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PHN BN V S DNG PHN BN HP L Phn I - PHN BN I. Khi nim Phn bn: L nhng cht hoc hp cht hu c hoc v c c cha mt hay nhiu cht dinh dng thit yu c a vo trong sn xut nng nghip vi mc nh chnh l cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng nhm gip chng sinh trng pht trin tt v cho nng sut cao. II. Phn loi 1. Phn loi theo ngun gc hnh thnh - Phn hu c: L loi phn bao gm ph ph phm ca cy trng v gia sc cc giai on khc nhau ca qu trnh phn gii v c bn vo t nhm cung cp dinh dng cho cy trng v ci thin tnh cht t. Phn hu c bao gm ph ph phm ca trng trt, lm nghip, rc thi t cc nghnh sn xut nh nghnh sn xut giy, ng, bn cng rnh v ph ph phm t cc ngnh ch bin nng sn. - Phn v c: l nhng loi phn khng c yu t cc bon (c khi dng thut ng phn ha hc, phn khong gi phn v c nhm phn bit sn phm c sn xut ra bng phng php vt l, ha hc v khng c ngun gc t cy trng, vt nui) - Phn n: l loi phn ch cha mt nguyn t dinh dng a lng (phn m , kali, ln...) - Phn tng hp: L nhng loi phn cha nhiu nguyn t dinh dng (bao gm c phn trn nh NPK; phn phc hp nh DA, DAP.v.v.) - Phn sinh hc: L loi phn c cha vi sinh vt c tc dng tng cng qu trnh tng hp, phn gii, chuyn ho cc cht dinh dng trong t cy trng s dng. Phn sinh hc ch c gi tr khi bn ra ng rung cc vi sinh vt trong phn cn sng v pht huy tc dng. - Phn sinh ho: Loi phn c sn xut bng c cng ngh sinh hc v ho hc trong : + S dng cng ngh sinh hc chuyn ho lm giu cc nguyn liu sn xut phn. + S dng cng ngh ho hc to ra sn phn bn. Phn sinh ho khi bn ra rung khng cn s c mt ca vi sinh vt. - Phn phc hp: L loi phn c cha trong thnh phn t 2 hoc nhiu hn cc nguyn t dinh dng cn thit cho cy trng. - Phn trung lng: l loi phn cha mt loi cht dinh dng trung lng nh: Mg, S, CaCc loi cht dinh dng ny cy cn vi mt lng trung bnh nhng rt cn thit cho s sinh trng, pht trin ca cy trng. - Phn vi lng: Phn vi lng l loi phn c cha mt yu t dinh dng vi lng nh: Cu, Fe, Zn, MoPhn vi lng cy trng cn mt lng rt nh nhng n li nh hng rt ln n s sinh trng pht trin cng nh cht lng ca nng sn phm.
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2. Phn loi theo cch s dng Theo cch s dng ngi ta chia phn bn thnh 3 nhm: - Phn bn r: l cc loi phn bn c bn trc tip vo t hoc vo nc cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng thng qua b r; - Phn bn l: l cc loi phn bn c ti hoc phun trc tip vo l hoc thn cung cp cht dinh dng cho cy trng thng qua thn l; - Cht ci to t. L cht bn vo t c tc dng nng cao ph, ci thin c im l tnh, ho tnh, sinh tnh t, to iu kin cho cy trng sinh trng, pht trin tt, cho nng sut cao v cht lng nng sn tt; III. Gii thiu mt s loi phn bn thng dng 1. Phn hu c. 1.1. Phn chung, phn L nhng loi phn c ngun gc ng, thc vt nh phn tru, b, ln, g, gia cm. Phn chung ni ring v phn hu c ni chung c u im l lun lun cha y cc nguyn t dinh dng: m, ln, kali, canxi, magie, natri, silic, cc nguyn t vi lng nh: ng, km, Mangan, coban, bor, molipden,... tuy hm lng khng cao. Phn hu c truyn thng, trong c phn chung, cng c nhng nhc im nh: hm lng cht dinh dng thp, phi bn lng ln, kh vn chuyn i xa, nu khng ch bin k c th mang n mt s nm bnh cho cy trng. Ngoi ra do ln men, phn hu c cha cc axit hu c, nu khng kt hp vi bn vi s lm chua t. Nhng chn rung trng, ly tht,... cng khng nn bn nhiu phn hu c. Phng php phn chung: Phn chung xp thnh