University of the Philippines

IMPROVING THE LOCAL PLANNING PROCESS:

Focus on the CLUP & CDP

School of Urban and Regional Planning

December 2005

UP SURP Position Paper on the Improvement of the Local Planning Process

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page Number

List of Tables and Figures Foreword 1. 2. Introduction Objectives of the Paper

ii iii 1 1 1 1 7 10 10 14 15 19 19 19 20 21 22 22 23 23 24 25

3. A Review of the Current Local Planning Process followed in the Preparation of the CLUP, CDP and the ELA 3.1 The HLURB Process 3.2 DILGs Executive-Legislative Agenda 4. Critical Issues in the Local Planning Process 4.1 The CLUP and CDP Process 4.2 Timeframes of CLUP and CDP 4.3 Agencies involved in the CDP and CLUP Preparation

5. Recommended Definitions of Planning Terms Commonly Used in the CLUP and CDP Preparation 5.1 Land Use Planning 5.2 Comprehensive Land Use Plan 5.3 Comprehensive Development Plan 5.4 Zoning 5.5 Zoning Ordinance 5.6 Local Development Investment Program 5.7 Annual Investment Program 5.8 Executive-Legislative Agenda 6. Conclusion

Bibliography

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List of Tables

Page Number Table 1. Components of the Strategic Planning Process Table 2. Basic Steps of Strategic Planning Process in the Preparation or Revision of CLUP Table 3. Timeframes of CLUP and CDP Table 4. Matrix of the Roles of Various Agencies in Planning (Outside of Metro Manila) Based on Legal Issuances Table 5. Matrix of the Roles of Various Agencies in Planning (for Metro Manila) Based on Legal Issuances 6 6 14 18 18

List of Figures

Page Number Figure 1. The CLUP Process Figure 2. Preparation of Strategic CLUP Figure 3. The Relationship of the ELA to the other LGU Plans 3 5 9

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FOREWORD
All cities and municipalities are mandated by law to formulate their respective comprehensive land use plan, comprehensive multi-sectoral development plan, and public investment program. These documents are referred to in practice as Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) and Local Development Investment Program (LDIP). The importance of these documents cannot be overemphasized as they provide guidance and specific courses of action for the sustainable development of the subject city or municipality. It was noted that existing guidelines pertaining to the production of the CLUP, CDP and LDIP contain conflicting provisions that would confuse preparers of these documents. In an inter-agency meeting on local planning attended by representatives from the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB), National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA), Department of Budget and Management (DBM), the League of Local Planners, University of the Philippines School of Urban and Regional Planning (UP SURP), and the Local Government Support Project (LGSP) held on 14 June 2005, it was decided that UP SURP would take the lead in coming up with a position paper on the local planning process. This paper presents the output of UP SURP. It outlines a planning process that underlines the interactive and iterative nature of CLUP and CDP. It also shows their relationships with the Executive Legislative Agenda (ELA) and the LDIP. Other contents of the paper include time frames of the various planning documents, recommended definitions of important planning terms and existing roles played by agencies concerned with local planning. It is worth mentioning that this position paper represents the unanimous views of the faculty of UP SURP. The production of this paper would not have been possible without the hard work and dedication of many people and institutions. Let me acknowledge the works of the SURP CLUP-CDP Committee and its core group, chaired by the undersigned, who drafted and deliberated on the paper to succinctly embody the views of the entire SURP faculty. The members of the committee are Dr. Zenaida A. Manalo, Prof. Carmelita R.E.U. Liwag and Prof. Jose Edgardo A. Gomez Jr., who all belong to the core group, as well as Dr. Benjamin V. Carino, Prof. Ernesto M. Serote, Dr. David Leonides T. Yap and Prof. Rabinder Dickton S. Rye. Thanks are extended to Ms. Cyd B. Loza-Avendao and Mr. Leoneil C. Maranan for providing administrative support and to the LGSP through Ms. Divina Luz Lopez and Mr. Charlie Singer for facilitating and supporting inter-agency coordination meetings. Special mention also goes to the DILG, HLURB and NEDA representatives, particularly Assistant Secretary Austere Panadero, Commissioner Francis L. Dagnalan, and Deputy Director General Marcelina E. Bacani for their assistance and cooperation in the preparation of this paper. Finally, the publication of this paper is handled by the Research and Publications Division of UP SURP under the directorship of Dr. Zenaida A. Manalo and financially supported by the UP Planning and Development Research Foundation, Inc.

PRIMITIVO C. CAL Dean, UP SURP

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IMPROVING THE LOCAL PLANNING PROCESS: FOCUS ON THE CLUP AND THE CDP

1. Introduction In an Inter-agency meeting on local planning attended by representatives from DILG, HLURB, NEDA, DBM, the League of Local Planners, UP SURP and the LGSP held last 14 June 2005, it was decided that UP SURP would take the lead in coming up with a position paper on the local planning process. This UP SURP position paper will specifically address the following issues: the relationship between the CLUP and the CDP and their timeframes; the acceptable definitions of vital planning terms; the content of the CLUP; and the roles played by agencies concerned with local development planning.

2. Objectives of the Paper The objectives of this paper are: 2.1 Present a review of the current local planning process followed in the preparation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and the Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) as well as a review of the legal mandates that defined the roles of national and local agencies with respect to the local planning process; 2.2 Array the key definitions given to the planning terms commonly used in the preparation of the CLUP and the CDP with the intent of reaching a consensus as to the definitions that can be accepted by all national and local planning agencies concerned; 2.3 Address critical issues in planning specifically the relationship between the CLUP and the CDP, the relationship between these plans and the Executive-Legislative Agenda (ELA) and the time frames for these plans; and 2.4 Generate recommendations on the above for consideration by the Technical Working Group, composed of the HLURB, DILG, NEDA, DBM, League of Planners and the LGSP, for the enhancement of local planning.

3. A Review of the Current Local Planning Process followed in the Preparation of the CLUP, CDP and the ELA 3.1 The HLURB Process The Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) is the governments regulatory body responsible for land use and housing and in the land use planning of local communities (LOI 729 s. 1978, PD 933, EO 648 s. 1981 as amended by EO 90 s. 1986, PD 1396, RA 7160, EO 72 s. 1993, and RA 7279). The HLURBs functions are comprehensive and include: Prescribe the standards and guidelines governing the preparation of land use plans;

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Extend technical and related forms of planning assistance to the local government units (LGUs); Review and approve the comprehensive land use plan (CLUP) of highly urbanized cities, independent component cities, provinces and the cities and municipalities of Metro Manila, which are enacted through zoning ordinances and stand as the primary and dominant bases for the use of land resources in the respective localities; Monitor the implementation of these plans; and, Adjudicate and settle disputes over the same.

