LI NI U

K thut in l ngnh k thut ng dng cc hin tng in t bin i nng lng, o lng, iu khin, x l tn hiu. Nng lng in ngy nay tr nn rt cn thit v ng vai tr v cng quan trng trong i sng v sn xut ca con ngi. Bi ging in t mn K thut in c bin son dnh cho sinh vin cc ngnh k thut khng chuyn v in thuc trng i hc Thy Sn Nha Trang Ni dung bi ging gm ba phn chnh: Phn I: Mch in v o lng in Gm 5 chng cung cp cc kin thc c bn v mch in ( thng s, m hnh, cc nh lut c bn), cc phng php tnh ton mch in mt pha v ba pha ch xc lp, ng thi gii thiu cc c cu o lng in v cc i lng khng in Phn II: My in Trnh by nguyn l, cu to, cc tnh nng k thut v cc ng dng ca cc loi my in c bn thng gp Phn III: Th nghim K thut in Gm 5 bi th nghim gip sinh vin cng c phn l thuyt hc v s dng thnh tho cc thit b in v dng c o trong thc t. Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n Ban ch nhim khoa Khai Thc Hng Hi, B mn in in t hng hi, v Trung tm Cng ngh phn mm thuc Trng i Hc Thy Sn Nha Trang quan tm v to mi iu kin cho tc gi hon thnh bi ging ny. KS. NGUYN TUN HNG

PHN I. MCH IN V O LNG

CHNG I. NHNG KHI NIM C BN V MCH IN
1.1. MCH IN, KT CU HNH HC CA MCH IN
1.1.1. Mch in
Mch in l tp hp cc thit b in ni vi nhau bng cc dy dn (phn t dn) to thnh nhng vng kn trong dng in c th chy qua. Mch in thng gm cc loi phn t sau: ngun in, ph ti (ti), dy dn.
Dy dn

mf
1

a 2

c
3

Hnh 1.1.a a. Ngun in: Ngun in l thit b pht ra in nng. V nguyn l, ngun in l thit b bin i cc dng nng lng nh c nng, ha nng, nhit nng thnh in nng.

Hnh 1.1.b b. Ti: Ti l cc thit b tiu th in nng v bin i in nng thnh cc dng nng lng khc nh c nng, nhit nng, quang nng vv. (hnh 1.1.c)

Hnh 1.1.c c. Dy dn: Dy dn lm bng kim loi (ng, nhm ) dng truyn ti in nng t ngun n ti.

1.1.2. Kt cu hnh hc ca mch in

a. Nhnh: Nhnh l mt on mch gm cc phn t ghp ni tip nhau, trong c cng mt dng in chy t u ny n u kia. b. Nt: Nt l im gp nhau ca t ba nhnh tr ln. c. Vng: Vng l li i khp kn qua cc nhnh. d. Mt li : vng m bn trong khng c vng no khc

1.2. CC I LNG C TRNG QU TRNH NNG LNG TRONG MCH IN

c trng cho qu trnh nng lng cho mt nhnh hoc mt phn t ca mch in ta dng hai i lng: dng in i v in p u. Cng sut ca nhnh: p = u.i

1.2.1. Dng in
Dng in i v tr s bng tc bin thin ca lng in tch q qua tit din ngang mt vt dn: i = dq/dt i

A UAB Hnh 1.2.a

Chiu dng in quy c l chiu chuyn ng ca in tch dng trong in trng. 1.2.2. in p Hiu in th (hiu th) gia hai im gi l in p. in p gia hai im A v B: uAB = uA - uB Chiu in p quy c l chiu t im c in th cao n im c in th thp.
3

1.2.3. Chiu dng dng in v in p

i

Ung
-

U
t

Hnh 1.2.b Khi gii mch in, ta ty v chiu dng in v in p trong cc nhnh gi l chiu dng. Kt qu tnh ton nu c tr s dng, chiu dng in (in p) trong nhnh y trng vi chiu v, ngc li, nu dng in (in p) c tr s m, chiu ca chng ngc vi chiu v.

1.2.4. Cng sut

Trong mch in, mt nhnh, mt phn t c th nhn nng lng hoc pht nng lng. p = u.i > 0 nhnh nhn nng lng p = u.i < 0 nhnh pht nnglng n v o ca cng sut l W (Ot) hoc KW

1.3. M HNH MCH IN, CC THNG S

Mch in thc bao gm nhiu thit b in c thc. Khi nghin cu tnh ton trn mch in thc, ta phi thay th mch in thc bng m hnh mch in. M hnh mch in gm cc thng s sau: ngun in p u (t) hoc e(t), ngun dng in J (t), in tr R, in cm L, in dung C, h cm M.

1.3.1. Ngun in p v ngun dng in

a. Ngun in p Ngun in p c trng cho kh nng to nn v duy tr mt in p trn hai cc ca ngun. u( t) u( t)

e( t) Hnh 1.3.1.a Hnh 1.3.1.b Ngun in p cn c biu din bng mt sc in ng e(t) (hnh1.3.1.b). Chiu e (t) t im in th thp n im in th cao. Chiu in p theo quy c t im c in th cao n im in th thp: u(t) = - e(t)
4

b. Ngun dng in Ngun dng in J (t) c trng cho kh nng ca ngun in to nn v duy tr mt dng in cung cp cho mch ngoi ( hnh 1.3.1.c) J( t)

Hnh 1.3.1.c

1.3.2. in tr R
in tr R c trng cho qu trnh tiu th in nng v bin i in nng sang dng nng lng khc nh nhit nng, quang nng, c nng vv. Quan h gia dng in v in p trn in tr : uR =R.i (hnh1.3.2.) n v ca in tr l (m) Cng sut in tr tiu th: p = Ri2 i R

uR Hnh 1.3.2 in dn G: G = 1/R. n v in dn l Simen (S) in nng tiu th trn in tr trong khong thi gian t :

Khi i = const ta c A = R i2.t

1.3.3. in cm L
Khi c dng in i chy trong cun dy W vng s sinh ra t thng mc vng vi cun dy = W (hnh 1.3.3) in cm ca cuc dy: L = /i = W./i n v in cm l Henry (H). Nu dng in i bin thin th t thng cng bin thin v theo nh lut cm ng in t trong cun dy xut hin sc in ng t cm: eL = - d /dt = - L di/dt Quan h gia dng in v in p: uL = - eL = L di/dt

Hnh 1.3.3 Cng sut tc thi trn cun dy: pL= uL .i = Li di/dt Nng lng t trng ca cun dy:

in cm L c trng cho qu trnh trao i v tch ly nng lng t trng ca cun dy.

1.3.4. in dung C
Khi t in p uc hai u t in (hnh 1.3.4), s c in tch q tch ly trn bn t in.: q = C .uc Nu in p uC bin thin s c dng in dch chuyn qua t in: i= dq/dt = C .duc /dt Ta c: C i

uC Hnh 1.3.4 Cng sut tc thi ca t in: pc = uc .i =C .uc .duc /dt Nng lng in trng ca t in:

in dung C c trng cho hin tng tch ly nng lng in trng ( phng tch in nng) trong t in. n v ca in dung l F (Fara) hoc F

1.3.5. M hnh mch in

M hnh mch in cn c gi l s thay th mch in , trong kt cu hnh hc v qu trnh nng lng ging nh mch in thc, song cc phn t ca mch in thc c m hnh bng cc thng s R, L, C, M, u, e,j. M hnh mch in c s dng rt thun li trong vic nghin cu v tnh ton mch in v thit b in.

1.4. PHN LOI V CC CH LM VIC CA MCH IN

1.4.1. Phn loi theo loi dng in
a. Mch in mt chiu: Dngin mt chiu l dng in c chiu khng i theo thi gian. Mch in c dng in mt chiu chy qua gi l mch in mt chiu. Dng in c tr s v chiu khng thay i theo thi gian gi l dng in khng i (hnh 1.4.a) b. Mch in xoay chiu: Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c chiu bin i theo thi gian. Dng in xoay chiu c s dng nhiu nht l dng in hnh sin (hnh 1.4.b). i i

I O

Hnh 1.4.a

Hnh 1.4.b

1.4.2. Phn loi theo tnh cht cc thng s R, L, C ca mch in

a. Mch in tuyn tnh: Tt c cc phn t ca mch in l phn t tuyn tnh, ngha l cc thng s R, L, C l hng s, khng ph thuc vo dng in i v in p u trn chng. b. Mch in phi tnh: Mch in c cha phn t phi tuyn gi l mch in phi tuyn. Thng s R, L, C ca phn t phi tuyn thay i ph thuc vo dng in i v in p u trn chng.

1.4.3. Ph thuc vo qu trnh nng lng trong mch ngi ta phn ra ch xc lp v ch qu

a. Ch xc lp: Ch xc lp l qu trnh, trong di tc ng ca cc ngun, dng in v in p trn cc nhnh t trng thi n nh. ch xc lp, dng in, in p trn cc nhnh bin thin theo mt quy lut ging vi quy lut bin thin ca ngun in b. Ch qu : Ch qu l qu trnh chuyn tip t ch xc lp ny sang ch xc lp khc. ch qu , dng in v in p bin thin theo cc quy lut khc vi quy lut bin thin ch xc lp.

1.4.4. Phn loi theo bi ton v mch in

C hai loi bi ton v mch in: phn tch mch v tng hp mch. Ni dung bi ton phn tch mch l cho bit cc thng s v kt cu mch in, cn tnh dng, p v cng sut cc nhnh. Tng hp mch l bi ton ngc li, cn phi thnh lp mt mch in vi cc thng s v kt cu thch hp, t cc yu cu nh trc v dng, p v nng lng.

1.5. HAI NH LUT KICHP

nh lut Kichp 1 v 2 l hai nh c bn nghin cu v tnh ton mch in.

1.5.1. nh lut KICHP 1

Tng i s cc dng in ti mt nt bng khng: i=0 trong thng quy c cc dng in c chiu i ti nt mang du dng, v cc dng in c chiu ri khi nt th mang du m hoc ngc li. V d : Ti nt A hnh 1.5.1, nh lut Kichp 1 c vit: i1 + i2 i3 i4 = 0 i4 i3 i1 i2

Hnh 1.5.1

1.5.2. nh lut KICHP 2

i theo mt vng khp kn, theo mt chiu dng ty , tng i s cc in p ri trn cc phn t R ,L, C bng tng i s cc sc in ng c trong vng; trong nhng sc in ng v dng in c chiu trng vi chiu dng ca vng s mang du dng, ngc li mang du m. V d: i vi vng kn trong hnh 1.5.2, nh lut Kichp 2: R1 i4 e4 R i2 R3 i3 e3 i1 e2 R2

Hnh 1.5.2 R1 i1 + R2 i2 R3 i3 +R4i4 = e2 e3 + e4

CHNG II. DNG IN HNH SIN

2.1. CC I LNG C TRNG CHO DNG IN HNH SIN
Biu thc ca dng in, in p hnh sin: i = Imax sin (t + i) u = Umax sin (t + u) trong i, u : tr s tc thi ca dng in, in p. Imax, Umax : tr s cc i (bin ) ca dng in, in p. i, u : pha ban u ca dng in, in p. Gc lch pha gia cc i lng l hiu s pha u ca chng. Gc lch pha gia in p v dng in thng k hiu l : = u - i > 0 in p vt trc dng in < 0 in p chm pha so vi dng in = 0 in p trng pha vi dng in

2.2. TR S HIU DNG CA DNG IN HNH SIN

Tr s hiu dng ca dng in hnh sin l dng mt chiu I sao cho khi chy qua cng mt in tr R th s to ra cng cng sut. Dng in hnh sin chy qua in tr R, lng in nng W tiu th trong mt chu kT:

Cng sut trung bnh trong mt chu k:

Vi dng in mt chiu ta c cng sut P = I2R. Tac : Ta c: Trong thc t, gi tr c trn cc c cu o dng in I, o in p U, o cng sut P ca dng in hnh sin l tr s hiu dng ca chng. Cc gi tr U, I, P ghi nhn mc ca dng c v thit b in l tr s hiudng.

10

2.3. BIU DIN DNG IN HNH SIN BNG VCT

Cc i lng hnh sin c biu din bng vct c ln (mun) bng tr s hiu dng v gc to vi trc Ox bng pha u ca cc i lng (h Vctdng in biu din cho dng in:

v vct in p

biu din cho in p:

Tng hay hiu ca cc hm sin c biu din bng tng hay hiu cc vc t tng ng. nh lut Kichp 1 di dng vc t: nh lut Kichp 2 di dng vc t: Da vo cch biu din cc i lng v 2 nh lut Kichp bng vct, ta c th gii mch in trn th bng phng php th vct.

2.4. BIU DIN DNG IN HNH SIN BNG S PHC

Cch biu din vc t gp nhiu kh khn khi gii mch in phc tp. Khi gii mch in hnh sin ch xc lp mt cng c rt hiu qu l biu din cc i lng hnh sin bng s phc

2.4.1. K hiu ca i lng phc

S phc biu din cc i lng hnh sin k hiu bng cc ch in hoa, c du chm trn. S phc c 2 dng: a. Dng s m: b. Dng i s: A= a + jb trong j2 = -1 Bin i dng s phc dng m sang i s: Bin i s phc dng i s sang s m: a+ jb = C.ej trong: = arctg(b/a)

2.4.2. Mt s php tnh i vi s phc

a. Cng, tr:
11

(a+jb)- (c+jd) = (a-c)+j(b-d) b. Nhn, chia: (a+jb).(c+jd) = ac + jbc + jad + j2bd= (ac-bd) + j(bc+ad)

c. Nhn s phc vi j ej 90 = 1.( cos90 + j sin90) = j; ej -90 = 1[cos (-90) + j sin (-90)] = - j

2.4.3. Tng tr phc v tng dn phc

Tng tr phc k hiu l Z:

Z = R +jX M un ca tng tr phc k hiu l z: Tng dn phc:

2.4.4. nh lut m dng phc: 2.4.5. nh lut Kichp dng phc

a. nh lut Kichp 1 di dng phc: b. nh lut Kichp 2 di dng phc:

2.5. DNG IN HNH SIN TRONG NHNH THUN IN TR

Khi c dng in i = Imaxsint qua in tr R , in p trn in tr: uR = R.i =URmax sint, trong: URmax = R.Imax Ta c: UR =R.I hoc I = UR/ R Biu din vct dng in I v in p UR Dng in i = Imaxsint biu din di dng dng in phc: in p uR = Umaxsint biu din di dng in p phc:

Cng sut tc thi ca mch in: pR(t) = uRi = UR .I(1 cos2t) Ta thy pR(t) > 0 ti mi thi im, in tr R lun tiu th in nng ca ngun v bin i sang dng nng lng khc nh quang nng v nhit nng .v. Cng sut tc dng P l tr s trung bnh ca cng sut tc thi pR trong mt chu k.

