First published April 2005, for Autograph v 3.10 (Revised August 2005)
First International Edition May 2007, for Autograph v 3.20
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Eastmond Publishing Ltd.





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n = f
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: s(x) = (1/n)f(x 0) = (1/n)fx 0
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y = ax + b, = a0 + b, s(y) = a s(x)
:
cov(xy) = (1/n)(x 0)(y 1) = (1/n)xy 01
, PMCC:
r = cov(xy)/(s(x)s(y))
, y--x:
y 1 = cov(x,y)/s(x).(x 0)

y = a + bx,
:
y = na + bx and xy = ax + bx
, x--y:
x 0= cov(x,y)/s(y).(y 1)
Spearman:
r(s) = 1 (6d)/(n(n 1)
:
d =

:
X ~ G(p)
P(X=p) = q^(r1).p
, = 1/p

q=1p
r = 1, 2, 3, ...
, = q/p

:

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r = 0,1,2,3 ...

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:
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Var(aX+b) = aVar(X)

nPr = n!/(n r)!
nCr = nCr /r! = n(n1)(n2)(nr+1)/r!

: Z ~ N(0, 1)
: (z) = 1/(2).e^(z)
= 0 = 1
( n, p and ):
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:
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, = np
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h () ().


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:
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6 Sum of ((h/2)/3) ( ([f1(x0)
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x x/3! + x /5! . . .
1 x/2! + x/4! . . .
x x/3 + x /5 . . .
x + x/3! + x /5! + . . .
1 + x/2! + x/4! + . . .
x + x/3 + x /5 + . . .

(x2, y2) (RungeKutta):

x2 6 x1 + h(x1 + x2)/2
y2 6 y1 + h(y1 + y2)/2

ME


 

[ x]
[1 < x 1]
[|x| 1]
[|x| 1]
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[1 x 1]
[ x]
[ x]
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y = 23 => x = lny
x = e^(lnx)
ln(23) = x
logax = logbx/logba
logb(x), log(x)/log(b)

v!

cos + sin
sec
cosec

=1
= 1 + tan
= 1 + cot

sin2
cos2
cos2
cos2
tan2

= 2sin cos
= cos sin
= 1 2sin
= 2cos 1
= 2tan / (1 tan)

sin
cos

= (1 cos2)
= (1 + cos2)

sin( + )
sin( )
cos( + )
cos( )

= (tan + tan)/(1 tan tan)

= (tan tan)/(1 + tan tan)
= 2sin(A + B) cos(A B)
= 2cos(A + B) sin(A B)
= 2cos(A + B) cos(A B)
= 2sin(A + B) sin(A B)

cosx
cosecx
cotx
sin)x + cosx
cosec) (x/a)

= sin(90 x)
= sec(90 x)
= tan(90 x)
= 90, etc
= sin) (a/x), ..

f(x)
==============
xn
ex
lnx
ax
sin(kx)
cos(kx)
cosx
tanx
secx
cotx
cosecx
arcsinx
arccosx
arctanx
arcsecx
arccosecx
arccotx

= sin cos + cos sin

= sin cos cos sin
= cos cos sin sin
= cos cos + sin sin

tan( + )
tan( )
sinA + sinB
sinA sinB
cosA + cosB
cosA cosB

v
!

kcos(kx)
k.sin(kx)
sinx
secx
secx tanx
cosecx
cosecx cotx
1/(1 x)
1/(1 x)
1/(1 + x)
1/((x 1).|x|)
1/((x 1).|x|)
1/(x + 1)

sinhx
coshx
tanhx
sechx
cosechx
cothx

coshx
sinhx
sechx
sechx tanhx
cosechx cothx
cosechx

arsinhx
arcoshx
artanhx
arsechx
arcosechx
arcothx

1/(1 + x)
1/(1 x)
1/(1 x)
1/(x(1 x))
1/(|x|(1 + x))
1/(1 x)

v"" 

---------------------------------------------------------------------Rad: 0 /6
/4
/3
/2

Deg: 0 30
45
60
90
180
---------------------------------------------------------------------sin: 0 1/2
1/f
g/2
1
0
cos: 1 g/2
1/f
1/2
0
1
tan: 0 1/g
1
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f(x)
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nx^(n1)
ex
1/x
ax.lna



:
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v"!
f(x)
=============
x
1/x
23
+3

lnx
sin(kx)
cos(kx)
tanx
secx
cosecx
cotx
sin)x
cos)x
tan)x
sec)x
cosec)x
cot)x
1/(a x)
1/(a + x)
1/(a x)
1/(x + a)
1/(x a)
e^(ax) sin(bx)
e^(ax) cos(bx)
sinh(x)
cosh(x)
tanh(x)
sech(x)
cosech(x)
coth(x)
arsinh(x)
arcosh(x)
artanh(x)
arsech(x)
arcosech(x)
arcoth(x)

