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Dng 1: Vit phng trnh mt phng bng cch xc nh vect php tuyn
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(2;4;1), B(1;1;3) v mt phng
(P): x 3y + 2z 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) i qua hai im A, B v vung
gc vi mt phng (P).
r
r
r uuur
(Q) i qua A, B v vung gc vi (P) (Q) c VTPT n = nP , AB = (0; -8; -12) 0
(Q) : 2 y + 3z - 11 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1; 0; 1), B(2; 1; 2), ( P ) : x + 2 y + 3z + 3 = 0 .
S: (Q) : x - 2 y + z - 2 = 0
Cu 1.
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua hai im
x = -1 + t
.
A(2;1;3), B(1; -2;1) v song song vi ng thng d : y = 2t
z = -3 - 2t
uur
r
Ta c BA = (1;3;2) , d c VTCP u = (1;2; -2) .
uur
nr ^ BA
r
r uur r
Gi n l VTPT ca (P) r r chn n = BA, u = (-10; 4; -1)
n ^ u
Phng trnh ca (P): 10 x - 4 y + z - 19 = 0 .
Cu 2.
Cu 3.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 ng thng (d1 ) v (d2 ) c phng trnh:
x -1 y +1 z - 2
x - 4 y -1 z - 3
=
=
, (d2 ) :
=
=
. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) cha
2
3
1
6
9
3
(d 1 ) v (d2 ) .
(d1 );
Cu 5.
x -3 y -3 z
=
= v mt cu
2
2
1
(P): y - 2 z + 3 + 2 5 = 0
hoc
D = 3 + 2 5
= 2 D -3 = 2 5
D = 3 - 2 5
12 + 22
1- 4 + D
(P): y - 2 z + 3 - 2 5 = 0 .
Cu 7.
(*)
Cu 8.
Cu 9.
x - y - 2 = 0
v ng thng d :
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d v ct mt cu
2 x - z - 6 = 0
(S) theo mt ng trn c bn knh r = 1 .
(S) c tm I(-1;1; -1) , bn knh R = 2.
PT mt phng (P) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 (a2 + b2 + c 2 0) .
Chn M (2;0; -2), N (3;1;0) d .
Trang 2
M (P)
a = b,2c = -(a + b), d = -3a - b
(1)
Ta c: N (P )
17a = -7b,2c = -(a + b), d = -3a - b (2)
d ( I ,(P )) = R 2 - r 2
+ Vi (1) (P): x + y - z - 4 = 0
+ Vi (2) (P): 7 x - 17 y + 5z - 4 = 0
x y -1 z
=
= ,
2
-1 1
x -1 y z
= =
v mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 2 x + 2 y + 4 z 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh
-1 1 -1
tip din ca mt cu (S), bit tip din song song vi hai ng thng D1 v D1.
D2 :
2.1 + 2(-2) - 3 + D
R 2 - r 2 = 52 - 32 = 4
D = -7
= 4 -5 + D = 12
D = 17 (loai)
22 + 22 + (-1)2
Vy (b) c phng trnh 2 x + 2 y z 7 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x + 4 y - 6 z - 11 = 0 , (a ) : 2 x + y - 2z + 19 = 0 , p = 8p .
S: ( b ) : 2 x + y - 2 z + 1 = 0
Trang 3
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n khong cch
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua O, vung
2.
(2)
x -1 y - 3 z
=
= v
1
1
4
im M(0; 2; 0). Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im M, song song vi ng
thng D, ng thi khong cch d gia ng thng D v mt phng (P) bng 4.
D P ( P )
a = 4c
a + 5b
Ta c:
.
4
=
(
;(
))
=
a
2
c
d
A
P
d
=
2
2
2
a +b +c
Vi a = 4c . Chn a = 4, c = 1 b = -8 Phng trnh (P): 4 x - 8y + z - 16 = 0 .
Vi a = -2c . Chn a = 2, c = -1 b = 2 Phng trnh (P): 2 x + 2 y - z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
x y z -1
; M (0;3; -2), d = 3 .
a) Vi D : = =
1 1
4
S: ( P ) : 2 x + 2 y - z - 8 = 0 hoc ( P ) : 4 x - 8y + z + 26 = 0 .
x = t
z = 1
A(-1;2;3) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng (d) sao cho khong cch t
im A n mt phng (P) bng 3.
r
r
(d) i qua im M(0; -1;1) v c VTCT u = (1;2;0) . Gi n = (a; b; c) vi a2 + b2 + c2 0
l VTPT ca (P) .
PT mt phng (P): a( x - 0) + b( y + 1) + c( z - 1) = 0 ax + by + cz + b - c = 0 (1).
rr
Do (P) cha (d) nn: u.n = 0 a + 2b = 0 a = -2b (2)
- a + 3b + 2c
5b + 2c
d ( A,(P ) ) = 3
=3
= 3 5b + 2c = 3 5b2 + c2
2
2
2
2
2
a +b +c
5b + c
2
4b2 - 4bc + c 2 = 0 ( 2b - c ) = 0 c = 2b
(3)
Cu 15. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im M (-1;1; 0), N (0; 0; -2), I (1;1;1) . Vit
phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v B, ng thi khong cch t I n (P) bng
3.
.
Ta c: N (P )
5a = 7b,2c = a - b, d = a - b (2)
d ( I ,(P )) = 3
+ Vi (1) PT mt phng (P): x - y + z + 2 = 0
+ Vi (2) PT mt phng (P): 7 x + 5y + z + 2 = 0 .
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho t din ABCD vi A(1; -1;2) , B(1;3;0) ,
C(-3; 4;1) , D(1;2;1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, B sao cho khong cch t C
n (P) bng khong cch t D n (P).
Ta c: B (P )
a + 3b + d = 0
-3a + 4b + c + d
d (C ,(P )) = d ( D,(P ))
a + 2b + c + d
=
a2 + b2 + c2
a2 + b2 + c2
b = 2a, c = 4a, d = -7a
c = 2a, b = a, d = -4a
+ Vi b = 2a, c = 4a, d = -7a (P): x + 2 y + 4 z - 7 = 0 .
+ Vi c = 2a, b = a, d = -4a (P): x + y + 2z - 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;2;1), B(-2;1;3), C (2; -1;1), D(0;3;1) .
S: ( P ) : 4 x + 2 y + 7z - 15 = 0 hoc ( P ) : 2 x + 3z - 5 = 0 .
Cu 17. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho cc im A(1;2;3) , B(0; -1;2) ,
C(1;1;1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng ( P ) i qua A v gc ta O sao cho khong cch
t B n ( P ) bng khong cch t C n ( P ) .
V O (P) nn ( P ) : ax + by + cz = 0 , vi a2 + b2 + c2 0 .
Do A (P) a + 2b + 3c = 0 (1) v d ( B,( P )) = d (C ,( P )) - b + 2c = a + b + c (2)
T (1) v (2) b = 0 hoc c = 0 .
Vi b = 0 th a = -3c (P ) : 3x - z = 0
Vi c = 0 th a = -2b ( P ) : 2 x - y = 0
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;2; 0), B(0;4;0), C (0;0;3) .
S: -6 x + 3y + 4 z = 0 hoc 6 x - 3y + 4z = 0 .
Cu 18. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz , cho ba im A(1;1; -1) , B(1;1;2) ,
PT (a ) c dng: ax + by + cz + d = 0 , vi a2 + b2 + c2 0
Do A(1;1; -1) (a ) nn: a + b - c + d = 0 (1); (a ) ^ ( P ) nn a - 2b + 2c = 0 (2)
IB = 2 IC d ( B,(a )) = 2d (C;(a ))
a + b + 2c + d
a2 + b2 + c 2
Trang 5
=2
-a + 2b - 2c + d
a2 + b2 + c 2
3a - 3b + 6c - d = 0
(3)
- a + 5b - 2c + 3d = 0
T (1), (2), (3) ta c 2 trng hp sau :
a + b - c + d = 0
-1
-3
TH1 : a - 2b + 2c = 0
b = a; c = - a; d =
a.
2
2
3a - 3b + 6c - d = 0
Chn a = 2 b = -1; c = -2; d = -3 (a ) : 2 x - y - 2 z - 3 = 0
a + b - c + d = 0
-3
3
b = a; c = a; d =
TH2 : a - 2b + 2c = 0
a.
2
2
-a + 5b - 2c + 3d = 0
Chn a = 2 b = 3; c = 2; d = -3 (a ) : 2 x + 3y + 2z - 3 = 0
Vy: (a ) : 2 x - y - 2z - 3 = 0 hoc (a ) : 2 x + 3y + 2 z - 3 = 0
Cu 19. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1, d2 ln lt c phng
x -2 y -2 z-3
x -1 y - 2 z -1
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt phng cch
-1
2
1
3
2
4
u hai ng thng d1, d2 .
r
r
Ta c d1 i qua A(2;2;3) , c ud1 = (2;1;3) , d2 i qua B(1;2;1) v c ud 2 = (2; -1; 4) .
r
r r
Do (P) cch u d1, d2 nn (P) song song vi d1, d2 nP = ud1, ud 2 = (7; -2; -4)
PT mt phng (P) c dng: 7 x - 2 y - 4z + d = 0
trnh d1 :
d - 2 = d -1 d =
69
69
Phng trnh mt phng (P): 14 x - 4 y - 8z + 3 = 0
3
2
Cu 20. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1, d2 ln lt c phng
x = 1 + t
x - 2 y -1 z +1
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) song song
trnh d1 : y = 2 - t , d2 :
1
2
2
z = 1
vi d1 v d2 , sao cho khong cch t d1 n (P) gp hai ln khong cch t d2 n (P).
r
Ta c : d1 i qua A(1;2;1) v c VTCP u1 = (1; -1;0)
r
d2 i qua B(2;1; -1) v c VTCP l u2 = (1; -2;2)
r
r
r r
Gi n l VTPT ca (P), v (P) song song vi d1 v d2 nn n = u1, u2 = (-2; -2; -1)
Phng trnht (P): 2 x + 2 y + z + m = 0 .
7+m
5+ m
; d (d2 ,( P )) = d (B,(P )) =
3
3
17
7 + m = 2(5 + m)
d (d1,(P )) = 2d (d2 ,( P )) 7 + m = 2. 5 + m
m = -3; m = 3
7 + m = -2(5 + m)
17
17
+ Vi m = -3 ( P ) : 2 x + 2 y + z 3 = 0
+ Vi m = (P) : 2 x + 2 y + z - = 0
3
3
d (d1,(P )) = d ( A;( P )) =
Trang 6
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua hai im
a = - b, c = - a - b, d = 2a + 3b
Ta c: B (P )
3a = -8b, c = -a - b, d = 2a + 3b
d ( I ,(P )) = R
+ Vi (1) Phng trnh ca (P): x - y - 1 = 0
+ Vi (2) Phng trnh ca (P): 8x - 3y - 5z + 7 = 0
(1)
(2)
Cu 22. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im A(2; -1;1) . Vit phng trnh mt
x -1 y z -1
= =
. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, song song vi d
2
1
3
v khong cch t d ti (P) l ln nht.
Gi H l hnh chiu ca A trn d d(d, (P)) = d(H, (P)). Gi s im I l hnh chiu ca
H ln (P), ta c AH HI HI ln nht khi A I . Vy (P) cn tm l mt phng i qua A
uuur
v nhn AH lm VTPT (P): 7 x + y - 5z - 77 = 0 .
phng trnh:
Cu 24. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng (d) c phng trnh tham s
v I(2;0;2) l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn (d). Vit phng trnh ca mt phng cha
D v c khong cch n (d) l ln nht.
Gi (P) l mt phng cha D, th ( P ) P (d ) hoc (P ) (d ) . Gi H l hnh chiu vung
gc ca I trn (P). Ta lun c IH IA v IH ^ AH .
d (d ,(P )) = d ( I ,(P )) = IH
Mt khc
H (P)
Trong (P), IH IA ; do maxIH = IA H A . Lc ny (P) v tr (P0) ^ IA ti A.
r uur
r
Vect php tuyn ca (P0) l n = IA = ( 6; 0; -3) , cng phng vi v = ( 2;0; -1) .
Phng trnh ca mt phng (P0) l: 2( x - 4) - 1.( z + 1) = 2 x - z - 9 = 0 .
x -1 y z - 2
= =
v im
2
1
2
A(2;5;3) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d sao cho khong cch t A n (P) l ln
nht.
Trang 7
2c = -(2a + b)
M (P)
a + 2c + d = 0
. Xt 2 trng hp:
V (P) d nn r r
d = a + b
n.u = 0
2a + b + 2c = 0
TH1: Nu b = 0 th (P): x - z + 1 = 0 . Khi : d ( A,( P )) = 0 .
TH2: Nu b 0. Chn b = 1 ta c (P): 2ax + 2 y - (2a + 1)z + 2a + 2 = 0 .