12

Ta c: P = URI = RI2 n v ca cng sut tc dng l W (ot) hoc KW

2.6. DNG IN HNH SIN TRONG NHNH THUN IN CM

Khi dng in i = Imaxsint qua in cm L (hnh 2.6.a), in p trn in cm: uL(t) = L di/dt = ULmax sin(t + /2 ) trong : ULmax = XLImax UL = XLI I = UL/ XL XL = L gi l cm khng. Biu din vct dng in I v in p UL (hnh 2.6.b) UL

L i /2 I UL a)

b)

u,i,pL

PL UL i 2

/2

c) Hnh 2.6
13

Dng in i = Imaxsint biu din di dng dng in phc: in p uL = ULmax sin(t + /2 ) biu din di dng in p phc:

Cng sut tc thi ca in cm: pL(t) = uL. i = UL I sin2t Cng sut tc dng ca nhnh thun cm: biu th cng qu trnh trao i nng lng ca in cm ta a ra khi nim cng sut phn khng QL QL = ULI = XLI2 n v cng sut phn khng l Var hoc KVar

2.7. DNG IN HNH SIN TRONG NHNH THUN IN DUNG

t vo hai u t in mt in p uC : uC = UCmax sin (t - /2) th in tch q trn t in: q = C uC = C. UCmax sin (t - /2) Ta c iC = dq/dt = ICmax sint trong : ICmax = UCmax /XC IC = UC/XC XC = 1/(C) gi l dung khng th vct dng in I v in p UC Biu din in p uC = UCmax sin(t - /2) di dng in p phc: Biu din dng in iC = ICmax sint di dng phc: Ta c: Kt lun: Cng sut tc thi ca nhnh thun dung: pC = uC iC = - UC IC sin 2t Mch thun dung khng tiu tn nng lng: Cng sut phn khng ca in dung: QC = - UC .IC = - XCI2

2.8. DNG IN HNH SIN TRONG MCH R L C MC NI TIP V SONG SONG

2.8.1. Dng in hnh Sin trong nhnh R-L-C ni tip
Khi cho dng in i = Imax sint qua nhnh R L C ni tip s gy ra cc in p uR , uL, uC trn cc phn t R , L, C. Ta c : u = uR + uL+ uC hoc Biu din vct in p U bng phng php vct
14

T th vct ta c:

Trong : z gi l m un tng tr ca nhnh R L - C ni tip. X = XL - XC; X l in khng ca nhnh. in p lch pha so vi dng in mt gc : tg = X/R= (XL XC)/R Biu din nh lut m di dng phc:

Ta c: Tng tr phc ca nhnh:

2.8.2. Dng in hnh sin trong mch R-L-C song song

Cho mch in gm in tr R, in cm L, t C mc song song (hnh 2.8.2.a.) p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti nt A: i = iR + iL + iC hoc: Biu din vct I bng phong php vct (hnh 2.8.2.b) Tr s hiu dng I ca dng in mch chnh:

iC

IC iL L IL I IR b ) a)

iR A i

IC IL

u Hnh 2.8.2

15

M un tng tr z ca ton mch:

Dng in mch chnh I lch pha so vi in p U mt gc :

nh lut m di dng phc trong mch R, L,C song song p dng nh lut Kichp 1 dng phc ti nt A:

Tng tr phc ca mch:

2.9. CNG SUT CA DNG IN HNH SIN

i vi dng in xoay chiu c ba loi cng sut

2.9.1. Cng sut tc dng P

Cho mch in (hnh 2.9) gm cc thng s R, L,C c t vo in p u = Umax sin( t + ) v dng in i = Imax sint chy qua mch . Cng sut tc dng P: Cng sut tc thi p(t) = u.i = UI[ cos - cos(2t + )] Ta c: Cng sut tc dng P c th c tnh bng tng cng sut tc dng trn cc in tr ca cc nhnh ca mch in: Trong Rk, Ik l in tr, dng in trn nhnh th k. Cng sut tc dng c trng cho hin tng bin i in nng sang cc dng nng lng khc nh nhit nng, c nng.v.v..
16

2.9.2. Cng sut phn khng Q

c trng cho cng qu trnh trao i nng lng in t trng, ngi ta a ra khi nim cng sut phn khng Q. Q = UIsin Cng sut phn khng c th c tnh bng tng cng sut phn khng ca in cm v in dung ca mch in : trong : XLk, XCk, Ik n lt l cm khng, dung khng v dng in trn nhnh th k.

2.9.3. Cng sut biu kin S

Cng sut biu kin cn c gi l cng sut ton phn. P, S, Q c cng 1 th nguyn, nhng nv ca P l W, ca Q l VAR v ca S l VA.

2.10. NNG CAO H S CNG SUT COS

Ta c P = UIcos ; cos c gi l h s cng sut. Nng cao h s cos ca ti s nng cao kh nng s dng cng sut ngun in. Mt khc nu cn 1 cng sut P nht nh trn ng dy 1 pha th dng in chy trn ng dy: Khi ta nng h s cos th dng in dy Id s gim, dn n gim chi ph u t cho ng dy v tn hao in nng trn ngdy . nng cao cos ta dng t in ni song song vi ti Ta c ph ti: Z = R +jX, khi cha b (cha c nhnh t in) dng in trn ng dy I bng dng in qua ti I1, h s cng sut cos1 = R/z ca ti. Khi c b (c nhnh t in), dng in trn ng dy I:

Lc cha b ch c cng sut Q1 ca ti: Q1 = P tg1 Lc c b, cng sut phn khng ca mch : Q = Ptg Cng sut phn khng ca mch gm Q1 ca ti v Qc ca t in: Q1 + QC = Ptg QC = - P (tg1 - tg) (*) Mt khc cng sut phn khng QC ca t: Qc = -UC . IC = - U2 C (**) T (*) v (**) ta tnh c gi tr in dung C nng h s cng sut ca mch in t cos1 ln cos:

17

CHNG III. CC PHNG PHP PHN TCH MCH IN

3.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

Phn tch mch in l bi ton cho bit kt cu v thng s ca mch in ( thng s ca ngun U v E, in tr R, in cm L, in dung C, tn s f ca mch) v yu cu phi tm dng in, in p, v cng sut trn cc nhnh Hai nh lut Kichp l c s gii mch in. Khi nghin cu gii mch in hnh sin ch xc lp ta biu din dng in, in p, v cc nh lut di dng vct hoc s phc. c bit khi cn lp h phng trnh gii mch in phc tp ta nn s dng phng php biu din bng s phc.

3.2.NG DNG BIU DIN S PHC GII MCH IN

Cho mch in nh hnh v 3.2. Cho bit:

Tm dng in I, I1, I2 bng phng php biu din s phc Tm cng sut tc dng P, cng sut phn khng Q, cng sut biu kin S ca mch in. A XC I C I1 & U AB XL R I2

B Hnh 3.2

Gii mch in bng phng php s phc: Tng tr phc nhnh ZCD = R.ZL/ ( R+ ZL) = 5 ( 1+j) ();
18

Tng tr phc ZAC = - jXC = -10j (); Tng tr phc ton mch ZAB = ZAC +ZCD = 5 ( 1+j) - 10j = 5 ( 1- j) ( ); Dng in phc mch chnh: Gi tr hiu dng dng in mch chnh: I = 10 in p phc nhnh CD: Dng in phc I1: Gi tr hiu dng dng in I1 = 10 (A) Dng in phc nhnh 2: Gi tr hiu dng dng in I2 = 10 (A) Cng sut tc dng ton mch: P = I22 .R = 100. 10 = 1000(W) Cng sut phn khng ca ton mch: Q = I12 XL I2 XC = 100. 10 200. 10 = - 1000 (Var) Cng sut biu kin ca ton mch : S = UAB.I = 1000 (VA) (A)

3.3. CC PHNG PHP BIN I TNG NG

3.3.1. Mc ni tip
Cc tng tr Z1, Z2, Z3 c mc ni tip Tng tr tng ng ca mch ni tip Zt = Z1 +Z2 + Z3 Ta c: Suy ra Zt = Z1 +Z2 + Z3 Kt lun: Tng tr tng ng ca cc phn t mc ni tip bng tng cc tng tr ca cc phn t. Cng thc tng qut:

3.3.2. Mc song song

Cc tng tr Z1, Z2, Z3 c mc song song p dng nh lut kichp 1 ti nt A: Mc khc : T (1) v (2) ta c: Ta c: Yt = Y1 +Y2 +Y3
19

(1)

(2)

Kt lun: Tng dn tng ng ca cc nhnh song song bng tng cc tng dn cc phn t trn cc nhnh. Cng thc tng qut:

3.3.3. Bin i sao - tam gic (Y - ) v tam gic sao ( -Y)

a. Bin i t hnh sao sang tam gic (Y - ):

Nu Z1 =Z2 = Z3 = ZY Z12 =Z23 = Z31 =3.Zy b. Bin i t hnh tam gic sang sao ( -Y):

Nu Z12 = Z23 = Z31 = Z Z1 =Z2 = Z3 = Z/3

3.4. PHNG PHP DNG IN NHNH

a. Thut ton: Xc nh s nt n v s nhnh m ca mch in: Ty chn chiu dng in nhnh Vit n -1 phng trnh Kichp 1 cho n 1 nt Vit m n +1 phng trnh Kichp 2 cho cc vng - Gii h m phng trnh tm cc dng in nhnh b. Bi tp: Cho mch in nh hnh v 3.4 Cho bit:

Z1 =Z2 =Z3 = 1+j (); Tm cc dng in I1,I2 v I3 bng phng php dng in nhnh.

20

& E 1

Z1

& I1

a & E 2
A

Z2

& I2
B

b & E 3 & I3

Z3

Hnh 3.4 Gii mch n bng phng php dng in nhnh Mch in c 2 nt (n = 2) v 3 nhnh (m =3) Chn chiu dng in nhnh I1,I2 , I3 v chiu dng cho vng a, b ( hnh 3.4) Vit phng trnh Kichp 1 cho nt B: Vit 2 phng trnh Kichp 2 cho hai vng : Vng a: Vng b: Th s vo 3 phng trnh (1) (2) v (3) ta gii h phng trnh c kt qu:

Suy ra gi tr hiu dng : c. Kt lun

21

Nhc im ca phng php dng in nhnh l gii h nhiu phng trnh vi nhiu n s.

3.5. PHNG PHP DNG IN VNG

a. Thut ton Ty chn chiu dng in nhnh v dng in vng Lp m- n +1 phng trnh Kichp 2 cho m - n +1 vng c lp Gii h m- n + 1 phng trnh tm cc dng in vng T cc dng in vng suy ra cc dng in nhnh ( Dng in nhnh bng tng i s cc dng in vng chy trn nhnh ) m l s nhnh, n l s nt ca mch in Dng in vng l dng in mch vng tng tng chy khp kn trong cc vng c lp. b. Bi tp Cho mch in nh hnh 3.4 Cho bit: Z1 =Z2 =Z3 = 1+j (); Tm cc dng in I1, I2 v I3 bng phng php dng in vng Gii mch in bng phng php dng in vng: Mch in c 2 nt (n = 2) v c 3 nhnh (m =3) Chn chiu dng in nhnh I1, I2 , I3 , chiu hai dng in vng Ia, Ib v chiu dng cho vng a, b (hnh 3.5) Vit hai phng trnh Kichp 2 cho hai vng a v b vi n s l cc dng in vng Ia, Ib Vng a: Vng b: Th s vo ta gii h 2 phng trnh (1)(2), tm c dng in vng:

Dng in trn cc nhnh Nhnh 1: Nhnh 2: Nhnh 3: c. Kt lun Phng php dng in vng c u im l gii h t phng trnh, t n s hn phng php dng in nhnh, thng c s dng gii bi ton mch in phc tp 3.6. PHNG PHP IN P HAI NT a. Thut ton
22

- Ty chn chiu dng in nhnh v in p hai nt - Tm in p hai nt theo cng thc tng qut:

trong c quy c cc sc in ng Ek c chiu ngc chiu vi in p UAB th ly du dng v cng chiu ly du m. - Tm dng in nhnh bng cch p dng nh lut m cho cc nhnh. b. Bi tp Cho mch in nh hnh 3.6 Z1 =Z2 =Z3 = 1+j (); Tm cc dng in I1,I2 v I3 bng phng php in p 2 nt A

& I1
Z1

& I2

& I3

Z2

Z3

& AB U
& E 1

& E 2

& E 3

B Hnh 3.6

Chng minh cng thc tng qut : p dng nh lut m cho cc nhnh Nhnh 1:

23

Nhnh 2: Nhnh 3: p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti nt A: T cc phng trnh trn ta c:

Suy ra: Cng thc tng qut nu mch c n nhnh v ch c hai nt A,B : trong c quy c cc sc in ng Ek c chiu ngc chiu vi in p UAB th ly du dng v cng chiu ly du m. Gii bi ton trn bng phng php in p hai nt: in p UAB: Thay s vo ta c: p dng nh lut m cho cc nhnh ca mch in :

Nhnh 1 : Nhnh 2: Nhnh 3:

Kt lun: Phng php in p hai nt thch hp gii cho mch in c nhiu nhnh nhng ch c hai nt.

3.7. PHNG PHP XP CHNG

Phng php ny da trn nguyn l xp chng sau: Trong mt mch tuyn tnh cha nhiu ngun, dng (hoc p) trong mt nhnh no l tng i s ( xp chng) ca nhiu dng ( hoc p) sinh ra do tng ngun c lp lm vic mt mnh, cc ngun cn li ngh.

24

a. Thut ton: Ch cho ngun 1 lm vic, cc ngun 2,3,...n ngh. Gii mch th nht ny tm thnh phn I1 ca dng I cn tm Tip tc vi cc ngn 2,3, ..n., ta tm c cc thnh phn I2,I3, ...In ca I. c n ngun cng lm vic, dng I cn tm l: I = I1 +I2 +I3 +I4 +........+ In.

Khi

25

CHNG 4. MCH IN BA PHA

4.1. KHI NIM CHUNG V MCH IN BA PHA
Vic truyn ti in nng bng mch in ba pha tit kim c dy dn hn vic truyn ti bng dng in mt pha ng thi h thng in ba pha c cng sut ln hn ng c in ba pha c cu to n gin v c tnh tt hn ng c mt pha. to ra ngun in ba pha ta dng my pht in ng b ba pha. Ta xt cu to ca my pht in ng b ba pha n gin : Phn tnh gm 6 rnh, trong cc rnh t ba dy qun AX, BY, CZ c cng s vng dy v lch nhau mt gc 2/3 trong khng gian. Dy qun AX gi l pha A, dy qun BY gi l pha B, dy qun CZ l pha C. Phn quay l nam chm vnh cu c 2 cc N S Nguyn l lm vic ca my pht in ng b ba pha: Khi quay rto quay ngc chiu kim ng h, t trng ln lt qut cc dy qun stato v cm ng vo trong dy qun stato cc sc in ng hnh sin cng bin , cng tn s v lch pha nhau mt gc 2/3. Sc in ng pha A: eA = Emax sint Sc in ng pha B: eB = Emax sin(t - 2/3) Sc in ng pha C: eC = Emax sin (t - 4/3)= Emax sin (t + 2/3) Ngun in gm ba sc in ng hnh sin cng bin , cng tn s, lch pha nhau 2/3 gi l ngun ba pha i xng i vi ngun i xng ta c: eA+eB+eC=0 hoc Nu tng tr phc ca cc pha ti bng nhau ZA = ZB =ZC th ta c ti i xng. Mch in ba pha gm ngun, ti v ng dy i xng gi l mch in ba pha i xng. Nu khng tho mn mt trong cc iu kin nu gi l mch ba pha khng i xng.

4.2. MCH IN BA PHA PH TI NI SAO

4.2.1. Cch ni
Mun ni hnh sao ta ni ba im cui pha vi nhau to thnh im trung tnh

4.2.2. Cc quan h gia i lng dy v pha trong cch ni hnh sao i xng
a. Quan h gia dng in dy v pha Id = Ip b. Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha

26

Ta c:

V ln: Up UAB = UBC = UCA = Ud = V pha, in p dy UAB , UBC , UCA lch pha nhau mt gc 1200 v vt trc in p pha tng ng mt gc 300 .

4.3. MCH IN BA PHA PH TI NI HNH TAM GIC

4.3.1. Cch ni
Mun ni hnh tam gic ta ly u pha ny ni vi cui pha kia. A ni vi Z, B ni vi X, C ni vi Y

4.3.2. Cc quan h gia i lng dy v i lng pha trong cch ni hnh tam gic i xng
a. Quan h gia in p dy v in p pha Ud = Up b. Quan h gia dng in dy v pha p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti cc nt Nt A: Nt B: Nt C': T th hnh 4.3.b ta c : IA = IB= IC = Id IAB = IBC = ICA = Ip V tr s dng in dy ta c : V pha, dng in dy IA, IB, IC lch pha nhau mt gc 1200 v chm pha so vi dng in pha tng ng mt gc 300

4.4. CNG SUT MCH IN BA PHA

4.4.1. Cng sut tc dng
P3p= PA + PB+ PC = UA IA cosA + UB IB cosB + UC IC cosC Khi mch ba pha i xng: UA= UB= UC=UP ; IA= IB= IC= IP v cosA= cosB= cosC= cos Ta c: P3p = 3 Up Ip cos = 3 Rp I2p ; trong Rp l in tr pha.
27

i vi ni sao i xng: i vi ni tam gic i xng: Cng sut tc dng ba pha vit theo i lng dy, p dng cho c trng hp ni sao v ni tam gic i xng:

4.4.2. Cng sut phn khng

Q3p = QA + QB +QC = UA IA sinA + UB IB sinB + UC IC sinC Khi mch ba pha i xng : Q3p= 3 Up Ip sin = 3 Xp I2p; trong Xp l in khng pha Hoc vit theo i lng dy:

4.4.3. Cng sut biu kin

Khi mch ba pha i xng, cng sut biu kin ba pha:

4.5. CCH GII MCH IN BA PHA I XNG

i vi mch ba pha i xng bao gm ngun i xng, ti v cc dy pha i xng. Khi gii mch ba pha i xng ta ch cn tnh ton trn mt pha ri suy ra cc pha kia

4.5.1. Gii mch in ba pha ti ni hnh sao i xng

a. Khi khng xt tng tr ng dy pha in p trn mi pha ti: Tng tr pha ti: trong Rp, Xp l in tr v in khng mi pha ti . Ud l in p dy Dng in pha ca ti:

Ti ni hnh sao: Id = Ip b. Khi c xt tng tr ca ng dy pha Cch tnh ton cng tng t:

trong Rd , Xd l in tr v in khng ng dy.