3.1.1 The Old Ten-Volume Guidelines In pursuit of its mandate, the HLURB has promulgated updated/revised planning and zoning guidelines and standards. Entitled Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of A Comprehensive Land Use Plan, this set of guidelines comes in ten volumes. Its latest publication series came out in 1998. This ten-volume publication series is intended to be a ready reference for planners and other technical and/or administrative personnel who are involved in the formulation and/or revision of the CLUP as well as the preparation of training courses for the planner and development staff of LGUs. As such, the tool is not prescriptive; it encourages flexibility and innovativeness especially in communities with unique characteristics and special problems. This ten-volume guidebook is intended to be used as a reference document in the preparation of the CLUP as illustrated in the process flow chart in Figure 1 on the next page. The guidelines suggest a sectoral approach to planning with the first six volumes dedicated to a detailed discussion on each of the sectors constituting the CLUP (i.e., I Demography, II Economic Sector, III Social Sector, IV Infrastructure and Utilities Sector, V Land Use and Environmental Management, and VI Local Administration). Presentation and discussion for each sector proceed sequentially as follows: Gathering of data specifying the set of requirements and its corresponding organization (e.g. tables, maps, charts and graphs) and analysis; Identification of problems and analysis of existing and projected scenario with attendant procedures/methodologies; Formulation of goals (broad and general statements) and objectives (specific intentions and tangible details) of development, which shall be in harmony with prescribed national, regional and provincial intentions; and Sectoral plan proposals inclusive of policies, strategies and programs in pursuit of identified goals and objectives.

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Figure 1. The CLUP Process 3

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Volume VII, Mapping Guidelines, presents the methodology of mapping as used in land use planning. It focuses on basic instruction for map preparation and its application in land use planning, including a short overview of GIS and its usefulness in land use planning. Volume VIII, Report Writing Guidelines, presents principal elements generally included in the preparation of a comprehensive land use plan report. It serves as decision and reference document for local government and other uses. Volume IX, Guidelines for Plan Review, Adoption and Approval Process, is intended to enlighten the local planners and all concerned parties on the plan review, adoption and approval process. It seeks to ensure a consistent review process and an expeditious and subsequent approval of the CLUP and zoning ordinance. Volume X, Model Zoning Ordinance, presents the revised model of a zoning ordinance which serves to legally translate the CLUP. 3.1.2 Planning Strategically, the New Set of Guidelines In 2001, the HLURB Board of Commissioners passed Resolution No. 714 approving the guidelines specifically entitled Planning Strategically: Guidelines for the Application of the Strategic Planning Process in the Preparation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and Important Urban Area Issues and Problems. This new set of guidelines came about in HLURBs recognition of the following issues: the existing ten-volume guidelines, as it is being used for cities and municipalities, do not adequately cater for the special land use demands, issues and opportunities faced by the countrys larger and rapidly expanding cities; one of the problems confronting the governance of major urban areas is the inadequacy of existing HLURB guidelines as they relate to the challenges of strategic planning and urban management; and, another problem that needs to be addressed in the context of good governance is the absence of guidelines on the conduct of public consultation.

In addressing these issues and problems which, as mentioned above, culminated in the passage of Resolution No. 714, HLURB entered into an activity agreement with the AusAIDs Philippine-Australia Governance Facility (PAGF), on the project entitled Guidelines for Strategic Planning in Urban Areas Project. The project included the preparation of guidelines to assist city LGUs in revising/formulating a more responsive CLUP with respect to strategic planning anchored on genuine community participation and the enhancement of the planning skills of HLURB staff. The Strategic Planning Process, Figure 2, is indicated as a 10-step process addressing the four major components of Vision, Existing Conditions, Strategy, and Monitoring, and is described in greater detail in Tables 1 and 2.

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Figure 2. Preparation of Strategic CLUP

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Table 1. Components of the Strategic Planning Process

COMPONENT VISION DESCRIPTION WHERE DO YOU WANT TO BE IN A PARTICULAR TIME? - the preferred future environment WHERE ARE YOU NOW? - the existing/current environment/situation HOW DO YOU ACHIEVE YOUR VISION? - policies and actions to achieve the vision based on analysis of opportunities and constraints and the analysis of projections and scenarios for the future HOW IS THE STRATEGY PERFORMING HAVING REGARD TO CHANGING CIRCUMSTANCES? - monitoring and review

EXISTING CONDITION STRATEGY

MONITORING

Step 1

Step 2

Step 3

Step 4

Step 5 Step 6

Step 7

Step 8

Step 9

Step 10

Table 2. Basic Steps of Strategic Planning Process in the Preparation or Revision of CLUP Getting Organized This is to be initiated by the planning office (PO) to ensure that planning activities have the proper administrative, technical and financial support. Setting the Vision This enables the community to articulate the kind of future it prefers. Determining/establishing existing conditions This step leads to documentation and understanding of existing conditions prevailing within and adjacent to the planning area. Formulating achievable objectives: essential and discriminatory This process will identify essential and discriminatory objectives consistent with the vision formulated in Step 2. Generating options for policies and actions This stage identifies policies and PPPs. Evaluating options and selecting a preferred strategy This will identify the preferred strategy or development option and include justification of the chosen option. Consultation and refining the preferred option This will refine or identify the preferred strategic option or develop other strategies that are achievable based on the documented projections, resource allocation and planning periods. Implementing the strategy This will establish a detailed implementation program for the prioritized PPPs in the adopted CLUP and undertaking necessary amendments or changes to existing statutory or legal provisions of the LGU (e.g. LGU Executive Orders, policies, ordinances, etc.). Monitoring and review This will evaluate, verify or confirm the extent of actual implementation; if actions taken are consistent with the policies of the adopted CLUP; and whether adjustments are needed due to changing circumstances. Revision of strategy This ensures that the CLUP or a particular strategic plan is dynamic or remains relevant in a constantly evolving environment. 6

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Some Notes in Considering the Strategic Planning Process: Planners/users should remember though that the process is flexible and the steps can be interchangeable. How, and to what extent, the steps are used will depend on the complexity of the sector or the theme being examined. The TWG, other committee, or task force established to undertake or manage the preparation of the project (i.e. the CLUP, its partial update, or any other planning issue) is also expected to consider the steps required to undertake it. Steps 2 and 3 (Setting the Vision and Defining Existing Conditions) are always interchangeable. The order of application will vary from place to place and applicable circumstances, and even on local preferences or customs. The preparation of forecasts or projections in Step 3 (Defining Existing Conditions) should reduce the need for too much additional analysis in Step 5 (Generating Options for Policy and Actions).