9
9
Khi : d ( A,( P )) =
=
3 2
2
8a2 + 4a + 5
1 3
2 2a + +
2 2
1
1
Vy max d ( A,( P )) = 3 2 2a + = 0 a = - . Khi : (P): x - 4 y + z - 3 = 0 .
2
4
Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y +1 z - 2
=
=
S: (P ) : 2 x + y - z + 1 = 0
a) d :
, A(5;1;6) .
2
1
5
x -1 y + 2 z
b) d :
=
= , A(1; 4;2) .
S: (P ) : 5x + 13y - 4 z + 21 = 0
-1
1
2
Cu 26. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho hai im M(0; -1;2) v N(-1;1;3) . Vit phng
trnh mt phng (P) i qua M, N sao cho khong cch t im K(0; 0;2) n mt phng (P)
l ln nht.
PT (P) c dng: Ax + B( y + 1) + C ( z - 2) = 0 Ax + By + Cz + B - 2C = 0
( A2 + B2 + C 2 0)
N (-1;1;3) ( P ) - A + B + 3C + B - 2C = 0 A = 2 B + C
(P ) : (2 B + C ) x + By + Cz + B - 2C = 0 ;
d ( K , ( P )) =
B
2
2
4 B + 2C + 4 BC
2
2
C
2 + 1 + 2
B
Du = xy ra khi B = C. Chn C = 1. Khi PT (P): x + y z + 3 = 0 .
4 B 2 + 2C 2 + 4 BC
Trang 8
Dng 4: Vit phng trnh mt phng lin quan n gc
Cu 27. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (a) cha ng thng ():
x -1 y
z
=
=
v to vi mt phng (P) : 2 x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0 mt gc 600. Tm ta giao
-1 -2
1
im M ca mt phng (a) vi trc Oz.
r
r
() qua im A(1;0; 0) v c VTCP u = (1; -1; -2) . (P) c VTPT n = (2; -2; -1) .
uuuur
uuur ur
r
Giao im M (0;0; m) cho AM = (-1; 0; m) . (a) c VTPT n = AM , u = (m; m - 2;1)
(a) v (P): 2 x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0 to thnh gc 600 nn :
1
1
1
r r
cos ( n, n ) =
= 2m 2 - 4m + 1 = 0 m = 2 - 2 hay m = 2 + 2
2
2m2 - 4m + 5 2
Kt lun : M(0; 0;2 - 2) hay M(0; 0;2 + 2)
Cu 28. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua giao
2 2
9
Ly A(0;1;0), B(1;3;2) d . (P) qua A PT (P) c dng: Ax + By + Cz B = 0 .
(P) qua B nn: A + 3B + 2C B = 0 A = -(2 B + 2C )
( P ) : -(2 B + 2C ) x + By + Cz B = 0
(Q) : x 2 y + 2 z 1 = 0 mt gc j m cos j =
cos j =
-2 B - 2C - 2B + 2C
3 (2B + 2C )2 + B2 + C 2
2 2
13B 2 + 8BC 5C 2 = 0 .
9
5
.
13
+ Vi B = C = 1 ( P ) : -4 x + y + z 1 = 0
5
+ Vi B = , C = 1 ( P ) : -23x + 5y + 13z 5 = 0 .
13
Chn C = 1 B = 1; B =
Cu 29. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(-1;2; -3), B(2; -1; -6) v mt
3
.
6
Ta c: B (Q)
2a - b - 6c + d = 0
a = -b, c = 0, d = - b
a + 2b + c
3
cos a = 3
6
6
a2 + b2 + c 2 1 + 4 + 1
Phng trnh mp(Q): 4 x - y + 3z + 15 = 0 hoc (Q): x - y - 3 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
1
a) A(0;0;1), B(1;1; 0) , (P ) (Oxy ),cos a =
.
6
S: (Q): 2 x - y + z - 1 = 0 hoc (Q): x - 2 y - z + 1 = 0 .
Trang 9
x + y + z - 3 = 0
. Vit
2 x + y + z - 4 = 0
phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to vi mt phng (Oxy) mt gc
a = 600 .
S: (P ) : 2 x + y + z - 2 - 2 = 0 hoc (P ) : 2 x - y - z - 2 + 2 = 0
Cu 31. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai mt phng (P ) : 5 x - 2 y + 5z - 1 = 0 v
2
(2)
2
9 a2 + b2 + c 2
a = -c
T (1) v (2) 7a2 + 6ac - c2 = 0
c = 7a
Vi a = -c : chn a = 1, b = 0, c = -1 PT mt phng ( R) : x - z = 0
Vi c = 7a : chn a = 1, b = 20, c = 7 PT mt phng ( R) : x + 20 y + 7z = 0
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi ( P ) : x - y - 2 z = 0,(Q) (Oyz), M (2; -3;1),a = 450 .
S: ( R) : x + y + 1 = 0 hoc ( R) : 5 x - 3y + 4 z - 23 = 0
Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh:
D1 :
x -1 y +1 z -1
x
y z
=
=
v D2 : =
= . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha D1 v
1
-1
3
1 -2 1
to vi D2 mt gc a = 300 .
2
sin(Ox,(P )) =
2 a = 2 b
Ta c:
c = b
sin(Oy,( P )) = 1
2
Trang 10
PT mt phng (P):
2( x - 1) + ( y - 2) ( z - 3) = 0 hoc - 2( x - 1) + ( y - 2) (z - 3) = 0
x +1 y +1 z - 3
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to
2
1
1
vi mt phng (Q) mt gc nh nht.
thng d :
M ( P ) c = - a - b
Chn hai im M (-1; -1;3), N (1;0; 4) d . Ta c:
N (P)
d = 7a + 4 b
a+b
3
(P): ax + by + (-2a - b)z + 7a + 4b = 0 cos a =
.
6 5a2 + 4ab + 2b2
TH1: Nu a = 0 th cos a =
TH2: Nu a 0 th cos a =
3
6
3
6
b
2b2
3
a = 300 .
2
1+
b
a
b
b
5 + 4 + 2
a
a
. t x =
b
v f ( x ) = cos2 a
a
9 x2 + 2x + 1
Xt hm s f ( x ) = .
.
6 5 + 4x + 2x2
Da vo BBT, ta thy min f ( x ) = 0 cos a = 0 a = 900 > 300
Do ch c trng hp 1 tho mn, tc a = 0. Khi chn b = 1, c = 1, d = 4 .
Vy: (P): y - z + 4 = 0 .
Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y + 2 z
a) Vi (Q): x + 2 y + 2 z 3 = 0 , d :
=
=
.
S: ( P ) : x + 2 y + 5z +3 = 0 .
1
2
-1
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= .
S: ( P ) : x - y + z - 3 = 0 .
b) Vi (Q) (Oxy), d :
-1
1
2
x = -t
c) Vi (Q) : 2 x - y - z - 2 = 0 , d : y = -1 + 2t .
S: ( P ) : x + y + z - 3 = 0 .
z = 2 + t
Cu 35. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im M (-1; -1;3), N (1; 0; 4) v mt phng
z = 2t
trnh mt phng (P) cha ng thng d v to vi trc Oy mt gc ln nht.
M ( P ) 2c = a - b
Chn hai im M (1; -2; 0), N (0; -1;2) d . Ta c:
N (P )
d = - a + 2b
2b
a-b
(P): ax + by +
.
z - a + 2b = 0 sin a =
2
2
2
5a + 5b - 2ab
TH1: Nu b = 0 th a = 00 .
TH2: Nu b 0 th sin a =
. t x =
a
a
5 + 5 - 2
b
b
4
Xt hm s f ( x ) =
a
v f ( x ) = sin 2 a .
b
. Da vo BBT, ta c max f ( x ) =
5
1
x = a > 00 .
6
5
5x 2 - 2 x + 5
a 1
Vy a ln nht khi = . Chn a = 1, b = 5, c = -2, d = 9 (P): x + 5y - 2 z + 9 = 0 .
b 5
Cu 37. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1 :
x -1 y + 2 z
=
=
v
-1
1
2
x + 2 y -1 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) cha d1 sao cho gc gia mt phng
-1 2
2
(P) v ng thng d2 l ln nht.
r
d1 i qua M(1; -2; 0) v c VTCP u = (1;2; -1) .V d1 (P ) nn M ( P ) .
d2 :
Gi a = ((
P ), d2 ) sin a =
TH1: Vi B = 0 th sina =
TH2: Vi B 0. t t =
Xt hm s f (t ) =
1
(4 A + 3B)2
= .
2
2
3. 2 A2 + 4 AB + 5B2 3 2 A + 4 AB + 5B
2 2
3
1
(4t + 3)2
A
, ta c: sina = .
B
3 2t 2 + 4t + 5
(4t + 3)2
2
4 A + 3B
2t + 4t + 5
5 3
Khi sin a = f (-7) =
.
9
. Da vo BBT ta c: max f (t ) =
25
A
khi t = -7 = -7
B
7
5 3
A
khi = -7 .
9
B
Phng trnh mt phng (P) : 7 x - y + 5z -9 = 0 .
So snh TH1 v TH2 a ln nht vi sin a =
x +1 y - 2 z +1
=
=
v im
-1
1
1
A(2; -1;0) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A, song song vi d v to vi mt phng
(Oxy) mt gc nh nht.
S: (P ) : x + y + 2z - 1 = 0 .
Trang 12
Cu 39. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (Q): 2 x - y + z + 2 = 0 v im
A(1;1; -1) . Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im A, vung gc vi mt phng (Q) v
to vi trc Oy mt gc ln nht.
S: (P ) : y + z = 0 hoc ( P ) : 2 x + 5y + z - 6 = 0 .
qua AM ct cc trc Ox, Oy ln lt ti B(0; b; 0), C(0; 0; c) (b > 0, c > 0). Chng minh
rng: b + c =
bc
. T , tm b, c din tch tam gic ABC nh nht.
2
x y z
1 1 1
bc
PT mp (P) c dng: + + = 1. V M ( P ) nn + + = 1 b + c = .
2 b c
2
2 b c
uuur
uuur
Ta c AB(-2; b; 0) , AC (-2; 0; c). Khi S = b2 + c2 + (b + c)2 .
V b2 + c2 2bc; (b + c)2 4bc nn S 6bc .
M bc = 2(b + c) 4 bc bc 16 . Do S 96 . Du "=" xy ra b = c = 4 .
Vy: min S = 96 khi b = c = 4 .
Cu 42. Trong khng gian to Oxyz, cho im A(2;2;4) v mt phng ( P ) : x + y + z + 4 = 0 .
Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) song song vi (P) v (Q) ct hai tia Ox, Oy ti 2 im B,
C sao cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng 6.
phng (P) qua A, B v ct trc Oz ti M sao cho tam gic ABC c din tch bng
S: ( P ) : x + 2 y - 2z - 3 = 0 .
Trang 13
9
.
2
Dng 6: Cc dng khc v vit phng trnh mt phng
Cu 44. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im
x y z
b = 3 (P):
Du "=" xy ra 9 1 1
+ + = 1.
27 3 3
c = 3
a + b + c = 1
Cu hi tng t:
x y z
a) Vi M(1;2; 4) .
S: ( P ) : + +
=1
3 6 12
Cu 45. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im
OA
OB
OC 2
c gi tr
nh nht.
S: ( P ) : x + 2 y + 3z - 14 = 0 .
Cu 46. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua im
Trang 14
TKG 02: VIT PHNG TRNH NG THNG
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh ng thng bng cch xc nh vect ch phng
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
v mt
2
1
3
phng P : x - y - z - 1 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng D i qua A(1;1; -2) , song song
vi mt phng ( P ) v vung gc vi ng thng d .
uur uur
x -1 y -1 z + 2
r
r
u = ud ; nP = (2;5; -3) . D nhn u lm VTCP D :
=
=
2
5
-3
Cu 1.
Cu 2.
d: y = 1 - 4t .
z = 2t
Cu 3.
Cu 4.
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh hnh chiu vung gc ca
x - 2z = 0
ng thng d :
trn mt phng P : x - 2 y + z + 5 = 0 .
3x - 2 y + z - 3 = 0
Cu 5.
x = 4t
3
r
PTTS ca d: y = - + 7t . Mt phng (P) c VTPT n = (1; -2;1) .
2
z
2
t
=
11
3
3
Gi A = d (P ) A 4; ;2 . Ta c B 0; - ;0 d , B 0; - ;0 (P ) .
2
2
4 7 4
Gi H ( x; y; z) l hnh chiu vung gc ca B trn (P). Ta tm c H - ; ; - .
3 6 3
Trang 15
Gi D l hnh chiu vung gc ca d trn (P) D i qua A v H
x = 4 + 16t
uuu
r
11
r
D c VTCP u = 3HA = (16;13;10) Phng trnh ca D: y = + 13t .
