"

.
,
.
.

1
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com


"

:
:
M ( x) N ( y )dx + P( x)Q( y )dy = 0
1
N ( y ) P( x) 0
)N ( y ) P( x

M ( x) N ( y )dx = P( x)Q( y )dy /

M ( x)dx
Q( y )dy
=
+C
)P( x
)N ( y

:
)y ' =f(x) g(y
dy
= f ( x) g ( y ) / dx
dx
1
g ( y) 0
)g ( y

dy = f ( x) g ( y )dx /
dy
= f ( x)dx
)g ( y
dy

g ( y) = f ( x)dx + c
:
nf ( x, y ) = n f ( x, y ) :
x
x
- ln( x) ln( y ) = ln => 0 ln : .0
y
y
x y
, .
y x
) y '=f ( x, y ) f ( x, y.
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 M N-
.
) :

X .Y
y
dy dz
= z = => y = zx , .
x + z :
x
dx dx
.

2
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com

( x xy ) y '+ y = 0 / : ( x xy ) 0
2

y
y2
2

2
y
y
x
x
y'= 2
= 2
=
z = , y = zx => y ' = z ' x + z
x xy x xy
x
y
1
2
x
x
2
dz
z
x+z =
dx
1 z
2
xdz
z
z2 z + z2
z
=
=z
=
dx
z 1
1 z
1 z
( z 1)dz dx
/
=
z
x
y
y
>= z ln z = ln x + C
ln = ln x + C
x
x

:
2 :

y '+ p( x) y = q( x) :

. y '+ p( x) y = 0 :

:
:

dy
dy
+ p( x) y = 0 ,
= p( x) y
dx
dx
dy = p( x) ydx / : y 0
dy
= p( x)dx /
y
| ln | y |= p ( x)dx + ln | C
p ( x ) dx
y = Ce

2:
' ) (.

3
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com


):C(X
.
). C(X
' y ) C ( y
.
, ,C - . .

':
xy ' 2 y = 2 x / x
4

2
y = 2 x3
x

y '

:
2
y=0
x
dy 2 y dx
/
=
dx
x
y
dy 2dx
/
=
y
x
| ln | y |= 2 ln | x | + ln | C
y '

y = C ( x) x 2

.C
: y

y ' = C ' x 2 + 2 xC
- :C

2
C ' x 2 + 2 xC C x 2 = 2 x3
x
2
3
C ' x = 2 x / : x 2
C ' = 2 x => dC = 2 xdx /
C ( x) = x 2 + C

C :

y = ( x2 + C ) x2

4
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): y=u(x)v(x
). y '+ p( x) y = q( x
) y = u ( x) v( x y ' = u ' v + v ' u
y ' y u ' v + v ' u + p( x)uv = q( x) :
u ' v + [ (v '+ p ( x)v) ] u = q ( x) :

,0- 2:

v '+ p( x)v = 0
dv
dx
= p ( x )v /
dx
v
dv
= p( x)dx /
v

)u ' v = q ( x
)q ( x
dx /
v
)q ( x
=u
v
= du

)q( x

v

p ( x ) dx

| ln | v |= p ( x)dx + ln | C
p ( x ) dx

v = Ce

y = uv => y = Ce

y '+ p( x) y = q( x) y n : ). (n 0,1
(
) :

y '+ p( x) y = q( x) y n
y n y '+ y1 n p ( x) = q( x) : y n
z = y1 n

)(1 n) y n y '+ (1 n) y1 n p ( x) = (1 n)q( x) : (1-n

Z '(1 n) y n y ' + (1 n) y1n p( x) = (1 n)q( x) : Z

) z '+ (1 n) p ( x) z = (1 n)q( x) : )( y '+ p( x) y = q( x

' z ' = (1 n) y n y

Y : !X

5
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:
): y=u(x)v(x
. y '+ p( x) y = q ( x) y
) y = u ( x) v( x y ' = u ' v + v ' u
n

y ' y u ' v + v ' u + p ( x)uv = q( x)(u v) n :

u ' v + [ (v '+ p ( x)v) ] u = q ( x)(u v) n :

,0- 2:

v '+ p( x)v = 0
dv
dx
= p ( x )v /
dx
v
dv
= p( x)dx /
v

u ' v = q ( x)u n v n

du
dx
v = q ( x)u n v n / n
dx
u v
p ( x ) dx
du
= q ( x)v n 1dx , v = e
n
u
(1 n ) p ( x ) dx
du
= q ( x )e
dx /
n
u
u .y

ln | v |= p( x)dx
p ( x ) dx

v = e

\ :
M N
=
M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 :
y
x

:
)" (
dx-.dy-
) ( d ( xy ) = dx y + dy x
.

