Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Myanmar Army
Myanmar Army (
Myanmar Army Flag Active Country Branch Size Partof Nickname Motto Anniversaries Myanmar Army 350,000
[1]
Myanmar Armed Forces Tatmadaw Ye Thaw Ma Thay, Thay Thaw Nga Ye Ma Lar 27 March 1945 Commanders
Minister of Defence
[2]
Commander in Chief of Myanmar Army Lt-General Soe Win Notable commanders Major General Aung San General Ne Win
The Myanmar Army (Burmese: ()), pronounced[tamd t]) is the land component of the Military of Myanmar. The Myanmar Army is the largest branch of the Armed Forces of Myanmar and has the primary responsibility of conducting land-based military operations. The Myanmar Army maintains the second largest active force in Southeast Asia after Vietnam's Vietnam People's Army. The Myanmar Army has a troop strength around 492,000. The army has extensive combat experience in fighting insurgents in rough terrains, considering it has been conducting non-stop counter-insurgency operations against ethnic and political insurgents since its inception in 1948. The force is headed by the Commander in Chief (Army), currently Lieutenant General Soe Win with General Min Aung Hlaing as the Commander in Chief. The highest rank in the Myanmar Army was Senior General, equivalent to Field Marshal position in Western Armies and was held by Senior General Than Shwe. In 2011, following transition from military junta government to civilian parliamentary government, the Myanmar Army enacted a military draft for all citizens, all males from the age 18 to 35 and all females age between 18 and 27 years of age can be drafted into military service for two years as enlisted personal in time of national emergency. The ages for professionals are up to 45 for men and 35 for women for three years service as commissioned and non commissioned officers. An official publication has revealed that almost one-quarter of Myanmar's new national budget will be allocated to defense. The Government Gazette reports that 1.8 trillion kyat (about $2 billion at free market rates of exchange), or 23.6 percent of the 2011 budget will go to defense.[3]
Myanmar Army
Brief history
Post Independence era
At the time of Myanmar's independence in 1948, the Tatmadaw was weak, small and disunited. Cracks appeared along the lines of ethnic background, political affiliation, organizational origin and different services. Its unity and operational efficiency was further weakened by the interference of civilians and politicians in military affairs, and the perception gap between the staff officers and field commanders. The most serious problem was the tension between ethnic Karen Officers, coming from the British Burma Army and Burman (Bamar) officers, coming from the Patriotic Burmese Force (PBF).[4] In accordance with agreement reached at Kandy Conference in September 1945, the Tatmadaw was reorganised by incorporating the British Burma Army and the Patriotic Burmese Force. The officer corps shared by ex-PBF officers and officers from British Burma Army and Army of Burma Reserve Organization (ARBO). The British also decided to form what were known as "Class Battalions" based on ethnicity. There were a total of 15 rifle battalions at the time of independence and four of them were made up of former members of Myanmar Army Honour Guards saluting the PBF. All influential positions within the War Office and commands arrival of Thai delegation in October 2010. were manned with non-former PBF Officers. All services including military engineers, supply and transport, ordnance and medical services, Navy and Air Force were all commanded by former Officers from ABRO and British Burma Army.[4]
Ethnic and Army Composition of Tatmadaw in 1948 Battalion No. 1 Burma Rifles No. 2 Burma Rifles No. 3 Burma Rifles No. 4 Burma Rifles No. 5 Burma Rifles No. 6 Burma Rifles No. 1 Karen Rifles No. 2 Karen Rifles No. 3 Karen Rifles No. 1 Kachin Rifles No. 2 Kachin Rifles No. 1 Chin Rifles No. 2 Chin Rifles Bamar (Burma Military Police) Karen majority + Other Non-Bamar Nationalities Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force - Commanded by the then Lieutenant Colonel Ne Win Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force Bamar / Former members of Patriotic Burmese Force Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Karen / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Kachin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Kachin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Chin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Chin / Former members of British Burma Army and ABRO Ethnic/Army Composition
Myanmar Army
Organization
Myanmar Army had reached some 370,000 active troops in all ranks in the year 2000. There were 337 infantry battalions, including 266 light infantry battalions. Although the Myanmar Army's organisational structure was based upon the regimental system, the basic manoeuvre and fighting unit is the battalion, known as Tat Yinn in Burmese, which comprised a headquarters unit; four rifle companies (tat khwe) with three rifle platoons (Tat Su) each; an administration company with medical, transport, logistics and signals units; a heavy weapons company including mortar, machine gun and recoilless gun platoons. Each battalion is commanded a Lieutenant Colonel (du bo hmu gyi) with a Major (bo hmu) as 2IC (Second in Command), with a total establishment strength of 27 officers and 723 other ranks. Light infantry battalions in Myanmar Army have much lower establishment strength of around 500; this often leads to these units being mistakenly identified by the observers and reporters as under strength infantry battalions. With its significantly increased personnel numbers, weaponry and mobility, today's Tatmadaw Kyee is a formidable conventional defence force for the Union of Myanmar. Troops ready for combat duty have at least doubled since 1988. Logistics infrastructure and Artillery Fire Support has been greatly increased. Its newly acquired military might was apparent in the Tatmadaw's dry season operations against Karen National Union (KNU) strongholds in Manerplaw and Kawmura. Most of the casualties at these battles were the result of intense and heavy bombardment by the Tatmadaw Kyee. Not only that Tatmadaw Kyee is now much larger than it was in pre-1988, it is more mobile and has greatly improved armour, artillery and air defence inventories. Its C3I (Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence) systems have been expanded and refined. It is developing larger and more integrated, self-sustained formations which should lend themselves to better coordinated action by different combat arms. The army may still have relatively modest weaponry compared to its larger neighbours, but it is now in a much better position to deter external aggression and respond to such a threat should it ever arise except child soldiers may not perform very well in combating with enemies.[12]
Myanmar Army
Expansion
The first army division to be formed after the 1988 military coup was the 11th Light Infantry Division (LID) in December 1988 with Col. Win Myint as commander of the division. In March 1990, a new regional military command was opened in Monywa with Brigadier Kyaw Min as commander and named North-Western Regional Military Command. A year later 101st LID was formed in Pakokku with Col. Saw Tun as commander. Two Regional Operations Commands (ROC) were formed in Myeik and Loikaw to facilitate command and control. They were commanded respectively by Brigadier Soe 101st Light Infantry Division Tint and Brigadier Maung Kyi. March 1995 saw a dramatic expansion of the Tatmadaw as it established 11 Military Operations Commands (MOC)s in that month. MOC are similar to Mechanized Infantry Divisions in western armies, each with 10 regular infantry battalions (Chay Hlyin Tatyin), a headquarters, and organic support units including field artillery batteries. Then in 1996, two new RMC were opened, Coastal Region RMC was opened in Myeik with Brigadier Sit Maung as commander and Triangle Region RMC in Kengtung with Brigadier Thein Sein as commander. Their new ROCs were opened in Kalay, Bhamo and Mongsat. In late 1998, two new MOCs were opened in Bokepyin and Mongsat.[13] The most significant expansion after the infantry in the army was in armour and artillery. Beginning in 1990, the Tatmadaw procured 18 T-69II Main Battle tanks and 48 T-63 amphibious light tanks from China. Further procurements were made, including several hundred Type 85 and Type 92 Armoured Personnel Carriers (APC). By the beginning of 1998, Tatmadaw had about 100+ T-69II Main battle tanks, a similar number of T-63 amphibious light tanks and several T-59D tanks. These tanks and armoured personnel carriers were distributed into five armoured infantry battalions and five tank battalions and formed the first Armoured Division of the Tatmadaw under the name of 71st Armoured Operations Command with its headquarters in Pyawbwe.