28

4.5.2. Gii mch in ba pha ti ni tam gic i xng

a. Khi khng xt tng tr ng dy Ta c: Ud = Up Dng in pha ti Ip

Dng in dy: b. Khi c xt tng tr ng dy Tng tr mi pha lc ni tam gic: Z = Rp+jXp Tng tr bin i sang hnh sao

Dng in dy Id:

Dng in pha ca ti :

4.6. CCH GII MCH BA PHA KHNG I XNG

Khi ti ba pha khng i xng ( ZAZBZC ) th dng in v in p trn cc pha ti s khng i xng. Trong phn ny ta vn xem ngun ca mch ba pha l i xng.

4.6.1. Gii mch in ba pha ti ni hnh sao khng i xng

a. Ti ni hnh sao vi dy trung tnh c tng tr Zo (hnh 4.6.1.a)
& IA

A Up O Ud C B
& IC
29

Zoo

& I o'o

ZA O ZB ZC

& IB

Hnh 4.6.1.a Dng phng php in p hai nt, in p gia hai im trung tnh O v O:

trong YA= 1/ZA; YB=1/ ZB; YC=1/ ZC; Y0=1/ Z0 l tng dn phc cc pha ti v dy trung tnh . V ngun i xng:

Thay vo cng thc trn ta c: in p trn cc pha ti: Pha A: Pha B: Pha C: Dng in cc pha ti: Dng in trn dy trung tnh I0: b. Nu xt n tng tr Zd ca cc dy dn pha Phng php tnh ton vn nh trn nhng vi:

c. Khi tng tr dy trung tnh Z0 = 0 Nh c dy trung tnh in p pha trn cc ti i xng. Dng in trn cc pha ti Pha A:

Pha B:

Pha C:

30

Dng in trn dy trung tnh I0:

4.6.2. Gii mch in ba pha ti ni tam gic khng i xng

& I Ai xng ni hnh tam gic nh hnh 4.6.2 Mch ba pha ti khng A & A I AB

Ud
& IC

ZCA
& I CA

ZAB ZBC B
& I BC

C C
& IB

Hnh 4.6.2 Ngun in c in p dy l UAB, UBC, UCA Nu khng xt tng tr cc dy dn pha (Zd =0) in p t ln cc pha ti l in p dy ngun. Dng in trn cc pha ti:

p dng nh lut Kichp 1 ti cc nt Ti nt A: Ti nt B: Ti nt C: Nu trng hp c xt tng tr Zd ca cc dy dn pha ta nn bin i tng ng ti ni tam gic thnh hnh sao

31

4.7. CCH NI NGUN V TI TRONG MCH IN BA PHA

Ngun in v ti ba pha u c th ni hnh sao hoc hnh tam gic, ty theo iu kin c th nh in p quy nh ca thit b, in p ca mng in v mt s yu cu k thut khc.

4.7.1. Cch ni ngun in

Cc ngun in dng trong sinh hot thng ni thnh hnh sao c dy trung tnh. Cch ni ny c u im l cung cp hai in p khc nhau : in p pha v in p dy

4.7.2. Cch ni ng c in ba pha

Khi thit k ngi ta quy nh in p cho mi dy qun. V d ng c ba pha c in p nh mc cho mi dy qun pha l 220V (Up =220), do trn nhn hiu ca ng c ghi l /Y ~ 220/380 V . Nu ta ni ng c vo lm vic mng in c in p dy l 380 V th ng c phi ni hnh sao

Nu ng c y lm vic mng in 220/127V c in p dy l 220 V th ng c phi c ni hnh tam gic

4.7.3. Cch ni cc ti ca mt pha

in p lm vic ca ti phi bng ng in p nh mc ghi trn nhn V d bng n 220V lc lm vic mng in 380/220V th phi ni gia dy pha v dy trung tnh. Cng bng n y nu lm vic mng 220/127V th phi ni hai dy pha mng in p t vo thit b ng bng nh mc Tuy nhin lc chn thit b trong sinh hot, ta cn chn in p thit b bng in p pha.

32

CHNG 5. O LNG IN
5.1. NHNG KHI NIM CHUNG V O LNG IN
5.1.1. nh ngha
o lng l mt qu trnh nh gi nh lng i lng cn o vi n v ca i lng o

5.1.2. Phn loi cch thc hin php o

a. o trc tip Cch o m kt qu nhn c trc tip t mt php o duy nht b. o gin tip Cch o m kt qu c suy ra t s phi hp kt qu ca nhiu php o dng nhiu cch o trc tip

5.1.3. Cc loi sai s ca php o v cp chnh xc

a. Sai s tuyt i Hiu s gia gi tr o X v gi tr thc Xth : b. Sai s tng i T s gia sai s tuyt i v gi tr o c tnh bng phn trm: %= X/Xo.100 c. Sai s ca dng c o c c trng bng sai s tng i quy i % =X/Xm.100 Xm l tr s nh mc ca thang o tng ng d. Sai s phng php Sai s sinh ra do s khng hon thin ca phng php o v s khng chnh xc biu thc l thuyt cho ta kt qu ca i lng o e. Sai s thit b Sai s ca thit b o s dng trong php o, lin quan n cu trc, tnh trng ca dng c o f. Sai s ch quan Sai s gy ra do ngi s dng. V d nh mt km, do cu th, do c lch g. Sai s h thng Thnh phn sai s ca php o lun khng i hay l thay i c quy lut khi o nhiu ln mt i lng o h. Cp chnh xc ca dng c o K =Xmax/A.100 Xmax: sai s tuyt i ln nht; A khong thang o trn dng c o K< 0.5 l loi dng c o c cp chnh xc cao, thng lm dng c mu . Cc dng c o trong cng nghip thng c cp chnh xc 1 2.5 i. nhy ca dng c o S=/ X : bin thin ca ch th o X: bin thin ca i lng cn o

33

5.2. C CU BIN I IN C
a. nh ngha Dng c o tng t ( analog) l loi dng c o m ch s ca n l i lng lin tc t l vi i lng o lin tc. Trong dng c o tng t ngi ta thng dng cc ch th in c, trong tn hiu vo l dng in cn tn hiu ra l gc quay ca kim ch th. C cu ny thc hin vic bin nng lng in t thnh nng lng c hc lm quay phn ng mt gc lch so vi phn tnh. = f(X) , X : i lng in b. Nguyn l lm vic ca c cu bin i in c Khi cho dng in vo mt c cu bin i c in do tc dng ca t trng quay ln phn ng ca c cu m sinh ra mt m men quay Mq. Mq = dWt/d ( Wt l nng lng in t trng) Nu ta t vo trc ca phn ng mt l xo cn th khi phn ng quay l xo b xon li v sinh ra mt mmen cn Mc: Mc = K. ( h s K ph thuc vo kch thc v vt liu ch to l xo) Khi phn ng ca c cu nm v tr cn bng: Mq = Mc = 1/K. dWt/d y l phng trnh c tnh thang o C cu bin i kiu in c c 4 loi: 1. C cu kiu t in 2. C cu kiu in t 3. C cu kiu in ng 4. C cu kiu cm ng 5. C cu kiu tnh in

5.2.1. C cu o kiu t in
a. Cu to Nam chm vnh cu (1) c t cm cao c hai m cc t. Li thp hnh tr (2) nhm gim khe h khng kh gia hai cc nam chm lm cho t trng mnh v phn b u. Cun dy ng (3) bng dy ng tit din nh trn khung nhm khung nhm qun dy. L xo (4) dng to mmen phn khng. Trc (5) Kim ch th (6) b. Nguyn l lm vic Khi c dng in mt chiu cn o chy vo cun dy ng, t trng ca n s tc dng vi t trng ca nam chm vnh cu, to nn lc F tc dng ln hai cnh cun dy ng v gy ra mmen quay Mq: Mq =F.*D = BLWI .D = Kq .I Mi quan h gia gc lch kim ch th v dng in cn o:
34

 = S.I trong S l nhy ca c cu o c. c im v ng dng u im: C chnh xc cao v cc phn t c cu c n nh cao, t trng cc t mnh nn t b nh hng ca t trng ngoi v cng sut tiu th nh Thang o chia u nhy ln nn o c cc dng mt chiu rt nh. Nhc im: Ch o c dng mt chiu v gc lch t l bc nht vi dng in Tit din cun dy ng nh, nn kh nng qu ti km Cu to phc tp, h hng kh sa cha. ng dng: Ch to o dng in v in p mt chiu: vn k, m pe k. o cc dng, p tr s nh nh: in k, milimpek, milivolk. o in tr : m mt, mgmt Ch to ng h vn nng.

5.2.2. C cu o kiu in t
a. Cu to C cu gm 2 loi chnh: kiu cun dy phng v kiu cun dy trn Ta xt c cu kiu cun dy phng nh hnh 5.2.2 Cun dy phng phn tnh (1) Li thp (2) L st t mm (3) l phn ng, nm trong lng cun dy phn tnh B phn cn du (4)

Hnh 5.2.2 b. Nguyn l lm vic Khi cho dng in cn o I vo cun dy 1, l st t 3 s b y lm kim quay i mt gc . Trong cun dy c tch ly nng lng t trng: WM = LI2 /2 L: in cm ca cun dy Mi quan h gia gc lch ca kim ch th vi dng in cn o I: = SI2 S: nhy ca c cu o
35

c. c im v ng dng u im: - o c dng xoay chiu v mt chiu - Kh nng qu ti ln do tit din dy qun ln, o c dng v p ln - Cu to n gin Nhc im: T trng bn thn yu, b nh hng ca t trng ngoi. Do tn hao phu c v t tr, nn chnh xc khng cao, nhy thp. Thang o chia khng u. ng dng: Ch to cc ampe k v vn k mt chiu v xoay chiu

5.2.3. C cu o kiu in ng
a. Cu to - Phn tnh l cun dy (1 ) gm hai na cun dy t cnh nhau to ra khong khng gian c t trng tng i u, qun dy tit din ln. - Phn ng l cun dy (2 ) c tit din nh t trong lng cun dy tnh. Ngoi ra cn c l xo v b phn cn du b. Nguyn l lm vic Dng in cn o c a vo cun dy 1( I1) v 2 (I2) to nn 2 t trng y nhau, gy nn mmen quay. Nng lng t trng tch ly trong 2 cun dy: WM = L1I12/2 +L2I22/2 + MI1.I2 L1, L2 : in cm ca hai cun dy; M: h cm gia hai cun dy Mi quan h gia gc lch kim ch th vi 2 dng in cn o: = S. I1 I2 trong S l nhy ca c cu o Nu I1= I2 =I =S I2 c. c im v ng dng
u im: Khng c li thp nn khng c tn hao st t, nn chnh xc cao, ch to dng c o vi cp chnh xc n 0.05. o c dng mt chiu v xoay chiu. Nhc im: Cun dy (2) c tit din nh, nn kh nng qu ti km. Cu to phc tp T trng ca c cu o b nh hng bi t trng ngoi. ng dng: Ch to vn k, ampe k mt chiu v xoay chiu v ch to dng c o cng sut (ot k) l ch yu .

5.2.4. C cu o kiu cm ng
a. Cu to ( hnh v 5.2.4) Phn tnh gm cun dy (2) v cun dy (3) Cun in p (2) c s vng nhiu, tit din nh. Cun dng in (3) c tit din ln, qun t vng Phn ng gm a nhm (1) gn vi trc (4)
36

2 I

3 I

1 4
Hnh 5.2.4 b. Nguyn l lm vic Cho dng in I1 v I2 vo hai cun dy (2) v(3) sinh ra t thng 1 v 2 lch nhau gc . Mmen lm cho a nhm quay: Mq = Cf.1.2 sin Hai cun dy phn tnh ln lt o dng I v in p U cho nn: 1 U ; 2 I ; gc lch pha gia U v I ( v U nhanh pha so vi 1 gc 90 , I cng pha vi 2 ) cho nn = +900 Mq = Cf.1.2 sin KU.I.cos = KP Nh vy mmen quay t l vi cng sut P m ti tiu th . th hin s vng quay ca a nhm, ngi ta gn vo trc c cu ch th m c kh. Lng in nng tiu th A trong khong thi gian t: A = P. t= C.N (N : s vng quay ca a nhm) c. c im v ng dng - iu kin mmen quay l phi c hai t trng - Mmen quay ph thuc tn s dng in - Ch lm vic trong mch in xoay chiu ng dng: Ch to cng t o in nng

5.3. O DNG IN V O IN P
5.3.1. o dng in
o dng in bng cch mc ampe k ni tip vi ph ti c dng in cn o chy qua. in tr trong ca ampe k cng nh cng tt m rng thang o mt chiu, ngi ta dng in tr sn (shunt) Rs ni song song vi c cu o Ta c I = IS+IA K = I/IA = RA /RS + 1 K: h s m rng thang o. Thay i RS ta c cc h s m rng thang o khc nhau RA /RS = 9;99; 999 K = 10;100;1000;... Dng i qua c cu ch bng 1/10; 1/100;1/1000; .. vi dng cn o. o dng xoay chiu dng cc ampemt in t hay in ng.

37

Vi dng xoay chiu ta dng my bin dng m rng thang o. Ampemt in t m rng thang o bng cch chia cun dy tnh ra nhiu on bng nhau v tu thuc vic mc ni tip hay song song ( hnh 5.3.1.b ) Khi cn o dng xoay chiu bng dng c o t in ngi ta phi chnh lu dng xoay chiu thnh mt chiu

I1 RS RS

I2 RS

I3 RS

I4

Hnh 5.3.1.b

5.3.2. o in p
o in p ngi ta dng vn k mc song song vi mch in c in p cn o. kt qu o chnh xc th in tr vn k cng ln cng tt. m rng thang o bng cch mc thm in tr ph ni tip vi vn k Gi k= U/UV : h s m rng thang o. k = U/UV = 1+Rp/Rv Thay i Rp c th t c cc gi tr k khc nhau Khi o in p U ln m rng thang o ngi ta dng my bin p in p.

5.4. O CNG SUT

Dng c o cng sut l Ot k (ot mt), n v ca cng sut l Ot (W).