2
=
+ 10t
2
z
Cu hi tng t:
x = 1 + 23m
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
, ( P ) : x - 3y + 2 z - 5 = 0 .
S: D : y = 2 + 29m
a) Vi d :
2
1
3
z = 5 + 32m
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, gi A, B, C ln lt giao im ca mt phng
( P ) : 6 x + 2 y + 3z - 6 = 0 vi Ox, Oy, Oz. Lp phng trnh ng thng d i qua tm
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC ng thi vung gc vi mt phng (P).
Ta c: ( P ) Ox = A(1; 0;0); (P ) Oy = B(0;3;0); (P ) Oz = C (0; 0;2)
Gi D l ng thng vung gc (OAB) ti trung im M ca AB; (a) l mt phng trung
1 3
trc cnh OC; I tm mt cu ngoi tip t din OABC. Ta c: I = D (a ) I ; ;1 .
2 2
Gi J tm ng trn ngoi tip DABC th IJ ^ (ABC) , nn d chnh l ng thng IJ .
1
x = 2 + 6t
Cu 6.
Cu 7.
CH . AB = 0 a + b - 3c = 0 b = 1 H (2;1;1)
H ( ABC )
a + 5b + 2c = 9
c = 1
x - 2 y -1 z -1
=
=
12
2
-11
Trang 16
Dng 2: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n mt ng thng khc
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im M(2; 1; 0) v ng thng d c phng
x -1 y +1 z
trnh d :
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ca ng thng D i qua im M, ct v
2
1
-1
vung gc vi ng thng d v tm to im M i xng vi M qua d.
Cu 8.
x = 1 + 2t
r
uuuur
Gi H l hnh chiu ca M trn d H (1 + 2t; -1 + t; -t ) MH = (2t - 1; -2 + t; -t )
uuuur r
7 1 2 uuuur 1
2
4
2
Ta c MH ^ d MH .u = 0 t = H ; - ; - , MH = ; - ; -
3
3
3
3 3 3
3
x - 2 y -1 z
Phng trnh ng thng D:
=
=
.
-4
-2
1
8 5 4
Gi M l im i xng ca M qua d H l trung im ca MM M ; - ; - .
3 3 3
Cu hi tng t:
x + 3 y -1 z + 1
x +1 y z - 3
=
=
.
S: D :
= =
a) M (-4; -2;4); d :
-1
-1
2
4
3
2
Trong khng gian cho im A(-4;-2;4) v ng thng (d) c phng trnh: x = -3 + 2t; y = 1
- t; z = -1 + 4t; t R. Vit phng trnh ng thng (D) i qua A; ct v vung gc vi (d).
Cu 9.
x y -1 z +1
=
=
v hai im A(1;1; -2) ,
-1
1
2
B(-1;0;2) . Vit phng trnh ng thng D qua A, vung gc vi d sao cho khong cch
t B ti D l nh nht.
r
d c VTCP ud = (1;2; -1) . Gi (P) l mt phng i qua A v vung gc vi d. Gi H l
hnh chiu vung gc ca B ln (P) khi ng thng D i qua A v H tha YCBT.
Ta c: (P): x + 2 y - z - 5 = 0 . Gi s H ( x; y; z) .
H (P)
1 8 2
Ta c: uuur r
H ; ;
3 3 3
BH , ud cung phng
uuur
x -1 y -1 z + 2
r
uD = 3 AH = (-2;5;8) Phng trnh D:
=
=
.
-2
5
8
x +1 y z +1
= =
v hai im
2
3
-1
A(1;2; -1), B(3; -1; -5) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im A v ct ng thng
D sao cho khong cch t B n ng thng d l ln nht.
uuur
uuur
Gi s d ct D ti M M (-1 + 2t;3t; -1 - t ) , AM = (-2 + 2t;3t - 2; -t ), AB = (2; -3; -4)
Trang 17
Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 5; 0), B(3; 3; 6) v ng
x +1 y -1 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im B v ct ng
thng D:
-1 2
2
x +1 y - 2 z - 2
=
=
v mt
-2
3
2
phng (P): x + 3y + 2z + 2 = 0. Lp phng trnh ng thng D song song vi mt phng
(P), i qua M(2; 2; 4) v ct ng thng (d).
x = -1 + 3t
r
361
171
=
532
14
x = 6 + t
uur uuur uur
z = 9 + 11t
Trang 18
Cu 14. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 mt phng (P), (Q) v ng thng (d) ln
x -1 y z -1
= =
. Lp
2
1
1
phng trnh ng thng D nm trong (P) song song vi mt phng (Q) v ct ng thng
(d).
r
r
r r
(P), (Q) ln lt c VTPT l nP = (1; -2;1), nQ = (1; -3;3) nP , nQ = (-3; -2; -1)
lt c phng trnh: ( P ) : x - 2 y + z = 0, (Q) : x - 3y + 3z + 1 = 0, (d ) :
Cu 15. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 3 im A(1;2; -1), B(2;1;1), C (0;1;2) v
x -1 y +1 z + 2
=
=
. Lp phng trnh ng thng D i qua trc tm ca
-1
2
2
tam gic ABC, nm trong mt phng (ABC) v vung gc vi ng thng (d).
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
Ta c AB = (1; -1;2), AC = (-1; -1;3) AB, AC = (-1; -5; -2)
ng thng (d ) :
r
r
uD ^ nABC
r
r
r
uD = nABC , nd = (12;2; -11)
Do (D) (ABC) v vung gc vi (d) nn: r
r
uD ^ ud
x - 2 y -1 z -1
PT ng thng D :
=
=
.
12
2
-11
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + 2 y - z + 5 = 0 , ng
x + 3 y +1 z - 3
=
=
v im A(-2;3;4) . Vit phng trnh ng thng D nm
2
1
1
trn (P), i qua giao im ca d v (P), ng thi vung gc vi d. Tm im M trn D sao
cho khong cch AM ngn nht.
r
r
uD ^ nP
D ( P )
Gi B = d (P) B(-1; 0;4) . V
nn r
r .
D ^ d
uD ^ ud
x = -1 + t
1 r r
r
.
Do ta c th chn uD = nP , ud = (1; -1; -1) PT ca D: y = -t
3
z = 4 - t
thng d :
1 26
26
Gi s M (-1 + t; -t; 4 - t ) D AM = 3t - 2t + 9 = 3 t - +
3
3
3
2 1 11
2 1 11
1
Du "=" xy ra t = M - ; - ; . Vy AM t GTLN khi M - ; - ; .
3
3 3 3
3 3 3
Cu hi tng t:
2
Trang 19
x = t
S: D : y = -1
z = 4 + t
x = 1 - t
a) ( P ) : 2 x + y - 2 z + 9 = 0 , d : y = -3 + 2t .
z = 3 + t
D:
x y -2 z
=
= , mt phng ( P ) : x y + z -5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ca ng thng d i
1
2
2
a b +c = 0 b = a +c
Theo gt: (d , D) = 450
( 1 ).
a + 2b + 2c
2
a + b + c .3
2
2(a + 2b + c)2 = 9(a2 + b2 + c 2 )
2
(2)
15a
7
x = 3 + t
+ Vi c = 0 : chn a = b = 1 PTTS ca d l : y = -1 t
z = 1
Thay (1) vo ( 2) ta c : 14c2 + 30ac = 0 c = 0; c = -
15a
: chn a = 7, c = -15, b = -8 .PTTS ca d l:
+ Vi c = 7
x = 3 + 7t
y = -1 8t .
z = 1 15t
x - 3 y + 2 z +1
=
=
v mt phng
2
1
-1
(P): x + y + z + 2 = 0 . Gi M l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng D
Ta c N ( P )
2 x - 3y + z - 11 = 0
N(5; 2; 5) hoc N(3; 4; 5)
2
2
2
MN = 42
( x - 1) + ( y + 3) + z = 42
x -5 y +2 z+5
=
=
2
-3
1
x +3 y +4 z-5
Vi N(3; 4; 5) Phng trnh ca D :
=
=
.
2
-3
1
thng (D):
x -1 y z
x y z +1
=
= , (D):
= =
. Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) nm
-1
-1 1
1 1
3
Trang 20
trong mt phng ( a ) v ct (D); (d) v (D) cho nhau m khong cch gia chng bng
6
.
2
r
r
(a) c VTPT n = (1;1; -1) , (D) c VTCP uD = (-1; -1;1) (D) ^ (a).
uuur
Gi A = (D) (a ) A(0; 0; -1) ; B = (D) (a ) B(1;0; 0) AB = (1;0;1)
V (d) (a) v (d) ct (D) nn (d) i qua A v (D) ^ (a) nn mi ng thng nm trong
(a) v khng i qua B u cho vi (D).
r
r r
Gi ud = (a; b; c) l VTCP ca (d) ud .n = a + b - c = 0 (1)
uuur
r
v ud khng cng phng vi AB (2)
uuur
AB, ur
2b2 + (a - c)2
6
6
d
Ta c: d (d , D) = d (B, d )
=
=
(3)
r
2
2
2
2
2
ud
a +b +c
a = 0
.
T (1) v (3) ac = 0
c = 0
x = 0
r
Vi a = 0 . Chn b = c = 1 ud = (0;1;1) d : y = t
z = -1 + t
x = t
r
Vi c = 0 . Chn a = - b = 1 ud = (1; -1;0) d : y = -t .
z = -1
Trang 21
Dng 3: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n hai ng thng khc
Cu 20. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca hai
x = 3 + 7t
x -7 y -3 z-9
=
=
v D2 : y = 1 - 2t .
1
2
-1
z = 1 - 3t
x = 7 + t '
2 x y + 10 z 47 = 0
.
S: D :
a) Vi (D1 ) : y = -1 + 2t , (D2 ) : y = 2 t '
x + 3y 2 z + 6 = 0
z = 4
z = 2 + 4t '
ng thng: D1 :
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua im
x - 2 y + 1 z -1
2 x + 3y + 11 = 0
M ( -4; -5;3) v ct c hai ng thng: d1 :
=
=
.
v d2 :
2
3
-5
y - 2z + 7 = 0
x = 2 + 2t2
x = 5 - 3t1
2
1
Gi A = d d1, B = d d2 A(5 - 3t1; -7 + 2t1; t1 ) , B(2 + 2t2 ; -1 + 3t2 ;1 - 5t2 ) .
uuur
uuur
MA = (-3t1 + 9;2t1 - 2; t1 - 3) , MB = (2t2 + 6;3t2 + 4; -5t2 - 2)
uuur uuur
MA, MB = (-13t t - 8t + 13t + 16; -13t t + 39t ; -13t t - 24t + 31t + 48)
12
1
2
12
2
12
1
2
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
r
t = 2
M, A, B thng hng MA, MB cng phng MA, MB = 0 1
t2 = 0
uuur
A(-1; -3;2), B(2; -1;1) AB = (3;2; -1)
x = -4 + 3t
uuur
S:
a) M(1;5;0), d1 : =
=
, d2 : y = 4 - t .
1
-3
-3
z = -1 + 2t
b) M(3; 10; 1) , d1 :
x - 2 y +1 z + 3
x - 3 y - 7 z -1
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
3
1
2
1
-2
-1
Trang 22
x = 3 + 2t
S: d : y = 10 - 10t
z = 1 - 2t
Cu 22. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng D1, D2 v mt phng ( a ) c
x = 2 + t
x -1 y +1 z + 2
, (a ) : x - y + z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng
phng trnh l D1 : y = 5 + 3t , D2 :
=
=
1
1
2
z = t
trnh ng thng d i qua giao im ca D1 vi ( a ) ng thi ct D2 v vung gc vi trc
Oy.
x = 2 + t
t = -1
y = 5 + 3t
x = 1
To giao im A ca ( a ) v D1 tho mn h
A(1;2; -1)
z = t
y = 2
x - y + z + 2 = 0 z = -1
r
Trc Oy c VTCP l j = (0;1;0) . Gi d l ng thng qua A ct D2 ti
uuur
uuur r
uuur
B(1 + t; -1 + t; -2 + 2t ) . AB = (t; t - 3;2t - 1); d ^ Oy AB j = 0 t = 3 AB = (3;0;5)
x = 1 + 3u
uuur
x
y -3
z +1 x - 4
y
z-3
=
=
=
,
=
. Chng minh rng d1 v d2 cho
1
-1
2
3
1
2
nhau. Vit phng trnh ng thng D nm trn (P), ng thi D ct c d1 v d2.
To giao im ca d1 v (P): A(2;7;5). To giao im ca d2 v (P): B(3;1;1)
x+2 y-7 z-5
Phng trnh ng thng D:
=
=
.