How Strategic Planning Helps Make the CLUP More Responsive to Community Needs: Its emphasis on genuine proactive participatory consultation can provide the level of community ownership and legitimacy that will force apolitical (bipartisan or multi-party) commitment from the LGUs elected members irrespective of political changes. It is the communitys and stakeholders belief (ownership) in the strategically based CLUP that will ensure the realization of its objectives and projects and demand political and administrative accountability for its implementation; The strategic CLUP also provides the basis for the most rational and effective use of the nations scarcest resource land; Importantly, a good strategic CLUP provide the planning certainty that the community and stakeholders need for confident and predictable decisionmaking. A well planned and strongly administered CLUP will limit the worst excesses of speculation and the Strategic Planning process will enable the updating or revision of CLUPs without the need for substantial data gathering. Usefully, the process will also identify LGU data shortages and other issues. These can in turn become priorities for future resolution; The Strategic Planning approach provides for rational horizontal and vertical integration of the separate sector sub-strategies of the CLUP. Integration enables a more valid prioritization of programs, projects, and plans (PPPs) and other identified issues, and hence the more relevant disbursement of budgets to meet community expectations; A strategically prepared CLUP provides a comprehensive overall development framework to guide the LGU towards the achievement of the community and stakeholder vision and a better quality of life; and The long-term social, environmental and financial costs to the community will be minimized.

3.2 DILGs Executive-Legislative Agenda (ELA) Another development in the field of local planning is the coming about of the ELA. The following is from the Manual entitled How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA) for Local Governance and Development. This

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was published in 2004 by the Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program (LGSP). The ELA is defined as an integrated plan that is mutually developed and agreed upon by the Executive and Legislative departments of the LGUs. The document contains major development thrusts and priorities of both departments for their 3-year term of office consistent with the development vision and mission of the locality. The ELA is envisioned to be many things. These are summarized below: A planning and budgetary tool which: - provides a development roadmap for the LGU; - helps identify results that will contribute to the LGUs long-term vision; - identifies priority programs and projects that will help accomplish these results; and - organizes and allocates local resources in a rational and results-oriented manner. A transparency and accountability tool which: - informs the constituents of the LGUs medium-term development priorities for which the local chief executive (LCE) and the other elective officials make themselves accountable; and - facilitates the consultation process between the LCE and the various - stakeholders. A social mobilization tool which: - promotes active and quality participation of the community in local development planning; - helps rally support from stakeholders; and - helps unite the broader LGU community. A performance management tool which: - provides a basis for ensuring that LGU plans are implemented and are producing the desired impact; and - helps set performance targets to the various departments of the LGU, thus encouraging greater accountability for results. A communication tool which: - allows elective officials to present and articulate their political agenda and seek its integration in the ELA; - creates opportunities for the community to give feedback and voice out their issues and concerns to the LGU, and the LCE in particular; - encourages closer interface between the executive and legislative officials; and - allows for elected officials to report back their accomplishments and achievements. A convergence tool which: - encourages collaboration between the executive and legislative departments; and - provides avenues for consensus among diverse stakeholders in pursuing a set of unified actions designed to bring about the desired changes in the local community.

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The ELA targets the following as its main users: Local Chief Executives, Sanggunian members, the Local Development Council, LGU personnel and local planning professionals. The principal uses of the ELA are as follows: to lead the Executive and Legislative branches towards a unified vision, mission, goals and objectives; to enable the Executive and Legislative branches to agree to priority problems and issues; to help the LGU focus on a set of interventions towards the attainment of a common set of goals and objectives; to increase the chances for implementation of priority programs of the Executive department if the Legislative branch formulates ordinances in support of the LCE program of government; and to speed up the implementation of priority projects. With respect to the relationship of the ELA to the other LGU plans, the manual asserts that the ELA does not replace or supplant the existing plans of the LGU. But rather, it builds on the existing plans which LGUs are mandated to prepare. The ELA is considered as an implementing instrument of the Comprehensive Development Plan. Figure 3 shows the relationship of the ELA to the CLUP, the CDP, the Barangay Development Plans and other sectoral plans, the zoning plan and ordinance.

Long-Term Framework Plan Medium-Term Development Plan Implementation Instruments

Comprehensive Land Use Plan Zoning Plan/ Ordinance Comprehensive Development Plan Barangay Development Plans and Other Sectoral Plans

EXECUTIVELEGISLATIVE AGENDA (ELA)

Local Development Investment Program Annual Investment Plan

Regulatory Measures

Figure 3. The Relationship of the ELA to the Other LGU Plans

The ELA process is a cyclical process made up of three (3) stages, namely, the ELA preparation, the ELA implementation and the ELA performance management. In the ELA preparation, the vision, mission, goals, priority programs and projects, capacities needed and the supporting policy and legislative measures are set in consultation with the various stakeholders. In the ELA implementation, the priority programs and projects are carried out while in the ELA performance management, a two-way feedback mechanism is established which involves the Local Chief Executive reporting back the ELA to the community, and the community giving back feedback to the LGUs on a regular basis. The ELA process is described to be practical, needs-based, action-oriented and participatory resulting in broad-based support from critical stakeholders. In carrying out the ELA process, the following steps are suggested: planning to plan; prioritizing issues; consulting with stakeholders; defining/revisiting the LGU vision and mission; formulating goals and objectives; prioritizing programs, projects and capacity development needs; determining legislative requirements; 9
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building commitment; securing endorsement and approval; moving the ELA to action; popularizing the ELA; managing and sustaining ELA implementation.

4. Critical Issues in the Local Planning Process 4.1 The CLUP and CDP Process The recommended CLUP and CDP interactive and iterative planning process is depicted in Figure 4. It may be noted that the preparation of CLUP and the CDP is basically divided into two parts. The first part, which is common to both plan preparation, is aimed at coming out with a preferred spatial strategy that serves as the backbone for both plans. The second part takes off from the first part and adopts a process that is specific to each plan. The broad steps are described below.