5.4.1. o cng sut trong mch in sin mt pha

Ot mt hay dng c o cng sut thng ch to theo c cu kiu in ng Nguyn l hot ng: Cun tnh 1 mc ni tip vi ph ti v gi l cun dng, c in tr rt nh nn thng qun t vng bng dy c ln. Cun 2 phn ng dng lm cun p, ni song song vi ph ti cn o . Cun dy 2 in tr rt ln nn ngi ta ni thm mt in tr ph Rp. Mmen quay tc thi ca cun dy 2 phn ng: mq=kg II IU Dng in qua cun dy tnh 1 l dng in ph ti Ipt=II, cn dng qua cun dy ng 2: II =Ipt; IU =U/(R2+Rp) IU U Mq Ppt = UI cos Nh vy Mq ca ot mt t l vi cng sut tc dng ca ph ti nn c dng o cng sut mch xoay chiu v c mt chiu.
38

5.4.2. o cng sut trong mch in ba pha

Khi mch ba pha bn dy i xng, th ch cn dng mt ot k o cng sut 1 pha ri nhn 3 : P3p= 3.P1p Nu l mch 3 pha 4 dy khng i xng th phi dng 3 otmt o ri cng kt qu li. P3p=PA+PB+PC Khi mch ba pha khng c dy trung tnh ph ti bt k, ngi ta dng 2 ot k o cng sut: P3p=P1+P2 Chng minh: Cng sut tc thi ca mch ba pha: p3p= uAiA+uBiB+uCiC (1) Ta c: iA+iB+iC=0 iC= - ( iA+iB) (2) T (1) v (2) ta c: p3p = iA (uA-uC)+iB (uB-uC) = iAuAC+iBuBC = p1+p2 Ngi ta ch to loi ot k 3 pha hai phn t, cch mc s o tng t nh cch dng 2 ot k mt pha

5.5. O IN TR
a. o gin tip o in tr ta dng Ampe k o dng in I v vnk o in p U. in tr cn o: Rx = U/I Ta c Rx +RA = U/I, in tr ampek gy sai s php o. Ta c: I = U/Rx + U/Rv Rx = 1/ (I/U 1/Rv) in tr vn k gy nn sai s php o, dng o in tr c gi tr nh b. o bng m k (hnh 5.5.2)

Rcc I E

1 Rx

2 Rbt
Hnh 5.5.2 m k dng o cc in tr c gi tr nh Cu to: Ngun pin E C cu ch th kiu t in Rcc Rbt - in tr dng iu chnh v tr khng. Rx - in tr cn o
39

Khi ni Rx cn o vo mch, dng in i qua c cu o I: I = E/( Rbt + Rx) E v Rbt khng i th I ph thuc Rx, c c I ta suy ra in tr Rx Trn thang o khc theo n v in tr tng ng vi dng in I Sau mt thi gian s dng E ca pin gim, nn trc khi o cn ngn mch 1, 2 chnh kim v v tr 0, sau mi bt u o. c. Mgmt ( lgmt t in) Dng o in tr ln nh in tr cch in Phn tnh l mt nam chm vnh cu c li thp . Phn ng gm hai khung dy 1 c in tr R1, khung dy 2 c in tr R2 Ngun cung cp c in p t 500 1000V do my pht in 1 chiu quay tay to ra in tr ph dng iu chnh Rp1 mc ni tip vi in tr R1 , Rp2 mc ni tip vi in tr R2, in tr cn o Rx mc ni tip vi in tr Rp1 Dng in qua 2 khung dy: I1 =U/(R1+Rp1 +Rx); I2 =U/(R2+Rp2); Gc quay ca mgmt t l vi t s ca hai dng: =f(I1/I2) =f[(R2+Rp2)/ (R1+Rp1 +Rx)] Do R1, Rp1 R2, Rp2 khng thay i, nn = f(Rx) d. Cu o in tr in tr cn o l Rx l mt nhnh ca cu, cc in tr R1, R2, R3 c th iu chnh c. iu chnh cc in tr R1, R2, R3 cho in k G ch khng, cu cn bng: Rx/R2 = R3/R1 Rx =R2. R3/R1

5.6. KHI NIM V O LNG CC I LNG KHNG IN

5.6.1. Nhng khi nim chung v s bin i o lng
a. Khi nim chung Cc i lng khng in nh p sut, nhit , lu lng, mc cht lng, vn tc ca vt, tc quay, c th o c mt cch chnh xc bng php o lng in. ng thi tn hiu in c truyn dn v iu khin thun li hn. S khi ca dng c o lng cc i lng khng in bao gm: 1. C cu chuyn i o lng bin i cc i lng khng in thnh cc i lng in nh in p, dng in, in tr, in cm, in dung .v.v 2. Cc khu trung gian nh khuch i, b cc i lng in 3. Cc c cu o lng u ra c thang chia theo cc i lng khng in b. Chuyn i o lng Chc nng bin cc i lng cn o khc nhau thnh cc i lng in C nhiu cch chuyn i: 1. Chuyn i in tr 2. Chuyn i in t 3. Chuyn i in dung 4. Chuyn i nhit in Mt vi b chuyn i:
40

1. Chuyn i in tr - Bin tr in tr ca bin tr : Rx= R.L/LX LX l khong di chuyn ca con chy . Bin tr dng o di chuyn thng hoc nu c loi bin tr xoay - Chuyn i in tr lc cng Cu to gm ming giy mng lm , trn dn si dy mnh bng hp kim platin. Sau dn ln chi tit cn o bin dng. S bin thin in tr chuyn i : R/R = K ./E K : nhy ca chuyn i : ng sut tc dng ln chuyn i cn o E: mun n hi 2. Chuyn i in t Chuyn i cc di chuyn thng hay gc thnh thay i in cm, h cm v xut hin sc in ng 3. Chuyn i in dung (nh hnh 5.6.1.c) in dung ca t in C: C = . S/d : hng s in mi S: din tch bn cc d: khong cch gia hai bn cc S di chuyn ca khong cch gia hai in cc, gc quay hay chiu dy in mi dn n s bin thin ca t in

Hnh 5.6.1.c 4. Chuyn i nhit in (nh hnh 5.6.1.d)

t0

t0 II

t0

Hnh 5.6.1.d em hn hai thanh kim loi khng ng cht I v II, nhit t1 v t0 khc nhau dn n xut hin sc in ng trong mch gi l sc nhit in ng
41

t1

t1

Tr s sc nhit in ng ph thuc chnh lch nhit hai u t1, t0 . C cu dng o nhit .

5.6.2. Mt s mch o lng cc i lng khng in

a. o ng sut Ta dn chuyn i in tr lc cng ln im cn o v l mt nhnh ca mch cu nh hnh 5.6.2.a S bin thin ca in p ra trn ng cho c khuch i v a vo c cu o

Hnh 5.6.2.a b. o s di chuyn ( nh hnh 5.6.2.b)

Rt

Hnh 5.6.2.b S di chuyn ca vt th dn n s thay i khong cch 2 bn cc ca t C, dn n thay i in dung C, bin thin in p v tn hiu c a ra c cu o. C cu o s c khc vch khong di chuyn tng ng. 5.7. O LNG S a. Nguyn l ca ch th s

42

i lng o x(t) sau khi qua b bin i thnh xung (BX). S xung c c a vo b m ha (MH) c s 2 sau n b gii m (GM) v a ra b hin s nh hnh 5.7.1

x(t)

BX

MH

GM

Hnh 5.7.1 b. Thit b hin s C nhiu loi thit b hin s quang hc khc nhau nhng dng ph bin nht l b hin s bng LED ghp 7 thanh v loi tinh th lng. it pht quang l cht bn dn pht sng khi t vo in p mt chiu, cn tinh th lng di tc dng ca in p s chuyn pha t trng thi trong sut sang trng thi m v ta c th nhn thy mu sc nn ng sau. Tinh th lng tiu th cng sut rt nh (0,1 mt thanh) cn it pht quang l 10mA. Cc thit b k thut s dng m c s 2. c thng tin o th hin ra bn ngoi ta bin i m c s 2 thnh m c s 10

CC 2
3

+5V a

22 21 20

a b c d e f g

R1 R2 R3 R4 R5 R6 R7

a b c d e f g

f e

g d

b c

Hnh 5.7.2 Thit b lm nhim v ny l b gii m Ngi ta s dng 7 vch t a n g b tr nh hnh 5.7.2 . Nu tt c cc vch u sng ta nhn c s 8. B gii m 7 vch c ch to di dng vi mch kiu SN 74247 c cc u ra h cc gp. Dng iu khin b ch th LED c chung ant +5V . m bo dng ant mong mun cn thm 7 in tr bn ngoi. Cc b gii m nh thp phn 7 vch c ch to kt hp vi khi hin th di dng vi mch . Trong vi mch b tr cc b nh m lu tr cc bin vo B ch th s gm nhiu ch s . Hot ng ca b ch th l ni tip ch khng phi song song vi vic s dng cch ni ma trn v ch dn knh c th rt gn ng k s dy ni.

43

PHN II. MY IN
CHNG 6. KHI NIM CHUNG V MY IN
6.1. NH NGHA V PHN LOI
6.1.1. nh ngha
My in l thit b in t, nguyn l lm vic da vo hin tng cm ng in t. My in dng bin i dng nng lng nh c nng thnh in nng (my pht in) hoc ngc li bin i in nng thnh c nng (ng c in), hoc dng bin i thng s in nng nh bin i in p, dng in (my bin p, my bin dng), tn s (my bin tn).

6.1.2. Phn loi

My in c nhiu loi v c nhiu cch phn loi khc nhau, v d phn loi theo cng sut, theo cu to, theo chc nng, theo loi dng in, theo nguyn l lm vic v.v Trong chng ny phn loi da theo nguyn l bin i nng lng nh sau: a. My in tnh My in tnh l my in lm vic da vo hin tng cm ng in t do s bin thin t thng gia cc cun dy khng c s chuyn ng tng i vi nhau b. My in c phn quay Nguyn l lm vic da vo hin tng cm ng in t, lc in t, do t trng v dng in ca cc cun dy c chuyn ng tng i vi nhau

6.2. CC NH LUT IN T C BN DNG TRONG MY IN

Nguyn l lm vic ca my in thng da trn c s hai nh lut cm ng in t v nh lut lc in t. Khi tnh ton mch t ngi ta s dng nh lut mch t.

6.2.1. nh lut cm ng in t
a. Trng hp t thng bin thin xuyn qua vng dy Khi t thng bin thin xuyn qua vng dy dn, trong vng dy s xut hin sc in ng cm ng ec tnh theo cng thc: ec = - d/dt Chiu sc in ng cm ng c xc nh theo quy tc vn nt chai Cun dy c W vng, sc in ng cm ng ca cun dy: e = - W.d /dt b. Trng hp thanh dn chuyn ng trong t trng
44

I: cng dng in L: chiu di thanh dn F: lc in t Chiu lc in t F xc nh bng quy tc bn tay tri

6.2.3. nh lut mch t

Mch t l mch khp kn dng dn t thng (trong my in mch t l li thp) Nu H l cng t trng do mt tp hp dng in i1,i2,......,in to ra v nu C l ng cong kn trong khng gian: Cng thc tng qut i vi mch t c n on v m cun dy qun trn mch t:

trong dng in ij c chiu ph hp vi chiu chn theo quy tc vn nt chai s mang du dng, khng ph hp s mang du m Hk: cng t trng trong on mch t th k lk: chiu di trung bnh ca on mch t th k Wj: s vng dy ca cun dy th j Wj ij :c gi l sc t ng ca cun dy th j Hk lk: t p ri ca on mch t th k Cho on mch t (hnh 6.2.3): p dng nh lut mch t: H1. L1 + H2 .L2 = W1. i1 W2.i2

6.3. CC VT LIU CH TO MY IN
Vt liu ch to my in gm: Vt liu dn in, vt liu dn t, vt liu cch in v vt liu kt cu.

6.3.1. Vt liu dn in
Dy qun my in thng bng ng hoc nhm, tit din trn hoc ch nht. Khi c yu cu c bit, ngi ta dng cc hp kim ng, nhm hoc dng thp

6.3.2. Vt liu dn t
Vt liu dn t dng ch to cc b phn ca mch t, ngi ta dng cc vt liu st t lm mch t: thp l k thut in, thp l thng, thp c, thp rn. on mch t c t thng bin i vi tn s 50hz thng dng thp l k thut in dy 0.35 0.5 mm, trong thnh phn thp c t 2 5 % Si . on mch t c t trng khng i, thng dng thp c, thp rn.

6.3.3. Vt liu cch in

Vt liu cch in dng cch ly cc b phn dn in v khng dn in, hoc cch ly cc b phn dn in vi nhau trong my in. Cht cch in ca my in gm 4 nhm: 1. Cht hu c thin nhin nh giy, vi la 2. Cht v c nh aming, mica, si thu tinh 3. Cc cht tng hp
45

4. Cc loi men, sn cch in 6.3.4. Vt liu kt cu Vt liu kt cu l vt liu ch to cc chi tit chu cc tc ng c hc nh trc, trc, v my, np my. Cc vt liu kt cu thng l gang, thp l, thp rn, kim loi mu v hp kim ca chng, cc cht do.

6.4. PHT NNG V LM MT MY IN

Cc loi tn hao trong my in: Tn hao hao st t trong li thp (do hin tng t tr v dng in xoy) Tn hao ng trong in tr dy qun Tn hao do ma st Tt c tn hao nng lng u bin thnh nhit nng lm nng my in. lm mt, my in phi c cc bin php tn nhit ra mi trng xung quanh. Thng v my in c ch to c cc cnh tn nhit v c h thng qut gi mt my hoc h thng lu cht lm mt my in nh du trong my bin p .v.v.

6.5. PHNG PHP NGHIN CU MY IN

Nghin cu my in gm cc bc sau: 1. Nghin cu cc hin tng vt l xy ra trong my in 2. Da vo cc nh lut vt l, vit h phng trnh ton hc din t s lm vic ca my in. l m hnh ton ca my in. 3. T m hnh ton, thit lp m hnh mch, l mch in thay th ca my in. 4. T m hnh ton v m hnh mch, tnh ton cc c tnh v nghin cu my in, khai thc, s dng theo yu cu c th.

46

CHNG 7. MY BIN P
7.1. KHI NIM CHUNG CA MY BIN P
bin i in p (dng in) ca dng xoay chiu t gi tr cao n gi tr thp hoc ngc li ta dng my bin p.

7.1.1. nh ngha v cc lng nh mc

a. nh ngha My bin p l thit b in t tnh, lm vic theo nguyn tc cm ng in t, dng bin i h thng in xoay chiu (U1, I1,f) thnh (U2, I2,f) u vo ca my bin p ni vi ngun in gi l s cp. u ra ni vi ti gi l th c p . b. Cc lng nh mc in p nh mc in p s cp nh mc k hiu U1m l in p quy nh cho dy qun s cp. in p th cp nh mc k hiu U2m l in p gia cc cc ca dy qun th cp, khi dy qun th cp h mch v in p t vo dy qun s cp l nh mc . Vi my bin p ba pha in p nh mc l in p dy - Dng in nh mc Dng in nh mc l dng in quy nh cho mi dy qun ca my bin p, ng vi cng sut nh mc v in p nh mc. i vi my bin p ba pha, dng in nh mc l dng in dy. Dng in s cp nh mc k hiu I1m, dng in th cp nh mc k hiu I2m Cng sut nh mc Cng sut nh mc ca my bin p l cng sut biu kin th cp ch lm vic nh mc. Cng sut nh mc k hiu l Sm, n v l KVA. -

7.1.2. Cng dng ca my bin p

Cng dng ca my bin p l truyn ti v phn phi in nng trong h thng in Mun gim tn hao P = I2.R trn ng dy truyn ti c hai phng n: Phng n 1: Gim in tr R ca ng dy (R = .l/S) Mun gim R ta tng tit din dy dn S, tc l tng khi lng dy dn, cc tr cho ng dy, chi ph xy dng ng dy ti in rt ln ( phng n ny khng kinh t) Phng n 2: Gim dng in I chy trn ng dy truyn ti. Mun gim I ta phi tng in p, ta cn dng my tng p v i vi my bin p U1I1 = U2.I2 ( phng n ny kinh t v hiu qu hn) My bin p cn c dng rng ri : Trong k thut hn, thit b l nung, trong k thut v tuyn in, trong lnh vc o lng. trong cc thit b t ng, lm ngun cho thit b in, in t , trong thit b sinh hot gia nh v.v.

47

7.2. CU TO V NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY BIN P

7.2.1 Cu to my bin p
Gm hai b phn chnh: li thp v dy qun a. Li thp my bin p Dng dn t thng chnh ca my, c ch to t vt liu dn t tt, thng l thp k thut in mng ghp li. gim dng in xoy trong li thp, ngi ta dng l thp k thut in, hai mt c sn cch in ghp li vi nhau thnh li thp. b. Dy qun my bin p c ch to bng dy ng hoc nhm c tit din trn hoc ch nht, bn ngoi dy dn c bc cch in. My bin p c cng sut nh th lm mt bng khng kh My c cng sut ln th lm mt bng du, v thng c cnh tn nhit

7.2.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca my bin p

Khi ta ni dy qun s cp vo ngun in xoay chiu in p U1 s c dng in s cp I1 (hnh 7.2.2) Dng in I1 sinh ra t thng bin thin chy trong li thp. T thng ny mc vng ng thi vi c hai dy qun s cp v th cp c gi l t thng chnh. Theo nh lut cm ng in t: e1 = - W1 d/dt e2 = - W2 d/dt W1, W2 l s vng dy qun s cp v th cp.

Hnh 7.2.2 Khi my bin p c ti, di tc ng ca sc in ng e2, c dng in th cp I2 cung cp in cho ti. T thng bin thin hnh sin = max sint Ta c: e1 = - W1 d/dt = 4,44 f W1max sin(t- /2) e2 = - W2 d/dt = 4,44 f W2max sin(t- /2)
48

trong E1=4,44 f W1max, E2 =4,44 f W2max k = E1/ E2= W1/ W2 , k c gi l h s bin p. B qua in tr dy qun v t thng tn ra ngoi khng kh ta c: U1/ U2 E1/ E2 = W1/ W2 = k B qua mi tn hao trong my bin p, ta c: U2 I2 U1 I1 U1/U2 I2/I1 =W1/W2 = k

7.3. CC PHNG TRNH CN BNG IN V T CA MY BIN P

Theo quy tc vn nt chai, chiu ph hp vi chiu i1, e1 v i1 cng chiu . Chiu i2 c chn ngc vi chiu e2 ngha l chiu i2 khng ph hp vi chiu theo quy tc vn nt chai. Trong my bin p cn c t thng tn t1 , t2 ( hnh 7.3.a) T thng tn c c trng bng in cm tn . in cm tn dy qun s cp L1 : L1 = t1 /i1 in cm tn dy qun th cp L2 : L2= t2 /i2

t1 I1 u1 e1 e2

t2 I2 u2 Zt

Hnh 7.3.a

7.3.1. Phng trnh cn bng in p trn dy qun s cp

p dng nh lut Kichp 2 dng phc cho mch in hnh 7.3.b : trong X1 = L1

49

i1
u1

R1

L1

Hnh 7.3.b

7.3.2. Phng trnh cn bng in p trn dy qun th cp

p dng nh lut Kichp 2 dng phc cho mch in hnh 7.3.c :

R2

L2

i2 e2 u2 Zt

Hnh 7.3.c Trong X2 = L2.