lp rng nn cht n khi ng phn cao 1,5-2,0 m. Trt kn bn, gia chc mt l hnh phu ti nc. t 2 n 6 thng. Song thng thng, nn phn chung vi t bt, vi ln (bt c loi phn ln no, t l 2%), c th thm vi (3-5%) cho phn mang hoai hn, bt chua, cc vi sinh vt hot ng thun tin hn. Trong thc t nng dn cn s dng mt s nguyn liu thc vt n trong chung. Ngi ta t s dng phn chung bn trc tip m ch bin thnh phn m bo v sinh, hn ch su bnh, c di v s dng tt hn. 1.2. Phn rc: Loi phn ny lm t thn ng, rm r, thn cy u , v lc, tru, b ma, cht thnh on ngn 20-30 cm, c th ngm nc vi long 2-3 ngy trc khi . Phng php phn rc: phn rc cng xp thnh lp v c 30 cm rc mt lp vi. Trt bn, khong 20 ngy, ri o li rc phn ln men (phn bc, phn chung, phn ha hc nh m, ln) vi t l 20%. Xp cao, li trt bn, h l ti thng xuyn nc gii pha long. 45-60 ngy v c th dng bn lt. lu hn na cho phn hoai th dng bn thc. 1.3. Phn xanh: Phn xanh l tn gi chung cc cy hoc l cy ti c hay vi thng xung t bn rung. ng thi vi tc dng lm phn bn, cy phn xanh c th ph t, chng xi mn, bo v t, v lm cy che bng.
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Trong qu trnh phn gii ca cy phn xanh (vi trong t) nht l iu kin ngp nc, thng pht sinh ra nhiu hp cht c hi i vi cy nh H 2S, axit butiric, CH4, C2H2, v.v... Do , cn bn vi, ln km theo ch ng v xc nh thi k cy thch hp sau khi vi. Phng php ch bin: dng l cy, bo du, ct kh, in thanh, mung mung, vi t bt, phn ln, phn chung, trt kn bn, khong 1 thng. 2. Phn vi sinh (phn hu c vi sinh): Phn bn vi sinh vt (phn vi sinh) l sn phm cha vi sinh vt (VSV) sng, c tuyn chn c mt ph hp vi tiu chun ban hnh, thng qua cc hot ng sng ca chng to nn cc cht dinh dng m cy trng c th s dng c (N, P, K, S, Fe...) hay cc hot cht sinh hc, gp phn nng cao nng sut, cht lng nng sn. Phn vi sinh phi bo m khng gy nh hng xu n ngi, ng vt, thc vt, mi trng sinh thi v cht lng nng sn (theo TCVN 6168-1995). 3. Phn v c 3.1. Phn m: L cc loi phn ho hc m thnh phn cht dinh dng trong phn l Nit (N). Cc loi phn ho hc c cha nit v cn c cc cht dinh dng khc th khng gi l phn m theo ngha phn n. Trn th gii trong sn xut nng nghip s dng rt nhiu loi phn m nhng ta ph bin s dng cc loi phn sau: - Amn sunft (m sunfat): Cng thc ho hc (NH4)2SO4, phn thng phm thng dng kt tinh mu trng, tan hon ton trong nc, l phn chua sinh l, trong phn c cha 20,5-21% Nit. - Aminclorua (m clorua) Cng thc ho hc NH4Cl, phn thng phm dng ht kt tinh mu trng, tan hon ton trong nc l phn sinh l chua (chua hn Amnsunfat). Trong phn c cha 24,0-25,0% nit. - Amonnitrat (m nitrat): Cng thc ho hc NH4NO3 phn thng phm c dng kt tinh mu trng, tan hon ton trong nc, l phn chua sinh l. T l nit trong phn dao ng t 22% tr ln tu thuc vo tng loi, loi cao nht ( t l theo cng thc ho hc) cha 33-34,5%. - Phn Ur, Cng thc ho hc: CO(NH2)2, phn thng phm dng ht trng c mu trng, tan trong nc vi t l 1:1. Trong phn c 46% nit. * S dng phn m bn cho cy nh th no cho hiu qu Cc loi phn m khi bn vo t (cho cy trng) u xy ra cc qu trnh ho hc gii phng ra nit di dng ion NH4+, NO3-, keo t s hp ph NH4+, NO3- ln b mt ht keo, Vic cy ht dinh dng nit thc hin bng phn ng trao i ca cc t bo trn lng ht ca r cy vi keo t. Nm c nguyn tc ny m ngi nng dn mun s dng phn m bn cho cy trng mang li hiu qu cao cn lu mt s im sau: - Cn c vo tnh cht t ai: l xem xt t giu, ngho cht hu c, thnh phn c gii, pH ( chua)ca t bn.