Data Collection and Analysis Sectoral Forecasting

Formulation of Vision, Overall Development Goals and Objectives

Preparation of Short-Term CDP Short-Term CDP (3 years) Sectoral Goals and Objectives Strategies Policies, Programs, & Projects

Formulation of Alternative Spatial Strategies Testing and Evaluation

Preferred Spatial Strategy

CLUP Preparation and Detailing

Conduct of Detailed Sectoral Studies

CLUP (15 years)

Long-Term CDP (15 years) Operational Interpolation between Short- and Long-Term CDPs Medium-Term CDP (6 years)

Zoning Ordinance

Other Tools

Other Thrusts and Priorities

ELA (3 YEARS)

Figure 4. CITY/MUNICIPALITY CLUP AND CDP PROCESS 10

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4.1.1 Formulation of Alternative Spatial Strategies and Selection of the Preferred Spatial Strategy The formulation of Alternative Spatial Strategies and Selection of the Preferred Spatial Strategy are vital stages in the local development planning process and are concerned specifically with the physical aspects of planning. In determining the preferred spatial strategy, it is important to remember that the supply of scarce land and other physical resources and their existing uses as well as the demand for land to accommodate prospective uses in pursuance of the citys vision should be carefully considered. As shown in Figure 4, data collection and analysis is first carried out. Also referred to as Situational Analysis, it aims to obtain all relevant information needed to gain a better understanding of the study area. The output of the Situational Analysis is called Socio-Economic-Physical Profile or, the more recent term, Ecological Profile. With the Ecological Profile as the background, all the stakeholders in the City/Municipality proceed to formulate the Vision, the Overall Development Goals and Objectives. The Vision embodies where the City/Municipality wants to be in the future. Overall Development Goals and Objectives are the general and specific direction and quality of development desired by a community and its population. The Ecological Profile containing both sectoral and physical data, together with the multi-stakeholder-generated Vision, Overall Development Goals and Objectives, provide the preliminary basis for forecasting the future situation. These in turn become inputs to the formulation of Alternative Spatial Strategies. In this stage of the process and in the subsequent testing and evaluation of such strategies, the results of the detailed sectoral studies particularly the physical requirements of the proposed programs and projects of the various sectors as well as the indicative financial implications of such become main considerations in deciding on the preferred spatial strategy. Needless to say, the consultative process is observed to the fullest with participation from the POs, NGOs and the private sector with the LGU as main facilitator inasmuch as the resulting physical configuration of the City/Municipality and the future use of its land and physical resources have tremendous implications on both the present and future generations. 4.1.2 CLUP Preparation and Detailing Using the preferred spatial strategy as the backbone, a CLUP will be prepared and detailed. More details will be added into each land use classification. Land use policies will be developed in support of the chosen spatial strategy. This step is done in close coordination with the CDP preparation especially in providing spatial dimensions to each of the sectors. In the same manner, results of detailed sectoral studies that have physical implications are fed into the CLUP preparation. Like the spatial strategy, the CLUP is developed for a 15-year planning period. This document will be the basis for the formulation of the zoning ordinance, which is a local legal measure which embodies regulations 11
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affecting land use. Other tools implementing the CLUP will also be formulated such as the Investment Incentives Code, the Environmental Code, Traffic and Transportation Code, Health and Sanitation Code and, Gender and Development Code to name a few. 4.1.3 CDP Preparation As previously defined, the CDP is a document embodying the vision, sectoral goals and objectives, strategies, policies, short-medium-long term programs and projects for the growth and development of the city/municipality. The plan is a complete document that includes even projects of the national government. It is proposed that three (3) CDPs will be prepared, one each for three planning periods, namely short-term, medium-term, and long-term. This may not necessarily mean 3 separate documents but one CDP divided into 3 timeframes. The short-term CDP could be developed immediately after data collection and analysis and would provide immediate solutions to identified problems, while ensuring consistency with the overall vision, goals and objectives that have been set. A number of programs and projects in the short-term CDP are those already committed and in the pipeline. Detailed sectoral studies will be carried out in producing the long-term CDP (15-year plan). For some sectors, this could entail the formulation of options, use of mathematical models for option testing, and full evaluation of each option. This step of the process will still be guided by the overall vision and sectoral goals and objectives. The medium-term CDP is derived by operational interpolation between the long-term and short-term CDPs. Operational interpolation means arriving at the 6-year plan through programming of intervention between the two periods. The production of the medium-term would not anymore entail full evaluation as such has already been done for the long-term planning horizon. To ensure consistency with the CLUP, the time period for the long-term CDP is also 15 years. 4.1.4 The ELA The ELA, as described in Section 3.2 of this paper, is adopted with a slight modification on the relationship between the CLUP and the CDP. It is proposed that the relationships depicted in Figure 4 should be adopted. Basically, the ELA should contain the short-term CDP plus the legislative measures proposed by the City/Municipal Council in order to provide all the needed support (technical, financial, institutional, etc) to the programs and projects programmed for the 3-year timeframe. At best and if formulated properly, the ELA can be a good governance tool inasmuch as it can effectively measure the performance of local executives. It will be an agenda that local elective officials can commit to within their 3-year term of office and for which they can be held accountable for by their local constituents. The ELA as a score card can definitely be a good basis for a well informed and intelligent choice by the voters in the local community during the succeeding elections. This will