BC5107 Brigadier General Saw Kyar Doe BC3502 Brigadier General Ne Win
19481949
Member of Thirty Comrades, Later became President and Chairman of Burma Socialist Programme Party (BSPP)
BC5458 Brigadier General Aung Gyi BC3569 Brigadier General San Yu BC3651 Brigadier General Thura Tin Oo BC5332 Brigadier General Thura Kyaw Htin
19561963
19631972 19721974
Later became President Dismissed and imprisoned for involvement in coup attempt, later became Vice-Chairman of National League for Democracy Later became Prime Minister
19741976
BC6133 Lieutenant General Aye Ko 19761981 BC5096 Lieutenant General Tun Ye BC6187 Lieutenant General Saw Maung 19811983 19831985
later promoted to Senior General, coup in 1988 and formed States Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC)
Myanmar Army
5
19851992 later promoted to Senior General and Chairman of State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) later promoted to Vice Senior General
BC6710 Lieutenant General Than Shwe Lieutenant General Maung Aye Lieutenant General Soe Win
Myanmar Army Currently there are Six Bureaus of Special Operations in Myanmar order of Battle.[14]
Bureau of Special Operations Bureau of Special Operations 1 Regional Military Commands (RMC) Central Command North Western Command Northern Command North Eastern Command Eastern Command Triangle Region Command South Western Command Southern Command Western Command Coastal Command South Eastern Command Yangon Command Naypyidaw Command
Kachin State
Myitkyina
33 Infantry Battalions
Lashio
30 Infantry Battalions
Eastern Command ()
Taunggyi
42 Infantry Battalions including 16 Light Infantry Battalions under Regional Operation Command (ROC) Headquarters at Loikaw 36 Infantry Battalions
Mawlamyaing (Moulmein)
Myanmar Army
7
Bago and Magwe Divisions Toungoo 27 Infantry Battalions
Southern Command ( )
11 Infantry Battalions
Western Command ( )
33 Infantry Battalions
Sagaing Division
Monywa
25 Infantry Battalions
Yangon Command ( )
Yangon Division
Mayangone Township-Kone-Myint-Thar
11 Infantry Battalions
43 Infantry Battalions including battalions under 2 MOC based at Tavoy 23 Infantry Battalions
Kyaingtong (Kengtung)
Central Command ( )
Mandalay Division
Mandalay
17 Infantry Battalions
Naypyidaw Command ( )
Naypyidaw
Pyinmana
2005
Major General Maung Maung Aye Major General San Oo Major General Aung Kyaw Zaw Major General Htun Nay Lin Major General Ye Aung Major General Soe Thein Brigadier General Kyaw Major General Soe Min Lwin Original North western Command in Mandalay was renamed Central Command in March, 1990 Original Southern Command in Taungoo was renamed Central Command in March, 1990
1961
1972
1961
1961
Western Command
1972
1961
Myanmar Army
8
1961 Major General Tin Maung Win Major General Zay Yar Aung Major General Soe Htut Brigadier General Thein Sein Brigadier General Thiha Thura Thura Sit Maung Major General Than Thein Sein later became Prime Minister and elected as Tun Oo President in 2011 Major General Khin Sit Maung was killed in Helicopter crash along with the then Maung Htay Chief of Staff (Army) Lt. General Tin Oo in 19 Feb [15] 2001. Major General Tun Than Formed as Naypyidaw Command in 1963 with deputy commander and some staff officers from Central Command. Renamed Yangon Command on 1 June 1965.