( x 2 y )dx + ( y 2 x )dy = 0 :

M
N

=
= ( x 2 y ) = 1
= )( y 2 x
y y
x
x

"

x dx + y dy ( ydx + xdy ) = 0
2

x dx + y dy d ( xy ) = 0
2

:
3

x
y
+
xy = C
3
3

6
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:
: ( M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy )
u
u
: du =
dx + dy = M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy "
x
y
u
= M ( x, y )
x
x

du = M ( x, y )dx/
x

u = M ( x, y )dx + C ( y )
:

u
= N ( x, y ) y u :" "
y

M ( x, y )dx
u
+ dC ( y ) = N ( x, y )
=
y
y
dy
x

M ( x, y )dx
dC ( y )
+ N ( x, y )
=
dy
y
x

M ( x, y )dx

+ N ( x, y ) dy + C
C ( y ) =

u = M ( x, y )dx + C ( y )

7
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:
M N
,

M ( x, y )dx + N ( x, y )dy = 0 , " ,

y
x
" " .
:
M N

y x
" x . , :
)= f ( x
N
f ( x ) dx
. ( x) = e

M N

y x
" y . , :
) = g ( y
M
g ( y ) dy
( y) = e

:
( x) M ( x, y )dx + ( x) N ( x, y )dy = 0

x-:y-
(a1 x + b1 y + c1 )dx + (a2 x + b2 y + c2 )dy = 0 : :
a x + b1 y + c1
dy
= f 1

dx
a2 x + b2 y + c2

c1 = c2 = 0 .
2 :
2 ) ( , 2 )
(.
2:
:
a b
det 1 1 0 .
a2 b2
a b
det 1 1 = 0 .
a2 b2
:

a1 x + b2 y + c1 = 0
" :
a2 x + b2 y + c2 = 0

) ( ,

x = u +

:
y =v+
.

) (:
.
"" .
8
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com

:
-:

Jzef Hoene-Wroski, 1776-1853

.
)y1 ( x), y2 ( x),..., yn ( x

...
y n ( x)
... y n '( x) :

)( n 1
... yn ( x)

) y 1 ( x
)w( y1 , y2 ,..., yn ) = det y 1 '( x

) y ( n 1) ( x
1

w 0 .
w = 0 .
0-
.
-n :
) y n + b1 ( x) y n 1 + ... + bn ( x) y = 0 : n
) fundamental((
:
. y n + b1 ( x) y n 1 + ... + bn ( x) y = 0
. y1 ( x),... yn ( x) :
) .( det( w) 0
. y ( x) = c1 y1 ( x) + .... + cn yn ( x) :
. .

9
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n :

y n + b1 ( x) y n 1 + ... + bn ( x) y = 0
) : : y '''+ 3 y ''+ 2 y '+ y = 0
.( k 3 + 3k 2 + 2k + 1 = 0
. k1 , k2 ,...., kn :

:
) :( k1 k2 .... kn

| w | 0
y ( x) = e :
k1 x
k2 x
y ( x) = C1e + C2 e + ... + Cn e kn x :
kx

:
, :
k j = j + j i k j = j j i : :
jx

) sin( j x

) cos( j x

y j2 = e

) j( :
Aj cos( j x) + B j sin( j x)

jx

y j1 = e

jx

y ( x) = e
j

) (:

k R:
:
k x
y1k = e
y2 k = xek x
y3k = x 2 ek x

yRk = x R 1ek x
" R-1 , x-.

k j = j j R:
2 2R.
:
x
)y j 2 = e j sin( j x

) sin( j x

jx

y (2) j 2 = x e

) cos( j x
) cos( j x

) sin( j x

jx

y j1 = e

jx

y (2) j1 = x e

y ( R ) j 2 = x R 1 e

jx

) cos( j x

jx

y ( R ) j1 = x R 1 e

10
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n :
:
a0 ( x) y ''+ a1 ( x) y '+ a2 ( x) y = 0
. a0 ( x) 0
:
)a ( x

a10 ( x ) dx

Mikhail
Vasilevich
Ostrogradsk

W = Ce

" -.