7.3.3. Phng trnh cn bng t

in p li in t vo my bin p U1 E1 = 4.44 fW1max khng i, cho nn t thng chnh max s khng i. Phng trnh cn bng t di dng s phc:

7.4. S THAY TH MY BIN P

T cc phng trnh cn bng in t ta xy dng m hnh mch in cho my bin p. S thay th l s in phn nh y qu trnh nng lng trong my bin p, ta c h phng trnh:

50

Trong : T h phng trnh trn ta xy dng c s thay th cho my bin p (hnh 7.4.a)

R1

X1

R'2

X'2

I1 U1 E1

Rth

I2 U2 Zt

I0

= E2

Xth 2

Hnh 7.4.a

7.5. CH KHNG TI CA MY BIN P

L ch m pha th cp h mch v pha s cp c t vo in p.

7.5.1. c im ch khng ti ca my bin p

a. Dng in khng ti I0 Ta c : I0 = U1/ z0 Tng tr z0 rt ln v th I0 rt nh: I0 =(3% -10% )I1m

b. Cng sut khng ti P0 P0 = R0 I20=Rth I2th = Pst

51

c. H s cng sut cos0

7.5.2. Th nghim khng ti ca my bin p

Xc nh h s bin p k, tn hao st t Pst, Xth, Rth, cos0, I0 S th nghim Vn k V1 ch U1m; vn k V2 ch U2m Ampe k A ch dng in khng ti I0 Ot mt W ch cng sut khng ti P0 a. H s bin p k : k = W1/W2 =U1m/U2m b. Dng in khng ti phn trm : I0 % = I0/I1m .100% = (3% 01%) I1m c. in tr khng ti: R0=P0/I20 Rth d. Tng tr khng ti: z0 = U1m /I0 in khng khng ti: XthXo e. H s cng sut khng ti: cos0 = P0/(U1mI0 ) = 0.1 0.3

7.6. CH NGN MCH CA MY BIN P

L ch m pha th cp b ni tt li v pha s cp vn t vo in p. y l tnh trng s c.

7.6.1. c im ch ngn mch ca my bin p

Phng trnh v s thay th ca my bin p ngn mch. S thay th Tng tr z2 rt nh so vi zth , nn c th b nhnh t ho . Dng in ngn mch In: In = U1m/zn

Rn: in tr ngn mch my bin p Xn: in khng ngn mch my bin p. zn : tng tr ngn mch my bin p Zn rt nh cho nn In rt ln: In = U1m/zn (10 25) I1m ( tnh trng s c)

7.6.2. Th nghim ngn mch ca my bin p

52

Xc nh tn hao trn in tr dy qun v cc thng s R1, X1, R2, X2 S th nghim ngn mch Dy qun s cp ni vi ngun qua b iu chnh in p . Nh b iu chnh in p, ta c th iu chnh in p t vo dy qun s cp bng Un sao cho dng in trong cc dy qun t gi tr nh mc. Un % = Un /U1m 100% = (310 %) U1m Cng sut o trong th nghim ngn mch Pn l tn hao trong in tr 2 dy qun. a. Tng tr ngn mch: zn = Un /I1m b. in tr ngn mch: Rn= Pn/I21m c. in khng ngn mch d. Thng s dy qun R1 =R2 = Rn /2 X1 =X2 =Xn/2 Bit h s bin p, tnh c thng s th cp cha quy i. R2=R2/k2 ; X2=X2/k2

7.7. CH C TI CA MY BIN P
Ch c ti l ch trong dy qun s cp ni vi ngun in p nh mc, dy qun th cp ni vi ti. H s ti : kt = I2/I2m= I1/I1m kt=1 ti nh mc, kt<1 non ti, kt >1 qu ti. a. bin thin in p th cp.
U2% = (U2m-U2)/ U2m .100%

b. c tnh ngoi ca my bin p Quan h U2 = f(I2), khi U1 =U1m v cost = const. in p th cp U2 l: U2 = U2m -U2 = U2m (1 - U2%/100) c. Tn hao v hiu sut my bin p - Tn hao trn in tr dy qun s cp v th cp gi l tn hao ng P =P1+P2 = I12R1 +I22R2 = kt2Pn trong Pn l cng sut o c trong th nghim ngn mch . - Tn hao st t Pst trong li thp do dng in xoy v t tr gy ra.. Tn hao st t bng cng sut o khi th nghim khng ti. Pst = P0 Hiu sut my bin p : =P2/P1 = P2/(P2 + Pst +P) = ktSm cost /( ktSm cost +P0 +kt2Pn) P2= S2 cos t = ktSm cost Nu cost khng i, hiu sut cc i khi /kt = 0 kt2Pn =P0 H s ti ng vi hiu sut cc i:

i vi my bin p cng sut trung bnh v ln, hiu sut cc i khi h s ti kt= 0.5 0.7
53

7.8. MY BIN P BA PHA

bin i in p ca h thng in ba pha, ta dng my bin p ba pha. V cu to li thp ca my bin p ba pha gm 3 tr v trn mi tr qun dy qun s cp v th cp ca mi pha Dy qun s cp: pha A thng k hiu l AX, pha B l BY, pha C l CZ. Dy qun th cp: pha a thng k hiu l ax, pha b l by, pha c l cz. Dy qun s cp v th cp c th ni hnh sao hoc hnh tam gic, v d nh c 4 trng hp c bn, bao gm 12 t ni dy ( hnh 7.8.1)

Up1

Up2 Ud2

Ud1

/
Hnh 7.8.1 T s in p dy trong 4 trng hp c bn: Ni Y/Y:
/:

/:

54

/:

T ni dy ca my bin p cho ta bit cch mc ca cun s cp, th cp v gc lch pha gia in p dy s cp v in p dy th cp. V d: T ni dy k hiu /- 21; pha s cp v th cp ni sao, gc lch pha gia in p dy s cp v th cp l 12x300 =3600

7.9. S LM VIC SONG SONG CA MY BIN P

Nh lm vic song song, cng sut li in ln rt nhiu so vi cng sut mi my, m bo nng cao hiu qu kinh t ca h thng v an ton cung cp in, khi mt my hng hc hoc phi sa cha. iu kin cho cc my bin p lm vic song song : 1. in p nh mc s cp v th cp ca cc my phi bng nhau tng ng 2. Cc my phi c cng t ni dy 3. in p ngn mch ca cc my phi bng nhau. UnI% = UnII% =.....UnN% Cn m bo iu kin ny, ti phn b trn cc my t l vi cng sut nh mc ca chng.

7.10. CC MY BIN P C BIT

7.10.1. My bin p t ngu
Bin p t ngu cn c gi l my t bin p My bin p t ngu mt pha thng c cng sut nh, c dng trong cc phng th nghim v trong cc thit b lm ngun c kh nng iu chnh c in p u ra theo yu cu. My bin p t ngu mt pha gm c dy qun thp p (s vng dy W2 ) l mt phn ca dy qun cao p (s vng dy W1) ( hnh 7.10.1 ) Ta c: U1/U2=W1/W2 hay l U2 = U1.W1/W2

I1 I2
a

55

U1

W1

Hnh 7.10.1 Ta thay i v tr tip im trt a, s thay i c in p U2. My t bin p c tit din li thp b hn my bin p thng thng nhng vn m bo cng sut My t bin p trong cun thp p l mt phn cun cao p cho nn tit kim c dy dn, v gim c tn hao. My t bin p c nhc im l mc an ton in khng cao

7.10.2. My bin p o lng

a. My bin in p Dng bin i in p xoay chiu rt cao xung in p thp o lng bng cc dng c thng thng. S vng dy cun th cp phi t hn s vng dy cun s cp. Tit din dy qun s cp nh hn tit din dy qun th cp. Trong khi lm vic, khng c cho my bin in p ngn mch th cp.

U1

U2 V

Hnh 7.10.2.a b. My bin dng in Dng bin i dng in xoay chiu ln xung dng in nh o lng v mt s mc ch khc. V dng in th cp nh hn dng in s cp nn s vng dy th cp nhiu hn s vng dy s cp. Tit din dy qun th cp nh hn tit din dy s cp
56

i vi my bin dng khng c h mch th cp.

I1

a I2 A

Hnh 7.10.2.b

CHNG 8. MY IN KHNG NG B
8.1. KHI NIM CHUNG

57

My in khng ng b l loi my in c phn quay, lm vic vi in xoay chiu, theo nguyn l cm ng in t, c tc quay ca rto khc vi tc quay ca t trng. My in khng ng b c tnh thun nghch, c th lm vic ch ng c in v my pht in. My pht in khng ng b c c tnh lm vic khng tt nn t c dng. ng c in khng ng b c cu to v vn hnh n gin, g thnh r, lm vic tin cy nn c s dng nhiu trong sn xut v i sng. ng c in khng ng b gm cc loi: ng c ba pha, hai pha v mt pha.

8.2. CU TO CA MY IN KHNG NG B BA PHA

Gm hai phn chnh: 1. Phn tnh ( Stator: Stato, xtato) 2. Phn quay ( Rotor: Rto)

Hnh 8.2

8.2.1. Phn tnh ( STATO)

Phn tnh gm cc b phn l li thp v dy qun, ngoi ra c v my v np my (hnh 8.2.1.a)

Hnh 8.2.1.a a. Li thp Li thp stato hnh tr do cc l thp k thut in c dp rnh bn trong, ghp li vi nhau to thnh cc rnh theo hng trc. Li thp c p vo trong v my (hnh 8.2.1.b)

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Hnh 8.2.1.b b. Dy qun ba pha Dy qun stato lm bng dy dn in c bc cch in (dy in t) c t trong cc rnh ca li thp. Dng in xoay chiu ba pha chy trong ba dy qun ba pha stato s to ra t trng quay. Dy qun ba pha c th ni sao hoc tam gic c. V my V my lm bng nhm hoc bng gang, dng gi cht li thp, c nh my trn b, bo v my v trc rto (hnh 8.2.1.c )

8.2.2. Phn quay ( RTO)

Gm li thp, dy qun v trc my. a. Li thp Li thp gm cc l thp k thut in c dp rnh mt ngoi ghp li, to thnh cc rnh theo hng trc, gia cc l lp trc b. Dy qun Dy qun rto ca my in khng ng b thng c hai kiu: rto lng sc (rto ngn mch) v rto dy qun. Rto lng sc trong cc rnh ca li thp rto t cc thanh ng (hoc nhm), cc thanh ng thng t nghing so vi trc, hai u ni ngn mch bng 2 vng ng (nhm), to thnh lng sc (hnh 8.2.2.b)

59

Hnh 8.2.2.b Rto dy qun gm li thp v dy qun. Li thp do cc l thp k thut in ghp li vi nhau to thnh cc rnh hng trc Trong rnh li thp rto, t dy qun ba pha. Dy qun rto thng ni sao, ba u ra ni vi ba vng tip xc bng ng (vnh trt), c ni vi ba bin tr bn ngoi iu chnh tc v m my ng c khng ng b c hai loi: ng c rto lng sc v ng c rto dy qun

8.3. T TRNG CA MY IN KHNG NG B

8.3.1. T trng p mch ca dy qun mt pha
T trng ca dy qun mt pha l t trng c phng khng i, song tr s v chiu bin i theo thi gian, gi l t trng p mch. Cho dng in hnh sin mt pha chy vo cun dy AX ( hnh 8.3.1.a ) Dy qun AX c t trong 4 rnh trn stato 1,2,3,4.

X N 2 1 2 3 4 1 4 S X A A
Hnh 8.3.1.a Cn c vo chiu dng in ta v c chiu t trng theo quy tc vn nt chai, dy qun to ra t trng p mch c hai cc ( p=1; p l s i cc), t trng ny c phng khng i, nhng c chiu v ln bin thin hnh sin theo thi gian. Tng t ta t dy qun AX trn 4 rnh to ra t trng 4 cc p mch ( p=2).

8.3.2. T trng quay ca dy qun ba pha

a. S to thnh t trng quay Ta xt my in ba pha n gin gm 6 rnh trong t ba dy qun i xng AX, BY, CZ trn stato Ba dy qun c t lch nhau trong khng gian mt gc 1200 in. Trong cc dy qun c dng in ba pha i xng chy qua c th iA = Imax sint iB = Imax sin(t-1200)
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iC = Imax sin(t-2400) iA chy vo cun dy AX, iB chy vo cun BY, iC chy vo cun CZ Nu iA >0 th dng i vo A ra X, nu iA<0 th dng i vo X ra A Xt t trng tng do dng ba pha gy ra ti 3 thi im: Thi im pha t= 900 Dng in pha A cc i v dng, cc dng in pha B v C m v c ln bng nhau. Dng quy tc vn nt chai ta xc nh chiu ng sc t trng BA, BB, BC, Btng Thi im pha t= 900+1200 Dng in pha B cc i v dng, cc dng in pha A v C m. Dng quy tc vn nt chai ta xc nh chiu ng sc t trng BA, BB, BC, Btng . Vc t t trng tng Btng quay i mt gc l 1200 so vi thi im trc theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Thi im pha t= 900+2400 Dng in pha C cc i v dng, cc dng in pha A v B m. Vc t t trng tng Btng quay i mt gc l 2400 so vi thi im ban u theo chiu ngc chiu kim ng h. Vy dng in ba pha to ra t trng quay b. c im ca t trng quay - Tc t trng quay Tc t trng quay ph thuc vo tn s dng in stato f v s i cc p. Tc t trng quay l n1 =60f/p ( vng /pht) - Chiu quay ca t trng Chiu quay ca t trng ph thuc vo th t pha ca dng in t cc i Mun i chiu quay ca t trng ta gi nguyn mt pha v thay i th t hai pha cn li vi nhau . V d : Dng in iB cho vo dy qun CZ, dng in iC cho vo dy qun BY, t trng s quay theo chiu ngc li tc l cng chiu kim ng h. - Bin ca t trng quay T thng ca t trng quay xuyn qua dy qun bin thin hnh sin v c bin bng 3/2 t thng cc i ca mt pha max = 3/2 pmax c. T trng quay ca dy qun hai pha Khi c dy qun hai pha t lch nhau trong khng gian 1 gc 900 in, dng in trong hai dy qun lch pha nhau v thi gian 900 , cng phn tch nh trn, t trng hai pha l t trng quay v c bin : max = pmax d. T thng tn B phn t thng ch mc vng ring r vi mi dy qun gi l t thng tn

8.4. NGUYN L LM CA MY IN KHNG NG B

Nguyn l lm vic ca ng c in khng ng b ba pha: Khi ta cho dng in ba pha tn s f vo ba dy qun stato s to ra t trng quay vi tc l n1 = 60f/p.