5
-8
-4
ng thng d1:
Cu 25. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai mt phng v hai ng thng c phng
x + 5 y - 3 z +1
=
=
, (d2):
2
-4
3
x - 3 y +1 z - 2
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng (D) song song vi hai mt phng (P),
-2
3
4
(Q) v ct (d1), (d2).
r
r
(P) c VTPT nP = (1; 4; - 1) , (Q) c php vect nQ = (3; - 4; 9)
Trang 23
r
r
(d1) c VTCP u1 = (2; - 4; 3) , (d2) c VTCP u2 = (-2; 3; 4)
(D1) = ( P ) (Q)
(P ) (d ),(P ) P ( P )
1
1
Gi: 1
(D) = (P1) (Q1) v (D) // (D1)
(Q1 ) (d2 ),(Q1 ) P (Q)
r r
u = uD1
r 1 r r
(D) c vect ch phng u = [nP ; nQ ] = (8; - 3; - 4)
4
r
r
r r
r
(P1) c cp VTCP u1 v u nn c VTPT: nP1 = [u1; u ] = (25; 32; 26)
x - 4 y -1 z
x+3 y+5 z-7
=
=
v
=
=
.
2
2
2
3
-1
-2
Vit phng trnh ng thng ( D ) song song vi mt phng (P), ct (d1) v (d2 ) ti A v
B sao cho AB = 3.
A (d1) A(4 + 2t;1 + 2t; -t ) ; B (d2 ) B(-3 + 2t; -5 + 3t;7 - 2t)
uuur
r
AB = (-7 + 2t - 2t; -6 + 3t - 2t; 7 - 2t + t ) , nP = (2; -1;2) .
uuur
uuur
AB.nr = 0
t = 2
P
T gi thit ta c:
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng
2
1
3
2
3
2
thng D song song vi (P), vung gc vi d1 v ct d2 ti im E c honh bng 3.
r
r
r
d1 c VTCP u1 = (2;1;3) , d2 c VTCP u2 = (2;3;2) , (P) c VTPT n = (2; -1;1) .
r
Gi s D c VTCP u = (a; b; c) , E d2 c x E = 3 E(3; -1;6) .
rr
D P ( P )
u.n = 0
r
2 a - b + c = 0
a = -c
Ta c:
Cu 28. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai ng thng (d1 ),(d2 ) v mt phng (P) c phng
x +1 y + 2 z
x - 2 y -1 z -1
=
= , ( d2 ) :
=
=
; ( P ) : x + y - 2 z + 5 = 0 . Lp phng
1
2
1
2
1
1
trnh ng thng (d) song song vi mt phng (P) v ct (d1 ),(d2 ) ln lt ti A, B sao cho
di on AB nh nht.
trnh: (d1 ) :
Trang 24
uuur
t A(-1 + a; -2 + 2a; a), B(2 + 2b;1 + b;1 + b) AB = (-a + 2b + 3; -2a + b + 3; - a + b + 1)
uuur r
uuur
Do AB // (P) nn: AB ^ nP = (1;1; -2) b = a - 4 . Suy ra: AB = (a - 5; - a - 1; -3)
AB = (a - 5)2 + (-a - 1)2 + (-3)2 = 2a2 - 8a + 35 = 2(a - 2)2 + 27 3 3
uuur
a = 2
, A(1;2;2) , AB = (-3; -3; -3) .
Suy ra: min AB = 3 3
b = -2
x -1 y - 2 z - 2
=
=
.
Vy d :
1
1
1
x + 8 y - 6 z - 10
=
=
-1
2
1
x = t
v (d2 ) : y = 2 - t . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi trc Ox v ct (d1)
z = -4 + 2t
ti A, ct (d2) ti B. Tnh AB.
Gi s: A(-8 + 2t1;6 + t1;10 - t1 ) d1, B(t2 ;2 - t2 ; -4 + 2t2 ) d2.
uuur
AB = (t2 - 2t1 + 8; -t2 - t1 - 4);2t2 + t1 - 14) .
uuur r
-t - t - 4 = 0
t = -22
AB, i = (1; 0;0) cng phng 2 1
1
2t2 + t1 - 14 = 0
t2 = 18
A(-52; -16;32), B(18; -16;32) .
x = -23 + 8t
Cu 30. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng: (d1): y = -10 + 4t v (d2):
z = t
x -3 y +2 z
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) song song vi trc Oz v ct c hai
2
1
-2
ng thng (d1), (d2).
Gi s A(-23 + 8t1; -10 + 4t1; t1) d1, B(3 + 2t2 ; -2 - 2t2 ; t2 ) d2.
uuur
AB = (2t2 - 8t1 + 26; -2t2 - 4t1 + 8; t2 - t1 )
17
uuur r
t1 = 6
2t2 - 8t1 + 26 = 0
1 4 17
AB // Oz AB, k cung phng
A - ; ;
3 3 6
-2t2 - 4t1 + 8 = 0
t2 = - 5
3
1
4
17
Phng trnh ng thng AB: x = - ; y = ; z = + t
3
3
6
6 x - 3 y + 2 z = 0
ng thng (d):
. Vit phng trnh ng thng D // (d) v ct cc
6 x + 3y + 2 z - 24 = 0
ng thng AB, OC.
Phng trnh mt phng (a) cha AB v song song d: (a): 6x + 3y + 2z 12 = 0
Phng trnh mt phng (b) cha OC v song song d: (b): 3x 3y + z = 0
Trang 25
6 x + 3y + 2z - 12 = 0
D l giao tuyn ca (a) v (b) D:
3 x - 3y + z = 0
Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho bn im A(4;5;6); B(0;0;1); C(0;2;0);
h to Oxyz, cho
x = -1 - 2t
x y z
d1 : y = t
= = . Xt v tr tng i ca d1 v d2. Vit phng trnh
v d2 :
1 1 2
z = 1 + t
ng thng d qua M trng vi gc to O, ct d1 v vung gc vi d2.
uuur
ng thng
D
cn
tm
ct
d
ti
A(12t;
t;
1+t)
OA
= (12t; t; 1+t)
1
uuur r
d ^ d2 OA.u2 = 0 t = -1 A(1; -1; 0) PTTS ca d :{ x = t; y = -t; z = 0
Cu hi tng t:
x = -2 + 2t
x + 2 y z -1
.
a) Vi M(1;1;1) , (d1 ) :
= =
, (d2 ) : y = -5t
3
1 -2
z = 2 + t
S: d :
x -1 y -1 z -1
=
=
-1
3
1
x = t
x = t '
56
59
Gi s (d ) ct (d1) ti H (t; 4 + t; 6 + 2t ), (H (d1 )) . HK = - t; - t; - 2t
11
11
11
uuur r
uuur
18
56
118
26
1
HK ^ u1
-t -t- 4t = 0 t = HK = (44; - 30; - 7).
11
11
11
11
11
18
12
7
Vy, PTTS ca ng thng (d ): x = + 44l ; y = - - 30l ; z = - 7l
11
11
11
Cu 35. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im M(0;1;1) v 2 ng thng (d1), (d2)
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= ; (d2) l giao tuyn ca 2 mt phng (P): x + 1 = 0 v (Q):
3
2
1
x + y - z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) qua M vung gc (d1) v ct (d2).
vi: (d1):
3 x + 2 y + z - 3 = 0
5 8
A -1; ;
A = (d2) (a) x + 1 = 0
3 3
x + y - z + 2 = 0
x y -1 z -1
=
=
.
-3
2
5
x -1 y - 2 z
x -1 y -1 z -1
=
= . Vit phng trnh ng thng ( D)
=
=
, ( d ') :
1
3
2
-2
1
1
nm trong mt phng (P), vung gc vi ng thng (d) v ct ng thng (d').
x = 1 - 2t
r
r
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
x +1 y -1 z - 2
=
=
, (d2):
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng
2
1
3
2
3
2
thng (D) song song vi mt phng (P), vung gc vi ng thng (d1) v ct ng thng
(d2) ti im E c honh bng 3.
r
r
x = 3 + t
aV ^ nP
r
r r
E (d2) E(3; 7; 6). r
r aV = nP , ad1 = -4(1;1; -1) (D): y = 7 + t .
aV ^ ad1
z = 6 - t
ng thng (d1):
Cu 38. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; 0;3), B(2; 0;1) v mt
x +1 y -1 z -1
=
=
;
2
-1
1
x -1 y - 2 z +1
=
=
v mt phng (P): x - y - 2 z + 3 = 0 . Vit phng trnh ng thng
1
1
2
D nm trn mt phng (P) v ct hai ng thng d1 , d2 .
Gi A = d1 D, B = d2 D. V D (P) nn A = d1 (P), B = d2 (P)
A(1; 0; 2), B(2; 3; 1)
x -1 y z - 2
D chnh l ng thng AB Phng trnh D:
= =
.
1
3
-1
d2:
Cu 40. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi
Trang 27
mt phng (P): x + y + z - 1 = 0 ng thi ct c hai ng thng (d1 ) :
x -1 y +1 z
=
= v
-1 1
2
x = -1 + t
(d2 ) : y = -1 , vi t R .
z = -t
4
t=
uuuur
5 M = 1 ;- 3;- 2
(d ) ^ ( P ) MN = k .n; k R* t - 2t1 - 2 = t1 = -t - t1
5 5 5
t = -2
1 5
1
3
2
d: x - = y + = z +
5
5
5
Cu hi tng t:
x -1 y +1 z
x - 2 y z -1
a) Vi (P): 2 x + y + 5z + 3 = 0 , (d1 ) :
=
= , ( d2 ) :
= =
2
1
2
1
1 -2
x +1 y + 2 z + 2
=
=
S: d :
2
1
5
x +1 y -1 z - 2
x-2 y+2
z
=
=
, d2 :
=
=
b) Vi ( P ) : 2 x y 5z + 1 = 0 , d1 :
-2
2
3
1
1
5
S:
x -1 y - 4 z - 3
=
=
2
-1
-5
x - 2 y +1 z
=
= . Gi D2 l
1
3
-2
giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q). Vit phng trnh ng thng (d) vung gc vi (R) v ct c
hai ng thng D1 , D2 .
x y + 2 z + 3 = 0 , (R): x + 2 y 3z + 1 = 0 v ng thng D1 :
D1 c PTTS: { x = 2 - 2t; y = -1 + t; z = 3t ;
D2 c PTTS:
{ x = 2 + s; y = 5 + 3s; z = s .
x = t
x y-2 z
x +1 y -1 z + 1
, d3 :
d1 : y = 4 - t , d2 : =
=
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng
1
3
3
5
2
1
z = -1 + 2t
thng D, bit D ct ba ng thng d1, d2 , d3 ln lt ti cc im A, B, C sao cho
AB = BC .
Xt ba im A, B, C ln lt nm trn ba ng thng d1, d2 , d3 .
Trang 28
Gi s A(t; 4 t; -1 + 2t ), B(u;2 3u; -3u), C (-1 + 5v;1 + 2v; -1 + v) .
Ta c: A, B, C thng hng v AB = BC B l trung im ca AC
t + (-1 + 5v) = 2u
t = 1
14
9t 2 + 81t 2 + 36t 2 = 14 t 2 =
1
x -1 y - 6 z + 5
t = - M(1;6; - 5) (D1) :
=
=
3
4
2
1
1
x - 3 y z +1
t = M(3;0; - 1) (D2 ) :
= =
3
4
2
1
Trang 29
1
1
t=
9
3
Cu 44. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): x + y - z + 1 = 0 v ng
thng: d:
x - 2 y -1 z -1
=
=
. Gi I l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ca ng
-1
-3
1
x +1 y -1 z - 3
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng D vung gc vi (P) v ct d
-1
1
7
ti mt im M cch (P) mt khong bng 2.
r
V D ^ (P) nn D nhn nP = (2;1; -2) lm VTCP.
thng d :
8
t = - 11
Gi s M (t - 1;7t + 1;3 - t ) d . Ta c: d ( M ,(P )) = 2 11t + 2 = 6
t = 4
11
19 45 41
19
45
41
8
M - ; - ; D: x = - + 2t; y = - + t; z = - 2t
+ Vi t = 11 11 11
11
11
11
11
7 39 29
7
39
29
4
+ Vi t =
M - ; ; D: x = - + 2t; y =
+ t; z =
- 2t
11 11 11
11
11
11
11
Cu 46. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P ) : x + 3y - z - 1 = 0 v cc
im A(1;0; 0) ; B(0; -2;3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d nm trong (P) i qua A v cch
B mt khong ln nht (nh nht).
r
Ta c: A(1; 0;0) (P ) . Gi VTCP ca ng thng d l: u = (a; b; c), a2 + b2 + c2 0
rr
Ta c: d (P ) u.nP = 0 c = a + 2b
Trang 30
uuur
uur uuur
AB = (-1;2; -3) ; ud , AB = (-2a - 7b;2a - 2b;2a + b)
uuur
ur , AB
12a2 + 24ab + 54b2
=
d ( B, d ) =
r
u
2a2 + 4ab + 5b2
+ TH1: Nu b = 0 th d ( B, d ) = 6
12t 2 + 24t + 54
a
=
+ TH2: Nu b 0 . t t = d ( B, d ) =
b
2 t 2 + 4t + 5
Xt hm s f (t ) =
12t 2 + 24t + 54
2t 2 + 4t + 5
ta suy ra c
f (t )
6 d (B, d ) = f (t ) 14
6 d (B, d ) 14
a) min(d ( B, d )) = 6 b = 0 . Chn a =1 c= 1
x = 1 + t
im A(-3;0;1) ; B(1; -1;3) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A, song song vi (P) v
cch B mt khong nh nht.
x + 3 y z -1
= =
.