1972
Southern Command
1972
1996
1996
Yangon Command
1965
Notes
Myanmar Army
10th Military Operations Command (MOC-10) Kyigon , Sagaing Region 11th Military Operations Command (MOC-11) Loilem , Shan State 12th Military Operations Command (MOC-12) Kawkareik , Kayin State 13th Military Operations Command (MOC-13) Bokpyin , Tanintharyi Region 14th Military Operations Command (MOC-14) Mong Hsat , Shan State 15th Military Operations Command (MOC-15) Buthidaung , Rakhine State 16th Military Operations Command (MOC-16) Theinni , Shan State 17th Military Operations Command (MOC-17) Mong Pan , Shan State 18th Military Operations Command (MOC-18) Mong Hpayak , Shan State 19th Military Operations Command (MOC-19) Ye , Mon State 20th Military Operations Command (MOC-20) Kawthaung , Tanintharyi Region 21st Military Operations Command (MOC-21) Bhamo , Kachin State
Myanmar Army
10
These divisions were first introduced to the Myanmar Army in 1966 as rapid reaction mobile forces for strike operations. 77th Light Infantry Light Infantry Division Structure Division was formed on 6 June 1966, followed by 88th Light Infantry Division and 99th Light Infantry Division in the two following years. 77th LID was largely responsible for the defeat of the Communist forces of the CPB (Communist Party of Burma) based in the forested hills of the central Bago Yoma in the mid 1970s. Three more LIDs were raised in the latter half of 1970s (the 66th, 55th and 44th) with their headquarters at Pyay, Aungban and Thaton. They were followed by another two LIDs in the period prior to the 1988 military coup (the 33rd LID with headquarters at Sagaing and the 22nd LID with headquarters at Hpa-An). 11th LID was formed in December 1988 with headquarters at Inndine, Bago Division and 101st LID was formed in 1991 with its headquarters at Pakokku.[6] [16] Each LID, commanded by Brigadier General (Bo hmu gyoke) level officers, consists of 10 light infantry battalions specially trained in counter-insurgency, jungle warfare, "search and destroy" operations against ethnic insurgents and narcotics-based armies. These Battalions are organised under three Tactical Operations Commands (TOC; Nee byu har). Each TOC, commanded by a Colonel (Bo hmu gyi), is made up of three or more combat Battalions, with command and support elements similar to that of brigades in Western armies. One infantry battalion was held in reserve. As of 2000, all LID have their own organic Field Artillery units. For example, 314th Field Artillery Battery is now attached to 44th LID. Some of the LID battalions have been given Parachute and Air Borne Operations training and two of the LIDs have been converted to mechanised infantry formation with divisional artillery, armoured reconnaissance and tank battalions[6] LIDs are considered to be a strategic asset of the Myanmar Army, and after the 1990 reorganisation and restructuring of the Tatmadaw command structure, they are now directly answerable to Chief of Staff (Army).[6] [16]
Myanmar Army
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Headquarters
Current Commander
Notes
Inndine
11th Light Infantry Division 1987 Hpa-An Col. Tin Hla Invovled in crackdown of unarmed protestors during 8.8.88 democracy uprising
55th Light Infantry Division 1976 Pyay Col. Taung Zar Khaing
Myanmar Army
12
1966 Hmawbi Col. Tint Swe
99th Light Infantry Division 1991 Pakokku Col. Saw Tun Units of 101st LID were deployed during the purge of Military Intelligence faction in 2004.
Directorate of Artillery
Myanmar Army
13
No. 1 Artillery Battalion was formed in 1952 with three artillery batteries under the Directorate of Artillery Corps. A further three artillery battalions were formed in the late 1952. This formation remained unchanged until 1988. Since 2000, the Directorate of Artillery Corps has overseen the expansion of Artillery Operations Commands(AOC) from two to 10. Tatmadaw's stated intention is to establish an organic Artillery Operations Command in each of the 12 Regional Military Command Headquarters. Each Artillery Operation Command is composed of the following:[14]
As of 2000, the Artillery wing of the Tatmadaw has about 60 Battalions and 37 independent Artillery companies/batteries attached to various Regional Military Commands (RMC), Light Infantry Divisions (LID), Military Operation Command (MOC) and Regional Operation Command (ROC)s. For example, 314th Field Artillery Battery is under 44th LID, 326 Field Artillery Battery is attached to 5th MOC, 074 Field Artillery Battery is under the command of ROC (Bhamo) and 076 Field Artillery Battery is under North-Eastern RMC. Twenty of these Artillery battalions are grouped under 707th Artillery Operation Command (AOC) headquarters in Kyaukpadaung and 808th Artillery Operation Command (AOC) headquarters in Oaktwin, near Taungoo. The remaining 30 battalions, including 7 Anti-Aircraft artillery battalions are under the Directorate of Artillery Corps.[6] [16] ====Artillery Operations Command (AOC)==== ( ) HQ battalion 12 Artillery Battalions: 6 Light Field artillery battalion equipped with 105 mm, 76 mm, 75 mm howitzers, field guns and mountain guns, 3 Medium Field Artillery battalion equipped with 155 mm, 130 mm, 122 mm howitzers and field guns, 1 Multiple Rocket Launcher battalion equipped with 122mm self propelled and towed launchers, 1 Air Defence Artillery battalion with 37 mm, 57 mm Anti-Aircraft guns or SA 18 IGLAs) man portable surface-to-air missiles and 1 target acquisition battalion. support units Light field artillery battalions consists of 3 field artillery batteries with 36 field guns or howitzers (12 guns per battery). Medium
artillery
battalions
Myanmar Army
14
consists of 3 medium artillery batteries of 18 field guns or howitzers (6 guns per one battery).[14] As of 2011, all field guns of Myanmar Artillery Corps are undergoing upgrade programs including GPS Fire Control Systems.
Artillery Operations Command (AOC) 505th Artillery Operations Command 606th Artillery Operations Command 707th Artillery Operations Command 808th Artillery Operations Command 909th Artillery Operations Command 901st Artillery Operations Command 902nd Artillery Operations Command 903rd Artillery Operations Command 904th Artillery Operations Command 905th Artillery Operations Command
Notes
Padein--Ngape
Directorate of Armour
No.1 Armour Company and No.2 Armour Company was formed in July, 1950 under the Directorate of Armour and Artillery Corps with Sherman tanks, Stuart Light Tanks, Humber Amour Scout Cars, Ferret Armoured Cars and Univerl Bren Carriers. These two companies were merged on 1 November 1950 to become No. 1 Armour Battalion with Headquarter in Mingalardon. On 15 May 1952 No. Tank Battalion was formed with 25 Comet Tanks acquired from United Kingdom. The Armour Corps within Myanmar Army was the most neglected one for nearly thirty years since the Tatmadaw did not procure any new tanks or armour carriers since 1961.