TI LIU TP HUN KHUYN NNG 2012

V d: t ngho cht hu c thnh phn c gii nh th khng nn bn tp trung, t c pH thp khng nn bn nhng loi phn chua sinh l nh m sunfat - Xem xt iu kin thi tit bn: v d: Tri m u, nhit thp khng nn bn m hoc xem xt ma nng bn - Cn c vo dng phn: kh nng ho tan, kh nng gy chua s dng dng phn ph hp theo yu cu thm canh tng v - Cn c vo cng thc lun canh cy trng cung cp lng phn cho ph hp - Cn c cui cng l mc tiu thm canh, phi hiu rng nng sut ca cy trng c hnh thnh t qu trnh quang hp v qu trnh ht dinh dng t t, trong yu t dinh dng ht sc quan trng l nit, Cy trng c tim nng nng sut cao nhng mun khai thc c tim nng th phi cn i dinh dng cho cy. * Biu hin ca thiu tha m trn cy trng v tc hi - Thiu m: cy pht trin km, ci cc, l xanh vng hoc vng (thiu nng), biu hin l gi trc, thi gian sinh trng rt ngn, ra hoa sm, t l u hoa, u qu thp, nng sut cht lng gim. - Tha m: l cy c mu xanh m, thn l pht trin khng cn i vi b r, thn l mm d b lp , tha m cy trng d nhim su bnh, thi gian sinh trng ca cy ko di, cy ly ht t l ht lp cao, cht lng nng sn gim. 3.2. Phn ln: Phn ln l phn bn cha cht dinh dng l phot-pho (P). Hu ht cc loi phn ln u c ngun gc t thin nhin, trong thc t s dng vo sn xut nng nghip phn ln tn ti trong hai nhm: + Nhm phn ln t nhin: Ch yu l cc loi phn photphat t nhin nh photphorit, Apatit, hm lng ln trong qung khng ng nht, cao nht l trong Apatit ln cha 20-40% (Apatit Lao Cai). Ngy nay vic nghin qung photphat t nhin lm phn bn rt t ph bin, ch yu s dng qung sn xut phn ln cng nghip. Phn ln cng c gi l mt loi phn ln t nhin c hm lng ln cao (c mu n 40% ln). Qu trnh hnh thnh phn ln do tch t v phn gii xc ng vt trong cc hang nn ngoi yu t ln trong phn ln cn c t l hu c cao v cc cht dinh dng khc. + Nhm phn ln ch bin (phn ln cng nghip) - Supe ln n: c sn xut do s kt hp gia Apatit v acic saifuaric, hm lng ln d tiu chim t 16-22%, d tan trong nc, d ht nc, ng cc khi b m. Phn thng phm c dng bt mu xm tro hoc xm xanh, do qu trnh sn xut lun tn d mt lng acic do trong sn phm nn phan supe ln c tnh chua. - Phn ln nung chy: c sn xut trong iu kin nung qung photphat nhit cao, trong t nhin c nhiu loi qung nn phn ln nung chy cng c nhiu loi khc nhau, hm lng ln tng s dao ng t 9-21%, ln d tiu 16%,
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tt c cc loi phn thng phm u c dng bt mn, mu sc khng c trng (trng xm n nu). * Bin php s dng phn ln c hiu qu Cy hp th ln P205 qua trao i gia r cy v keo t s dng phn ln bn cho cy trng t hiu qu cn ch mt s im sau: - Cn c vo c im sinh l ca cy trng: Tt c cc cy trng u cn ln v kh nng ht ln cao nht l thi k cn non, ln cn rt cn cho s pht trin ca b r v vy cc loi phn ln u phi bn lt, c bit l cho cy ngn ngy. - Cn c vo loi sn phm: t chua hoc cc loi cy trng cn nn bn phn ln nung chy, phn supeln nn bn cho t trung tnh hoc t c bn vi ci to. - Cn c vo thnh phn c gii ca t: t c thnh phn c gii trung bnh, tht, tht nng thng giu keo, c bit l trn t trng cy trng cn, bn ln vo thng b keo t hp ph gi cht cy kh hp thu v vy nn bn theo hng theo hc. - Cn c vo tnh cht ca phn ln: l xem xt tnh kim, tnh chua ca tng loi phn bn cho ph hp: Phn ln nung