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guarantee that only the most qualified, dedicated and developmentoriented candidates are elected to office. 4.1.5 Updating of Plans Plans are updated periodically to take into account changing circumstances, such as funding surpluses or shortages. Plans are seldom implemented to the letter. It is possible that some plan components that are under the jurisdiction of other agencies are not approved or are delayed in implementation. Moreover, national agencies and the provincial government might have initiated projects that had not been originally anticipated. Updating puts the plans back on track or takes into account new developments. The frequency of updates is not the same for all plans. The shorter the term of the plans, the more frequent the plans are to be updated. a. The CLUP It is suggested that the CLUP is updated only once to be done during the formulation of second medium-term CDP. At the end of the term of the second medium-term CDP or a total of 12 years from the start, a new round of full blown CLUP-CDP study should be initiated. The LGU has three years to undertake this study. One of the products of such a study is, of course, a new CLUP. b. The CDPs and ELA The short-term CDP and the ELA should be updated annually, i.e. twice during their term. The term remains the same and not rolled. For example, a 2004-2007 CDP becomes a 2005-2007 CDP and not 20052008 CDP. This is also true for the ELA. At the end of their term, new short-term CDP and ELA are prepared based on the medium-term and long-term CDPs. The medium-term CDP is updated only once to be done during the formulation of the second short-term CDP. As in the short-term CDP, the updated medium-term CDP will have the same term and not rolled. A new medium-term CDP is prepared after the expiration of the first medium-term CDP. As for the long-term CDP, it is updated at the same that the CLUP is being updated. This will ensure that both documents remain consistent with each other. 4.1.6 Reports The first round of CLUP and CDP preparation is best presented in one document, albeit with more than volume, to properly reflect the interactive process that has been employed. The first volume may contain the Ecological Profile of the study area, the second volume the CDP and the third volume the CLUP. The one and only update of the CLUP and CDP (after 6 years) may also be reported under one document. However, updates of the short-term CDP, 13
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ELA and medium-term CDP may be presented as separate documents, although with appropriate references to the CLUP and long-term CDP. 4.2 Timeframes of CLUP and CDP Table 3 below provides the recommended timeframes for the CLUP and the CDP. Table 3. Timeframes of CLUP and CDP
Plan CLUP Timeframe 15 years Rationale It is presumed that the physical landscape will not be drastically altered within the next 15 years unless devastated with severe natural calamities such as earthquakes, massive landslides, tsunamis and other natural calamities. Population growth is projected to be below 2.0 percent for the next 10-15 years. With declining population growth, pressure on the land as measured by the man/land ratio is expected to decrease as well, causing a greater stability in the use of land. The proposed updating of the plan after six years will take into account rapid changes as may occur in large urban areas. CDP Short-term : 3 years Medium-term: 6 years Long-term : 15 years The timeframes of the CDP are made to coincide with the terms of office of local officials to be able to pinpoint responsibilities for specific local development initiatives as well as establish accountability; There are programs/projects particularly large infrastructure ones that have longer implementation periods, and will thus spillover beyond the shortor even the medium-term. Having a term longer than 15 years is impractical because we cannot really predict with some accuracy what will happen beyond 15 years.

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4.3 Agencies involved in the CDP and CLUP Preparation There are various levels of planning in the Philippines. At the national level, the country has long-range planning, the medium-term planning and sectoral planning. The highest level of planning agency is the National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). The plan formulation process starts when the national government mandates the NEDA Board to prepare a set of guidelines for the preparation of plans at the various levels. Other agencies provide inputs in terms of sectoral development goals, objectives, targets, policies and strategies as well as programs and projects. Regional planning replicates the planning objectives at the national level. The Regional Development Council (RDC) serves as the counterpart of the NEDA Board at the regional level. It is composed of representatives from the local government units, the regional line agencies and the private sector. Its functions include the coordination, review and prioritization of socio-economic development plans, policies and investment programs and their implementation. Apart from the Executive Committee which acts for and in behalf of the Council when it is not in session, Sectoral Committees are put in place to handle social, economic and infrastructure development and development administration matters. It also has an Advisory Committee that advises, assists and supports the Council in discharging its functions. At the Provincial and Municipal level, the Local Development Council (LDC) is the planning body of the local government units, as mandated by the Local Government Code. The legal mandates of various agencies in relation to the formulation, approval and monitoring of CLUP and CDP are given below. 4.3.1 Formulation The formulation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plans and Comprehensive Development Plans falls under the mandate of Republic Act 7160, otherwise known as the Local Government Code. The Code mandates that each local government unit (LGU) shall have a comprehensive multi-sectoral development plan to be initiated by its development council (the local executive body) and approved by its sanggunian (the local legislative body). Land use plans are to be prepared through zoning ordinances which shall be the primary and dominant basis for the future use of land resources. The municipal mayor is to direct the formulation of the municipal development plan, with the assistance of the municipal development council, and upon approval thereof by the sangguniang bayan (municipal legislative body), implement the same. Section 106, Title 6 of the Local Government Code (LGC) stipulates that each local government unit shall have a comprehensive multi-sectoral development plan to be initiated by its development council and approved by its Sanggunian. For this purpose, the development council of the province at the provincial, city, municipal, or Barangay level shall assist the corresponding Sanggunian in setting the direction of economic and social development, and coordinating development efforts within its territorial jurisdiction.

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The functions of the MDC/CDC include the review of the proposed development programs and projects that will form part of the LDIP and subsequent AIP, the formulation of long term, medium term and annual socio-economic development plans and policies, formulation of local investment incentives, the integration, prioritization and implementation of plans and programs. The local planning and development office headed by the MPDC/CPDC serves as the technical arm of the MDC/CDC. It performs the tasks relating to planning research, training, budgeting and implementation of development programs, projects and activities in the LGU in accordance with the approved development Plan. The Local Government Code (LGC) has already established provisions and guidelines for LGUs to be guided in project identification, project prioritization, project fund-determination, project fund-sourcing, and project fund allocation. In the event of the shortage of funds LGUs can guide private investment through incentives such as tax breaks after it has properly determined its priority programs and projects. The Local Planning and Development Office is tasked to screen and match, compile and compare projects for extra-local agencies and organizations to identify complementary projects so that such projects can be jointly conducted and implemented. The Local Finance Committee (LFC) in close coordination with the Local (municipal) Development Council (MDC) are tasked to determine and project fund available for these projects as determined by analysis of appropriate revenue data from real property taxes, business fees and licenses, other taxes, service operations income, Internal Revenue Allotment, with due consideration of what are recurring and what are not. If it has been determined that the actual funds available do not match the programs and projects for implementation the LGU can choose to improve fiscal management, incur public debt of credit financing, or both. 4.3.2 Evaluation/Approval Presidential Decree 933 and Executive Order 648, S. of 1981, as amended by EO 90, S. of 1986 empower the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) to review, evaluate, and approve or disapprove land use plans of cities and municipalities. Executive Order No. 72 of 1993 delineates the power and responsibilities of the LGUs and the HLURB in the preparation and implementation of comprehensive land use plans under a decentralized framework of local governance viz: Section 1 Plan formulation or updating (a) Cities and municipalities shall continue to formulate or update their respective comprehensive land use plans, in conformity with the land use planning and zoning standards and guidelines prescribed to the HLURB pursuant to national policies.