S: d :
26
11 -2
x +1 y z - 2
= =
, hai im
2
1
-1
A(0; -1;2) , B(2;1;1) . Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua A v ct ng thng D sao
cho khong cch t B n d l ln nht (nh nht).
uuur
r
Gi M = d D . Gi s M (-1 + 2t; t;2 - t ) . VTCP ca d: ud = AM = (2t - 1; t + 1; -t )
uuur
uuur r
AB(2;2; -1) ; AB; ud = (1 - t;1;4 - 2t )
uuur
AB, ur
12t 2 - 18t + 18
d
d ( B, d ) =
=
= f (t )
r
ud
6t 2 - 2t + 2
Xt hm s f (t ) =
12t 2 + 24t + 54
2t 2 + 4t + 5
1
d ( B, d ) 18
11
x = 3t
1
1
11
x = -t
PT ca D l: y = 1 - t
z = -t
Cu 50. Trong khng gian vi h
(2 + t )2
2
53t - 10t + 2
. Ta suy ra c max f (t ) = f (
4
26
)=
37
9
a) A(2; -1;2), D1 :
x -1 y +1 z -1
x - 2 y +1 z - 2
x + 2y - z + 1 = 0
=
=
.
. S: d :
, D2 :
=
=
2
1
1
-27
41
68
x - y + z + 1 = 0
x + y + z - 3 = 0
ng thng D :
l ln nht.
2 x - y + z - 2 = 0
x = 1
S: y = -1 + t .
z = 2 + t
x y -2 z
=
= v mt phng (P): x - y + z - 5 = 0 . Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng
1
2
2
a + 2 b + 2c
3 a2 + b2 + c2
2
2(a + 2b + c)2 = 9(a2 + b2 + c2 ) (2)
2
c = 0
14c2 + 30ac = 0
15a + 7c = 0
+ Vi c = 0: chn a = b = 1 PTTS ca d: { x = 3 + t; y = -1 - t; z = 1
+ Vi 15a + 7c = 0: chn a = 7, c = 15, b = 8
PTTS ca d: { x = 3 + 7t; y = -1 - 8t; z = 1 - 15t .
T (1) v (2) ta c:
Cu 53. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng D nm trong mt
x = 1 + t
x = 3 - t
phng (P ) : x + y z + 1 = 0 , ct cc ng thng d1 : y = t
; d2 : y = 1 + t v to vi
z = 2 + 2t
z = 1 - 2t
d1 mt gc 300.
r
Ta c d1 (P ) . Gi A = d2 (P ) A(5; -1;5) . d1 c VTCP u1 = (1;1;2) .
uuur
Ly B(1 + t; t;2 + 2t ) d1 AB = (t - 4; t + 1;2t - 3) l VTCP ca D
Ta c cos(D, d1 ) = cos300
6t - 9
6 (t - 4)2 + (t + 1)2 + (2t - 3)2
Trang 33
3
t = -1
2
t = 4
x = 5 + t
uuur
+ Vi t = -1 th AB = (-5; 0; -5) d: y = -1
z = 5 + t
uuur
+ Vi t = 4 th AB = (0;5;5) d:
x = 5
y = -1 + t
z = 5 + t
Cu 54. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh chp A.OBC, trong A(1; 2; 4), B
BC: { x = 2 + t; y = -2t; z = 0 .
Cu 55. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im A(2; -1;1), B(0;1; -2) v ng
x y - 3 z +1
=
=
. Vit phng trnh ng thng D i qua giao im ca ng
-1
1
2
thng d vi mt phng (OAB), nm trong mt phng (OAB) v hp vi ng thng d mt
5
gc a sao cho cos a = .
6
PT mt phng (OAB): x + 4 y + 2 z = 0 . Gi M = d (OAB) M(-10;13; -21) .
r
Gi s D c VTCP u = (a; b; c)
+ V D (OAB) nn a + 4b + 2c = 0
(1)
5
a - b + 2c
5
=
(2)
+ cos a =
2
2
2
6
6
6 a +b +c
thng d :
5
2
b
c
,
a
c
=
=
T (1) v (2)
11
11
b = c, a = -6c
5
2
x + 10 y - 13 z + 21
r
c, a = - c u = (2; -5; -11) PT ca D:
=
=
-5
-11
2
11
11
x + 10 y - 13 z + 21
r
+ Vi b = c, a = -6c u = (6; -1; -1) PT ca D:
=
=
6
-1
-1
+ Vi b =
Cu 56. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng D i qua im
x +3 y-2 z
=
= v to vi mt phng (P):
1
-1 1
2 x + y - z + 5 = 0 mt gc a = 300 .
r
Gi s D c VTCP u = (a; b; c) .
r
a - b + c = 0
a ^ d
2a + b - c
3 c = 0, a = b
Ta c:
3
=
c = -2a, b = - a
cos a = 2
2
2
2
2
6 a +b +c
r
+ Vi c = 0, a = b u = (1;1;0) D: { x = t; y = 1 + t; z = -2
r
+ Vi c = -2a, b = - a u = (1; -1; -2) D: { x = t; y = 1 - t; z = -2 - 2t .
Trang 34
Cu 57. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua
cos a =
+ TH2: Nu b 0 . t t =
Xt hm s f (t ) =
1
(5t - 4)2
1
a
cos a = .
= . f (t )
2
b
3 5t - 4t + 2 3
(5t - 4)2
2
5t - 4t + 2
. Ta suy ra c: 0 cos a =
f (t )
5 3
9
5 3
9
a 4
x -1 y +1 z - 2
=
=
= Phng trnh ng thng d :
b 5
4
5
3
5 3
a
1
x -1 y +1 z - 2
= - Phng trnh ng thng d:
=
=
9
-5
b
5
1
7
2
t2
2
. f (t )
cos a = .
3 6t 2 + 14t + 9 3
t2
9 9
. Ta suy ra c max f (t ) = f (- ) = ; min f (t ) = f (0) = 0
7 5
6t + 14t + 9
x +1 y z +1
a) min(cos a ) = 0 t = 0 Phng trnh ng thng d :
= =
2
2
-1
Xt hm s f (t ) =
b) max(cos a ) =
2 5
9
x +1 y z +1
t = - Phng trnh ng thng d :
= =
5
7
4
5
2
Trang 35
Dng 6: Vit phng trnh ng thng lin quan n tam gic
Cu 59. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho D ABC vi ta nh C(3; 2; 3) v phng
x = 1
1 uuur uuur
AB : y = 4 + 2t , do A = AB d1 A(1;2;5) SD ABC = AB, AC = 2 3 .
2
z = 3 - 2t
Cu 60. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho D ABC vi A(1; -1;1) v hai ng trung
x = 1 - t
x y -1 z - 2
tuyn ln lt c phng trnh l d1 : =
=
, d2 : y = 0 . Vit phng trnh
-3
-2
2
z = 1 + t
ng phn gic trong ca gc A.
Ta c A d1, A d2 . Gi M d1, N d2 ln lt l trung im AC, AB.
1
B(0;1;2)
2
1
M (2t;1 - 3t;2 - 2t ) C (4t 1;3 6t;3 4t ) . C d2 t = C (1; 0;1)
2
N (1 t; 0;1 + t ) B(1 2t;1;1 + 2t ) . B d1 t =
uuur
uuur
Ta c: AB = 6, AC = 1 . Gi AD l ng phn gic trong ca gc A th DB = - 6 DC
uuur -1 2 + 6
6
1
2+ 6
1
D
;
;
;
;
AD =
1+ 6 1+ 6 1+ 6
1 + 6; 1 + 6 1 + 6
Vy phng trnh ng thng AD l:
x -1
y +1
z -1
=
=
.
-1 2 + 6
1
Trang 36
TKG 03: VIT PHNG TRNH MT CU
Dng 1: Vit phng trnh mt cu bng cch xc nh tm v bn knh
Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho im I(1; -2;3) . Vit phng trnh mt cu
tm I v tip xc vi trc Oy.
Gi M l hnh chiu ca I(1; -2;3) ln Oy, ta c: M(0; -2;0) .
uuur
IM = (-1; 0; -3) R = IM = 10 l bn knh mt cu cn tm.
Cu 1.
(d2) : { x = 3 - t ; y = t ; z = 0 . Chng minh (d1) v (d2) cho nhau. Vit phng trnh mt cu
(S) c ng knh l on vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2).
Gi MN l ng vung gc chung ca (d1) v (d2) M (2; 1; 4); N (2; 1; 0)
11
13 1
5
.
S: (S ) : x - + y - + z + =
a) d1 :
=
= , d2 : y = 3
6
6
3
6
-1 2
1
z = t
b) (d1 ) :
x - 2 y -1 z
x -2 y+4 z-2
=
= ,(d2 ) :
=
=
-1
2
2
1
6
2
2
5
9
S: (S ) : ( x - 2) + y - + (z - 3)2 =
2
4
2
Cu 3.
x - 4 y -1 z + 5
=
=
v
-1
-2
3
x = 2 + t
thng d1 v d2 .
.
S: (S ) : ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 2)2 = 4
a) d1 : y = t , d2 : y = t
z = 0
z = 4
Cu 4.
{ x = 2t; y = t; z = 4 ;
(D2 )
(a ) : x + y - 3 = 0
Trang 37
Cu 5.
Cu 6.
29
(S) c tm I ;1;1 , bn knh R =
2
2
H ; ;
+) PT ng thng (d) i qua I v vung gc vi (P): d: y = 1 + t
3 6 6
z = 1 + t
IH =
75 5 3
29 75
31
186
=
, (C) c bn knh r = R 2 - IH 2 =
=
=
36
6
4 36
6
6
Cu 7.
Cu 8.
AB
Bn knh mt cu (S): R = MH +
= 18 .
2
2
cu ( S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 2 x + 4 y - 8z - 4 = 0 . Xt v tr tng i ca mt cu (S) v mt
phng (a ) . Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) i xng vi mt cu (S) qua mt phng (a ) .
Trang 38
(S ) : ( x - 1) + ( y + 2 ) + ( z - 4 ) = 25 c tm I (1; -2;4 ) v R = 5.
Khong cch t I n (a) l: d ( I ,(a ) ) = 3 < R (a) v mt cu (S) ct nhau.
x = 1 + 2t
H ( -1; -1;2 )
=
+
=
4
2
1
z
t
y
2 x - y + 2 z - 3 = 0
z = 2
V H l trung im ca IJ nn J ( -3; 0;0 ) . Mt cu (S) c tm J bn knh R = R = 5 nn c
2
phng trnh: (S ) : ( x + 3) + y 2 + z2 = 25 .
Cu 10. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, lp phng trnh mt cu (S) bit rng mt phng
thuc trc Oz. Khi mp(Oxy) v mp(P) ct (S0) theo 2 ng trn tm O1 O(0;0; 0) , bn
knh R1 = 2 v tm O2 (0;0;2) , bn knh R2 = 8 .
R 2 = 22 + m 2
Gi R l bn knh mt cu th
4 + m 2 = 64 + (m - 2)2 m = 16
2
R 2 = 82 + m - 2
x y +1 z - 2
=
=
. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I thuc d, I cch (P) mt
-1
2
1
khong bng 2 v (P) ct (S) theo mt ng trn (C) c bn knh bng 3.
Gi s I (-t;2t - 1; t + 2) d , R l bn knh ca (S), r l bn knh ca (C).
thng d:
1
t =
2
Ta c: d ( I ,(P )) = 2 -6t - 5 = 6 6 . R 2 = ( d ( I ,(P ) ) + r 2 = 13
t = - 11
6
1 2 13
1
2 13
1
+ Vi t = I - ; - ; (S): x + + y + + z - = 13
6
3
6
6
6 3 6
+ Vi t = -
11 14 1
11
I ; - ; (S):
3 6
6
6
11
14
1
x - + y + + z - = 13
6
3
6
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 2 im A(0; 0; 4), B(2; 0; 0) v mt phng
5
6
b+5
6
b = 0
b = -10
6
Goi I (a; b; c) l tm mt cu ta c :
(1 - a)2 + (3 - b)2 + (4 - c)2 = (1 - a)2 + (2 - b)2 + (-3 - c)2
IA = IB
2
2
2
2
2
2
IA = IC (1 - a) + (3 - b) + (4 - c) = (6 - a) + (-1 - b) + (1 - c)
a + 2b + 2c - 1 = 0
I (a)
b + 7c = 6
a = 1
50 3 17
85
=
(vdt)
4 15 3 6
x -1 y +1 z
=
= v mt
3
1
1
5t + 3
=R
3
t = 0 R = 1
37t - 24t = 0 24
77 .