61

T trng quay ct cc thanh dn ca dy qun rto v cm ng cc sc in ng. V dy qun rto ni kn mch, nn sc in ng cm ng s sinh ra dng in trong cc thanh dn rto. Lc tc dng tng h gia t trng quay ca my vi thanh dn mang dng in rto, ko rto quay vi tc n < n1 v cng chiu vi n1

N n Ft

n Ft S
Hnh 8.4 Tc quay ca rto n lun lun nh hn tc t trng quay n1 v tc bng nhau th trong dy qun rto khng cn sc in ng v dng in cm ng, cho nn lc in t bng khng. H s trt ca tc : s = (n1-n)/n1 Tc ca ng c : n= 60f/p. (1-s) (vng/pht)

8.5. PHNG TRNH CN BNG IN V T CA NG C IN KHNG NG B

8.5.1. Phng trnh cn bng in dy qun stato
Dy qun stato ca ng c in tng t nh dy qun s cp ca my bin p, phng trnh cn bng in p:

8.5.2. Phng trnh cn bng in dy qun rto

Dy qun rto c coi nh dy qun th cp my bin p, dy qun rto chuyn ng i vi t trng quay tc trt: n1- n Sc in ng v dng in trong dy qun rto c tn s : f2= p (n1- n )/60=sf Sc in ng pha dy qun rto lc quay: E2s=4,44.f2W2 kdq2max =sE2 in khng tn dy qun rto lc quay: X2s = 2f2.L2 =s. 2f.L2 = s.X2 ke: H s quy i sc in ng rto ke = E1/E2= W1.kdq1/ W2 kdq2
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Phng trnh in p dy qun rto lc quay :

8.5.3. Phng trnh cn bng t ca ng c khng ng b

ki = (m1W1kdq1)/(m2W2kdq2) l h s quy i dng in rto I0: dng in stato lc khng ti; I1, I2 l dng in stato v rto khi ng c ko ti, m1, m2 l s pha ca dy qun stato v rto

8.6. S THAY TH CA NG C KHNG NG B

Ta c h phng trnh :

S thay th cho ng c khng ng b ( hnh 8.6)

R1 I1

X1

R2/s

X2

I2 I0 Rth

U1 Xth

Hnh 8.6

8.7. M MEN QUAY CA NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA

Mmen in t Mt ng vai tr mmen quay: M = Mt = Pt/1= Pt.p/ 1: tn s gc ca t trng quay ; : tn s gc dng in stato; p l s i cc t Cng sut in t: Pt= 3I22 R2/s Da vo s thay th mc 8.6 ta tnh c: Ta c :

th mmen theo h s trt M = f(s) ( hnh 8.7.a) Thay s = (n1-n)/n1 vo biu thc ta c mi quan h n=f(M)
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Quan h n=f(M), gi l ng c tnh c ca ng c khng ng b (hnh 8.7.b)

M Mmax

n n1

Mc Mq

O
a)

O
b)

Mmm

Hnh 8.7 ng c s lm vic im Mq =Mc ( hnh 8.7.b ) c im ca mmen quay: a. Mmen t l vi bnh phng in p MU12, nu U1 thay i, mmen ng c thay i rt nhiu. b. Mmen c tr s cc i Mmax ng vi gi tr ti hn sth

c. Mmen m my Mmm

8.8. M MY NG C IN KHNG NG B BA PHA

Khi m my ng c phi tha mn ba yu cu: 1. Mmen m my ng c phi ln hn mmen cn ca ti lc m my 2. Mmen ng c phi ln thi gian m my trong phm vi cho php 3. Dng m my phi nh in p li in khng b st p v nh hng n cc thit b khc

8.8.1. M my ng c rto dy qun

Khi m my dy qun rto c ni vi bin tr m my. u tin bin tr ln nht, sau gim dn n khng. ng c tnh c ng vi cc gi tr Rm Khi c in tr m my Rm , dng in pha lc m my :

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Khi Rm tng th Mmm tng Nh c Rm dng in m my gim xung v mmen m my tng l u im ca ng c rto dy qun.

8.8.2. M my ng c lng sc
a. M my trc tip Phng php ng trc tip ng c in vo li in. Khuyt im ca phng php ny l dng in m my ln, lm tt in p mng in rt nhiu. Phng php ny dng c khi cng sut mng in (hoc ngun in) ln hn cng sut ng c rt nhiu. b. Gim in p cung cp cho stato Khi m my ta gim in p vo ng c, cng lm gim c dng in m my. Khuyt im ca phng php ny mmen m my gim rt nhiu, v th ch s dng c i vi trng hp khng yu cu mmen m my ln. Cc bin php gim in p nh sau: - Dng in khng ni tip vo mch stato Lc m my, cu dao K2 m, cu dao K1 ng. Khi ng c quay n nh th ng K2 v ngt K1. Nh c in p ri trn in khng, in p trc tip t vo ng c gim i k ln, dng in s gim i k ln, song mmen gim i k2 ln (v MU2) Dng my t bin p

Gi k l h s bin p ; U1 l in p pha li in ; zn l tng tr ng c lc m my. Dng in I1 li in cung cp cho ng c lc c my t bin p : I1=Ic/k =Uc/kzn = U1/k2zn Khi m my trc tip, dng in I1 =U1/zn Dng in ca li in gim i k2 ln. in p t vo ng c gim k ln, nn mmen s gim k2 ln. - Phng php i ni sao tam gic Phng php ny ch dng c vi nhng ng c khi lm vic bnh thng dy qun stato ni hnh tam gic. Khi m my ta ni hnh sao in p t vo mi pha gim . Sau khi m my ta i ni li thnh hnh tam gic nh ng quy nh ca my. Dng in dy khi ni hnh tam gic: Dng in dy khi ni hnh sao:

Dng in dy mng in gim i 3 ln. v mmen gim i 3 ln.

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Qua cc phng php, chng ta u thy mmen my gim xung nhiu. khc phc iu ny, ngi ta ch to loi ng c lng sc kp v loi rnh su c c tnh m my tt.

8.8.3. ng c in lng sc c c tnh m my tt

a. ng c in lng sc rnh su Loi ng c ny, rnh rto hp v su (chiu su bng 10-12 ln chiu rng rnh). Khi c dng in cm ng trong thanh dn rto, t thng tn rto phn b. T thng tn mc vng vi an di thanh dn nhiu hn on trn. Do lc m my, in khng tn pha di ln, dng in tp trung pha trn thanh dn gn ming rnh lm s phn b dng in tp trung nhiu pha ming rnh, tit din dn in ca thanh coi nh b nh i, in tr rto R2 tng ln s lm tng mmen m my. Khi m my xong, tn s dng in rto nh, tc dng trn b yu i, in tr rto gim xung nh bnh thng. b. ng c in lng sc kp Rto ca ng c c hai lng sc, cc thanh dn ca lng sc ngoi (cn gi l lng sc m my) c tit din nh v in tr ln Lng sc trong c tit din ln hn in tr nh. Nh trn khi m my dng in tp trung lng sc ngoi c in tr ln, mmen m my ln. Khi lm vic bnh thng, dng in li phn b u c hai lng sc, in tr lng sc ngoi nh xung. ng c in rnh su v lng sc kp c c tnh m my tt, nhng v t thng tn ln, nn h s cng sut cos thp hn ng c lng sc thng thng.

8.9. IU CHNH TC NG C IN KHNG NG B

Tc ca ng c in khng ng b : n = 60f/p. (1-s) (vng/pht)

8.9.1. iu chnh tc bng thay i tn s (f)

Thay i tn s f ca dng in stato c thc hin bng b bin tn. Khi thay i tn s ngi ta mong mun gi cho t thng max khng i, cho nn phi gi cho t s in p v tn s khng i. iu chnh tc bng thay i tn s cho php iu chnh tc mt cch bng phng trong phm vi rng v cho c nhm ng c, song gi thnh tng i t.

8.9.2. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i s i cc (p)

S i cc ca t trng quay ph thuc vo cu to dy qun. Mun thay i P ta phi thay i cch u dy hoc c cch cu to dy qun c bit

8.9.3. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in p cung cp cho stato

Phng php ny ch thc hin vic gim in p. Khi gim in p ng c tnh M=f(s) s thay i do h s trt thay i, tc ng c thay i.
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Nhc im ca phng php ny l gim kh nng qu ti ca ng c, phm vi iu chnh hp, tng tn hao v ch s dng cho cc ng c cng sut nh

8.9.4. iu chnh bng cch thay i in tr rto ca ng c rto dy qun

Khi tng in tr, dng in rto gim dn n lc t gim cho nn tc quay ca ng c gim. Phng php ny n gin, iu chnh trn v khong iu chnh tng i rng

8.10. CC C TNH CA NG C IN KHNG NG B

c tnh ca ng c khng ng b l cc quan h gia tc quay rto n, h s cos, hiu sut , mmen quay M, v dng in stato I1 vi cng sut c hu ch trn trc P2 .

8.10.1. c tuyn dng in stato I1 = f(P2)

Vi U1 khng i , I0 gn nh khng i. Khi P2 tng , I2 tng nn I1 tng theo.

8.10.2. c tuyn tc rto n = f(P2)

Khi ti tng, cng sut P2 trn trc ng c tng, mmen cn tng ln, t ng c tnh mmen ta thy h s trt s tng ln, v tc ng c gim xung.

8.10.3. c tuyn mmen quay M = f(P2)

Khi P2 tng, nu s khng i th c tuyn s l ng thng. y s hi tng ln nn M tng nhanh hn P2

8.10.4. c tuyn hiu sut = f(P2)

Hiu sut ca ng c : = P2/(P2+P) Nu P2 tng , P1 v P2 tng theo, hiu sut tng theo, hiu sut tng ln n m = 0.75 0.9, sau gim xung. 8.10.5. H s cng sut cos = f(P2)

Trong P1 l cng sut tc dng (in) ng c tiu th bin i sang cng sut c P2. Q1 l cng sut phn khng m ng c tiu th to ra t trng cho my. Khi ti tng, cng sut P1 tng v cos c tng ln t n gi tr nh mc cos= 0,8 - 0,9. Khi qu ti dng in vt nh mc, t thng tn tng, Q1 tng; do cos li gim xung. Cc ng c tuyn c th hin trn hnh v 8.10

67

n, M, I n cos

I1 cos0 I0

O
Hnh 8.10

P2

8.11. NG C IN KHNG NG B MT PHA

a. T trng dng in hnh sin mt pha Dng in xoay chiu mt pha khng to ra t trng quay. Do s bin thin ca dng in, chiu v tr s t trng thay i, nhng phng ca t trng khng i. T trng ny gi l t trng p mch. Phn tch t trng p mch thnh hai t trng quay, quay ngc chiu nhau cng tn s quay n1 v bin bng mt na bin t trng p mch. Trong t trng quay c chiu quay trng vi chiu quay rto, gi l t trng quay thun B+, cn t trng c chiu quay ngc chiu quay rto gi l t trng quay ngc BMmen quay M1 do t trng thun sinh ra c gi tr s dng v M2 do t trng ngc gy ra c tr s m. Mmen quay M ca ng c l M=M1-M2 T ng c tnh mmen, lc m my M1= M2 M=0 ng c in khng t m my c. Nhng nu tc ng lm cho ng c quay, ng c c mmen M v s tip tc quay. Phi c bin php m my, to cho ng c mt mmen m my. b. ng c mt pha V cu to stato ch c dy qun mt pha, rto thng l lng sc. loi ng c ny, ngoi dy qun chnh, cn c dy qun ph. Dy qun ph c th thit k lm vic ch lc m my (gi l ng c 1 pha khng ngm t), hoc lm vic thng trc (ng c 1 pha ngm t).

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Dy qun ph t trong cc rnh stato, sao cho sinh ra mt t thng lch vi t thng chnh mt gc 900 trong khng gian. Dng in dy qun ph v dy qun chnh sinh ra t trng quay to ra mmen m my. dng in trong dy qun ph lch pha vi dng in trong dy qun chnh mt gc 900, phi ni tip vi dy qun ph mt t in C.

CHNG 9. MY IN NG B

9.1. NH NGHA V CNG DNG

9.9.1. nh ngha
Nhng my in xoay chiu c tc quay rto n bng ng tc quay ca t trng stato n1 gi l my in ng b ch xc lp, my in ng b c tc quay rto lun khng i khi ti thay i.

9.1.2. Cng dng

a. Ch my pht My pht in ng b l ngun in chnh ca li in quc gia, trong ng c s cp l cc tua bin hi, tuabin kh hoc tuabin nc. ( hnh 9.1.2 )

69

Hnh 9.1.2 cc li in cng sut nh, my pht in ng b c ko bi cc ng c izen hoc xng, c th lm vic n l hoc hai ba my lm vic song song b. Ch ng c ng c ng b cng sut ln c s dng trong cng nghip luyn kim, khai thc m, thit b lnh, truyn ng cc my bm, nn kh, qut gi .v.v. ng c ng b cng sut nh c s dng trong cc thit b nh ng h in, dng c t ghi, thit b lp chng trnh, my b ng b

9.2. CU TO MY IN NG B
Cu to my in ng b gm hai b phn chnh l stato v rto . Stato l phn tnh (cn gi l phn ng ), rto l phn quay (cn gi l phn cm ).

9.2.1. Phn tnh ( STATO)

Stato ca my in ng b ging nh stato ca my in khng ng b a. Li thp Li thp stato hnh tr do cc l thp k thut in c dp rnh bn trong, ghp li vi nhau to thnh cc rnh theo hng trc. li thp c p vo trong v my b. Dy qun Dy qun stato lm bng dy dn in c bc cch in (dy in t) c t trong cc rnh ca li thp

9.2.2. Phn quay ( RTO)

R to my in ng b bao gm li thp, cc t v dy qun kch t. Dy qun kch t c cp bi ngun in mt chiu to ra t trng cho my. (hnh 9.2.2.a)

Hnh 9.2.2.a

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Hai u ca dy qun kch t ni vi hai vng trt t u trc, thng qua hai chi than ni vi ngun 1 chiu. C hai loi: rto cc t n v rto cc li a. Rto cc li Dng my c tc thp, c nhiu i cc. Rto cc li dy qun kch t qun xung quanh thn cc t b. Rto cc n Thng dng my c tc cao 3000v/ph c mt i cc. Rto cc n dy qun kch t c t n trong cc rnh.

9.3. NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY PHT IN NG B

Dng in kch t (dng in khng i) vo dy qun kch t s to nn t trng rto o Khi quay rto bng ng c s cp, t trng ca rto s ct dy qun phn ng stato v cm ng sc in ng xoay chiu hnh sin c tr s hiu dng: E0=4,44fW1kdqo . Nu rto c p i cc, tn s f ca sc in ng: f = pn/60 Dy qun ba pha stato c t lch nhau trong khng gian mt gc 1200 in, cho nn sc in ng cc pha lch nhau gc pha 1200 Trong dy qun stato xut hin mt ngun in ba pha i xng Khi dy qun stato ni vi ti, trong cc dy qun c dng in ba pha: iA = Imax sint iB = Imaxsin(t 1200) iC = Imaxsin(t 2400) Dng in ba pha c to ra ging nh my in khng ng b s to nn t trng quay, vi tc l n1 = 60f/p (n = 60f/p =n1), ng bng tc quay n ca rto. Do my in ny gi l my in ng b .

9.4. PHN NG PHN NG CA MY PHT IN NG B

Khi my pht in lm vic, t thng ca cc t rto 0 ct dy qun stato cm ng ra sc in ng E0 chm pha so vi n mt gc 900. Dy qun stato ni vi ti s to nn dng in I cung cp cho ti, dng in I to nn t trng quay phn ng (stato). Tc dng ca t trng phn ng (stato) ln t trng cc t (rto) gi l phn ng phn ng. Ti thun tr T thng phn ng (stato) theo hng ngang trc, lm lch hng t trng cc t (rto) 0 ta gi l phn ng phn ng ngang trc (hnh 9.4.a)

E0
71

Hnh 9.4.a Ti thun cm T thng phn ng ngc chiu 0 gi l phn ng phn ng dc trc kh t, c tc dng lm gim t trng tng (hnh 9.4.b)

E0

I o N

Hnh 9.4.b Ti thun dung T thng phn ng cng chiu 0, gi l phn ng phn ng dc trc tr t c tc dng lm tng t trng tng.

E0

I o N S

Hnh 9.4.c Ti bt k Phn tch t trng phn ng thnh hai thnh phn: Thnh phn ngang trc lm lch hng t trng tng Thnh phn dc trc kh t hoc tr t ty theo tnh cht ca ti (hnh 9.4.d)

E0 n
72

Hnh 9.4.d Phn ng phn ng ca my pht in ng b va ph thuc vo dng in ti I ( ln b) va ph thuc vo tnh cht ca ti ( thun tr, thun cm v thun dung).