:
)a ( x

a10 ( x ) dx
dx

) )( y1 ( x

)y2 = y1 ( x

:
+ ... + an y = 0 :

)( n 1

n 1

+ a1 x

)( n

a0 x y . a0 , a1 ,..., an = const
n

a0 x y ''+ a1 xy '+ a2 y = 0 : . a0 , a1 , a2 = const

:
y = xk 0
2

y = x k ,:

y ' = kx k 1
y '' = k (k 1) x k 2

, a0 x k (k 2 k ) + a1 x k k + a2 x k : : x k -

a0 (k 2 k ) + a1k + a2
. k1 , k2
:

) k1 = k2 = (:

y = C1 x + C2 x ln x :

) k1 k2 (:

y = C1 x + C2 x :
k2

k1

) k1 , k2 = i (:

y = x [C1 cos( ln x) + C2 sin( ln x) ] :

11
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com

- n :

) + an 1 y n 1 + ... + a0 y = g ( x

a j = const , a0 y

n
,
\\\\
n
n x
g ( x) = k (const ), x , x e , x n e x cos( x), x n e x sin( x) :
. g ( x) = e x [ PL ( x) cos( x) + Qk ( x) sin( x) ] :

) ( y0" .
-) ( y p

2 ytot = y0 + y p :

- ) " 3
( - . y p

"" - : y p
) , g ( x
) , (.
"" y p .

12
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y p :

)y p ( x

)g ( x

A
Ax + B
Ax 2 + Bx + C
Ax3 + Bx 2 + Cx + D
)A sin(4 x) + B cos(4 x
)A sin(4 x) + B cos(4 x
)A sin(4 x) + B cos(4 x

)a(const
x+5
x2 + 5
x3 x + 1
)2sin(4 x
)cos(4 x
)5cos(4 x) + 7 sin(4 x

)( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) sin(4 x) + ( Dx 2 + Ex + F ) cos(4 x
)( Ax + B ) sin(4 x) + (Cx + d ) cos(4 x

)(3x 2 + 1) sin(4 x
)x cos(4 x

)( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) sin(4 x) + ( Dx 2 + Ex + F ) cos(4 x

)(3x 2 + 2) cos(4 x) + ( x + 1) sin(4 x

Ae 2 x
))e 2 x ( A sin(4 x) + B cos(4 x

e2 x
)6e 2 x cos(4 x

))e 2 x ( A sin(4 x) + B cos(4 x

))e 2 x (5cos(4 x) + 7 sin(4 x

e 2 x ( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) sin(4 x) + ( Dx 2 + Ex + F ) cos(4 x)

)e 2 x (3 x 2 + 1) sin(4 x

e 2 x ( Ax 2 + Bx + C ) sin(4 x) + ( Dx 2 + Ex + F ) cos(4 x)

e 2 x (3 x 2 + 2) cos(4 x) + ( x + 1) sin(4 x)

y p ) "( ,
, .
-.

y p) x-(:
y p .x-
?x-
g ( x) = e [ PL ( x) cos( x) + Qk ( x) sin( x) ] -
x

r = + i " ). g ( x
y p.x-
r -s y p . x s -
x- y p -.
, , )( -) )- g ( x (
, ) (.

13
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- n -:

) y ( n ) + Pn 1 ( x ) y n 1 + ... + P1 ( x ) y '+ P0 ( x ) y = f ( x
) '(:
) ytot = y0 + y p (.

y0 = c1 y1 ( x) + c2 y2 ( x) + ... + cn yn ( x) :
- y p = c1 ( x) y1 ( x) + c2 ( x) y2 ( x) + ... + cn ( x) yn ( x) :
:
yn ( x) c1' ( x) 0
) y1 ( x

'

yn' ( x) c2' ( x) 0
 ) y1 ( x

=

) ( n 1

)( n 1
c ' ( x) f ( x)
y
(
x
)

y
(
x
)

n
1
n
" C
.
y p y0 .