chy bn rung chua, phn sunpeln bn rung kim n trung tnh. - Cn c vo h thng canh tc cy trng trc cn i ln cho t, v d: Cy trng trc l nhng cy ly c nh khoai lang, sn th v sau nn tng cng bn ln. - Bn kt hp: Khi bn kt hp vi phn khc cn xem xt bn cho ph hp v d, ln nung chy (kim) th bn vi m sunphat (chua). * Biu hin ca tha ln trn cy trng - Cy tha ln thp hn cy bn ln, cy c dng mnh khnh, L mu xanh ti biu hin l gi trc nu thiu trm trng th l c mu tm do c s tch lu sc t anthoxian trong l. - nhnh km, chn mun, nng sut cht lng nng sn gim - Cy non rt mn cm vi thiu ln, thiu ln gian on ny cy kh phc hi. 3.3. Phn kali: Phn kali l loi phn cha cht dinh dng l kali. Hu ht phn kali u c ngun gc t cc m qung t nhin. Cy hp th Kali di dng ion k+ thng qua trao i gia r cy v keo t. Phn kali tn ti ch yu gm hai loi kaliclorua (KCl) v kalisunphat (K2SO4). - Kaliclorua KCl l loi phn c s dng rng ri nht trn th gii. Hin nay phn KCl chim 90% sn lng kali tiu th trn trn th trng th gii. Cng thc ho hc l KCl, phn thng phm dng kt tinh mu hng, . Hm lng kali trong phn chim t 60-63% v lu hunh 17% S Dng: - C th s dng bn lt, bn thc vo t hoc phun qua l - C th s dng bn cho nhiu loi cy trn nhiu loi t khc nhau - Khng nn bn cho cc loi cy mn cm vi Cl.
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+ Kali Sunphat Cng thc ha hc l: K2SO4 Phn thng phm c cu trc tinh th, mu trng, hm lng kali trong phn l 48-53%. S dng: - C th s dng bn lt, bn thc vo t hoc phun qua l - K2SO4 l phn sinh l chua do c gc acic SO4- v vy khng nn bn cho t qu chua t phn hay t mn. - Thch hp bn cho cc loi cy c nhu cu l u hunh cao nh cy ly du, c ph hoc cy mn cm vi Cl-. * Bin php s dng hiu qu phn Kali Cc cy trng khc nhau c nhu cu v kali khc nhau, vic cung cp y v kp thi kali cho cy trng s gip cy trng sinh trng pht trin tt cho nng sut cao. - Cn u tin bn kali cho nhng cy trng c nhu cy v kali conh: Ma, khoai ty, c ph. - Kali khi bn vo t s b keo t hp ph v kali t di ng do vy tu thuc vo tnh cht ca t c cch bn v su bn ph hp to iu kin cho r cy d dng ht kali mt cch d dng. Trn t tht nng, giu st cy trng thu ht kali t thun li hn so vi cc loi t khc. - Cn c vo thnh phn c gii t c cch bn v lng bn kali cho ph hp. Trn nhng loi t c thnh phn c gii nng c kh nng c nh kali cao do vy vn ra tri kali trn loi t ny khng phi l vn nghim trng, trn loi t ny c th bn kali vi lng kh gim s ln bn; Ngc li trn loi t c thnh phn c gii nh th kh nng ra tri kali ln khi bn nn chia lm nhiu ln bn. - Bn kali cn quan tm n pH ( chua ca t) bi v phn kali a s l phn chua sinh l, khi bn vo t c bit l t chua s lm cho pH t gim t ngt s nh hng n sinh trng pht trin ca cy trng. V vy khi bn kali trn t chua th nht thit phi bn vi ci to t trc. - trnh kali b gi cht trn b mt t, phn kali cn c vi su vo t. Cn ch cho phn, phn phi u trong t v kali khuych tn trong t chm. 3.4. Phn trung lng L loi phn cha mt loi cht dinh dng chnh m cy trng s dng vi lng trung bnh nh: Canxi (Ca), Magi (Mg), Lu hunh (S) v Silic (SiO2); 3.5. Phn vi lng L loi phn cha nhng yu t dinh dng m cy trng s dng vi lng t gm: st (Fe), km (Zn), ng (Cu), bo (B), mlipen (Mo) mangan (Mn) v clo (Cl);...
