NHNG HIU BIT C BN V THUC BO V THC VT

:: Trang ch :: Gii thiu

PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai B mn Bo v thc vt Khoa Nng nghip v Sinh hc ng dng, Trng HCT 1. nh ngha Thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) hay nng dc l nhng cht c c ngun gc t t nhin hay ha cht tng hp c dng bo v cy trng v nng sn, chng li s ph hoi ca nhng sinh vt gy hi n ti nguyn thc vt. Nhng sinh vt gy hi chnh gm su hi, bnh hi, c di, chut v cc tc nhn khc. 2. Cc Nhm Thuc BVTV Thuc BVTV c chia thnh nhiu nhm da trn i tng sinh vt hi. - Thuc tr bnh - Thuc tr su - Thuc tr c - Thuc tr c 3. Cc dng thuc BVTV Dng thuc Nh du Ch vit tt ND, EC Th d Ghi ch - Thuc tr nhn - Thuc tr tuyn trng - Thuc iu ha sinh trng - Thuc tr chut

:: K thut trng :: Su hi :: Bnh hi :: Thuc BVTV :: Hi p :: Ti liu :: Tm kim :: Hng dn

Tilt 250 ND, Thuc th lng, Basudin 40 EC, trong sut. DC-Trons Plus 98.8 D bt la chy n EC Bonanza 100 DD, Baythroid 5 SL, Glyphadex 360 AS Viappla 10 BTN, Vialphos 80 BHN, Copper-zinc 85 WP, Padan 95 SP Ha tan u trong nc, khng cha cht ha sa Dng bt mn, phn tn trong nc thnh dung dch huyn ph

Dung dch

DD, SL, L, AS

Bt ha BTN, nc BHN, WP, DF, WDG, SP Huyn ph Ht Vin HP, FL, SC

Appencarb super 50 Lc u trc khi s FL, Carban 50 SC dng Ch yu ri vo t Ch yu ri vo t,

H, G, GR Basudin 10 H, Regent 0.3 G P Orthene 97 Pellet,

Deadline 4% Pellet Thuc phun bt BR, D Karphos 2 D

lm b mi. Dng bt mn, khng tan trong nc, rc trc tip

ND: Nh Du, EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate. DD: Dung Dch, SL: Solution, L: Liquid, AS: Aqueous Suspension. BTN: Bt Thm Nc, BHN: Bt Ha Nc, WP: Wettable Powder, DF: Dry Flowable, WDG: Water Dispersible Granule, SP: Soluble Powder. HP: huyn ph FL: Flowable Liquid, SC: Suspensive Concentrate. H: ht, G: granule, GR: granule. P: Pelleted (dng vin) BR: Bt rc, D: Dust. 4. Cch tc ng ca thuc * Thuc tr su - Tip xc: thuc tc ng qua da. - V c: thuc tc ng qua ming. - Xng hi: thuc tc ng qua ng h hp. - Ni hp hay lu dn: thuc thm vo trong t bo v xm nhp vo h thng mch dn trong cy. Su chch ht hoc n phn v cy c phun thuc ri cht. - Thm su: Thuc thm vo m cy v dit nhng cn trng sng n di nhng phn phun thuc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s thuc c tnh xua ui hoc gy ngn n i vi cn trng. * Thuc tr bnh Tip xc: tiu dit nm bnh ni tip xc vi thuc v ngn chn s xm nhim tip tc ca nm bnh. Ni hp (lu dn): thuc xm nhp v chuyn v trong cy nhm tiu dit nm bnh nm su trong m cy, xa ni tip xc vi thuc.

