Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.

vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh
PHNG TRNH HE PHNG TRNH
A. TOM TAT LY THUYET C BAN
1) He phng trnh bac nhat mot an:
Co dang:
( )
' ' ' ( ')
ax by c d
a x b y c d
+
'
+

(I)
Cac cach giai:
*) Phng phap o th:
- He (I) vo nghiem <=> (d) // (d) <=>
' '
a b
a b

- He (I) co mot nghiem duy nhat <=> (d) cat (d) <=>
' ' '
a b c
a b c

- He (I) co vo so nghiem <=> (d) (d) <=>
' ' '
a b c
a b c

*) Giai bang ai so:
- Phng phap the
- Phng phap cong ai so
2) Phng trnh bac hai: ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0)
Cac cach giai phng trnh bac hai mot an:
a) Cong thc nghiem: = b
2
4ac
> 0

phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet: x

1
=
-b +
2a

; x
2
=
-b -
2a

= 0

phng trnh co nghiem kep: x

1
= x
2
=
b
2a

< 0

phng trnh vo nghiem

b) Cong thc nghiem thu gon: = b
2
ac
> 0

phng trnh co hai nghiem phan biet: x

1
=
-b' + '
a
; x
2
=
-b' - '
a

= 0

phng trnh co nghiem kep: x

1
= x
2
=
b'
a
< 0

phng trnh vo nghiem

c) Nham theo he so a, b, c:
- Neu phong trnh bac hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) co a + b + c = 0 th x
1
= 1; x
2
=
c
a
- Neu phong trnh bac hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) co a - b + c = 0 th x
1
= - 1; x
2
= -
c
a
2. nh ly Vi et:
a) Neu p.trnh bac hai ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 co nghiem x
1
; x
2
th tong va tch cac
nghiem o la:
S = x
1
+ x
2
=
-b
a
; P = x
1
.x
2
=
c
a
b) Neu hai so x
1
; x
2
co S = x
1
+ x
2
va P = x
1
.x
2
th hai so o la nghiem cua
phng trnh:
x
2
Sx + P = 0
3. C.minh mot phng trnh bac hai luon luon co nghiem vi moi gia
tr cua tham so m
- Bc 1: Lap
- Bc 2: Bien oi ve dang: = A
2
0 vi moi m
Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh
hoac = A
2
+ k > 0 vi moi m
4. Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem thoa man mot he thc nao o
ta tien hanh:
Lap
Phng trnh co nghiem khi 0. T o suy ra ieu kien cua m
Ap dung nh ly Vi et tnh S = x
1
+ x
2
; P = x
1
.x
2
Bien oi e bai thanh mot day cac phep tnh co cha tong
va tch
Thay S va P vao suy ra gia tr cua m
oi chieu ieu kien va ket luan
5. Tm mot he thc gia cac nghiem oc lap oi vi m
Kh m t S va P ta se c he thc can tm
6. Mot so he thc khac: Phng trnh ax
2
+ bx + c = 0 (a 0) co:
- Hai nghiem trai dau a.c < 0 hoac
0
0 P
>
'
<

- Hai nghiem eu dng

0
S >0
P >0

'

- Hai nghiem eu am
0
S <0
P >0

'

- Mot so cong thc can lu y: x

1
2
+ x
2
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
2x
1
.x
2
;
(x
1
- x
2
)
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
4x
1
.x
2
; x
1
3
+ x
2
3
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
3
3x
1
.x
2
(x
1
+ x
2
)
B. LUYEN TAP:
Hoat ong Noi dung
Bai 1: Giai cac he phng trnh
sau:
a)
2( 1) 3( 2) 5( ) 17
4( 3) ( 2) 2 6
x y x y
x y y x
+ +
'
+ +

b)
3 1
4 2
3
1
4
x y
x y

'

c)
2
3
3 3
4
1
6 4
x y
x y x
+
+

'

a)
2( 1) 3( 2) 5( ) 17
4( 3) ( 2) 2 6
x y x y
x y y x
+ +
'
+ +

2 2 3 6 5 5 17 3 8 9
4 12 2 2 6 8
x y x y x y
x y y x x y
+ +

' '
+ + + +

Giai ra ta c: (x; y) = (11; -3)
b)
3 1
3 4 2 9 12 6
4 2
3 4 3 4 16 12 16
1
4
x y
x y x y
x y x y
x y