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Phn vi lng tuy cy trng cn mt lng rt nh nhng li nh hng rt ln n qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca cy v c bit l cht lng ca nng sn phm v vy cn lu b sung y cc yu t vi lng cho cy m bo nng sut v tng tnh cnh tranh cho nng sn phm. 3.6. Cht iu ho sinh trng. Cht iu ho sinh trng l nhng cht c hot tnh sinh l cao nh Vitamin, enzyme, hormone c vai tr rt quan trng trong vic iu chnh qu trnh sinh trng pht trin v cc hot ng sinh l ca cy trng. Cht iu ho sinh trng thc vt chia thnh hai nhm c tc dng i khng v mt sinh l l cht kch thch sinh trng v cht c ch sinh trng. i vi cc cht iu ho sinh trng khi s dng nn lu s dng vi nng thp hp l nu s dng vi nng cao s c tc dng ngc li. Phn 2. S DNG PHN BN HP L I. Bn phn hp l Bn phn hp l l bn m bo cn i, ph hp vi c im cy trng, tnh cht ca t ai, iu kin kh hu thi tit, c im ma v v h thng canh tc ca a phng, nhm t hiu qu sn xut cy trng cao nht. II. Cc c s bn phn hp l bn phn hp l cn phi bit v hiu c nhu cu dinh dng, h s s dng phn bn ca cy, kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng ca t, k thut trng trt v cc phng php bn phn; 1. Bn phn da vo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy Nhu cu dinh dng ca cy l lng dinh dng cy cn t khi trng n khi thu hoch cho nng sut tt a. + Da vo nng sut ca cy trng: Trn cng mt n v din tch, nu cho nng sut cao th cy s ly nhiu cht dinh dng t t thng thng t l cht dinh dng cy ly i t t t l thun vi nng sut cy trng v vy cn phi xc nh lng lng cht dinh dng cy ly i t t sau mi v b sung lng phn bn cho ph hp. + Da vo kt qu th nghim trn c s xem xt biu hin v hnh thi v trng thi sinh l ca cy cc thi k sinh trng, pht trin khi bn cc liu lng phn khc nhau xc nh liu lng bn v cch bn ph hp nht, t nng sut v hiu qu kinh t cao nht, lm c s xy dng quy trnh k thut ph hp cho tng loi cy trng. + Mt khc khi bn phn chng ta cn phi bn thm mt lng nht nh v t so vi nhu cu ca cy v mt phn phn bn b ra tri (v d: N,P), hoc do vi sinh vt t v mt s sinh vt khc hp th hoc chuyn sang dng dng hp cht kh tiu cy khng th s dng c. + Da vo nhu cu dinh dng ca cy qua cc thi k sinh trng v pht trin. cc thi k sinh trng pht trin khc nhau ca cy i hi mt lng
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dinh dng khc nhau. Trong sut qu trnh sinh trng pht trin ca cy c mt thi k cy ht cht dinh dng mnh nht thng thng thi k ny trng vi giai on cy sinh trng pht trin mnh nht tch lu cht kh nhiu nht. V d: - Cy la thi k ht cht dinh dng mnh nht l t nhnh n tr bng; - Ma: thi k vn cao lng cy ht dinh dng mnh nht, - Ng: Giai on t 6-9 l. + Bn phn cn lu n thi k khng hong cht dinh dng v thi k hiu sut cao ca cy. Thi k khng hong cht dinh dng l thi k cy cn c mt lng cht dinh dng no m nu thiu th cc thi k sau khng b c. Thi k hiu sut cao l khong thi gian cht dinh dng c tc dng tt nht