Armoured divisions, known as Armoured Operations Command (AROC), under the command of Directorate of Armour Corps, were also expanded in number from one to two, each with ten armoured battalions (five Armoured
Myanmar Army battalions equipped with Main battle Tanks and five Mechanised Infantry battalions equipped with Infantry fighting vehicles and Armored personnel carriers). [16] In mid-2003, Tamadaw acquired 139+ T-72 Main battle Tanks from Ukraine and signed a contract to build and equip a factory in Myanmar to produce and assemble 1,000 BTR Armored personnel carriers in 2004.[18] In 2006, the Government of India transferred an unspecified number of T-55 Main battle Tanks that were being phased out from active service to Tatmadaw along with 105mm Light Field Guns, armoured personnel carriers and indigenous HAL Light Attack Helicopters in return for Tatmadaws support and cooperation in flushing out Indian insurgent groups operating from its soil.[19] Armoured Operations Command (AROC) Armoured Operations Commands (AROC) are equivalent to Independent Armoured Divisions in western term. Currently there are 5 Armoured Operations Commands under Directorate of Armoured Corps in Tatmadaw order of battle. Tatmadaw planned to establish an AROC each in 7 Regional Military Commands.[14] Typical Armoured Division in Myanmar Army composed of Headquarter, Three Armored Tactical Operations Command - each with one Mechanized battalion equipped with 44 BMP-1 or MAV-1 Infantry Fighting Vehicles, Two Tanks Battalions equipped with 44 Main Battle Tanks each, one Armored Reconnaissance battalion equipped with 32 Type-63A Amphibious Light Tanks, one Field Artillery battalion and a Support battalion. Support battalion composed of an engineer squadron, two logistic squadrons and a signal company.[14] Myanmar Army has taken delivery of 150 EE-9 Cascavels from Israeli army(?) surplus in 2005. Although EE 9 are armoured reconnaissance vehicle, Myanmar Army categorized them as light tank and deploys them in eastern Shan State and triangle regions near Thai-Myanmar border.
15
Sector Operations Commands Under MIADS, the country was divided into six Air Defense Sectors, each controlled by a Sector Operations Center (SOC) and reporting directly to the National Air Defense Operations Center (ADOC) in Yangon. Each SOC transmitted data back to Intercept Operations Centers (IOC), which in turn controlled SAM batteries and fighter/interceptor squadrons at various Air Bases. Each IOC was optimized to direct either SAMs or fighter/interceptor aircraft against incoming enemy aircraft or missile. Each IOC was connected to observer and early warning area reporting posts (RP) via military owned underground fibre optic cable network. There were about 100
Myanmar Army radar stations located at approximately 40 sites throughout the country. New Air Defence radars such as 1L117 radars, Galaxy Early Warning Radar and P series radars are installed in all radar stations.[14] Each Sector Operation Center (SOC) is commanded by a Major General and it consists of one air defense division from Myanmar Army and one fighter-interceptor wing from Myanmar Air Force. Sometimes Air Defense Frigates from Myanmar Navy also operates under the direct command of respective SOC. Each Air Defense division is commanded by a Brigadier General and consists of three Air Defense Tactical Operations Command (TOC) and support units. One Medium Range Surface to Air Missile Tactical Operations Command (MRSAM-TOC), with three battalions equipped with Buk M-1 or Kub missile system is deployed in an Area Defense Belt role. One Short Range Air Defense Tactical Operations Command (SHORAD-TOC), with three battalions equipped with Tor M-1 missile system is deployed in a Point Defense role for critical areas such as radar stations, fighter bases and SOC headquarters. One Electronic Reconnaissance Tactical Operations Command (EIR-TOC) with 6 to 8 radar and communication companies for early warnings and interdiction detection. Each fighter-interceptor wing commanded by a Brigadier General and is composed of three Fighter squadrons of either MiG-29 and F-7M Airguard Interceptors (ten air crafts per squadron) and their ground base support units.[14]
Sector Operation Centers Northern SOC Southern SOC Western SOC Eastern SOC South Eastern SOC Central SOC Headquarters Myitkyina Myeik Sittwe Tachilek Yay Meiktila Notes
16
Directorate of Signal
Soon after the independence in 1948, Myanmar Signal Corps was formed with units from Burma Signals, also known as "X" Branch. It consisted HQ Burma Signals, Burma Signal Training Squadron (BSTS) and Burma Signals Squadron. HQ Burma Signals was located within War Office. BSTS based in Pyain Oo Lwin was formed with Operating Cipher Training Troop, Dispacth Rider Training Troop, Lineman Training Troop, Radio Mechanic Training Troop and Regimental Signals Training Troop. BSS, based in Mingalardon, had nince sections: Administration Troop, Maintenance Troop, Operating Directorate of Signal Troop, Cipher Troop, Lineman and Dispatch Rider Troop, NBSD Singals Troop, SBSD Signals Troop, Mobile Brigade Singals Toop and Arakan Singals Toop. The then Chief of Signal Staff Officer (CSO) was Lieutenant Colonel Saw Aung Din. BSTS and BSS were later renamed No. 1 Signal Battalion and No.1 Signal Training Battalion. In 1952, the Infantry Divisional Signals Regiment was formed and later renamed to No. 2 Signal Battalion. HQ Burma Signals was reorganised and became Directorate Signal and the director was elevated to the rank of Colonel. In 1956, No. 1 Signal Security Battalion was formed, followed by No. 3 Signal Battalion in November 1958 and No.4 Signal Battalion in October 1959. In 1961, signal battalions were reorganised as No. 11 Signal Battalion under North Eastern Regional Military Command, No. 121 Signal Battalion under Eastern Command, No. 313 Signal Battalion under Central Command, No.414 Signal Battalion under South Western Command, and No. 515 Signal Battalion under South Eastern Command. No.1 Signal Training Battalion was renamed Burma Signal Training Depot (Baho-Setthweye-Tat).