M

f(x) dx [+ c, constant]
========================
x^(n+1)/(n+1)
[n 1]
ln|x|
e3
a3/lna
x.ln|x| x
(1/k)cos(kx)
(1/k)sin(kx)
ln|secx|
ln|secx + tanx| = ln|tan(x+)|
ln|tanx|
ln|sinx|

:
uv dx = v.I I.dv/dx dx where I = udx
:
y = f(u)
dy/dx = dy/du.du/dx
:
y = uv
dy/dx = v.du/dx + u.dv/dx
:
y = u/v
dy/dx = (v.du/dx u.dv/dx)/v

v
 

x.sin)x + (1 x)
x.cos)x (1 x)
x.tan)x ln|1 + x|
x.sec)x ln|x + (x 1)|
x.cosec)x + ln|x + (x 1)|
x.cot)x + ln|1 + x|
arcsin(x/a)
[|x|< a]
(1/a)arctan(x/a)
(1/a)artanh(x/a)
= 1/(2a)ln|(a+x)/(ax)|
arsinh(x/a)
= ln((x + (x + a)))
[a > 0]
arcosh(x/a)
= ln((x + (x a)))
[x a]

:
r.n = d
[x, y, z].[a, b, c] = d
ax + by + cz = d
[x, y, z] = [a, b, c] + [u, v, w] + [l, m, n]

e^(ax)/(a+b) (asinbx bcosbx)

e^(ax)/(a+b) (acosbx + bsinbx)

(, , )
ax + by + cz + d = 0
= |a + b + c + d|/C(a + b + c)

cosh(x)
sinh(x)
lncosh(x)
arctan (sinh x)
ln |tanh(x/2)|
ln |sinh x|

:
[x, y, z] = [a, b, c] + [u, v, w]
:
u. v = |u|.|v|.cos
:
u x v = |u|.|v|.sin.;

:
 x- 
 y- 

= _y dx
= _x dy

x arsinh(x) (x + 1)
x arcosh(x) (x 1)
x artanh(x) + ln(1 x)
x arsech(x) + arsinh(x)
x arcosech(x) + arsinh(x)
x arcoth(x) + ln(x 1)


 





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y = 2x 3
y = mx + c
y = (x a)(x b)
y = x/(3 x)
y = x J(3 + x)
y = 27/(x + 9)
y = 2x/(x + 1)
y = (x 1)/x/(x 2)
y = (x + 1)/(x 1)
y = (1 x)/(1 + x)
y = ax + bx + c
 : x = (b J(b 4ac))/(2a)

: x = b/(2a)

y = a3
y = xY
y = e4
x = lny
y = ae^(bx)sin(cx + d)
y = e3/(1 e4)
y = e^(x)
y = 1/J(2)e^(x)
y = ln|x|
y = ln|(1 x)/(1 + x)|
y = logx
y = lnx/x

v"
utEsR

v



x = y 4
x = (y 2)(y + 5)
x = siny
x=2
x = ln|y|
x = siny
x = siny

Use ALT-1 to enter the symbol ).

v!
"
y = sinx + cosx
y = cos2x
y = sinx
y = cosx
y = |sinkx|
y = asin(nx + )
y = c sin(nx) + d cos(nx)
y = sin20x + sin(nx)
y = 2 sin((20 + n)x) cos((20 n)x)
y = tanx
y = secx
y = cosecx
y = cotx

y = sinhx
y = coshx
y = tanhx
y = sechx
y = cosechx
y = cothx

= (e3 e4)/2
= (e3 + e4)/2
= sinhx/coshx
= 1/coshx
= 1/sinhx
= 1/tanhx

y = sinh)x
y = cosh)x
y = tanh)x
y = sech)x
y = cosech)x
y = coth)x

= arsinhx
= arcoshx
= artanhx
= arsechx
= arcosechx
= arcothx

ve` 5  ALT-1

).
y = sin)x
= arcsinx
y = cos)x = arccosx
y = tan)x = arctanx
y = sec)x = arcsecx
y = cosec)x = arccosecx
y = cot)x = arccotx
x = siny
y = sin)x + cos)x


 

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= f(x).
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.
2x + 3y = 6
2x + 3y = 6
y = x + x
y = x(1 x)
y = x(4 x) and y = x(4 x)
y = (x 1)/x
y = x(x 2)/(4 x)
y = x(4 x)(x 2)
y = x(x 3) + c
y = 1 + x
x + y = 1
x y = 1

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23,
.
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: (a, b)
[e = 0]
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: (g, f)
r = g + f c
x/a + y/b = 1
[e < 1]
x = acos, y = bsin
: ( ae, 0)
:

sinx + cosy = k
sinx = cosy
xy x y = k
x^y = y^x
x + y = 3xy
(x + y) = x y
(x y)(x + y) = 0
x + 2hxy + y = 9
(x + y 4) + k(2x 3y + 2)
a(x/9 + y/4 1) + b(x + y + 1)

v
 e


!