n nng sut cy trng; V d: - La khng hong ln thi k cy m, m thiu ln sinh trng pht trin km cy ci cc nng sut gim; - Ng khng hong ln thi k 3-6l, cn phi bn lt cho cy + Da vo sn phm thu hoch: L hay c, qu v yu cu cht lng sn phm nh th no? V d: - Cy ly thn l ch bn nhiu m; - Cy ly c, qu bn nhiu ln v kali 2. Bn phn da vo kh nng cung cp cht dinh dng ca t Cc loi t khc nhau c t l, hm lng cc cht dinh dng (a lng, vi lng ) dng d tiu, kh tiu khc nhau. Dinh dng d tiu l cc cht dinh dng m cy trng d dng hp th. Dinh dng kh tiu l cc cht dinh dng tn ti dng hp cht cy cha s dng c. Da vo lng dinh dng c trong t nhiu hay t bn phn hp l cho cy. - V d: Trn cng mt loi cy trng t bc mu bn lng phn ln hn khi trng trn t ph sa 3. Bn phn da vo h s s dng phn bn ca cy trng Cc loi cy trng khc nhau c h s s dng phn bn khc nhau H s s dng phn bn l t l phn trm phn bn cy hp thu c trn tng lng phn bn vo cho cy. Da vo h s s dng phn bn ca cy xc nh lng bn cho ph hp. V d: Cy la c h s s dng phn ln bn l 20% (bn 100kg P205 th cy hp th c 20 kg), phn kali l 65% v phn m l 70%. 4. Bn phn da vo k thut trng trt. - Cy trng trong cc ma v khc nhau th yu cu loi phn v liu lng bn cng khc nhau. + Cy v ng bn nhiu P, K , bn t m bi v bn m nhiu cy sinh trng qu mnh to ra nhiu b phn non sc chng chu km, bn nhiu P, K tng cng kh nng chng chu cho cy; + V h thu tng kh nng chng nng v chng hn (tng kh nng ht nc ca t bo) cn ch bn P, K, Ca. - Theo mt trng .v.v.
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Mt trng khc nhau th yu cu v lng phn bn khc nhau. Khi tng mt trng cn tng thm liu lng phn bn v s ln bn cy trng cho nng sut cao. V d: Cy ng hng tng nng sut hin nay l tng cng mt , nng sut c th c th gim t nhng nng sut qun th tng cao. Khi tng mt mt ng lai t 5-6 vn cy/ha ln 7-8vn cy/ha cn phi ch tng lng phn bn so vi ban u. Yu t kh hu thi tit + Nghin cu vng kh hu: xy dng ch s dng phn bn cho vng. + Xem xt din bin thi tit: Nhit , lng ma, thi gian chiu sng (s gi nng) chn cch bn, thi im bn. V d: Tri nng to cn bn su vo t kt hp ti nc cy d hp th + Tri m u khng nn bn m v bn cy sinh trng thn l mnh nhiu b phn non d nhim cc loi su bnh. 5. Cc phng php bn phn - Phng php bn lt: i vi cc loi phn hu c v v c kh tan - Phng php bn thc: i vi cc loi phn v c d tan cy d hp thu Hin nay c mt s ni dng ton b lng phn bn lt. Bn lt c u im l t tn cng nhng cy khng th s dng ht cht dinh dng ngay mt lc nn d b ra tri mt phn. Bn lt kt hp bn thc th hiu qu s dng phn bn cao hn nhng nhng tn cng. Tu iu kin ca tng a phng m ngi ta c th s dng phng php bn khc nhau nhng xu hng chung l gim s ln bn song vn m bo c nng sut gim s cng u t v to iu kin thun li cho qu trnh c gii ho. - Cch bn. Thng bn vo t hay ho vo nc ti. C th dng phun qua l thng s dng i vi cc loi phn vi lng phng php ny thng tit kim c phn bn, thi gian, sc lao ng nhng i hi hiu bit v k thut cao.