Myanmar Army By 1988, Directorate of Signals command one training depot, eight signal battalions, one signal security battalion, one signal store depot and two signal workshops. Siganl Corps under Directorate of Signal further expanded during 1990 expansion and reorganisation of Myanmar Armed Forces. By 2000, a signal battalion is attached to each Regional Military Command and signal companies are now attached to Light Infantry Divisions and Military Operations Commands. In 2000, Command, Control and Communication system of Myanmar Army has been substantially upgraded by setting up the military fibre optic communication network managed by Directorate of Signal throughout the country. Since 2002 all Myanmar Army Regional Military Command HQs used its own telecommunication system. Satellite communication links are also provided to forward-deployed infantry battalions. However, battle field communication systems are still poor. Infantry units are still using TRA 906 and PRM 4051 which were acquired from UK in 1980s. Myanmar Army also uses Thura (locally built TRA 906) and XD-D6M (Chinese) radio sets. Frequency hopping handsets are fitted to all front line units.[20] Between 2000 to 2005, Myanmar army bought 50 units of Brett 2050 Advanced Tech radio set from Aussie through third party from Singapore. Those units are distributed to ROCs in central & upper regions to use in counterinsurgency operations. [14] [16]
17
Myanmar Army
18
Units Medical Corps Centre No.(1) Field Medical Battalion No.(2) Field Medical Battalion No.(3) Field Medical Battalion No.(4) Field Medical Battalion No.(5) Field Medical Battalion No.(6) Field Medical Battalion No.(7) Field Medical Battalion No.(8) Field Medical Battalion No.(9) Field Medical Battalion
Headquarter Hmawbi Mandalay Taunggyi Taungoo Pathein Mawlamyaing Hmawbi Monywa Sittwe Mohnyin
RMC Yangon Command Central Command Eastern Command Southern Command South Western Command South Eastern Command Yangon Command North Western Command Western Command Northern Command North Eastern Command Northern Command Triangle Region Command Costal Region Command Yangon Command Yangon Command
No.(10) Field Medical Battalion Lashio No.(11) Field Medical Battalion Bhamo No.(12) Field Medical Battalion Kengtung No.(13) Field Medical Battalion Myeik No.(14) Field Medical Battalion Taikkyi Health and Disease Control Unit Mingaladon
Training
See: Military Training in Myanmar
[6] [14] [16]
Kalaw
Pyin U Lwin
Pyin U Lwin
Yangon
Myanmar Army
19
Defence Services Technological College - DSTC Hopong
Training schools
Training Schools Officer Training School - OTS Locations Fort Ba Htoo Badge
Fort Ba Htoo
Fort Ba Htoo
Fort Bayinnaung
Mone Tai
Armour Training School Electronic Warfare School Engineer School Information Warfare School
Fort Ye Mon
Commissioned officers
Note: Senior General (OF-10) and Vice Senior General rank are currently inactive . General is now the highest rank in Myanmar Armed Forces and Lieutenant General in Army, Navy, Air Force, Bureau of Air Defense, Chief of Staff, Adjutant General, Quartermaster General and Bureau of Special Operations.
Myanmar Army
20
Bo Gyoke Kyee
Du Bo Gyoke Kyee
Bo Gyoke
Bo Hmu Gyoke
General General
Myanmar Army
21
Tatkyatkyi Sergeant
Tatkyat Corporal
UK equivalent
Staff Sergeant
Sergeant
Corporal
Lance Corporal
Order of battle
[14] [16]
13 x Regional Military Commands (RMC) organised in 6 Bureau of Special Operations (BSO) 6 x Regional Operations Commands (ROC) 20 Military Operations Commands (MOC) including 1 x Airborne Infantry Division 10 x Light Infantry Divisions (LID) 10 x Armoured Operation Commands (AOC) (Each with 6 Tank Battalions and 4 Armoured Infantry Battalions (IFVs/APCs).) 10 x Artillery Operation Commands (AOC) (with of 113 Field Artillery Battalions) 6 x Anti-Aircraft Artillery/Air Defence Division (Each with 3 Medium Range SAM Battalions, 3 Short Range SAM Battalions, 3 AAA/AD Battalion) 40+ Military Affair Security Companies (MAS Units replaces former Military Intelligence Units after the disbandment of the Directorate of Defense Service Intelligence (DDSI)) 45 Advanced Signal Battalions 54 Field Engineer Battalions 4 Armoured Engineer Battalions 14 Medical Battalions
Myanmar Army
22
Equipment
[6] [14] [16] [21]
Combat vehicles
Model T-55 Type 59 T-72 Type Main battle tank Main battle tank Main battle tank 368 Quantity [22] [23] [24] Origin Soviet Union China Soviet Union Purchased from Ukraine. Other reports claim as few as 14 [22] purchased. Acquired from India. Notes
160+ 139
[25]
Type 69-II
[26]
Main battle tank Main battle tank Light tank Light Tank
[22]
China China
[26]
Comet tank
Armoured Car Armoured Car Armoured Fighting Vehicle Infantry fighting vehicle Armoured fighting vehicle
BMP-1
Soviet Union
Type 85
250
China
Type 85 AFV#Operators
BTR-3U MPV
[29] [30]
Armoured personnel carrier Armoured personnel carrier Armoured personnel carrier Armoured personnel carrier Armoured car Armoured car
Ukraine
Purchased as kits to be assembled locally until 2013 to circumvent embargo. Mine protected armoured personnel carrier.