9.5. PHNG TRNH CN BNG IN P V CC NG C TNH CA MY PHT IN NG B

9.5.1. Phng trnh cn bng in p ca my pht in ng b
Phng trnh in p ca my pht in ng b cc n Xb =Xd=Xq gi l in khng ng b. Phng trnh cn bng in p:

9.5.2. Cc ng c tnh ca my pht in ng b

a. c tnh khng ti U0 = E0 = f(Ikt) khi Iti =0, n =const ( f=const) Ta c: Eo= 4,44f.W1.kdq.o = K.o c tnh khng ti l ng 0 =f(Ikt), gi l ng cong t ha vt liu st t b. c tnh ngoi ca my pht in ng b Mi quan h gia in p U trn cc my pht v dng in ti I khi tnh cht ti cost khng i, tn s f v dng in kch t Ikt khng i U = f(I) khi Ikt =const, n= const (f=const) , cost =const c tnh ngoi ca my pht ph thuc tnh cht ca ti c. c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in ng b Mi quan h gia dng in kch t vi dng in ti in p U bng in p nh mc, tn s f v tnh cht ti khng i. Ikt = f(I) khi U =const, n= const ( f =const), cost =const

9.6. NG C IN NG B
9.6.1. Nguyn l lm vic
Khi cho dng in ba pha Ia, Ib, Ic vo ba dy qun stato, dng in ba pha stato s sinh ra t trng quay vi tc n1 = 60f/p Khi cho dng in mt chiu vo dy qun rto, rto bin thnh mt nam chm in
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Khi t trng stato quay vi tc n1, lc tc dng y s ko rto quay vi tc n = n1 Phong trnh in p ca ng c in ng b:

9.6.2. M my ng c in ng b
Mun ng c lm vic, phi to mmen m my quay rto ng b vi t trng quay stato. Trn cc mt cc t rto, ngi ta t cc thanh dn, c ni ngn mch nh lng sc ng c khng ng b ( hnh 9.6.2)

Hnh 9.6.2 Khi m my, nh c dy qun m my rto ng c s lm vic nh ng c khng ng b . Trong qu trnh m my dy qun kch t s cm ng in p rt ln, c th ph hng dy qun kch t, v th dy qun kch t s c khp mch qua mch in c in tr ln bo v dy qun kch t Khi rto quay n tc bng tc ng b n1, ng ngun in mt chiu vo dy qun kch t, ng c s lm vic ng b.

9.6.3. My b ng b
ng c in ng b lm vic ch khng ti v dng in kch t iu chnh qu kch thch ng c pht ra cng sut phn khng vi mc ch nng cao h s cng sut li in. Cng sut phn khng: Q= mU (E0cos-U)/Xb m E0 ph thuc Ikt Tng Ikt tng E0 Q >0 ng c pht ra cng sut phn khng vo li in, ng c lm vic qu kch thch. H s cng sut li in cosL

Tng Ikt tng Q gim QL cosL tng v ngc li

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CHNG 10. MY IN MT CHIU

10.1. CU TO CA MY IN MT CHIU
My in mt chiu bao gm stato vi cc t, rto v c gp vi chi than

10.1.1. PHN TNH (STATO )

Stato gi l phn cm gm li thp bng thp c, va l mch t va l v my. Gn vi stato l cc cc t chnh c dy qun kch t

10.1.2. PHN QUAY (RTO)

Rto ca my in mt chiu gi l phn ng bao gm li thp, dy qun phn ng, c gp v chi than (hnh 10.1.2.a)

Hnh 10.1.2.a a. Li thp v dy qun Li thp hnh tr, lm bng cc l thp k thut in ghp li vi nhau. Cc l thp k thut in c l thng gi v rnh t dy qun phn ng. Mi phn t ca dy qun phn ng c nhiu vng dy, hai u ni vi hai phin gp. Cc phin gp t trn c gp b. C gp v chi than
75

C gp gm cc phin gp bng ng c ghp cch in, c dng hnh tr , c gn u trc rto. Cc u dy ca phn t dy qun rto ni vi phin gp. Chi than lm bng than graphit, cc chi than c t cht ln c gp nh l xo

10.2. NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY PHT V NG C IN MT CHIU

10.2.1. NGUYN L LM VIC CA MY PHT IN MT CHIU
Ta xt my pht in mt chiu c dy qun phn ng gm hai thanh dn ab v cd ch ni vi hai phin gp 1 v 2 ( hnh 10.2.1) Khi ng c s cp quay phn ng, cc thanh dn ca dy qun phn ng ct t trng ca cc t, cm ng cc sc in ng. Chiu sc in ng c xc nh bng quy tc bn tay phi. Trn thanh dn ab sc in ng c chiu t a n b. Trn thanh dn cd chiu sc in ng t c n d . Khi phn ng quay c na vng, v tr ca hai thanh dn phn t v hai phin gp thay i cho nhau. Sc in ng trong thanh dn i chiu nhng chiu dng in mch ngoi khng i. C gp v chi than ng vai tr b chnh lu dng in I ra ti c chiu khng i. Phng trnh cn bng in p: U = E R I R l in tr dy qun phn ng; U l in p hai u cc my ; E l sc in ng phn ng.

10.2.2. NGUYN L LM VIC CA NG C IN MT CHIU

Khi cho in p mt chiu U vo hai chi than tip xc vi hai phin gp 1 v 2, trong dy qun phn ng c dng in (hnh 10.2.2 ) Hai thanh dn c dng in nm trong t trng s chu lc tc dng lm cho rto quay, chiu lc xc nh theo quy tc bn tay tri.

Hnh 10.2.2 Khi phn ng quay c na vng, v tr hai thanh dn v hai phin gp 1 v 2 i ch cho nhau, i chiu dng in trong cc thanh dn v chiu lc tc dng khng i cho nn ng c c chiu quay khng i Khi ng c quay, cc thanh dn ct t trng v sinh ra sc in ng cm ng Etrong dy qun rto Phng trnh in p ng c in mt chiu:

76

U = E + R I

10.3. SC IN NG PHN NG, CNG SUT IN T V MMEN

IN T a. Sc in ng phn ng Khi quay rto, cc thanh dn ca dy qun phn ng ct t trng, trong mi thanh dn cm ng sc in ng : e =Btbl.v Sc in ng phn ng E bng tng cc sc in ng thanh dn trong mt nhnh. S thanh dn trong mt nhnh: N/2a Sc in ng phn ng E: E = N/2a *e = N/2a * Btbl.v (1) Tc di: v= Dn/60 (2) Mt khc t thng mi cc t = Btb Dl/2p (3) T (1) (2) (3) ta c E= pN/60a *n = kEn Kt lun: E = kEn b. Cng sut in t v mmen in t Cng sut in t: Pt = E I (5) T (4) v (5) ta c : Pt = pN/60a *n I Mmen in t: Mt = Pt /r (6) r l tn s gc quay ca rto: r =2n/60 (7) T (6) v (7) ta c: Mt = pN/2a I = kM I Kt lun : Mt =kM I

10.4. PHN NG PHN NG CA MY PHT IN MT CHIU

Khi my in mt chiu khng ti, t trng trong my ch do dng in kch t gy ra gi l t trng cc t . T trng cc t phn b i xng, ng trung tnh hnh hc AB ng trung tnh hnh hc c cng t cm B = 0, thanh dn chuyn ng qua khng cm ng sc in ng . Khi my in c ti, dng in I trong dy qun phn ng (rto) sinh ra t trng phn ng .Tc dng ca t trng phn ng ln t trng cc t gi l phn ng phn ng. T trng trong my l t trng tng hp ca t trng cc t v t trng phn ng . Hu qu ca phn ng phn ng a. T trng trong my b bin dng ng trung tnh hnh hc AB n v tr mi gi l trung tnh vt l A1B1 vi gc lch thng nh v lch theo chiu quay ca rto khi l my pht in, v ngc chiu quay ca rto khi l ng c in.

77

b. Khi ti ln, dng in phn ng ln, t trng phn ng ln, t thng ca my b gim xung, ko theo sc in ng phn ng E gim, in p my pht U gim . ch ng c, t thng gim lm cho mmen quay gim, v tc ng c thay i khc phc hu qu trn, ngi ta dng cc t ph v dy qun b . T trng cc t ph v dy qun b ngc chiu vi t trng phn ng nhm trit tiu t trng phn ng .

10.5. NGUYN NHN TIA LA IN TRN C GP V BIN PHP KHC PHC

Khi my in lm vic, qu trnh i chiu thng gy ra tia la in gia chi than v c gp. Tia la ln c th gy nn vnh la xung quanh c gp, ph hng chi in v c gp, gy tn hao nng lng, v lm nhiu n cc thit b in t khc. S pht sinh tia la in do cc nguyn nhn sau: 1. Nguyn nhn c kh S tip xc gia c gp v chi in khng tt, do c gp khng trn, khng nhn, chi than khng ng quy cch, rung ng ca chi than do c nh khng tt hoc lc l xo khng t st chi in vo c gp . 2. Nguyn nhn in t Khi rto quay lin tip c phn t chuyn i t mch nhnh ny sang mch nhnh khc. trong phn t i chiu y s xut hin cc sc in ng sau: a. Sc in ng t cm eL, do s bin thin dng in trong phn t i chiu . b. Sc in ng h cm em, do s bin thin dng in ca cc phn t i chiu khc ln cn . c. Sc in ng eq do t trng phn ng gy ra 3. Bin php khc phc khc phc tia la, ngoi vic loi tr nguyn nhn c kh ta phi tm cch gim tr s cc sc in ng trn bng cch dng cc t ph v dy qun b to nn trong phn t i chiu cc sc in ng nhm b ( trit tiu) tng 3 sc in ng eL, em,eq .

10.6. MY PHT IN MT CHIU

Da vo phng php cung cp dng in kch t, ngi ta chia my in mt chiu ra cc loi : a. My in mt chiu kch t c lp. b. My in mt chiu kch t song song c. My in mt chiu kch t ni tip d. My in mt chiu kch t hn hp

10.6.1. MY PHT IN MT CHIU KCH T C LP

S my pht in kch t c lp Phong trnh cn bng in p Mch phn ng: U = E RI
78

Mch kch t : Ukt = Ikt ( Rkt + Rc) Khi dng in I ti tng, dng in phn ng I tng, in p U gim xung do hai nguyn nhn: 1. Tc dng ca t trng phn ng lm cho t thng gim, ko theo sc in ng E gim. 2. in p ri R.I tng. ng c tnh ngoi U=f(I) khi tc v dng in kch t khng i ng c tnh iu chnh Ikt = f(I) , khi gi in p v tc khng i My pht kch t c lp c u im v iu chnh in p, thng gp trong cc h thng my pht - ng c, truyn ng my cn, my ct kim loi, thit b t ng trn tu thy, my bay v.v

10.6.2. MY PHT IN KCH T SONG SONG

my c th thnh lp in p, cn thit phi c t d v chiu t trng dy qun kch t phi cng chiu t d Phng trnh cn bng in p Mch phn ng : U = E RI Mch kch t : U=Ikt (Rkt +Rc) Phng trnh dng in: I =I+Ikt Khi dng in ti tng, dng in phn ng tng, ngoi hai nguyn nhn lm in p U gim nh my pht in kch t c lp, my kch t song song khi U gim, lm cho dng in kch t gim, t thng v sc in ng cng gim. ng c tnh ngoi dc hn so vi my kch t c lp ng c tnh iu chnh ca my pht in Ikt=f(I) khi U,n khng i

10.6.3. MY PHT IN MT CHIU KCH T NI TIP

Dng in kch t l dng in ti, do khi ti thay i, in p thay i rt nhiu, trong thc t khng s dng my pht kch t ni tip. Khi I ti tng, dng in I tng, t thng v E tng, do U tng, Khi I = (2-2,5)Im, my bo ho, th I tng U s gim.

10.6.4. MY PHT IN MT CHIU KCH T HN HP

Khi ni thun, t thng ca dy qun kch t ni tip cng chiu vi t thng ca dy qun kch t song song. Khi ti tng, t thng cun ni tip tng lm cho t thng my tng ln, sc in ng ca my tng, in p u cc ca my c gi hu nh khng i. y l u im ca my pht in kch t hn hp. ng c tnh ngoi U= f(I) Khi ni ngc chiu t trng ca dy qun kch t ni tip ngc vi chiu t trng ca dy qun kch t song song Khi ti tng, in p gim rt nhiu. ng c tnh ngoi dc, nn c s dng lm my hn mt chiu.

10.7. NG C IN MT CHIU

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Da vo phng php kch t, vic phn loi ng c in mt chiu ging i vi my pht mt chiu. Sc in ng ca ng c in mt chiu E: E= pN/60a *n = kEn Mmen in t Mt ca ng c: Mt = pN/2a I = kM I

10.7.1. M MY V IU CHNH TC CHO NG C IN MT CHIU

a. M my ng c in mt chiu Phng trnh cn bng in p: U=E + RI I= (U- E)/ R Khi m my, tc n=0 E = kE n =0 I= U/ R V R rt nh, dng in phn ng I lc m my rt ln I=(2030) Im , lm hng c gp, chi than v nh hng n li in. gim dng in m my, dng cc bin php : - Dng bin tr m my Rm Mc bin tr m my vo mch phn ng, dng in m my lc c bin tr m my: Im =U/( R+Rm) Lc u bin tr Rm ln nht, trong qu trnh m my, tc tng ln, in tr m my gim dn n khng (hnh 10.7.1 ) - Gim in p t vo phn ng Phng php ny c s dng khi c ngun in mt chiu c th iu chnh c in p

Rm I

Rc

Hnh 10.7.1 b. iu chnh tc

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E = U - RI = kE n. n = (U - RI)/ kE iu chnh tc bng cc phng php: - Mc in tr iu chnh vo mch phn ng Khi thm in tr vo mch phn ng, tc gim. Dng in phn ng ln, nn tn hao cng sut ln. Phng php ny ch s dng ng c cng sut nh. - Thay i in p U Dng ngun in mt chiu iu chnh c in p cung cp in cho ng c. Phng php ny c s dng nhiu. - Thay i t thng Thay i t thng bng cch thay i dng in kch t. Khi iu chnh tc , ta kt hp phng php thay i t thng vi thay i in p th phm vi iu chnh tc rt rng.

10.7.2. NG C IN MT CHIU KCH T SONG SONG

m my dng bin tr m my Rm , iu chnh tc thng iu chnh Rc . a. ng c tnh c n = f(M) (1) n = (U - RI)/ kE (2) Mt khc: Mt = kM I T (1) v (2) ta c: n= U/ kE - RM/ (kM kE2) Thm in tr Rp vo mch phn ng th ta c: n= U/ kE - (R +Rp )M/ (kM kE2) ng 1 c tnh c t nhin (Rp =0), ng 2 c tnh c ng vi Rp 0. (hnh 10.7.2) b. c tnh lm vic Cc ng quan h gia tc n, mmen M, dng in phn ng I v hiu sut theo cng sut c trn trc P2 ng c in kch t song song c c tnh c cng, v tc hu nh khng i khi cng sut trn trc P2 thay i, chng c dng nhiu trong my ct kim loi, my cng c .

10.7.3. NG C MT CHIU KCH T NI TIP

iu chnh tc ta c th iu chnh t thng, mc bin tr iu chinh song song vi dy qun kch t ni tip. a. ng c tnh c n = f(M) Khi my khng bo ho, dng in phn ng I v t thng t l vi nhau: I = kI (1) Ta c: M=kM I = kM kI 2 (2) n = (U - RI)/ kE (3) T (1), (2) v (3) ta c:

81

Phng trnh c tnh c c dng hypecbn Khi khng ti hoc ti nh, dng in v t thng nh, tc ng c tng rt ln, v th khng cho php ng c kch t ni tip m my khng ti hoc ti nh. b. ng c tnh lm vic

10.7.4. NG C IN MT CHIU KCH T HN HP

Cc dy qun kch t c th ni thun (t trng hai dy qun cng chiu) lm tng t thng, hoc ni ngc lm gim t thng c tnh c ca ng c kch t hn hp khi ni thun ( ng 1) s l trung bnh gia c tnh c ca ng c kch t song song (ng 2) v ni tip (ng 3) Cc ng c lm vic nng n, dy qun kch t ni tip l dy qun kch t chnh, cn dy qun kch t song song l ph v c ni thun . Dy qun kch t song song m bo tc ng c khng tng qu ln khi mmen nh. ng c kch t hn hp c dy qun kch t ni tip l kch t ph, v ni ngc, c c tnh c rt cng l ng 4, ngha l tc quay hu nh khng i khi mmen thay i .