R=
t =
37
37
V (S) c bn knh nh nht nn chn t = 0, R = 1. Suy ra I(1; 1; 0).
2
Trang 40
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= v mt phng (P):
1
1
1
2 x + y 2z + 2 = 0 . Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm nm trn d, tip xc vi mt phng
(P) v i qua im A(2; 1; 0).
7
Gi I l tm ca (S) I (1 + t; t 2; t ) . Ta c d(I, (P)) = AI t = 1; t = .
13
20
19
7
121
hoc (S ) : x + y + + z =
.
13
13 13 169
1- t 5 - t
2
=
t = 3 . Suy ra: R = , I (3; -1; -3) .
3
3
3
2
4
.
9
Cu hi tng t:
a) d : { x = 2 + t; y = 1 + 2t; z = 1 - t , ( P ) : x + 2 y - 2 z + 5 = 0 , (Q) : x + 2 y - 2z - 13 = 0 .
2
16
11
5
S: (S ) : x - + y - + z - = 9
7
7
7
x - 2 y z -1
x-2 y z+3
= =
, (D2):
= =
. Vit phng trnh mt cu (S)
1
1
-1
1
1
4
c tm thuc (D1), tip xc vi (D2) v mt phng (P).
ng thng (D1):
x = 2 + t
r
D1 : y = t
; D2 i qua im A(2;0; -3) v c VTCP u2 = (1;1;4) .
z = 1 - t
Gi s I (2 + t; t;1 - t ) D1 l tm v R l bn knh ca mt cu (S).
Trang 41
uur
AI , ur 5t - 4
uur
uur r
2
2 + t - 2t - 2(1 - t ) + 10
1+ 4 + 4
t + 10
3
7
(S) tip xc vi D2 v (P) d ( I , D2 ) = d (I ,(P )) 5t - 4 = t + 10 t = 2 .
t = -1
Vi t =
11 7 5
7
9
I ; ;- , R =
2 2 2
2
2
2
11
7
5
81
PT mt cu (S): x - + y - + z + = .
2
2
2
4
Ta c: AB = 5 v SD ABC = 5 nn AC = 2 5 .
V AA ^ (ABC)uuu
vr A, B (Oxy)
uuur nn C (Oxy).
Gi C ( x; y; 0) . AB = (1;2; 0), AC = ( x; y; 0) .
x + 2y = 0
AB ^ AC
x = -4 x = 4
2
. V yC > 0 nn C(4; 2; 0) .
Ta c:
2
y = 2
y = -2
AC = 2 5
x + y = 20
uuur uuur
uuur uuur
Do CC ' = AA ' C(4; 2; 2), BB ' = AA ' B(1; 2; 2) v M l trung im CC
nn M(4; 2; 1).
Trang 42
PT mt cu (S) i qua A, B, C v M c dng: (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 2 x + 2by + 2cz + d = 0
A(0; 0;0) (S )
B '(1;2;2) (S )
3
3
3
2
2
2
C '(-4;2;2) (S ) a = ; b = - ; c = - ; d = 0 (tho a + b + c - d > 0 )
2
2
2
(
4;2;1)
(
)
M
S
3
3
A, B, C, O (S)
A = -3; B = - ; C = - ; D = 0 .
2
2
9 + 6 B = 0
C
9
6
0
+
=
3 3
3 6
.
Vy (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 6 x - 3y - 3z = 0 c tm I 3; ; , bn knh R =
2 2
2
8 5 5
Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca I trn (P) H l tm ca (C). Tm c H ; ; .
3 6 6
Bn knh ca (C): r = R 2 - IH 2 =
27
5 2
-1 =
.
2
2
5
5
1
M, N, B, C (S)
A = - ; B = - ;C = - ; D = 4
2
2
2
8 + 4 A + 4C + D = 0
B
C
D
+
+
+
=
8
4
4
0
Vy bn knh R =
A2 + B 2 + C 2 - D = 15 .
Trang 43
Dng 3: Cc bi ton lin quan n mt cu
Cu 24. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2x 2y z 4 = 0 v mt cu
2(1) - 2(2) - 3 - 4
4 + 4 +1
= 3 < R = 5.
Cu 25. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho A(2; 0; 0), B(0; 2; 0), C(0; 0; 2). Tnh bn
(vdt)
Cu 26. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im S(0;0;1), A(1;1;0). Hai im M(m;
0; 0), N(0; n; 0) thay i sao cho m + n = 1 v m > 0, n > 0. Tnh khong cch t A n mt
phng (SMN). T suy ra mt phng (SMN) tip xc vi mt mt cu c nh.
uuur
uuur
r
Ta c: SM = (m; 0; -1), SN = (0; n; -1) VTPT ca (SMN) l n = (n; m; mn)
nx + my + mnz - mn = 0
Phng trnh mt phng (SMN):
Ta c: d(A,(SMN)) =
n + m - mn
1 - m.n
1 - 2mn + m2n2
n2 + m 2 + m 2 n2
Suy ra (SMN) tip xc mt cu tm A bn knh R=1 c nh.
1 - mn
=1
1 - mn
Cu 27. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh
x = t
x = 0
Phng trnh hai mt phn gic ca hai mt (Q) v (R):
( PG1 ) : x - y = 0, ( PG2 ) : x + y - 2z + 4 = 0
x = t
x = -t
Trang 45
TKG 04: TM IM THO IU KIN CHO TRC
Dng 1: Xc nh im thuc mt phng
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1;2;3) v B(3;4;1). Tm to
im M thuc mt phng (P): x - y + z - 1 = 0 DMAB l tam gic u.
Cu 1.
M d M (2; t + 1; t ) AM = 2t 2 - 8t + 11 .
V AB = 12 nn D MAB u khi MA = MB = AB
6 18 4 18
4 18
M 2;
2t 2 - 8t - 1 = 0 t =
;
.
2
2
2
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(4; 0; 0) , B(0;0; 4) , (P): 2 x - y + 2 z - 4 = 0 .
S:
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; 0;3) v B(2; 0;1). Tm to
im M thuc mt phng (P): 3 x - y - z + 1 = 0 DMAB l tam gic u.
Cu 2.
Gi s M ( x; y; z) ( P ) 3x - y - z + 1 = 0 (1).
2
x
=
MA2 = MB2
3
4 x + 8z = -4
2 10 1
10
D MAB u MA2 = AB 2 6 z = -1
y =
M ; ;-
3
3 3 6
M (P)
3 x - y - z = -1
1
z =
6
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi A(1;1; -3), B(3;1; -1),( P ) : 3 x - 8y + 7z + 4 = 0 .
2 6
6
2 6
2 6
6
2 6
S: C 2 +
;1 ; -2 ;1 +
; -2 +
hoc C 2
3
3
3
3
3
3
Cu 3.
bng 2 17 .
Gi s: C ( x ; y ; x - y - 1) (P ) . AB = 4 .
AC = BC ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 5)2 + ( x - y - 5)2 = ( x - 3)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( x - y - 5)2 y = 3
Gi I l trung im AB I (3;3; 4) .
x = 4
(3 - x )2 + (8 - x )2 = 17
x = 7
+ x = 7 C (7;3;3) .
SIAB = 2 17 CI . AB = 4 17 CI = 17
+ Vi x = 4 C (4;3; 0)
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(0; 1; 2), B(2; 2; 1), C(2; 0; 1).
Vit phng trnh mt phng (ABC) v tm im M thuc mt phng (P): 2 x + 2 y + z 3 = 0
Cu 4.
Trang 46
sao cho MA = MB = MC .
uuur
uuur
uuur uuur
r
Ta c AB = (2; -3; -1), AC = (-2; -1; -1) n = AB, AC = (2;4; -8) l 1 VTPT ca (ABC)
Suy ra phng trnh (ABC): x + 2 y - 4z + 6 = 0 . Gi s M(x; y; z).
x = 2
MA = MB = MC
Ta c:
y = 3 M(2;3; -7)
M (P)
z = -7
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(0; -2;1), B(2;0;3) v mt phng
( P) : 2 x - y - z + 4 = 0 . Tm im M thuc (P) sao cho MA =MB v ( ABM ) ^ ( P) .
1 uuuv
r
Gi (Q) l mt phng trung trc ca AB nQ = AB = (1;1;1) l mt VTPT ca (Q).
2
I(1; -1;2) l trung im ca AB Phng trnh (Q) : x + y + z - 2 = 0
r
r r
Gi (R) l mt phng qua A, B v vung gc vi (P). nR = nP ; nQ = (0;3; -3) l VTPT ca
(R) Phng trnh ca ( R) : y - z + 3 = 0
Cu 5.
2 x - y - z + 4 = 0
2 1 17
To ca M l nghm cu h: x + y + z - 2 = 0 M - ; - ;
3 6 6
y - z + 3 = 0
Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(2;0;0), C(0;4;0), S(0; 0; 4).Tm
ta im B trong mp(Oxy) sao cho t gic OABC l hnh ch nht. Vit phng trnh
mt cu i qua bn im O, B, C, S.
OABC l hnh ch nht B(2; 4; 0) Ta trung im H ca OB l H(1; 2; 0), H
chnh l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic vung OCB.
+ ng thng vung gc vi mp(OCB) ti H ct mt phng trung trc ca on OS (mp
c phng trnh z = 2 ) ti I I l tm mt cu i qua 4 im O, B, C, S.
Cu 6.
Cu 7.
Cu 8.
r
r
Trong mt phng ta Oxy, ta xt hai vect u = 3t;2 5 v v = -3t + 6;2 5 .
r
r
Ta c u = (3t )2 + (2 5)2 ; v = (3t - 6)2 + (2 5)2
r
r
r r
r r
AM + BM =| u | + | v | v u + v = (6;4 5) | u + v |= 2 29
r
r r r
Mt khc, ta lun c | u | + | v || u + v | Nh vy AM + BM 2 29
r r
3t
2 5
=
t =1
ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi u, v cng hng
-3t + 6 2 5
Xt tng t nh cu 6).
+ Nu A, B cng pha so vi (P) th MA - MB AB
+ Nu A, B khc pha so vi (P), ta ly im A i xng vi A qua (P).
Khi MA = MA MA - MB = MA - MB AB
31 5 31
S: M - ; - ; .
7 7 7
Cu hi tng t:
S:
a) ( P ) : x + y + z - 4 = 0 , A(1;2;1) , B(0;1;2) .
7 11
S: M ; ;1
2 2
x = 0
y = 1 - 2t
IM , nP cung phng
. Vy M(0; 3; 1).
M (P)
z = 1 + 2t
y = 3
x - 2 y + 2z + 8 = 0
z = -1
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (P): x + y + z = 0 , A(3; 5;5); B(5;3; 7).
S: M O(0; 0; 0).
50 192 75
b) Vi (P): x + 5y - 7z - 5 = 0 , A(4;9; -9), B(-10;13;1) .
S: M - ; ; .
17 17 17
Cu 11. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng ( P ) : x + y + z - 4 = 0 v cc
5 14 17
trn (P) M ; ; .
9 9 9
Cu 12. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC vi A(1; 2; 5), B(1; 4; 3),
19 64 553
=
khi M l hnh chiu ca G ln (P).
Vy F nh nht bng 3.
+
3
9
3 3
Cu hi tng t:
a) A(1; 3; 5), B(1; 4; 3), C(4; 2; 1), (P): x - y - z - 3 = 0 .
11 -2 4
S: min F = 65 , M ; ;
3 3 3
22 61 17
b) A(1; 1; 0), B(0; 1; 1) v C(2; 2; 1), (P): x + 3y z + 2 = 0 .
S: M ; ; -
3
3 3
S: M (0; 4; 1) .
c) A(1; 2; 3), B(3; 0; 1), C(1; 4; 7), (P): x - 2 y + 2 z + 6 = 0 .
Cu 13. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(-1;0;1) , B(2; -1; 0) ,
(1)
T 3.
x = 0
x -1 y -1 z -1
62
Trang 49
im A(1;2; -1) , B(1; 0; -1) , C(2;1; -2) . Tm im M ( P ) sao cho MA2 + MB 2 - MC 2
nh nht.
2 1 2
Gii tng t nh Cu 10.
S: M ; ; .
3 3 3
Cu 16. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho mt phng (P ) : x - y + 2 z = 0 v cc
Cu 17. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho 3 im A(3; 1; 1), B(7; 3; 9), C(2; 2; 2) v
23
13
25
Khi : MI = x - + y - + z -
6
6
6
(1)
2
2
2
2
2
43
23
13
25
23
13
25
=
+
+
+
+
x
y
z
x
y
z
1.