14
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com

n :

" :
.
) .
(
.
.
.1 , y ''+ y = 0 , . x0 = 0

y ( x) = an ( x x0 ) n
n =0

y ( x) = an x n
n =0

y ''( x) = an (n)(n 1) x n 2

y '( x) = an (n) x n 1

n=2

y ( x) = an x n
n =0

n =1

.
:

+ an x n = 0
n =0

n2

a (n)(n 1) x
n

n=2

.
n2 = m
n = m :
:
n = m+2
:

am+2 (m + 2)(m + 1) x m + am x m = 0

m =0

m =0

) !(
:

(m + 2)(m + 1) + am ] x m = 0

[a

m+ 2

m =0

x m :
am + 2 (m + 2)(m + 1) + am = 0
m = 0,1, 2...
. :
am
am + 2 =
m = 0,1, 2...
)(m + 2)(m + 1

15
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:m
a0
a
m = 0 a2 =
m =1 a3 = 1
(2)(1)
(3)(2)
a0
a
a
a1
m = 2 a4 = 2 =
m = 3 a5 = 3 =
(4)(3) (4)(3)(2)(1)
(5)(4) (5)(4)(3)(2)
a0
a
a
a1
m = 4 a6 = 4 =
m = 5 a7 = 5 =
(6)(5) (6)(5)(4)(3)(2)(1)
(7)(6) (7)(6)(5)(4)(3)(2)




(1)k a0
m = 2k a2k =
k =1,2...
(2k)!

(1)k a1
m = 2k +1 a2k+1 =
k =1,2...
(2k +1)!

: ,

y ( x) = an x n = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + ... + a2 k x 2 k + a2 k +1 x 2 k +1 + ...
n =0

a0 2 a1 3
(1)k a0 2 k (1)k +1 a1 2 k +1
+ ...
x x + ... +
x +
x
2!
3!
(2k )!
(2k + 1)!
n =0
:
k 2k
2

(1) x
x3
(1)k +1 x 2 k +1
y ( x) = an x n = a0 1 ... +
+ ...
+ a1 x + ... +
(2k )!
3!
(2k + 1)!
n =0
2!

y ( x) = an x n = a0 + a1 x

x2

x3
(1)k x 2 k
(1)k +1 x 2 k +1
y ( x) = a0 1 ... +
+ ... + a1 x + ... +
+ ...
(2k )!
3!
(2k + 1)!
2!

(1)k x 2 k +1
(1)k x 2 k
y ( x) = a0
+ a1
(2k )!
k =0
k = 0 (2 k + 1)!

.
y ( x) = c1 cos x + c2 sin x :

16
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y '' = xy '+ (1 x) y
[ x0 = 0 , y (0) = c1 , y '(0) = c2 ] : .2

y ( x) = an x n
n =0

y ( x) = an x n

y '( x) = an (n) x n 1

n =0

y ''( x) = an (n)(n 1) x n 2

n =1

n=2

a (n)(n 1) x

n2

n=2

= x an (n) x n 1 + (1 x) an x n
n =1

n =0

a (n)(n 1) x

n2

n=2

n =1

n =0

n =0

= an (n) x n + an x n an x n +1
: x n

a (n)(n 1) x

n2

n=2

n 2=m

n =1

n =0

n =0

= an (n) x n + an x n an x n +1
n =m

n=m

n+1=m

m =0

m =1

m =0

m =1

am+2 (m + 2)(m + 1) x m = am (m) x m + am x m am1 x m

:m

m =1

m=0
(2)(1)a2 = a0 => a2 =

a0
2

(3)(2)a3 = 1a1 + a1 a0 => a3 =

2a1 a0
6

m >1
(m + 2)(m + 1)am + 2 = (m + 1)am am 1
am + 2 =

(m + 1)am am 1
(m + 2)(m + 1)

