MATRICES and DETERMINANTS

Definition of Matrix: An m x n matrix A is a rectangular array of mn real (or complex) numbers arranged in m horizontal rows and n vertical columns.

. A square matrix A, for which every term off the nrain diagonal is zero, is called a diagonal matrix. o A diagonal matrix, for which all ierms on the main diagonal are equal, is called a .scalar matrix. r Two m x n matrix A and B are said to be equal if corresponding elements agree.
Matrix Addition The sum of the matrices A and B is defined oply when A and B have the.same number of rows and columns.

Matrix Multiplication
The product of A and B is defined only when the number of rows of B is exactly the same as the number of columns of A.

Scalar Muttiplication lf A is an m x n matrix is multiplied by a real number r, then the scalar multiple of A by r, is rA.

Transpose of a Matrix * The Transpose of mairix A is obtained by interchanging the rows and columns of A, is A'.
DETERMINANTS

A n-rowed determinants is a quantity depending upon n2 numbers arranged in the form of a square. The numbers ihemselves are called elements of the determinant.

Two-rowed Determinant defined by: .l

lar
|

atzl
azzl

1""
1"..r

=?tta'2z-?zt?t2

Three-rowed Determinants defined by:

Qtz ara lu." 8zz = lur, 1sz szzl 3ae

I

l?t@zzAss

* Op?zs,et * Qtz?ztQszJ *
la6A22A31

* ?12?21&6 * at Gzs"tzf

Theorems on n-rowed determinants:

1. The value of a determinant is unaltered

2l

3.

4.
5.

6. 7.

if the rows are written as columns and the columns as rows (reflection on the principal diagonal) lf two rows of a determinant are intorchange, the sign of the deierminant.is altered Similarly, if two columns of a determinant are interchange, the sign of the determinant is altered. lf corresponding elements of two rows (columns) of a determrnant are equal or proportional, the determinant is equal to zoro. The value of a determinant is unaltored if tb the elements of one row (or colqi.nn) ' are added a fixed multiple of the corresponting elements of another row (oril, column); the modified determinan{ is equal to the original determinant pluf'6determinant which is by 4 is lf a row (or column) of a determinani lAl, consists entirely of zeros thelnl= 6. lf B is obtaineQ from A by multiplying a row (or column) of A by a real number C, then lal = clnl

zero. , , ,'