1.
1.
3
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
43
43 3
MI 2 3 MI
.
18
18
13
x=
23
13
25
9
yzx - 6
6 =
6 y = - 2 M 13 ; - 2 ; 16
Du "=" xy ra
=
9
9 9 9
1
1
1
16
z =
x + y + z - 3 = 0
9
Vy min T =
13 2 16
43 3
khi M ; - ; .
3
9 9 9
Trang 50
im A(2;1;3), B(0; -6;2), C (1; -1;4) . Tm ta im M trn mt phng ( P ) sao cho
uuur uuur uuur
MA + MB + MC t gi tr b nht.
D thy A, B, C khng thng hng. Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC , th G(1; -2;3) .
uuur uuur uuur
uuur uuur uuur
uuuur
Khi vi mi M ( P ) ta c MA + MB + MC = 3MG , do MA + MB + MC t gi tr
uuuur
b nht MG t gi tr b nht M l hnh chiu vung gc ca G trn ( P ) .
r
(P) c VTPT n = (1;1;1) . Gi s M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) ( P ) x0 + y0 + z0 - 1 = 0
(1).
uuur
r
M l hnh chiu ca G trn ( P ) GM = ( x0 - 1; y0 + 2; z0 - 3) cng phng vi n
x0 - 1 y0 + 2 z0 - 3 ( x0 - 1) + ( y0 + 2) + ( z0 - 3) ( x0 + y0 + z0 - 1) - 1 -1
=
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1+1+1
3
3
2 -7 8
-7
2
8
x0 = , y0 = , z0 = . Vy M ; ; .
3
3
3
3 3 3
Cu hi tng t:
5 1 2
a) ( P ) : x - y + 2 z = 0, A(1;2; -1), B(3;1; -2), C (1; -2;1) .
S: M ; ; - .
2 3 3
cc im A(4;1;5), B(3; 0;1), C (-1;2; 0) . Tm to im M thuc (P) sao cho biu thc sau
uuur uuur uuur uuur uuuuruuur
t gi tr nh nht: S = MA.MB + MB.MC + MC.MA
Gi s M ( x; y; z) ( P ) 3x - 3y + 2 z + 37 = 0 (1)
Khi S = 3 ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + ( z - 2)2 - 5 .
p dng BT Bunhiacpxki cho (1) ta c:
2
(-44)2 = 3( x - 2) - 3( y - 1) + 2(z - 2) (9 + 9 + 4) ( x - 2)2 + ( y - 1)2 + (z - 2)2
442
= 88 .
22
x = -4
x - 2 y -1 z - 2
Du "=" xy ra
=
=
y = 7 M(4;7; -2) .
-3
3
2
z = -2
Vy min S = 3.88 - 5 = 259 khi M(4;7; -2) .
Cu 21. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho cc im A(0;1;2), B(-1;1;0) v mt
-1 - 10
-4 + 10
x =
x =
3
3
uur
M (P)
x + 1 + 2z = 0
uuur
-4 + 10
-2 + 10
y =
Ta c: BA.BM = 0 x - y + z = 0
y =
6
6
BA = BM
( x + 1)2 + ( y - 1)2 + z2 = 5
-2 - 10
-2 + 10
z =
z =
6
6
3; 0) , C(1; 3; 0) ,
M (0; 0; a) vi a > 0. Trn trc Oz ly im N sao cho mt phng (NBC) vung gc vi mt
phng (MBC). Tm a th tch ca khi chp BCMN nh nht
Trang 51
3
3
3
a + t nh nht a = a = 3 .
3
a
a
v mt phng
Cu 23. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d : y = t
z = -1 - 2t
(P): x + y - z + 1 = 0 . Gi d l hnh chiu ca d trn mt phng (P). Tm to im H
thuc d sao cho H cch im K(1;1;4) mt khong bng 5.
x = 4 + 7t
-11 238
H.
39
x -1 y + 2 z
=
= . Tm to im M trn D sao cho: MA2 + MB 2 = 28 .
1
2
-1
x = 1 - t
PTTS ca D : y = -2 + t . M D M (1 - t; -2 + t;2t )
z = 2t
thng D :
x -1 y + 2 z - 3
=
=
. Tm im M trn d th tch t din MABC bng 3.
2
-1
2
x = 1 + 2t
1 uuur uuur
r
9
-4t - 11
. PT mt phng (ABC): x + 2 y - 2 z - 2 = 0 . h = d ( M ,( ABC ) =
2
3
1 9 4t + 11
5
17
VMABC = . .
= 3 t = - hoc t = 3 2
3
4
4
3
15 9 11
3 1
M - ; - ; hoc M - ; ;
.
4 2
2
2 4 2
S ABC =
Trang 52
Cu 26. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho im M(2; 1; 2) v ng thng d:
x -1 y z - 3
= =
. Tm trn d hai im A, B sao cho tam gic ABM u.
1
1
1
2 MH
3
2 6
3
x -2 y z-3
= =
1
1
Do , to ca A, B l nghim ca h: 1
.
8
2
2
2
( x - 2) + ( y - 1) + ( z - 2) =
3
2 2
2
2
2
2
;
;3 +
;;3 Gii h ny ta tm c: A 2 +
, B2 .
3 3
3
3
3
3
Cu hi tng t:
x = t
5 + 76 10 + 2 76 1 - 76 2 - 2 76
a) Vi M(1; 0; -1) , d : y = 2t . S: A
;
;1 , B
;
;1
15
15
15
15
z = 1
5 - 76 10 - 2 76 1 + 76 2 + 2 76
hoc A
;
;1 , B
;
;1
15
15
15
15
3 5
2 AH 2 15
. M DABC u nn BC =
=
hay BH =
5
5
3
2
15
.
5
1 2
15
Gi s B(1 - s;2 + 2s;3) th - - s + + 2s =
25
5 5
-1 3
5
6+ 3 8-2 3
3
;3 v C
;
;3
5
6- 3 8+2 3
3
;3 v C
;
;3
5
25s2 + 10s - 2 = 0 s =
6- 3 8+ 2
Vy: B
;
5
5
6+ 3 8-2
hoc B
;
5
5
Trang 53
2a
Gi A(a; 0; 0) Ox d ( A; (P )) =
d(A; (P)) = d(A; d)
2a
3
22 + 12 + 22
8a2 - 24a + 36
2a
; d ( A; d ) =
3
3
8a2 - 24a + 36
4a2 - 24a + 36 = 0
3
x +1 y z + 9
x -1 y - 3 z +1
= =
; D2 :
=
=
. Xc nh ta im M
1
1
6
2
1
-2
thuc ng thng D1 sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng D2 v khong cch t M
n mt phng (P) bng nhau.
r
M (1 + t; t; 9 + 6t) D1;
D2 qua A (1; 3; 1) c vct ch phng a = (2; 1; 2)
uuur
uuur r
AM = (t 2; t 3; 6t 8) AM ; a = (14 8t; 14t 20; 4 t)
ng thng D1 :
53
. Vy M (0; 1; 3) hay M
35
18 53 3
; ; .
35 35 35
Cu hi tng t:
a) Vi (P): 2 x + y + 2 z - 1 = 0 , D1 :
x -3 y -5 z
x -1 2 - y z - 3
=
=
, D2 :
=
=
1
1
-1
4
1
1
S: M(2;4;1) , M(-1;1;4)
x -1 y z + 2
=
=
v
-1
2
1
x +1 y -1 z - 3
=
=
. ng vung gc chung ca D1 v D2 ct D1 ti A, ct D2 ti B.
1
7
-1
Tnh din tch DOAB.
r
r
D1 c VTCP u1 = (2; -1;1) , D2 c VTCP u2 = (1;7; -1)
D2 :
ng thng d1 :
x -1
2
y-3
-3
z
2
d2 :
x-5
6
y
4
z+5
-5
. Tm cc im M d1 , N d 2 sao
+ Vi t = 0 ta c M2 (1;3;0 )
Trang 54
PTTS ca d2 l: y = 4t
(2)
z = -5 - 5t
Thay (2) vo (1), ta c: t = 1. im N1 cn tm l N1(1;4;0).
ng vi M2, tng t tm c N2(5;0;5).
Cu 32. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (P): 2 x - y + 2 z - 1 = 0 v cc
ng thng d1 :
x -1
2
y -3
1
z
-2
, d2 :
x-5
3
y
4
z+5
2
. Tm cc im A d1 , B d 2 sao
Vi t1 = -5 t2 =
Vi t1 = 1 t2 =
4t1 + 2 - t1 - 3 - 4t1 - 1
3
t1 + 2
3
t = -5
=1 1
t1 = 1
8 -11
2
A(-9; -2;10), B 7; ;
3
3 3
-4 -17
-1
A(3; 4; -2), B 4; ;
3
3 3
Cu 33. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(1; 5; 4), B(0; 1; 1), C(1; 2; 1). Tm
uuur uuur
di on CD ngn nht D l hnh chiu vung gc ca C trn cnh AB AB ^ DC
5 49 41
21
- a - 16a + 12 - 9a + 9 = 0 a =
. Vy: D ; ; .
26
26 26 26
Cu 34. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d1 :
d2 :
x +1 y z -1
= =
v
-2
1
1
x y z
= = . Tm cc im M thuc d1 , N thuc d2 sao cho ng thng MN song song
1 1 2
7 7 7
MN = 2
MN = 2
Cu 35. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
Trang 55
x y + 2 z -1
=
=
v cc
1
-1
1
im A(1; 0;0), B(0;1;1), C (0;0;2) . Tm im M thuc d sao cho gc gia hai mt phng
(MAB) v (CAB) bng a = 300 .
S: M(0; -2;1) .
Cu 36. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai ng thng c phng trnh:
x = 1 + t
x - 3 y -1 z
(D1) : y = -1 - t v (D2 ) :
=
= . Xc nh im A trn D1 v im B trn D2 sao
1
2
1
z = 2
cho on AB c di nh nht.
uuur
Gi s A(t+1; t 1; 2) D1, B( t'+3; 2t' +1; t') D2 AB = (-t '- t + 2;2t '+ t + 2; t '- 2)
V on AB c di nh nht AB l on vung gc chung ca (D1) v (D2)
uuur r
uuur r
uuu
uuu
2t + 3t ' = 0
ABr ^ ur1
AB.u = 0
r r1
Cu 37. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 1; 2), B(3; 4; 2) v ng
x = 2 + 4t
x +1 y -1 z
=
= . Tm to im M trn D sao cho DMAB c din tch nh nht.
2
-1 2
x = - 1 + 2t
Trang 56
S: M(-3;0;1) , min S =
3 2
2
x y - 3 z +1
=
=
.
1
-1
2
x -1 y - 2 z -1
c) Vi A(0;1; -2), B(2; -1;1), D :
=
=
.
1
-1
2
x + y - z -1 = 0
.
d) Vi A(2; -1;1), B(1; -1;0), D :
2 x - y - 1 = 0
x -1 y - 2 z
=
= .
-1
1
2
34
2
S: M (-2;5; -5),min S = 22
1 2 3
S: M ; - ; - .
6 3 2
12 5 38
S: M - ; ; .
7 7 7
Cu 39. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho ba im A(5;8; -11) , B(3;5; -4) , C(2;1; -6)
x -1 y - 2 z -1
v ng thng d :
=
=
. Xc nh to im M thuc ng thng d sao
2
1
1
uuur uuur uuur
cho MA - MB - MC t gi tr nh nht.
uuur uuur uuur
Gi s M (2t + 1;2t + 2; t + 1) d MA - MB - MC = (-2t - 1; -2t - 4; -t )
10 53
53
(2t + 1) + (2t + 4) + t = 9 t + +
9
9
3
11 2 1
10
Du "=" xy ra t = M - ;- ;-
9
9 9 9
2
x+3
= y + 1 = z - 3 . Gi D l ng thng nm trn (P) i qua giao
2
im ca (d) v (P) ng thi vung gc vi d. Tm trn D im M sao cho khong cch AM
ngn nht.
x = 2t - 3
x = 1 - u
r
r
phng trnh x + 3y - z + 2 = 0 . Vit phng trnh mt phng (Q) l mt phng trung trc
ca on AB. Gi D l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q). Tm im M thuc D sao cho di on
thng OM l nh nht.
-3 -3 3 uuur
Gi I l trung im ca AB I ; ; ; AB = (-1; -1; -1)
2 2 2
Trang 57
PT (Q): x + y + z +
3
=0
2
7
1
D l giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) PTTS ca D: x = - + 2t; y = -t; z = - t .
4
4
7
1
15 25
Gi s M - + 2t; -t; - t D; OM = 6t 2 - t +
.
4
4
2
8
1 5 3
5
OM nh nht khi t = M - ; - ; - .
