol C3H8 /3 mol CO2 1 mol C3H8 /4 mol H2O

This can be rewritten as conversion factors

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Calculating Reacting Quantities

Calculate grams O2 reacting with 1.00 mol C3H8

Use 2 conversion factors

Moles C3H8 to moles O2 Moles of O2 to grams O2

moles C 3 H8 moles Oxygen

grams Oxygen

Set up the equation and cancel units

1.00 mol C3H8 x 5 mol O2 x 32.0 g O2 = 1 mol C3H8 1 mol O2
1.00 x 5 x 32.0 g O2 = 1.60 x 102 g O2

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Calculating Grams of Product from Moles of Reactant

Calculate grams CO2 from combustion of 1.00 mol C3H8 Use 2 conversion factors

Moles C3H8 to moles CO2 Moles of CO2 to grams CO2

moles C 3 H8 moles CO2

grams CO2

Set up the equation and cancel units

1.00 mol C3H8 x 3 mol CO2 x 44.0 g CO2 = 1 mol C3H8 1 mol CO2 1.00 x 3 x 44.0 g CO2 = 1.32 x 102 g CO2

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Relating Masses of Reactants and Products

Calculate grams C3H8 required to produce 36.0 grams of H2O
Use 3 conversion factors
Grams H2O to moles H2O Moles H2O to moles C3H8 Moles of C3H8 to grams C3H8
grams H2 O
moles H2 O moles C 3 H8

grams C 3 H8

Set up the equation and cancel units

36.0 g H2O x 1 mol H2O x 1 mol C3H8 x 44.0 g C3H8 18.0 g H2O 4 mol H2O 1 mol C3H8 36.0 x [1/18.0] x [1/4] x 44.0 g C3H8 = 22.0 g C3H8

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Calculating a Quantity of Reactant

Ca(OH)2 neutralizes HCl Calculate grams HCl neutralized by 0.500 mol Ca(OH)2
Write chemical equation and balance Ca(OH)2(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(s) + 2H2O(l)

Plan the path Set up the equation and cancel units

0.500 mol Ca(OH)2 x 2 mol HCl x 36.5 g HCl 1 mol Ca(OH)2 1 mol HCl Solve equation 0.500 x [2/1] x 36.5 g HCl = 36.5 g HCl
moles Ca(OH)2 moles HCl grams HCl

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

General Problem-solving Strategy

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Sample Calculation
Na + Cl2 NaCl

1. Balance the equation 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl

2. Calculate the moles Cl2 reacting with 5.00 mol Na

3. Calculate the grams NaCl produced when 5.00 mol Na reacts with an excess of Cl2 4. Calculate the grams Na reacting with 5.00 g Cl2

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Theoretical and Percent Yield

Theoretical yield - the maximum amount of product that can be produced

Pencil and paper yield

Actual yield - the amount produced when the reaction is performed

Laboratory yield
actual yield % yield 100 % theoretical yield

Percent yield:

= 125 g CO2 actual x 100% = 97.4% 132 g CO2 theoretical

4.5 Calculations Using the Chemical Equation

Sample Calculation
If the theoretical yield of iron was 30.0 g and actual yield was 25.0 g, calculate the percent yield: 2 Al(s) + Fe2O3(s) Al2O3(aq) + 2Fe(aq)

[25.0 g / 30.0 g] x 100% = 83.3%

Calculate the % yield if 26.8 grams iron was collected in the same reaction