* Thuc tr c - Tip xc: thuc hy dit cc m cy c khi tip xc trc tip vi thuc. - Ni hp hay lu dn: thuc c cy c hp thu v di trong mch nha, chuyn n cc b phn khc lm thay i trng thi sinh hc ca c hoc git cht cy c. - Chn lc: dit c di nhng khng hi n nhm c khc hoc cy trng. - Khng chn lc: dit tt c cc loi c k c cy trng. - Tin ny mm: Thuc c tc dng dit c trc khi ht c sp ny mm hay ngay khi c ang ny mm. iu kin thnh cng ca bin php ny l t phi bng phng, m . Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua r mm v l mm. - Hu ny mm sm: dit c t khi cy c ang mc v mc (c hai l tr li). - Hu ny mm: thuc c tc dng dit c sau khi c v cy trng mc. Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua l v mt phn qua r. 5. K thut s dng thuc 5.1. S dng theo 4 ng a. ng thuc Cn c i tng dch hi cn dit tr v cy trng hoc nng sn cn c bo v chn ng loi thuc v dng thuc cn s dng. Vic xc nh tc nhn gy hi cn s tr gip ca cn b k thut bo v thc vt hoc khuyn nng. b. ng lc Dng thuc khi sinh vt cn din hp v cc giai on d mn cm vi thuc, thi k su non, bnh chm xut hin, trc khi bng pht thnh dch. Phun tr s km hiu qu v khng kinh t. c. ng liu lng, nng c k hng dn trn nhn thuc, m bo ng liu lng hoc nng pha long v lng nc cn thit cho mt n v din tch. Phun nng thp lm su hi quen thuc, hoc phun qu liu s gy ng c i vi cy trng v lm tng tnh chu ng, tnh khng thuc.

d. ng cch Ty vo dng thuc, c tnh thuc v nhng yu cu k thut cng nh ni xut hin dch hi m s dng cho ng cch. Nn phun thuc vo sng sm hoc chiu mt. Nu phun vo bui tra, do nhit cao, tia t ngoi nhiu lm thuc nhanh mt tc dng, thuc bc hi mnh d gy ng c cho ngi phun thuc. Nn i trn gi hoc ngang chiu gi. Nu phun ng xa nn i hai ngi c th cu gip nhau khi gp nn trong qu trnh phun thuc. 5.2. Hn hp thuc L pha hai hay nhiu loi thuc nhm tr cng mt lc c nhiu dch hi. Tuy nhin cn lu cc im sau: Ch nn pha cc loi thuc theo s hng dn ghi trong nhn thuc, bng hng dn pha thuc hoc s hng dn ca cn b k thut bit r v c tnh ca thuc. Nn hn hp ti a hai loi thuc khc nhm gc ha hc, khc cch tc ng, hoc khc i tng phng tr trong cng mt bnh phun. Hn hp thuc nhm mt trong nhng mc ch sau:

M rng ph tc dng. S dng s tng tc c li. Hn ch s mt hiu lc nhanh ca mt s hot cht. Gia tng s an ton trong s dng. Tit kim cng lao ng, tng hiu qu kinh t.

Tuy nhin khi hn hp cn tun th theo khuyn co ca nh sn xut v c nhng hot cht khng th hn hp vi nhau. Khng phi hp thuc c tnh acid vi tnh kim. Hin nay c nhiu loi thuc c pha sn phn no p ng th hiu ca b con nng dn nh thuc tr c Butanil 55 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht : Propanil v Butachlor, Tilt super 300 ND c hn hp t hai hot cht Propiconazole v Difennoconazole, Sumibass 75 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht Fenitrothion v Fenoburcarb. 6. Gii thch mt s thut ng 6.1. Tn thuc - Tn thng mi: do Cng ty sn xut hoc phn phi thuc t ra phn bit sn phm gia Cng ty ny v Cng ty khc. Tn thng mi gm 3 phn: tn thuc, hm lng hot cht v dng thuc. Th d thuc tr su Basudin 10 H, trong Basudin l tn thuc, 10 l 10% hm lng hot cht v H l dng thuc ht. - Tn hot cht: l thnh phn ch yu trong thuc c tc dng tiu dit dch hi. Tn hot cht ca Basudin l Diazinon. - Ph gia: l nhng cht tr, khng mang tnh c c pha trn vo