India
BAAC-87 APC
Myanmar
BAAC-83 APC
11
Myanmar
20 30
Myanmar Myanmar
Armoured personnel carrier Armoured personnel carrier Armoured personnel carrier Armoured personnel carrier
72
WWII vintage
WWII vintage
Universal Carrier
80
WWII vintage
Humber Pig
60
WWII vintage
Myanmar Army
23
Artillery
Type Origin Quantity Notes
Self-propelled artillery SH 1 [31] [32] China Serbia 150 30 155mm self-propelled howitzer 155mm self-propelled howitzer Towed artillery D-30M D-20 KH-179 M48 mountain gun M-845P Soltam M-68 Soltam M-71 Ordnance QF 25 pounder Ordnance QF 75 mm BL 5.5 inch Medium Gun Type 59-1 Various 105mm howitzers Soviet Union Soviet Union South Korea Yugoslavia Israel Israel Israel United Kingdom 270 35 100+ 100 16 ? ? 50 122mm howitzer delivered in 2009 from DPRK. 155mm howitzer 76mm mountain gun Issued to the Airborne Division (4 MOC ) 155mm howitzer 155 mm 33 calibre towed gun howitzer 155 mm 39 calibre towed howitzer World War II vintage 87.6mm howitzer . Primarily used as a training weapon World War II vintage 122 mm howitzer
Nora B-52
United Kingdom
80
United Kingdom
230
China Various
160 340+
130mm field gun Types: L118, M101, M56 and others . Most of them are locally manufactured MH-1 (version of L118 Light Gun)
Multiple rocket launchers M-1991 Democratic People's Republic of Korea China China Soviet Union Soviet Union China Myanmar 90 240mm multiple rocket launcher (self-propelled)
90 90 230 35 48 72
122mm multiple rocket launcher (self-propelled) 122mm multiple rocket launcher (self-propelled) 122mm multiple rocket launcher (self-propelled) 220mm Multiple Rocket Launcher 107mm multiple rocket launcher (towed) 122mm multiple rocket launcher (towed)
Air Defence
Myanmar Army
24
Type
Origin
Quantity Notes
Missile systems BAe Dynamics Bloodhound Mk.II [34] S-75 Dvina (SA-2 Guideline) [6] [33] United Kingdom 60 Supplied by Singapore
Soviet Union ( Russia) Soviet Union ( Russia) Soviet Union ( Russia) Soviet Union ( Russia) [34]
250
26
20
60
Soviet Union ( Russia) Soviet Union ( Russia) Soviet Union ( Russia) Soviet Union ( Russia) China
60
[34]
122
[34]
70
Self-propelled, short-range surface-to-air gun and missile system Very short-range portable surface-to-air missile system (MANPADS) Very short-range portable surface-to-air missile system (MANPADS)
400
CPMIEC HN5
200
Gun systems Type 56 Type-95 (anti-aircraft system) ZU-23-2 Type-87 (anti-aircraft system) Bofors 40 mm China Various anti-aircraft guns Soviet Union Sweden 580 600 380 unknown 14.5mm heavy machine gun in quadruple mounts 37mm /40mm /57mm Towed 23 mm anti-aircraft twin autocannon 40 mm anti-aircraft autocannon
Support weapons
In Myanmar Army, Support Weapons are usually issued in Three different levels, for example, 60mm BA-100 mortar at Company level, 81mm BA-90 Mortar at battalion level and 120mm MA-6 Mortar at Tactical Operations Command (TOC) level. Another example is Rocket and Grenade Launchers. MA-4 Assault Rifle with M-203 40mm Grenade Launcher are issued at Squad level, MA-10 Rocket Launcher, locally manufactured version of RPG-7, are issued at Company level and 84mm MA-14 Recoilless Gun, locally manufactured version of Carl Gustav M-2, at battalion level.
Myanmar Army
25
Type
Origin
Quantity Mortars
Notes
Various mortars
Various
2400+
Rocket Launchers and Recoilless Guns M-18 Type 36 M-20 Super Bazooka Type 52 Rocket Launchers Type 56 Rocket Laungers Type 65 Type 78 Carl Gustav M-2 M40 recoilless rifle China N/A N/A 57mm 57mm 75mm / 3.5inch 75mm 75mm 82mm 82mm 84mm (locally manufactured as MA-14) 106mm
United States 200 China China China China Sweden N/A N/A N/A N/A 1800
0.50 Cal. Browning M2HB Heavy Machine Gun 12.7mm NSV Heavy Machine Gun 12.7mm Type 85 Heavy Machine Gun 20mm Hispano Suiza Mk 5 Automatic Cannon
0.5 Calibre
Myanmar Army General Purpose Machine Guns/Light Machine Guns (GPMG/LMG) The typical section support weapon before 1988 Tatmadaw modernization program was the locally manufactured 7.62mm BA64 Light Machine Gun (LMG). This was essentially the G3 assault rifle fitted with heavy barrel, bi-pod and carrying handle. The G4 replaced the British 0.30in Bren LMG. Company fire support generally consisted of German-designed 7.62mm MG3 General-purpose machine guns (made in Myanmar's own Ka Pa Sa factories) and the Belgian 7.62mm FN MAG GPMG. After modernization program, General Purpose Machine Guns and Light Machine Guns are distributed as follow: MA-2 5.56mm Light Machine Gun for Squad Fire Support, MA- 15 7.62mm General Purpose Machine Gun, locally manufactured version of German MG3 in Company machine gun platoon and 12.7mm Type 85 Heavy Machine Gun or 0.50 Cal. Browning M2HB in battalion heavy weapon company.
Myanmar Soldiers firing MG3 GPMG
26
Myanmar Army
27
Soldiers from South Western RMC firing MA-10 during training exercise
Origin Belgium
Notes Supplied by USA through Military Assistance Programme during the 70s
.303 British
World War II vintage, phased out from active units and transferred to Myanmar Police Force battalions and People Militia units
7.62 x 51 mm phased out from active units and transferred to Myanmar Police Force battalions and People NATO Militia units 7.62 x 51 mm Locally manufactured Light Machine Gun version of German G3 equipped with heavy barrel, NATO bi-pod and carrying handle 5.56 x 45 mm Locally manufactured Light Machine Gun version of IMI Galil ARM equipped with heavy NATO barrel, folding bi-pod, carrying handle and wooden hand guard. Standard issued Squad Fire Support
MA-2
Myanmar
Myanmar Army
28
7.62 x 51 mm Locally manufactured German MG3 General Purpose Machine Gun, Standard issued NATO Company Fire Support 7.62 x 51 mm NATO
MA15
Myanmar
FN MAG
Belgium
Individual weapons
Before 1988, the standard Myanmar infantry weapon was the 7.62 mm BA-63 Assault Rifle, a locally produced version of the Heckler & Koch G3. Myanmar also produced a shorter, lighter carbine version of the same rifle under the designation BA-72, simply known as the G2 and Light machine gun variant, known as BA-64 or G4, equipped with heavy barrel, folding bipod, and carrying handle. A fourth version of the G3 with integral scope attached, known as the BA-100, was more accurate and reliable, but was primarily used as a sniper's weapon. Many soldiers, mainly officers and NCO, still carried 0.30 caliber M1 and M2 carbines provided by the US in the 1950s under the Military Assistance Program (MAP). These world war two vintage carbines are ideal for jungle warfare. From the beginning of 2002, 7.62mm BA series assault rifles have been gradually replaced by 5.56x45mm NATO MA-series assault rifles in Myanmar Army's front line units, tested earlier as the EMERK-3.[35] MA-series assault rifles are identical to Israeli GALIL rifle family and fire 5.56x45mm NATO NATO rounds. From the beginning of 2011, Myanmar Army start producing so many Heckler & Koch HK33 assault rifles for Myanmar Army's front line units, as MA-12. As side-arm, officers used the 9mm SIG Sauer P226 semi-automatic pistol locally manufactured under license as MA-6.