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Section 2 Plan review and approval (a) pursuant to section 468 (a2-vii) of the LGC, the powers of the HLURB to review and approve the implementation of the comprehensive land use plans of the component cities and municipalities are hereby devolved to the province. Such powers shall be exercised by the sangguniang panlalawigan, subject to national standards and guidelines. Section 3 Plan Implementation (a) the authority of the HLURB to issue location clearances for locally-significant projects is hereby devolved to cities and municipalities with comprehensive land use plans reviewed and approved in accordance with this Order. Such cities and municipalities shall likewise be responsible for the institution of other actions in the enforcement of the provisions thereof. For this purpose, they may call on the HLURB and such other NGAs for any legal and technical assistance. The HLURBs functions are comprehensive and include: Prescribe the standards and guidelines governing the preparation of land use plans; Extend technical and related forms of planning assistance to the local government units (LGUs); Review and approve the comprehensive land use plan (CLUP) of highly urbanized cities, independent component cities, provinces and the cities and municipalities of Metro Manila (which are enacted through zoning ordinances and stand as the primary and dominant bases for the use of land resources in the respective localities); Monitor the implementation of these plans; and Adjudicate and settle disputes over the same.

4.3.3

Monitoring DILG Memorandum Circular No. 92-41 dated July 6, 1992 mandates the local government units to prepare, as a minimum requirement, annual investment programs. The Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG), requires each local government unit (LGU) to identify projects and programs to address the needs of the different sectors. These projects are included in the LGUs Comprehensive Development Plan. DILG acts as the monitoring body on how each LGU manages their own municipalities.

4.3.4 Summary The mandates of various agencies in each stage of the CLUP/CDP process are summarized in Table 4. Several national agencies play institutional roles in terms of a national land use classification and allocation system adopted by the inter-agency National Land Use Committee (NLUC). The land use committees at various levels national, regional and provincial are now using these land use planning categories with their corresponding national sectoral agencies.

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Table 4. Matrix of the Roles of Various Agencies in Planning (Outside of Metro Manila) Based on Legal Issuances
AGENCIES City/Mun CLUP I Formulation II Review/Approval III Monitoring *** *** Province * ***
1

HLURB ** *** ***

DILG *

NEDA & Other NGAs * **/*

CDP I Formulation *** II Review/Approval III Monitoring *** Legend: *** Principal Role ** Major Supporting Role * Supporting Role

* ***

** * *** * *** * 1 Applies to municipalities and component cities

* * *

The activities and agencies involved for cities/municipalities located in Metro Manila are depicted in Table 5. These are based on the Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Series of 1996 issued by the Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB). Table 5. Matrix of the Roles of Various Agencies in Planning (for Metro Manila) Based on Legal Issuances
Activities Public Exhibition/ Information Dissemination Formation of Hearing Board Agencies/Groups Involved LGU Civic Groups City Mayors as Chairman City Urban Planning and Development Coordinator HLURB Technical Representative Sangguniang Panglungsod Representative Local Sector Experts General Public Representatives from private sector consisting of business (such as private investors and developers) and Professional Organizations Representatives from Civil Society consisting of NGO, PO, Environmental Organization, Womens Group, Labor, Academe and Church Representatives from Local Government: Members of the Sangguniang Panlungsod, Members of the City Development Council, Congressmen, Key City Officials Representatives from the National Agency Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB) Concerned Agencies on Traffic (DOTC), flooding (DPWH), solid waste disposal (DOH & MMDA), informal settlements (NHA & HUDCC) Metro Manila Council Sangguniang Panglungsod Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board (HLURB)

Public Hearing

Review of CLUP/ZO

Approval of CLUP/ZO

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5. Recommended Definitions of Planning Terms Commonly Used in the CLUP and CDP Preparation The following arrays the various definitions for each planning term as taken from a number of references. In this section, the UP SURP position paper puts forward a recommended definition for each term. 5.1 Land Use Planning 5.1.1 The act of defining the allocation, utilization, development and management of all lands within a given territory or jurisdiction according to the inherent qualities of the land itself and supportive of sustainable, economic, demographic, socio-cultural and environmental objectives as an aid to decision-making and legislation (1997 RA 8435 in Endriga, Dolores, et.al. The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, QC: UPSURP, UP-PLANADES, 2004, p.126; 2004 DILG Local Legislators Toolkit, p.241). 5.1.2 A political act of crafting public policy whereby the state regulates the acquisition, ownership, use and disposition of property to promote the common good or general welfare (1987 Philippine Constitution in Endriga, et.al, p. 126; 1997 DENR Guidebook on the Preparation of a Sustainable Land Use Plan in Endriga, et.al, 2004, p.126). 5.1.3 The rational and judicious development, utilization of land resources in a sustainable manner (1997 HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan: Land Use, Vol V in Endriga, et.al., 2004, p.126). 5.1.4 The long-term guide for the management of local territories. (Serote, Ernesto M. Property, Patrimony & Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. QC: UP-SURP & UP-PLANADES, 2004). Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical
Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005)