y = xsin(1/x)
y = sinx/x
y = int(x)
y = |x| (1 x)
x + (y mx) = 1
x + xy + y = x(x y)
(2y x) = xcotx
and 2y x = 0
xy = x 1
y = 2(x + |x| 6)/(3(x + |x| + 2)) (36 x)


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x/a y/b = 1
[e > 1]
x = asec, y = btan
: (ae, 0)
:
x = a/e

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xy = c x = ct, y = c/t
[e = f] x = ct, y = c/t
:
(fc, fc)
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x + y = fc
:
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y < 3x + 1
2x + 3y 3
x + y < 16

1/r = 1 + kcos

ax + 2hxy + by + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0

MB

=0
=0

v


x = a/e

y = 4ax : (a, 0)
[e = 1]
x = at, y = 2at
: x = a

[e = k]

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y=f(x) .


 

x 2
y < x






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v



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.
f(x) = sinx y = f(x)
y = f(|x|)
y = f(f(f(x)))
f(x) = x g(x) = (f(x + h) f(x h))/(2h)

y = g(x) h

y = x/4 []
=> x = (4/27)(y 3)
x/4 + y/1 = 1 [] =>(2x/3)^(2/3) + (y/3)^(2/3) = 1
x y = 1 [] => (x/2)^(2/3) (y/2)^(2/3) = 1

v4=A
! e"

!


:
y
y
y
y
dy/dx

v

"

!

(t):
x = at, y = 2at
x = ut, y = vt gt
x = 18t 1.5t, y = 24t + t

(t ) [ ALTT ]
x = sin2t, y = cost
x = sin(at), y = cos(bt)
y = asin(n), x = bcos(n)
x = t sint, y = 1 cost
[]
x = t 2sint, y = 1 2cost
[ ]
x = 7cost cos7t, y = 7sint sin7t []
x = sint, y = sin(t + 30)
[ ]
x = 2cot(t), y = 2sin(t)
v
"

!
 [ ALT T
]
r = 2cos4
r = sin
[]
r = sec
[ ]
r = 2sin2
r = 1, = 90
[]
r = 3/(2 cos)
[]
r = 1 cos
[]
r = e^(/4)
1/r = 1 kcos
[. ]
r = /20
[ Fermat]
r = cos2
r = ln

=...:
= n/8 r = cos(8) [n = 1 8]

y + ky = 1
y + y = x
y + y = 2sinx
x-t: , x
, ..:
+ x = 2sint

v5=A
! e"

!


y-x:
y = 1
y = y
y + 2ky + y = 0
y + 2ky + y = x
x-t: x
, x , ..:
= 10
+ nx = 0
+ 2 + nx = 0

v
!

!" !


.
y = 1, cosx, 1
: [2, /2, /2, 2]


 

MM

= x/y
= x+y
= 2xy/(x y)
= sin(xy)
=y







v S{tEu_sR

:  S

"


z = asinxcosy
[ ]
[]
z = x + y
z = x y
[]
[]
z = xy
3# $#     %   % 
z = f(x, y):
ax + by + cz = d
, [a, b, c]

[ALT T = ]

v S
" e

.

.
:
x + y + z = r
[]
x/a + y/b + z/c = 1
[]
[, -x]
z + y = x
x + z = y
[, -y]
x + y = z
[, -z]
[, -x]
y + z = r
x + z = r
[, -y]
[, -z]
x + y = r
xyz yz xz xy + x + y + z = 1 [ ]
x + y + a = z
[]
x + y = a(cosh(z/a))
z + ((x + y) b) = a
:
[ Schwarz]
cosx + cosy + cosz = 0
|x| + |y| = r
[]
cosxsiny + cosysinz + coszsinx = 0
e^zcosx cosy = 0
|xyz| = a

x = t, y = t, z = 0
[ ]
x = sin, y = cos, z = []
x = a + kcos, y = , z = b + ksin

: Se"

"

[ALT T = , ALT F = ]
r=1
[]
r = 3sin2

: x = f(,), y = f(,), z = f(,)
x = a + kcos, y = , z = b + ksin
[ , k]
x = (c + acos)cos, y = (c + acos)sin, z = asin
[: c, - a]
x = (2 + 0.2sin)sin, y = 0.2cos2 + 3cos2,
z = (2 + 0.2sin2)cosn
x = ksin()sin(), y = kcos(), z = ksin()cos()
[]

 S" "

"

[ATL T = ]
r=1
[]
r=1
[ , - = 2/3]
r=1
[ , - = /2]
r=z
[]
r = (10.25z)(1 + 0.5sin(1.5z) + 0.3cos5)

-
r = z ( )
z
z
z
z
x
x
z
z

M`

=2
= 2+x/2
= 2+x
= 2+2x
=2
=0
=x
=0

[]
[]
[]
[]
[. ]
[ ]
[ ]
[]


 

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' # : ,  (! Autograph 
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