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PHN III. TH NGHIM K THUT IN

CHNG 11. TH NGHIM K THUT IN
11.1. TH NGHIM 1: MCH IN HNH SIN MT PHA
11.1.1. MC CH V DNG C TH NGHIM
a. Mc ch th nghim Hiu c s phn b dng in, in p v s thay i gc pha do tnh cht ca ti trong mch in phn nhnh v khng phn nhnh. b. Dng c th nghim Bng 1 Stt 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Tn thit b Ngun xoay chiu 1 pha 220V Bin p t ngu Ampe k in t Vn mt in t n t tim n t tim Cun cm T in Cng tc Cng t 1 pha K hiu 220V~ BAT A1, A2, A3, A4 V1, V2 ,V3, V4 R1 R2 L C1, C2, C3 K KWh 1~ In 220V/ Out 250V/6,6A 0 1 A 0 250VAC 75W 110VAC 75W 110VAC 2F, 1F, 0.5F 5A/250VAC 10A 1 4 4 2 4 1 3 2 1 Quy cch S lng

11.1.2. NI DUNG TH NGHIM

a. Mch R L C ni tip Trnh t thao tc Mc mch in mch R L C ni tip
83

Vn nm iu chnh ca BAT v v tr 0 ( Ngc chiu kim ng h ). - Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT. - iu chnh in p ra ca BAT l Ungun = 60V ( V4 = 60V ). - Thay i gi tr ca in dung (u ni tip hoc song song cc t) hoc thay i gi tr in cm (chnh khe h mch t ca cun cm hoc u ni tip cc cun cm) sao cho mch mang tnh cm ( UL > UC ). - Ly s liu ghi vo bng 2. - iu chnh t C hoc cun cm L mch mang tnh dung ( UC > UL ). - Ly cc s liu ghi vo bng 2.

Bng 2 Tnh cht mch tnh cm tnh dung Ungun It

Kt qu o UR UL UC

Ghi ch

Da vo kt qu o c v gin vct khi mch mang tnh cm, mch mang tnh dung. Sinh vin phi v gin vct khi mch mang tnh cm Sinh vin phi v gin vct khi mch mang tnh dung b. Mch R L C mc song song Trnh t thao tc Mc mch in mch R L C mc song song Vn nm iu chnh ca BAT v v tr 0 ( Ngc chiu kim ng h ). Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, chnh nm vn ca BAT theo chiu kim ng h c in p ra l 60V (V4 = 60V). ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT Thay i t C v cun L sao cho mch mang tnh cm ( IL > IC ). Ly s liu ghi vo bng 3 Thay i t C v cun cm L sao cho mch mang tnh dung ( IC > IL). Ly s liu ghi vo bng 3 Bng 3 Kt qu o Tnh cht It IR IL IC mch Tnh cm Tnh dung Da vo s liu o c v gin vct khi mch mang tnh cm, mch mang tnh dung. Sinh vin phi v gin vc t khi mch mang tnh cm v gin vc t khi mch mang tnh dung

84

11.2. TH NGHIM 2 : MCH IN HNH SIN BA PHA

11.2.1. MC CH V DNG C TH NGHIM
a. Mc ch th nghim 1. Lm quen vi mch in 3 pha thc t, bit cch ni ph ti theo kiu sao v tam gic. 2. Kho st mi quan h dng in v in p pha v dy trong mch 3 pha i xng. 3. Kho st vai tr ca dy trung tnh trong mch 3 pha khng i xng. 4. V c th vct dng in v in p ca mch in ba pha b. Dng c th nghim Bng 4 Tn thit b K hiu Stt 1 p t mt 3 pha CB 2 Cng t 3 pha KWH 3~ 3 Ampe mt A0 4 Ampe mt A1, A2, A3 5 Vn mt V 6 Ph ti (bng n dy tc) ZA, ZB, ZC Quy cch S lng 220V/ 30A 1 220V/10A 1 1 01A 3 03A 1 0 260 V 220V/75W 15

11.2.2. NI DUNG TH NGHIM

a. Mch in hnh sin 3 pha ph ti i xng ni tam gic - Mc s mch in ph ti i xng ni tam gic - Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, ng cu dao CD. - Ly s liu ghi vo bng 5. - Da vo s liu bng 5 v th vct Bng 5 Kt qu o UAB UBC UCA IAB IBC

ICA

IA

b. Mch in hnh sin 3 pha ph ti i xng ni sao - Mc s mch in ph ti i xng ni sao - Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, ng cu dao CD. - Ly cc s liu ghi vo bng 6. - Da vo bng 6 v th vct. Bng 6 Kt qu o UAB UBC UCA UAX UBY UCZ

IA

IB

IC

Sinh vin v th vct dng p trng hp ni tam gic v trng hp ni sao 3. Kho st vai tr ca dy trung tnh Dy trung tnh c tc dng lm cn bng in p 3 pha khi ph ti cc pha khng i xng

85

a . Mch 3 pha khng c dy trung tnh ph ti khng i xng ni sao. - S mch in 3 pha khng c dy trung tnh ph ti khng i xng ni sao. Bng hai cng tc K1, K2, iu chnh Za Zb Zc (s bng n 3 pha khc nhau). - c s liu ghi vo bng 7. - Da vo s liu trong bng 7 v th vct Bng 7 Trng hp Kt qu o UAB UBC UCA UAX UBY UCZ UOO IA IB IC IOO Khng c dy trung tnh C dy trung tnh Sinh vin phi nhn xt: b. Mch 3 pha c dy trung tnh ph ti khng i xng ni hnh sao S mch in trong O l im trung tnh ca ngun, O l im trung tnh ca ti. Ampe mt A0 ch gi tr IOO ng cu dao CD c s liu, ghi vo bng 7. Da vo s liu trong bng 7, v th vct. Sinh vin phi v th vct trng hp khng dy trung tnh v trng hp c dy trung tnh

11.3. TH NGHIM 3: MY BIN P MT PHA

11.3.1. MC CH V DNG C TH NGHIM
a. Mc ch th nghim 1. Tm hiu cu to v nguyn l my bin p (MBA) 2. Xc nh thng s ca MBA 3. Dng ng c tnh ngoi qua nh gi cht lng ca my bin p b. Dng c th nghim Stt Tn thit b K hiu Quy cch S lng 1 My bin p cch ly 1 pha BA 110/220V/1KW 1 2 My bin p t ngu 1pha BAT 220V/250V/6.6A 1 3 Cng t 1 pha KWH 220V/10A 1 4 Vn mt V1, V10 1 0 250 V 5 Vn mt V2, V20 1 0 250 V 6 Ampe mt A10 1 01A 7 Ampe mt A1 1 09A 8 Ampe mt A2 1 05A 9 Ph ti (bng n dy tc) RPT 220V/75W 15

11.3.2. NI DUNG TH NGHIM

a. Th nghim khng ti Mc mch in cho my bin p ch khng ti iu chnh nm vn BAT v v tr 0 ( ngc chiu kim ng h).
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Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT. Chnh nm vn BAT theo chiu kim ng h c in p ra l 110V (V10 = 110V ). Theo di a ca cng t quay 1 vng ht bao nhiu giy. T hng s ca cng t bng 400 vng/1000wh ta tnh c cng sut tiu th ca MBA khi khng ti. 1000 . 3600 /( Po = 600 . s giy ng vi 1 vng ) Da vo kt qu o c tnh cc thng s MBA Kt qu o v tnh ghi vo bng 8. Bng 8

U10

U20

I10

P0

R0

X0

cos0

I10 bng khong (2% 10% )I1m b. Th nghim ngn mch Mc s mch in my bin p ch ngn mch - Xoay nm vn ca bin p t ngu v 0 ( ngc chiu kim ng h). - Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT, xoay nm vn ca BAT theo chiu kim ng h tng in p ng ra sao cho dng in trong dy qun s cp v th cp ca my bin p t gi tr nh mc: ( ga tr ny c trn ng h A1) I1m = I1ng = 8A ( ga tr ny c trn ng h A2) I2m = I2ng = 5A o cc s liu ri ghi vo bng 9. Da vo kt qu o, tnh cc thng s ngn mch ri ghi vo bng 9. Cng thc tnh cc thng s ngn mch.

p dng cng thc trn tnh Png Bng 9 Kt qu o U1ng U2ng I1ng I2ng Png U1ng% Zng Kt qu tnh Rng Xng cosng

c. Th nghim c ti - Mc s mch in my bin p ch ngn mch - Xoay nm vn BAT v v tr 0.

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Sau khi gio vin kim tra xong, ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT Vn nm vn ca BAT theo chiu kim ng h khi V2 = 220V Gi nguyn nm vn ca BAT Thay i RPT bng cch thay i s lng bng n (ng cng tc K) Cc s liu o c ghi vo bng 10. Da vo kt qu o c tnh cc thng s cn li ri ghi vo bng 10. Cng thc tnh cc thng s c ti : P2 = U2 I2 cos P1 = U1 I1 cos = P2/P1.100% Bng 10 Kt qu o Kt qu tnh RPT U1 U2 I1 I2 P1 P2 % 0 3 bng 5 bng 8 bng 11 bng 15 bng Theo kt qu bng 10, sinh vin phi dng c tnh ngoi ca MBA, t a ra nhn xt v cht lng ca MBA. Nhn xt ca sinh vin: Sinh vin phi v ng c tnh ngoi

11.4. TH NGHIM 4: NG C KHNG NG B BA PHA

11.4.1. MC CH V DNG C TH NGHIM
a. Mc ch th nghim 1. Tm hiu cu to ca ng c khng ng b r to lng sc ba pha. 2. Kim tra s b cht lng mt ng c, xc nh cc u dy ra bit cch u mt ng c 3 pha 3 . Tp u dy, khi ng v i chiu quay ng c hai cch u sao v u tam gic b. Dng c th nghim

Bng 11 Stt 1 2 3 4

Tn thit b

K hiu 220V~ C3 V1 V
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Quy cch 220V/380V/ 0,18KW 0450 V 015 V

Ngun 220V xoay chiu ng c khng ng b 3 pha Vn mt Vn mt

S lng 1 1 1 1

5 6 7 8 9 10

Megaohm ng h vn nng Cu dao o Ampe mt Watt mt Bin p t ngu

M VOM K2 A1 KW BAT

30 A 220V/250V/6.6A

1 1 1 1 1 1

11.4.2. NI DUNG TH NGHIM

a. Tm hiu cu to ng c M np ng c xem cu to dy qun ca stato v rto lng sc b. Kim tra c kh Dng tay quay trc ng c xem c b kt trc, bi c b r, mn hay khng ? c. Kim tra dy qun Dng 1 u Megaohm ni ln lt vo tng u dy stato (A, B, C) ca ng c, u cn li ca Megaohm cho tip xc vi v my (hnh 11.4.2.a) Nu in tr cch in ca dy qun stato vi v ng c Rc 0,5 M th t yu cu. Nu Rc = 0 , dy qun stato chm v phi sa cha.

A Z

B X

C Y M

Hnh 11.4.2.a d . o in tr ba cun dy stato Dng ng h DVM ( ng h s) giai o in tr o in tr ba cun dy AX, BY, CZ. RBY = RCZ = Ghi cc gi tr in tr ca ba cun dy stato: RAX = Nu RAX = RBY = RCZ th tt Nu RAX RBY RCZ th dy qun stato b chm, c s c, phi sa cha. Ch : Hai u dy ca mt cun c mt gi tr in tr no ( khong vi m ti vi chc m). cn hai u dy khc cun c in tr bng . V d AY, BX, CX c in tr bng e. Xc nh cc u u A, B, C v cc u cui X, Y, Z ca ba cun dy stato Khi t vo 2 cun dy stato ca ng c mt in p Um m r to ng yn th tng ng vi hin tng ngn mch ng c, dng in trong dy qun rt ln s lm chy ng c, do phi hn ch in p t vo ng c sao cho dng in I qua ng c l Im ( trong th nghim ny th Im = 0,4A). Sau khi gio vin kim tra mch in, xoay nm vn ca BAT v 0
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( vn ngc chiu kim ng h). ng cu dao CD cung cp in cho BAT. Chnh nm vn BAT theo chiu kim ng h sao cho dng in qua ampe k A1 l 0,4A. Nu kim lch phi v vn k ch vi vn th cc u dy trn s l ng (X ni B: cui cun ny ni u cun kia ) Nu vn k ch 0V th cc u dy trn s l X ni Y, cui cun ny ni cui cun kia nh hnh 11.4.2.c 3 A
Im

2 220V~ 0 CD Hnh 11.4.2.c BAT

A1

X B Y

Khi xc nh AX, BY i v tr cun BY v cun CZ xc nh C,Z nh hnh 11.4.2.d 2 220V~ 0 CD BAT C 3 A1

Im

A X Z

Hnh 11.4.2.d f. Cho ng c chy th Mc mch in theo s hnh 11.4.2.e ( ng c u sao) Ghi cc gi tr : IA = IB = IC = Nu IA = IB = IC v ng c quay khng c ting l tt. Ch cho php IA , IB , IC lch nhau 15% Dng in khng ti I0 tnh theo phn trm Im ca ng c 3 pha tra theo bng 12 Bng 12 Pm (KW) nb(vng/ph) 0,1 - 0,5 3000 55(%) 1500 70(%) I0 1000 80 (%) 750 90(%)

90

0,51 1 1,1 5 5,1 10 10,1 25 25,1 - 50

40 35 25 20 18

55 50 45 40 35

60 55 50 45 40

65 60 55 40 45

g. Khi ng trc tip v o chiu quay ng c 1. Khi ng trc tip - Mc s mch in o chiu quay ng c Yu cu gio vin kim tra mch in. Ch : Cu dao o K2 c 2 v tr: Y v Ik v I0 bng ampe k A2 nhng ti cc thi im khc nhau. - ng K2 sang v tr Y, ng cu dao CD, ly s liu ghi vo bng 13 - Ngt cu dao CD ng c ngng quay (n = 0) - ng K2 sang v tr , ng cu dao CD, ly s liu ghi vo bng 13 Ch : Dng in khi ng (Ik) v cng sut khi ng (Pk) l dng in v cng sut ngay ti thi im va ng cu dao, cn quan st ngay. Cn I0 v P0 l cc gi tr khi ng c t tc nh mc v khng ti. Bng 13 I0 Pk P0 Ch khi ng sao sang tam Ik gic Ni hnh sao Ni hnh tam gic 2. o chiu ng c i v tr 2 pha A, B, gi nguyn pha C Phn nhn xt ca sinh vin: h . Khi ng sao tam gic ( Y/ ) Khi ng Y/ gim dng khi ng ca ng c Gi nguyn s mch in ng K2 sang v tr Y. ng CD cung cp in cho ng c. Ghi s liu vo hng 1 bng 14 ng c ang quay chuyn K2 sang v tr Ghi s liu vo hng 2 bng 14 Bng 14 Ch khi ng Ik Ni sao Ni tam gic

I0

Pk

P0

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11.5. TH NGHIM 5: NG C KHNG NG B MT PHA

11.5.1. MC CH V DNG C TH NGHIM
a. Mc ch th nghim 1. Tm hiu cu to ca ng c khng ng b mt pha . 2. Kim tra s b cht lng mt ng c, xc nh cc u dy ra bit cch u mt ng c 1 pha 3. Tp u dy, khi ng v i chiu quay ng c b. Dng c th nghim

Bng 11 Stt Tn thit b 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ngun 220V xoay chiu ng c khng ng b 1 pha Vn mt Vn mt Megaohm ng h vn nng Ampe mt

K hiu Quy cch 220V~ C 1~ V1 V M VOM 220V/110V/ 0,75KW 0 450 V 0 15 V

S lng 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

11.5.2. NI DUNG TH NGHIM

a. Tm hiu cu to ng c M np ng c xem cu to dy qun ca stato v rto lng sc b. Kim tra c kh Dng tay quay trc ng c xem c b kt trc, bi c b r, mn hay khng ? c. Kim tra s cch in ca dy qun stato vi v ng c. Dng 1 u Megaohm ni ln lt vo tng u dy stato ( A1, A2, B1, B2) ca ng c, u cn li ca Megaohm cho tip xc vi v my . Nu in tr cch in ca dy qun stato vi v ng c Rc 0,5 M th t yu cu. Nu Rc = 0, dy qun stato chm v phi sa cha. d. o in tr cun chy ( pha chnh) v cun ( pha ph) Mc mch in nh hnh 11.5.2.b A1 B1

M A2 B2

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Hnh 11.5.2.b Bt cng tc ca DVM ( ng h s) ti v tr o in tr hai cun dy A1A2 v B1B2, hnh 11.5.2.b ang o in tr ca B1B2 Ghi gi tr ca chng vo bng 1 v kt lun cun no l cun chy, cun no l cun Bng 1 Gi tr in tr Kt lun Cun A1A2 Cun B1B2 Ch : in tr cun ln hn in tr cun chy. o in p ngun, in p ca t in, in p ca cun chy v cun . Ghi cc gi tr o vo bng 2 Bng 2 in p Gi tr Ghi ch T in C Cun Cun chy in p ngun e. o chiu ng c 1 pha. Mun o chiu ng c 1 pha ta o u cun chy hoc o u cun Quan st chiu quay ca ng c ng c c o chiu quay khng? C Khng

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