8
2 8 8
Cu 42. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hai ng thng (d1):
x - 3 y z +1
= =
, (d2):
1
1 -2
x-2 y+2 z
=
= . Mt ng thng (D) i qua im A(1; 2; 3), ct ng thng (d1) ti
-1
2
1
im B v ct ng thng (d2) ti im C. Chng minh rng im B l trung im ca on
thng AC.
uuur
uuur
1
Ly B (d1), C (d2). T : AB = k AC k = B l trung im ca on thng AC.
2
Ta c th tnh c B(2; 1; 1), C(3; 4; 1).
Cu 43. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hai im E (2;1;5), F (4; 3; 9 ) . Gi D l giao
x = 1 + t
x = 2 + t
y = 1 + t .
z = 5 + 2t
1 + t = 2 + t
t = 0
Xt h: -5t = 1 + t
EF ct D ti A(1;0;3).
t = -1
3 - 3t = 5 + 2t
Trong mp( D ,EF) mi im I D ta c IE - IF EF (hiu 2 cnh trong 1 tam gic nh hn
cnh th 3). Du "=" xy ra I, E, F thng hng, t suy ra I trng A.
Vy im I(1;0;3).
Cu 44. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
a) MA + MB nh nht.
x = t
a) PTTS ca d: y = t . Gi M (t; t; t ) d . Ta c: P = 3
z = t
Xt hm s f (t ) = (t - 1)2 + 2 + (t - 2)2 + 2 f (t ) =
f (t ) = 0
t -1
(t - 1)2 + 2
=-
t-2
(t - 2)2 + 2
t -1
(t - 1)2 + 2
Trang 58
x y z
= = v hai im
1 1 1
uuur uuur
c) MA - 3MB nh nht.
(t - 1)2 + 2 + (t - 2)2 + 2
t -1
(t - 1)2 + 2
=
t-2
(t - 2)2 + 2
-(t - 2)
2
[ -(t - 2)]
(*)
+2
1
u
2
.
=
>0
. Ta c g(u) = u2 + 2 - u.
2
u +2
2
2
3
+
+
2
(
2)
u2 + 2
u
u
nn hm s g ng bin trn .
3
Do t (*), ta c g(t - 1) = g [ -(t - 2)] t - 1 = -t + 2 t =
2
3
Da vo BBT ca hm s f ta suy ra min f (t ) = f = 3 .
2
Xt hm s g(u) =
Vy min( MA + MB) = 3 3 t c ti t =
3 3 3
3
, tc l M ; ; .
2
2 2 2
Trang 59
Dng 3: Xc nh im thuc mt cu
Cu 45. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt cu (S): x 2 + y 2 + z2 + 4 x 6 y + m = 0
-m - 3 =3 m = 12.
z = 1 - t
y
y
5
3
=
=
2
2
2
z = 0 z = 2
x + y + z - 6 x - 8y - 2 z + 23 = 0
Ta thy d ( M1,( P )) = 4 3 > d ( M2 ,(P )) = 2 3 . Vy M(4;5;0) l im cn tm.
Mt cu (T) c R ' = MH 2 + HE 2 = (4 3)2 + 42 = 8 (T ) :( x - 4)2 + ( y - 5)2 + z2 = 64
Cu 47. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) v mt phng (P) c phng
trnh l (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 4 x + 2 y - 6 z + 5 = 0, ( P ) : 2 x + 2 y - z + 16 = 0 . im M di ng
trn (S) v im N di ng trn (P). Tnh di ngn nht ca on thng MN. Xc nh v
tr ca M, N tng ng.
Mt cu (S) tm I(2;1;3) v c bn knh R = 3.
2.2 + 2.(-1) - 3 + 16
Khong cch t I n mt phng (P): d = d I , ( P ) =
= 5 d > R.
3
Do (P) v (S) khng c im chung. Do vy, min MN = d R = 5 3 = 2.
Trong trng hp ny, M v tr M0 v N v tr N0. D thy N0 l hnh chiu vung gc
ca I trn mt phng (P) v M0 l giao im ca on thng IN0 vi mt cu (S).
Gi D l ng thng i qua I v vung gc vi (P), th N0 l giao im ca D v (P).
x = 2 + 2t
r
Trang 60
2(2 + 2t ) + 2(-1 + 2t ) - (3 - t ) + 16 = 0 9t + 15 = 0 t = -
uuuur 3 uuur
4 13 14
Suy ra N 0 - ; - ; . Ta c IM 0 = IN 0 . Suy ra M0(0;3;4)
5
3 3 3
Cu hi tng t:
15
5
=9
3
a) (S ) : x 2 + y 2 + z2 - 4 x - 4 y + 2 z = 0 ; (P ) : 2 x + y - 2 z + 4 = 0 .
-2 -1 5
; ;
3 3 3
S: M(2 - 2 2;2 - 2; -1 + 2 2) , N
Cu 48. Trong khng gian ta Oxyz , cho im A(0;1;1), B(1;0; -3), C (-1; -2; -3) v mt cu (S) c
thuc (S) th d ( D;( ABC )) max {d ( D1;( ABC )); d (D2 ;( ABC ))} .
Du = xy ra khi D trng vi D1 hoc D2..
r
D1D2 i qua I(1;0;1), v c VTCP l nABC = (2; -2;1)
x = 1 + 2t
t=
2
=
y
t
3
Ta D1 v D2 tha:
t = -2
z = -1 + t
( x - 1)2 + y 2 + (z + 1)2 = 4
3
7 -4 -1
-1 4 -5
D1 ; ; ; D2 ; ;
3 3 3
3 3 3
7 4 1
Ta thy: d ( D1;( ABC )) > d ( D2 ;( ABC )) . Vy im D ; - ; - l im cn tm.
3 3 3
Trang 61
Dng 4: Xc nh im trong khng gian
Cu 49. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho mt phng (a): 3 x + 2 y z + 4 = 0 v hai
x0 - 2 y0 - 2 z0
=
=
1 1 3
-1
3
2
Ta c: KH = KO
K- ; ; .
4 2 4
( x + 1)2 + y 2 + ( z - 1)2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2
0
0
0
0
0
0
y = -3
A i xng vi A qua (P)
I (P)
z = -2
x + y +1 + z + 2 + 3 = 0
2
2
2
Vy:
A(4; 3; 2).
Cu 52. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cc im A(1; 0;0), B(0;1; 0), C (0;3;2) v
Gi s M ( x0 ; y0 ; z0 ) .
( x - 1)2 + y 2 + z2 = x 2 + ( y - 1)2 + z2
(1)
MA = MB
0
0
0
0
0
20
2
2
2
2
2
x0 + ( y0 - 1) + z0 = x0 + ( y0 - 3) + ( z0 - 2) (2)
Ta c: MB = MC
MA = d ( M ,(a ))
( x 0 + 2 y0 + 2)2
2
2
2
+
+
=
(
1)
(3)
x
y
z
0
0
0
5
x0 = 1, y0 = 1, z0 = 2
23 23 14
23
23
14 M(1; 1; 2) hoc M ; ; - .
x0 = , y = , z0 = 3
3 3
3
3
3
Cu 53. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC, bit
Trang 62
A(3; 0;0), B(0;3;0), C (0;0;3) . Tm to nh S bit th tch khi chp S.ABC bng 36.
1
Ta c : VS.ABC=36= SG. SABC t = 8, t = -8 . Vy: S(9;9;9) hoc S(-7; -7; -7) .
3
2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 z = 1
Bn knh l R = IA = (-1 - 0)2 + (0 - 2)2 + (1 - 1)2 = 5.
Cu 57. Trong khng gian vi h trc ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(2;3;1) , B(-1;2; 0) , C(1;1; -2) .
uuur uuur
BH . AC = 0
uuur uuur
2 29 1
2
29
1
CH
x = ; y = ; z = H ; ;-
uuur.AB
uuur= 0uuur
15
15
3
15 15 3
AB, AC . AH = 0
14 61 1
14
61
1
2
BI
CIuuu2r =uuu
x = ; y = ; z = - I ; ; -
r uur
15
30
3
15 30 3
AB, AC AI = 0
Cu 58. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho ba im A(-1;0;1), B(1;2; - 1), C (-1;2;3) v
I l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Lp phng trnh mt cu (S) c tm I v tip
xc vi mt phng (Oxz).
Phng trnh ( ABC ) : 2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 . Gi I ( x; y; z) .
IA = IB = IC x + y - z - 1 = 0, y + z - 3 = 0 (1) ;
I ( ABC ) 2 x - y + z + 1 = 0 (2)
T (1) (2) I (0; 2; 1) . Bn knh mt cu l R = d ( I ,(Oxz)) = 2
CH
uuur uuur uuur
uuur.AB
uuur= 0uuur
AB, AC , AH ong phang
AB, AH . AC = 0
-3 - 177
17 + 177
3 + 177
x + z = 0
x=
;y =
;z =
4
2
4
2 x + y - 7 = 0
+
3
177
17
177
3
177
3 x - 3y + yz - z = 0
;y =
;z =
x =
4
2
4
-3 - 177 17 + 177
3 + 177
B
;
;0 , C 0;0;
4
2
4
-3 + 177 17 - 177
3 - 177
;
;0 , C 0;0;
hoc B
4
2
4
Cu 60. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(3; 2; 3) v hai ng thng c phng trnh
x -2 y -3 z-3
x -1 y - 4 z - 3
=
=
v d2 :
=
=
. Chng minh ng thng d1, d2 v
-2
-2
1
1
1
1
im A cng nm trong mt mt phng. Xc nh to cc nh B v C ca tam gic ABC
bit d1 cha ng cao BH v d2 cha ng trung tuyn CM ca tam gic ABC.
r
r
d1 qua M1(2; 3; 3), c VTCP a = (1;1; -2) ; d2 qua M2(1; 4; 3) c VTCP b = (1; -2;1)
urr
r r r uuuuuur
Ta c a,b 0 , a, b .M1M2 = 0 d1, d2 ct nhau.
d1 :
Trang 64
M d2 t = -1 M (2;2;4) B(1;2;5) .
uuur r
Gi s C (1 + t; 4 - 2t;3 + t ) d2 . AC ^ a t = 0 C(1;4;2)
Cu 61. Trong khng gian vi h to Oxyz, cho cho tam gic ABC c A(3;2;3), ng cao
+
+
=
49
t
82
t
33
0
33
z = 3 + 3t
t =
2
2
2
49
( x - 3) + ( y + 1) + ( z + 2 ) = 9
+ Vi t = -1 I (0;1;1) C (1;0;1), D(-2; -1;0) .
+ Vi t = -2 I (1;2; 0) C (3;2; -1), D(0;1; -2)
Do D c honh m nn ta chn c nghim C (1; 0;1), D(-2; -1;0)
r
+ Gi (P) l mt phng cha hnh thoi ABCD, gi s (P) c VTPT n
r uur
uur uur
r
n ^ uu
IAr = (-1;1;0)
Ta c r
c th chn n = IA, IB = (1;1; -4)
n ^ IB = (2;2;1)
Suy ra phng trnh mt phng ( P ) : x + y 4z + 3 = 0 ..
Cu 64. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh
P(2;3; - 4) . Tm to nh
( R) : x + y - z - 6 = 0.
bit rng nh
nm trong mt phng
uuur
7
5
Gi I l tm hnh vung I ;3; - . Gi N (a; b; c) ( R) . MP = (-3; 0; -3) .
2
2
uur
7
5
3 2
.
IN = a - ; b - 3; c + ; MP = 3 2 IN =
2
2
2
a + b - c - 6 = 0
uur
N ( Ruuur
)
7
5
a = 2, b = 3, c = -1
Ta c: IN ^ MP -3 a - - 3 c + = 0
2
2
a = 3, b = 1, c = -2
2
2
IN = 3 2
7
5
9
2
a - + (b - 3)2 + c + =
2
2
2
2 (a - 3) + b + 8 = (a + 5) + (b + 4)
ABCD l hnh vung
2
2
2
2 1
(a + 1) + (b + 2) + 4 = 36
AI = BD
2
17
a=
b = 4 - 2a
a = 1
5 A(1; 2; 0) hoc A 17 ; -14 ;0
hoc
2
2
b
2
=
5 5
(a + 1) + (6 - 2a) = 20
b = 14
5
Trang 66
17 -14
-27 -6
Vi A ;
;0 C
; ;8 .
5 5
5 5
Vi A(1; 2; 0) C(3;6; 8)
Cu 67. Trong khng gian vi h ta Oxyz, cho hnh vung ABCD, bit A(1;2; 0), C (2;3; -4) .
AC = 3 2 AB = 3 . Gi B( x; y; z) .
x + 2 y + z = 3 (1)
B (Q)
( x - 1) + ( y - 2) + z = 9 (3)
x = -1; y = 1; z = 2 B(-1;1;2) . Vy D(4; 4; -6) .
Trang 67