Type Origin Calibre Notes Assault Rifles MA-1 Assault rifle Myanmar 5.56x45mm NATO 5.56x45mm NATO 5.56x45mm NATO Locally manufactured version of IMI Galil Assault Rifle with wooden hand-guard and butt-stock, standard issue and replaced older BA-62 rifles. Locally manufactured version of Heckler & Koch HK33 Assault Rifle, standard issue and replaced older MA series rifles in 2010. Locally manufactured version of IMI Galil SAR Carbine with folding metal stock and shorter barrel (13.1in) - standard issue carbine for officers and squad/platoon commanders. Replaced M1 and M2 carbines Locally manufactured version of IMI Galil AR with 40mm M203 Grenade Launcher
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
Locally manufactured version of Heckler & Koch G3 chambered for 5.56x45mm NATO rounds with STANAG magazine as part of 5.56x45mm NATO round standardization. Most observers often mistake this as HK33 Locally manufactured version of Heckler & Koch G3 chambered for 5.56x45mm NATO rounds with STANAG magazine. This is a Light Machine Gun variant with folding bi-pod and carrying handle. Most observers often mistake this as HK33 Locally manufactured version of HK-G3A2. Replaced by MA series assault rifles in active units, transferred to Myanmar Police Force battalions and People Militia units Locally manufactured version Light Machine Gun of HK-G3 equipped with heavy barrel, folding bi-pod and carrying handle. Replaced by MA series assault rifles in active units, transferred to Myanmar Police Force battalions and People Militia units Locally manufactured carbine version of HK-G3K with shorter barrel. Replaced by MA series assault rifles in active units, transferred to Myanmar Police Force battalions and People Militia units
Myanmar
5.56x45mm NATO
Myanmar
Myanmar
Myanmar
7.62x51mm NATO
Myanmar Army
29
7.62x51mm NATO 7.62x39mm 7.62x39mm 5.45x39mm Locally manufactured version of HK-G3A3ZF, Replaced by MA series assault rifles in active units, transferred to Myanmar Police Force battalions and People Militia units Captured stock from Ethnic Insurgents and Narco Armies Captured stock from Ethnic Insurgents and Narco Armies Captured stock from Ethnic Insurgents and Narco Armies
BA-100 Assault Rifle Type 81 Type 56 Kalashnikov AK-74 Kalashnikov AKM 5.45mm AKS-74U
Myanmar
Russia Russia
7.62x39mm 5.45x39mm
Captured stock from Ethnic Insurgents and Narco Armies Captured stock from Ethnic Insurgents and Narco Armies Sub-machine guns
BA-52
Myanmar
9mm
Locally manufactured version of TZ-45 Sub-Machine Gun, famously known as "Ne Win Sten", phased out from active front line units and handed over to Myanmar Police Force and People Militia units. Locally manufactured version of Heckler & Koch MP5 Sub-Machine Gun.
Myanmar
9mm
Myanmar
9mm
Locally manufactured version of Uzi with wooden hand-guard and butt-stock. Mainly equipped to Body Guard Units and Special Force units.
United Kingdom
9mm
Grenade Launchers Type 56 RPG / RPG2 Type 69 RPG / RPG7 GP-25 M79 China 82mm War Head 85mm War Head 40mm 40mm locally manufactured as MA-10
China
M203
40mm
Side Arm SIG Sauer P226 Myanmar 9mm Locally manufactured version of 9mm SIG Sauer P226 pistol. Start using from 2011. Locally named as MA-6.
Transport
Before 1988, Myanmar Army had less than 2,000 military trucks in their inventory, bulk of them are locally assembled 6 ton 4x2 Hino TE 11/21 trucks, and they had to rely on civil transport systems. After the 1988 military coup, with the starting of the defence modernization programme, Myanmar started to acquire hundreds of logistic vehicle mainly from China. In 1992, Myanmar Army bought 4,000 6 ton 4x2 FAW and Dongfeng EQ1093 [36] trucks form China and delivery completed in 1995. However due to maintenance problems with the earlier TE 11 and 21, Myanmar Army again signed contract with China to buy 4,000 Jiefang CA1091 [37] 4x2 5 ton trucks. Again in 1997, Myanmar Army acquired 1,000 Dongfeng EQ2102 [38] 3.5 tonne 6X6 military utility trucks and 200 Shaanqi SX 2190 [39] 6X6 military utility trucks for newly formed artillery units for towing guns. However during border clashes with neighbouring Thailand in 2002, Myanmar Army found difficulties with the existing 4x2 military trucks and then they acquired 3,000 Dongfeng EQ2102 3.5 tonne 6X6 military utility trucks. These trucks were delivered at China-Myanmar border town of Shwe Li between 2003 and 2006. In 2007 November, China has agreed
Myanmar Army to supply another 1,500 EQ2102 3.5 tonne 6x6 military utility trucks to Myanmar Military. As part of that agreement Myanmar has taken delivery of first batch of 350 EQ 2102 trucks in 2008 April and 650 trucks are to deliver in June. Myanmar ordinance factories started assembling Chinese Aeolus 4x2 6 tonne military utility trucks in 1997. Myanmar Army is now believed to be operating more than 6,000 Aeolus trucks.