Land Use Planning - The act of defining the allocation, utilization, development and management of all lands within a given territory or jurisdiction according to the inherent qualities of the land itself and supportive of sustainable, economic, demographic, socio-cultural and environmental objectives as an aid to decision-making and legislation (1997 RA 8435 in Endriga, Dolores, et.al. The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, QC: UP-SURP, UP-PLANADES, 2004, p.126; 2004 DILG Local Legislators Toolkit, p.241). 5.2 Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) 5.2.1 A document embodying specific proposals for guiding and regulating growth and/or development. The main components of the CLUP in this usage are the sectoral studies, i.e., Demography, Socio-Economic, Infrastructure and Utilities, Local Administration and Land (1997 HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan: Model Zoning Ordinance, Vol X, in Endriga, et.al.,2004, p.126). 5.2.2 A long-term (10-30 years) guide for the development of the local area. Guides the formulation of programs and projects of local officials to ensure 19
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continuity, rationality and stability in local development efforts down through the generations. It contains policies on settlements, protected areas, production areas and infrastructure (DILG, How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda for Local Governance and Development, 2004, p.9). 5.2.3 A translation into spatial dimensions and allocation of the various sectoral land requirements of the socio-economic development plan (Serote, 2004, p. 347). 5.2.4 A policy guide for the regulation of land uses throughout the LGUs territorial jurisdiction and as such covers 4 land use policy areas: Protected areas; Settlement areas; Infrastructure areas; and Production areas (Serote, 2004, p. 347). 5.2.5 A plan which includes a land use map, the factors indicating the socially desired mix of land uses and a set of policies to guide future development (Joint DAR, DA, DILG and HLURB Memorandum Circular Prescribing Guidelines to Implement MC 54). Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP A document embodying specific proposals for guiding and regulating growth and/or development. It is also a translation into spatial dimensions and allocation of the various sectoral land requirements and includes a land use map, the factors indicating the socially desired mix of land uses and a set of policies to guide future development.(UP School of Urban and Regional Planning). 5.3 Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) 5.3.1 A medium to short-term action plan to implement projects identified in the Sustainable Land Use Plan (SLUP) and other programs and projects designed to realize the objectives of the SLUP. As a comprehensive plan, it covers such sectors as social, economic, physical, environmental and institutional (1997 DENR Guidebook on the Preparation of a Sustainable Land Use Plan in Endriga, et.al, 2004, p. 40). 5.3.2 A written document that identifies the vision, goals, objectives, principles, guidelines, policies, standards and strategies for the growth and development of the community (Universal Glossary of Land Use Terms and Phrases in the 1998 Land use Law Center Pace University of Law. 5.3.3 A document embodying specific proposals for guiding, regulating growth and/or development. Its main components are the sector plans, such as the socio-economic, infrastructure, local administration and land use plan (Joint DAR, DA, DILG and HLURB Memorandum Circular Prescribing Guidelines to Implement MC 54). 5.3.4 An action plan and an implementing instrument of the CLUP. Its time frame should only cover the tenure of local officials (3 yrs.) so that it can serve as their program of government (Serote, 2004, p. 156). 5.3.5 A medium-term (5-10 years) plan of action for implementing the CLUP. It provides an overview of key aspirations, concerns and challenges to LGU 20
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development It contains plans and programs on social, economic, institutional, physical and infrastructure development; environmental management, and administration and financial development (DILG, How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda for Local Governance and Development, 2004, p.9). 5.3.6 The document/s including maps, charts and other materials embodying goals and objectives, policy guidelines strategies and proposals for over-all socio-economic growth and development of the area. It has also been defined as an integrated series of decision documents, including maps specifying the nature of future physical, social, economic and environmental development of the Urban Zone as outlined in the Concept Plan, consisting of, among others, a land use plan, including area phasing, sectoral programs, land acquisition and disposition programs and capital improvement programs. (Endriga, Elum, Yap, and Alcalde, The Laguage of Environmental Planning in the Philippines School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Quezon City, 2004,p.55) Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Comprehensive Development Plan A document embodying the vision, sectoral goals and objectives, strategies, policies, short-medium-long term programs and projects for the growth and development of the city/municipality (UP School of Urban and Regional Planning). 5.4 Zoning 5.4.1 The legislative act of delineating areas or districts within the territorial jurisdictions of cities and municipalities that may be put to specific uses and their regulation, subject to the limitations imposed by law or competent authority (l997 DENR Guidebooks on Sustainable Land Use Planning and Management-Institutional Development Concepts on Land Use Planning and Management, Vol V in Endriga, et.al, 2004, p.238). 5.4.2 The delineation or division of a Municipality into a functional zone where only specific land uses are allowed. It directs and regulates the use of all in the community in accordance with an approved and 0adopted land use plan for the municipality. It regulates land uses and prescribes limitations on structures and infrastructures thereon (DILG Local Legislators Toolkit, 2004, p. 242). 5.4.3 The division of a community into zones or districts according to the present and potential uses of land to maximize, regulate and direct their use and development in accordance with the comprehensive land use plan of the community (HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Volume 10). Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Zoning - The division of a city/municipality into zones or districts according to the present and potential uses of land to maximize, regulate and direct their use and development in accordance with the comprehensive land use plan of the city/municipality (HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Volume 10).

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5.5 Zoning Ordinance 5.5.1 An ordinance or local legal measure which embodies regulations affecting land use (HSRC, Model Zoning Ordinance, 1983, p.4; Endriga, et.al, 2004,p.239). 5.5.2 The principal and legal instrument for enforcing the locational policies and performance standards of the CLUP (Serote, 2004, p.154). 5.5.3 An ordinance which classifies, delineates, defines and designates different land uses in the municipality, requiring fees and imposing penalties (DILG, Local Legislators Toolkit, 2004, p. 242). 5.5.4 A local legal measure which embodies regulations affecting land use. The preparation of a zoning ordinance is based on the Comprehensive Land Use Plan and is enacted by the Local Sangguniang through a resolution. Such ordinance shall be presented in its full context, as a separate document (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan: Model Zoning Ordinance, Vol X. Quezon City : HLURB, 1997). 5.5.5 A law by local or regional authority (government) that sets parameters for the uses of a property. (Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board, Model Zoning Ordinance, Vol. X, 4th Revised Edition, 1996). 5.5.6 Refers to a local legislation approving the development/land use plan and providing for the regulations and other conditions on the uses of land including the limitation on the infrastructure that may be placed within the territorial jurisdiction of a city or municipality. (Department of Agriculture, Administration Order 6 (1998) Implementing Rules and Regulations Pursuant to Republic Act 8435 (AFMA, 1997) 5.5.7 Defines the different land use districts of the city or municipality, the boundary description of the various zoning districts and the allowable or permitted uses per zoning district. (HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Volume 5) Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Zoning Ordinance - An ordinance or local legal measure which embodies regulations affecting land use (HSRC, Model Zoning Ordinance, 1983, p.4; Endriga, et.al, 2004,p.239). 5.6 Local Development Investment Program (LDIP) 5.6.1 A document that translates the Comprehensive Development Plan into programs and projects and selects those that will be picked up by the municipal government for funding in the annual general fund budget or through special fund generation schemes (Guidebook on the Preparation of a Sustainable Land Use Plan in Endriga, et.al., 2004, p. 133). 5.6.2 A document that contains the identified programs and projects that will have a long-term impact on the physical character of the city or municipality (Philippines. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. Guidelines for the

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Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Administration, Vol. VI in Endriga, et.al., 2004, p. 133).