thuc to thnh dng thng phm gip cho vic s dng d dng. 6.2. Nng , liu lng - Nng : lng thuc cn dng pha long vi 1 n v th tch dung mi, thng l nc. (n v tnh l %, g hay cc thuc/s lt nc ca bnh phun). - Liu lng: lng thuc cn p dng cho 1 n v din tch (n v tnh l kg/ha, lt/ha ). 6.3. Dch hi: l nhng sinh vt, vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn, lm tht thu nng sut hoc lm gim phm cht nng sn. Cc loi dch hi thng thy l su, bnh, c di, chut, cua, c, tuyn trng, nhn... 6.4. Ph tc ng: l nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau m loi thuc c th tc ng n. - Ph rng: thuc c th tr c nhiu dch hi trn nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. - Ph hp: (cn gi c tr) thuc tr c t i tng gy hi (mt loi thuc tr dch hi c tnh chn lc cng cao th ph tc ng cng hp). 6.5. Phng tr - Phng: ngn chn khng cho tc nhn gy hi xm nhp v pht trin trong cy trng. - Tr: bao vy, tiu dit cc tc nhn gy hi trc hoc sau khi chng xm nhp vo cy. 6.6. c - LD50: Ch s biu th c cp tnh ca mt loi thuc BVTV i vi ng vt mu nng (n v tnh l mg cht c/Kg trng lng chut). Ch s LD50 chnh l lng cht c gy cht 50% s c th chut trong th nghim. LD50 cng thp th c cng cao. - LC50: c ca mt hot cht c trong khng kh hoc nc (n v tnh l mg cht c/th tch khng kh hoc nc). Ch s LC50 cng thp th c cng cao. - Ng c cp tnh: thuc xm nhp vo c th mt ln, gy nhim c tc thi biu hin bng nhng triu chng c trng. - Ng c mn tnh: khi thuc xm nhp vo c th vi liu lng nh, nhiu ln trong thi gian di, thuc s tch ly trong c th n mt lc no c th s suy yu, c nhng b phn trong c th b

tn thng do tc ng ca thuc pht huy tc dng. 6.7. Tnh chng thuc ca sinh vt hi L kh nng ca sinh vt hi chu ng c liu thuc c gy t vong cho cc c th khc trong chng qun. Cc yu t c th nh hng n tnh chng thuc ca su hi l: - Yu t di truyn (Kh nng c th truyn li cho th h sau). - Yu t sinh hc (h s sinh sn, s la trong nm...). - Yu t sinh thi (iu kin kh hu, ngun dinh dng...). - Yu t canh tc (phn bn, ging trng...). - Yu t p lc s dng thuc trn chng qun (nng , liu lng, s ln phun trong cng mt v trng). 6.7.1. C ch chng thuc ca su hi Ngi ta thy su hi c nhng phn ng chng thuc su: - Phn ng ln trnh: su khng n thc n c thuc hoc di chuyn xa. - Hn ch hp th cht c vo c th: lp da cha cutin s dy thm. - Phn ng chng chu sinh l v tch ly: cht c s tch ly m m, hoc ni t c cho c th, lm gim kh nng lin kt men ChE. vi cht c gc ln hoc cc- ba-mt hu c. - C ch gii c: cht c c chuyn ha thnh cht t c hn (DDT chuyn ha thnh DDE). 6.7.2. Bin php ngn nga s pht trin hnh thnh tnh chng chu thuc ca su hi - Dng thuc hp l: hiu r sinh vt hi, p dng bin php bn ng. - p dng chin lc thay th: s dng tng nhm thuc cho tng vng, khu vc trong tng thi im ring. C k hoch kho st thuc mi thay th thuc c. - Dng thuc hn hp: hn hp thuc vi du thc vt hoc du khong s lm chm pht trin tnh khng thuc ca sinh vt hi. - p dng IPM: pht trin quan im mi v s dng thuc trong IPM nh p dng thuc c ngun gc sinh hc, lun phin s dng

thuc, thuc t c bo v thin ch. 6.8. Thi gian cch ly (PHI: PreHarvest Interval) L khong thi gian t khi phun thuc ln cui n khi thu hoch nng sn nhm m bo cho thuc bo v thc vt c thi gian phn hy n mc khng cn c th gy ra nhng tc ng xu n c th ca ngi v gia sc khi tiu th nng sn . 6.9. D lng L lng cht c cn lu li trong nng sn hoc mi trng sau g (microgram) hockhi phun thuc BVTV. D lng c tnh bng