. y ( x) = am x m :
m =0

y ( x) = am x m = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + ... + am + 2 x m + 2 + ..
m =0

:
a
a
a
y ( x) = am x m = a0 + a1 x + 0 x 2 + 1 x 3 0 x 3 + ...
2
3
6
m =0

x 2 x3

x3
y ( x) = a0 1 + + + ... + a1 x + + ...
2 3
3

17
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com

:Airy
y '' xy = 0 x0 = 0 . y (0) = 1, y '(0) = 0
a =0
a =1
( 0
0 .
) :
a1 = 1
a1 = 0

y ( x) = an ( x x0 ) n
n =0

y ( x) = an x n
n =0

y ''( x) = an (n)(n 1) x n 2

y '( x) = an (n) x n 1

n=2

y ( x) = an x n

n =1

n =0

x- :

an x n +1 = 0

=0

n =0

n=2

an (n)(n 1) x n2 x an x n

n =0

n2

a (n)(n 1) x
n

n=2

n +1 = m

=<

n2= m
n = m+2

n = m 1

2-:

(m + 2)(m + 1) x = am 1 x m

m+ 2

m =0

m =1

:m
m >1

am 1
)(m + 1)(m + 2

= am + 2

1
!3

m =1

= (3)(2)a3 = a0 => a3

m=0
2a2 = 0 => a2 = 0

a4 = 0
a5 = 0
1
2 35 6
a7 = 0
= a6

a8 = 0

x3
x6
+
+ ..
2 3 2 35 6

y1 ( x) = 1 + .Aix

a0 = 0

.Bix

a1 = 1
http://mathworld.wolfram.com/AiryDifferentialEquation.html :
18
Yoni_danzig@hotmail.com

" ) (:
:
. a2 ( x) y ''+ a1 ( x) y '+ a0 ( x) y = 0
x0 = 0
. a2 ( x0 ) = 0
' .
): a2 ( x

a2 ( x0 = 0) 0

)a ( x
)a1 ( x
y '+ 0
y=0
)a2 ( x
)a2 ( x

y ''+

:
y ''+ P ( x) y '+ Q( x) y = 0
x0 :
lim [ x P( x) ] = p0

lim x 2 Q( x) = q0

x 0

x 0

p0 , q0 .

" " ) (.
:
n+r

a x = a x
n

n =0

y ( x) = x

n =0

y ''( x) = an (n + r )(n + r 1) x n + r 2

y '( x) = an (n + r ) x n + r 1

n =0

y ( x) = an x n + r
n =0

n =0

) (
y ''+ P ( x) y '+ Q( x) y = 0 :
:

r (r 1) + p0 r + q0 = 0

r1 = r2 = r

) , (r1 > r2 = ) r1 r2 (r1 r2

y1 = x r1 an x n

y1 = x r an x n
n =0

y2 = y1 ( x) ln x + x r bn x n
n =1

n =0

y2 = Ay1 ln x + x r2 bn x n
n =0

19
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) r1 r2 (r1 r2

y1 = x r1 an x n
n =0

y2 = x r2 bn x n
n =0

Friedrich Bessel

- :
x 2 y ''+ xy '+ ( x 2 v 2 ) y = 0
v .
:
2
v
1
y ''+ y '+ 1 2 y = 0 : x 2
x
x
P Q:
v2
1
=P
Q = 1 2
x
x
:
lim xP = 1 = p0
lim x 2Q = v 2 = q0
x 0

)(1

x 0

r (r 1) + p0 r + q0 = 0 :
r 2 v 2 = 0 <= r (r 1) + 1r v 2 = 0
" r1 = v r2 = v
:
v:
2 n v

2n+v

(1) n
x

n = 0 n ! (1 v + n ) 2

= )J v ( x

(1) n
x
= )J v ( x

n = 0 n ! (1 + v + n) 2

)y = c1 J v ( x) + c2 J v ( x
:
= v:

)cos(v ) J v ( x
m) Ym ( x) = lim(.
:
vm
) sin(v
n =0
:
)y = c1 J v ( x) + c2Yv ( x
:

(v) = x v 1e x dx : (v + 1) = v(v) :
0

= v = n (n + 1) = n ! :
:
1
=
2

20
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':
' (1 x 2 ) y '' 2 xy '+ n(n + 1) y = 0
.x=0
0 :

(1) n=const

y ( x) = ak ( x x0 ) k
k =0

y ( x) = an x n
n =0

y ''( x) = ak (k )(k 1) x k 2

y '( x) = ak (k ) x k 1

k =2

y ( x) = ak x k
k =0

k =1

k =0

k =1

k =2

k =2

k= j

k 2 = j
k = j+2

ak (k )(k 1) x k 2 ak (k )(k 1) x k 2 ak (k ) x k + n(n + 1) ak x k

k= j

k= j
:

j =0

j =1

j =2

j
j
j
j
j + 2 ( j + 2)( j + 1) x a j ( j )( j 1) x 2 a j ( j ) x + n( n + 1) a j x

: j = 0

1 2a2 + n(n + 1)a0 = 0

)n(n + 1
a0
!2

a2 =

a
j =0

: j = 1
2 3 a3 2a1 + n(n + 1)a1 = 0

[ 2 n(n + 1)] a
2a1 n(n + 1)a1
= => a3
1
!3
!3

: j 2
a j + 2 ( j + 2)( j + 1) a j ( j )( j 1) 2 ja j + n(n + 1)a j = 0

)j ( j + 1) n(n + 1
aj
)( j + 2)( j + 1

= a j+2

: a4 , a5

)[ 2 3 n(n + 1)] n(n + 1

2(3) n(n + 1) n(n + 1)

a0 =
43
!2
!4

[3 4 n(n + 1)] [ 2 n(n + 1)] a

] )3(4) n(n + 1) [ 2 n(n + 1
= a5

= a1
1
45
!3
!5
= a4 = a j + 2

21
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= a3

y ( x) = an x n = a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 + ...
n =0

n(n + 1) 2 [ 2 3 n(n + 1)] n(n + 1) 4

y1 ( x) = a0 1
x
x + ..
!2
!4

[ n(n + 1) 2] x3 + [3 4 n(n + 1)] [ 2 n(n + 1)] x5 + ..

y2 ( x) = a1 x

!3
!5

n y2 y1
.
n - y1 y2 .
, ':
( pn ( x) ) :n
p0 ( x) = 1

p1 ( x) = x
p2 ( x) = 1 3x 2
5
p3 ( x) = x x3
3


':
" : pn (1) = 1 :
:
p0 ( x) = 1 p0 (1) = 1 c = 1
p1 ( x) = x p1 (1) = 1 c = 1
1
1
)p2 ( x) = (3 x 2 1
2
2
2
3
1
)p3 (1) = => c = p2 ( x) = (5 x 3 3x
3
2
2

p2 ( x) = 1 3 x 2 p2 (1) = 2 => c =
5
p3 ( x) = x x 3
3

: ' )pn ( x
" ) (10

22
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:
:
:

(1) y1 ' = y2
(2) y2 ' = y1
:
):(1
(1) y1 '' = y2 ' = y1

(2) y2 ' = y1
) (1 :

y1 '' = y1
y1 ''+ y1 = 0

=<

k 2 = 1 => k = i
y1 = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

=<

(1) y1 ' = y2
y2 = c1 cos x + c2 sin x

:
:

dx
dy dz
=
=
2
x +y
2 xy xz
2

2:

dx
dy
=
2
x +y
2 xy
dy dz
)(2
=
2 xy xz
2 " ) , (
.
2

)(1

:
) (
:
:

dx
= 3x + y
dt
dy
)(2
= 4 x + y
dt
)(1

d x 3 1
=

dt y 4 1

23
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:
1
3
det
=0
4 1
(3 )(1 ) + 4 = 2 2 + 1

1 = 2 = 1
:

1 = 2 = 1
(3 1) x + y = 0
2x = y
1
= 1 = 2
2

:



x
x

1
1


t
t
1t
1t
= c1 1e + c2 2te => = c1 e + c2 te
y
y
2
2
t .

24
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