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Unarmored vehicles
Type Origin Quantity Notes
Trucks Hino Motors TE 11/21 [31] [32] China China 1,000 4,000 4,000 Now being phased out 4x2 5ton trucks 4x2 5ton trucks 4x2 5 ton trucks 6x6 3.5 ton truck 6x6 3.5 ton trucks 6x6 6 ton 6x6 6ton Utility Toyota Land Cruiser Toyota Tiger Double Cub grand tiger Isuzu Trooper Jiefang Motors Langian Chin Dwin Star 3,000 2,000 issued for Generals officers (OF-6 and above) issued for colonels (OF-4 and OF-5) Used by Infantry Regiment for their front line logistic Used by LIDs for their front line logistic Urban utility vehicles (non-combative) High Mobility Vehicle (locally reverse engineered AMC Hummer)
Jiefang Motors EQ1093 truck Jiefang Motors EQ1091 truck Aeolus Jiefang Motors EQ2102 Shaanqi Motors SX 2190 FSC Star 266 FAW CA6110
References
[1] The Asian Conventional Military Balance 2006 (http:/ / csis. org/ files/ media/ csis/ pubs/ 060626_asia_balance_south. pdf), Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 June 2006, p.4, [2] http:/ / www. mizzima. com/ news/ breaking-and-news-brief/ 5087-burmese-governments-new-list-of-ministers. html [3] "Myanmar allocates 1/4 of new budget to military" (http:/ / www. businessweek. com/ ap/ financialnews/ D9LMDOSO1. htm). Associated Press. 1 March 2011. . [4] DSHMRI Archives [5] Working Papers - Strategic and Defence Studies Centre, Australian National University [6] Selth, Andrew (2002): Burma's Armed Forces: Power Without Glory, Eastbridge. ISBN 1-891936-13-1 [7] Far Eastern Economic Review, 20 May 1981 [8] FEER, 7 July 1983 [9] Bertil Lintner, Land of Jade [10] Asiaweek 21 Feb. 1992 [11] The Defence of Thailand (Thai Government issue), p.15, April 1995 [12] Oct 7, 2006 (2006-10-07). "Asia Times Online :: Southeast Asia news - Myanmar's losing military strategy" (http:/ / www. atimes. com/ atimes/ Southeast_Asia/ HJ07Ae01. html). Atimes.com. . Retrieved 2010-07-28. [13] WP 342. Australian National University [14] Defence Services Historical Museum and Research Institute [15] http:/ / www. asiantribune. com/ news/ 2004/ 07/ 04/ who-killed-s-2-tin-oo [16] Myoe, Maung Aung: Building the tatmadaw - Myanmar Armed Forces Since 1948, Institute of SouthEast Asian Studies. ISBN 978-981-230-848-1 [17] http:/ / www. irrawaddy. org/ article. php?art_id=20435
Myanmar Army
[18] http:/ / www. irrawaddy. org/ article. php?art_id=954 [19] http:/ / www. india-defence. com/ reports-2576 [20] http:/ / www. burmanet. org/ news/ 2010/ 08/ 13/ jane%E2%80%99s-intelligence-review-radio-active-%E2%80%93-desmond-ball-and-samuel-blythe/ [21] Institute of Strategic Studies: Military Balance 2010, ISBN 978-1-85743-557-3 [22] "SIPRI Trade Register" (http:/ / armstrade. sipri. org/ armstrade/ page/ trade_register. php). Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. . [23] India sells maritime aircraft to Myanmar, Times of India (May 12, 2007). Seen January 5, 2009. [24] http:/ / www. enotes. com/ topic/ Type_59#Operators [25] David Fullbrook (18 December 2006). "Burma's Generals on a Buying Spree" (http:/ / www. asiasentinel. com/ index. php?option=com_content& task=view& id=309& Itemid=31). Asia Sentinel. . Retrieved 20 March 2011. [26] Selth, Andrew: "The Burmese Army" (http:/ / www. burmafund. org/ Pathfinders/ Research_Library/ Military/ Burma's army. htm). In: Jane's Intelligence Review, November 1, 1995. Retrieved 30 January 2009. [27] http:/ / www. irrawaddy. org/ article. php?art_id=954 [28] http:/ / www. enotes. com/ topic/ List_of_BMP-1_operators [29] Amnesty International, EU Office. EU arms embargoes fail to prevent German engines being incorporated into military vehicles available in Burma/Myanmar, China and Croatia (http:/ / www. amnesty-eu. org/ static/ documents/ Final_Germany_Burma_China. rtf). Seen January 4, 2009. [30] Ashton, William: The Kiev Connection (http:/ / www. irrawaddy. org/ article. php?art_id=954). In: The Irrawaddy, 12, 4 (2004). Seen January 4, 2009. [31] BIRN (2010) [32] BIRN (2007): Serbia's Arms Exports to Myanmar (Burma) "Legal" (http:/ / www. ocnus. net/ artman2/ publish/ Defence_Arms_13/ Serbia_s_Arms_Exports_to_Myanmar_Burma_Legal. shtml), Ocnus.net. Seen January 4, 2009. [33] Selth, Andrew (2000): Burma's Order of Battle: An Interim Assessment. ISBN 0-7315-2778-X (http:/ / rspas. anu. edu. au/ sdsc/ working_papers. php#WP351) [34] IISS The Military Balance 2007 [35] Ka-Pa-Sa MA-11/MA-12 (HK33) assault weapon system 5.54x45 (http:/ / securityarms. com/ 20010315/ galleryfiles/ 3200/ 3273. htm), Retrieved on October 28, 2007. [36] http:/ / www. sinodefence. com/ army/ transport/ eq1093f6d. asp [37] http:/ / www. sinodefence. com/ army/ transport/ ca1091. asp [38] http:/ / www. sinodefence. com/ army/ transport/ eq2102. asp [39] http:/ / www. sinodefence. com/ army/ transport/ sx2190. asp
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http://www.strategypage.com/htmw/htada/articles/20081229.aspx?comments=Y http://www.enotes.com/topic/Myanmar_Armed_Forces
External links
Role of officers in Burmese Army (Part 1) (http://www.mizzima.com/edop/commentary/ 3424-role-of-officers-in-burmese-army-part-1.html) Bo Htet Min, Mizzima, 23 January 2010
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License
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