Plan:

Local

5.6.3 A prioritized list of programs and projects requisite in the achievement of the local government units development objectives (Philippines. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan: A Report Writing, Vol. VIII in Endriga, et.al., 2003, p.133). 5.6.4 An implementing tool of the comprehensive land use plan. It is a translation of the priority projects as indicated in the CLUP (HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Volume 5). 5.6.5 A compendium of the capital investment proposals of all government agencies operating in the municipality (The Ministry of Human Settlements, Town Planning Under the Inter-Agency Local Planning Assistance Program, Philippine Planning Journal Vol XVI, No. 2, April 1985) Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Local Development Investment Program A 3-year document that translates the Comprehensive Development Plan into programs and projects that will be implemented by the city/municipal government for funding (U.P. School of Urban & Regional Planning). 5.7 Annual Investment Program (AIP) 5.7.1 The annual component of plans and programs (Serote, 2004, p.164). 5.7.2 An integral part of the annual local government planning and budgeting process. Basically, it is a tool by which a local government unit annually manages and financially supports its 3-10 year sectoral plan and its LDIP (DILG, NEDA, Leagues of Provinces, Municipalities and Cities, and Liga ng mga Barangay, Guidebook No. 3 for Annual Investment Programming, 1994, p.7). Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Annual Investment Program The current years component of the LDIP (UP School of Urban and Regional Planning). 5.8 Executive Legislative Agenda (ELA) 5.8.1 An integrated plan that is mutually developed and agreed upon by the Executive and Legislative departments of the LGUs. The document contains major development thrusts and priorities of both departments for their 3-year term of office consistent with the development vision and mission of the locality (2004 Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program Manual on How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA) for Local Governance and Development). Recommended Definition: (Note: Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005) Executive Legislative Agenda (ELA) - An integrated plan that is mutually developed and agreed upon by the Executive and Legislative departments of the LGUs. The document contains major development thrusts and 23
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priorities of both departments for their 3-year term of office consistent with the development vision and mission of the locality (2004 PhilippinesCanada Local Government Support Program Manual on How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA) for Local Governance and Development).

6. Conclusion The paper is proposing an interactive and iterative CLUP-CDP process that integrates the preparation of CLUP and CDP1. This process has been adopted for technical and practical reasons. The CLUP is derived taking into account the supply of and demand for land and other physical resources. It is mainly for this reason that the preparation of the CLUP and the CDP should be done at the same time with the CDP providing the sectoral demand for such resources. Likewise, the updating of the two plans should also be properly synchronized. Moreover, majority of the data used are common to both plans, so it is economical to undertake the preparation of both plans simultaneously. The process, however, produces the CLUP and the CDP as separate volumes under one document, considering that approval and monitoring of these documents lie with different agencies. In particular, the CLUP is covered by the regulatory function of the HLURB whereas the CDP is basically within the domain of the LGUs, with the DILG providing technical assistance. The key points of this paper may be summarized as follows: The CLUP and CDP are separate plans but they are the products of one integrated process. The HLURB has regulatory functions over the CLUP, as well as extends technical assistance in its preparation. The DILG provides technical assistance to the LGUs in the preparation of both the CLUP and the CDP. The CDP includes programs and projects of national line agencies therefore its preparation should be coordinated with these agencies; this could be done through membership of these agencies in the LDC concerned and/or through the NEDA.

Approved by the Inter-Agency Technical Working Group on Improving the Local Planning Process on 14 November 2005.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books 1987 Philippine Constitution. Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, p. 126. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. 1997 HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan, vol. 5, Land Use. Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, p. 126. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. 1997 HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Vol. VI, Local Administration. Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, p. 133. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. 1997 HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Vol. VIII, A Report Writing. Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, p. 133. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. 1997 HLURB Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan, Vol. X, Land Use. Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, p. 126. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. DENR Guidebook on the Preparation of a Sustainable Land Use Plan. Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, pp. 126, 133, 238. Quezon City: UPSURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R. The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UPPLANADES, 2004. Philippines. Republic Act 8435 (1997). Cited by Endriga, Dolores; Pulumbarit-Elum, LM.; Yap, H.L.; and Alcalde, D.R., The Language of Environmental Planning in the Philippines, p. 126. Quezon City: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004. Serote, Ernesto M. Property, Patrimony and Territory: Foundations of Land Use Planning in the Philippines. QC: UP-SURP and UP-PLANADES, 2004

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Guidebooks, Pamphlets, Manuals, Journals Philippines. Department of the Interior and Local Government, National Economic and Development Authority, Leagues of Provinces, Municipalities and Cities, and Liga ng mga Barangay. Guidebook No. 3 for Annual Investment Programming. 1994. Philippines. Department of the Interior and Local Government. DILG Local Legislators Toolkit. DILG, 2004. Philippines. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan. Quezon City: HLURB, 1996 and1998. Philippines. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan: Model Zoning Ordinance, Vol. X. Quezon City: HLURB, 1997. Philippines. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. Guidelines for the Formulation/Revision of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan: Land Use Plan, Vol. V. Quezon City: HLURB, 1997. Philippines. Housing and Land Use Regulatory Board. Planning Strategically: Guidelines for the Application of the Strategic Planning Process in the Preparation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) and Important Urban Area Issues and Problems. Quezon City: HLURB, 2001. Philippines. Philippines-Canada Local Government Support Program. How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda (ELA) for Local Governance and Development. LGSP, 2004. Philippines. Department of the Interior and Local Government. How to Formulate an Executive and Legislative Agenda for Local Governance and Development. DILG, 2004. The Ministry of Human Settlements. Town Planning Under the Inter-Agency Local Planning Assistance Program. Philippine Planning Journal Vol XVI, No.2 (April 1985): 1-20. Universal Glossary of Land Use Terms and Phrases in the 1998 Land Use Law Center, Pace University of Law.

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Legal Issuances Department of Agriculture, Administrative Order 6 - Implementing Rules and Regulations of RA 8435. (1998) Republic Act 8435 Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act. (1997) Department of the Interior and Local Government Memorandum Circular No. 92-41 Guidelines for preparation of Local Development Plans and Annual Investment Programs as basis for 1993 budget preparation. (July 6, 1992) EO 648 Reorganizing the Human Settlements Regulatory Commissions. (1981) EO 90 Abolishing the Ministry of Human Settlements and Creating the Housing and Urban Development Coordinating Council. (December 17, 1986) Executive Order No. 72 Providing for the Preparation and Implementation of the Comprehensive Land Use Plans of Local Government Units Pursuant to the Local Government Code of 1991 and Other Pertinent Laws. March 25,1993. HLURB Resolution No. 714 Approving the Guidelines on the Application of Strategic Planning Process to the Preparation of Comprehensive Land Use Plans (Planning Strategically) (2001) HSRC Model Zoning Ordinance. (1983) Joint DAR, DA, DILG and HLURB Memorandum Circular Prescribing Guidelines to Implement MC 54 Letter of Instruction 729. (1978) Presidential Decree 933 Creating the Human Settlements Commission. (May 13, 1976) RA 7279 Urban Development and Housing Act of 1992. Republic Act 7160 - Local Government Code of 1991 and its Implementing Rules and Regulations. (June 1, 1992)

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