+ +

' ' '
+ +

Giai ta c (x; y) = (
10 4
;
7 7

)
c)
2
3
7 2 2 14
3 3
4 11 2 12 11 2 12
1
6 4
x y
x y x y
x y x x y x y
+
+

+ +

' ' '

Giai ra ta c (x; y) = (2; 5)

Bai 2: Cho he phng trnh:

2 10
(1 ) 0
ax ay
a x y
+
'
+

a) Giai he phng trnh khi a =

-2
b) Tm a e he phng trnh co
nghiem
a) khi a = -2 thay vao he PT a cho ta c he
PT:
2 4 10
3 0
x y
x y

'
+

Giai ra ta c (x; y) = (-1; 3)

b)
2 10
(1 ) 0
ax ay
a x y
+
'
+

<=>
2 10
2 (1 ) 2 0
ax ay
a a x ay
+
'
+

Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh

Tr hai PT theo ve, ta c: [a 2a(1 a)].x = -10
<=> (2a
2
a).x = -10 (1)
Phng trnh 91) co nghiem <=> (2a
2
a) 0
1
0;
2
a a
Vay vi
1
0;
2
a a th he p.trnh a cho co
nghiem
Bai 3: Xac nh gia tr cua a, b
e he phng trnh
4 5 10
3 7 4
ax y b
x by a
+
+

'

co nghiem x = 4; y = 3.
V x = 4; y = 3 la nghiem cua he PT a cho,
nen thay vao ta c he PT:
4 12 5 10 4 5 22
12 3 7 4 4 3 5
a b a b
b a a b
+

' '
+ +

Giai ra ta c a =
27 1
2 ; 2
32 8
b
Bai 4: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a) 7x
2
-12x + 5 = 0;
b)
1
2
1
x x
x x
+
+
+
c) x
2
- 2(1+ 3 )x + 2 3 = 0
d) x
2
- ( ) 3 2 + x + 6 = 0
a) 7x
2
-12x + 5 = 0 (a = 7; b = -12; c = 5)
Ta thay a + b + c = 7 + (- 12) + 5 = 0
Vay nghiem phng trnh x
1
= 1; x
2
=
5
7
b)
1
2
1
x x
x x
+
+
+
(1)
K: x 0; x -1
(1) <=> x
2
+ (x + 1)
2
= -2x(x + 1) <=> 4x
2
+ 4x + 1
= 0
Giai ra ta c x
1
= x
2
=
1
2

c) x
2
- 2(1+ 3 )x + 2 3 = 0
(a = 1; b = - 2(1+ 3 ); b = - (1+ 3 ); c = 2 3
= b
2
ac = [- (1+ 3 )]
2
- 2 3 = 4 > 0 =>
' 2
x
1
= 3 + 3 ; x
2
= 3 - 1
Bai 5: Giai cac phng trnh sau:
a)
2
1 1
10 9 0
2 2
x x
_ _
+ + +

, ,
;
b) (x
2
6x + 9)
2
+ x
2
6x 3 = 0
c)
8 2 7 8 2 7 4 x x x x + + + + + +
d) (8x + 7)
2
.(4x + 3).(x + 1) =
9
2
a) at t =
1
2
x + , ta co phng trnh t
2
10t + 9 =
0
Giai ra ta c t
1
= 1; t
2
= 9
- Vi t
1
= 1 th
1
2
x + = 1 => x =
1
2
- Vi t
2
= 9 th
1
2
x + = 9 => x = 8
1
2
b) at t = x
2
6x + 9 ta co phng trnh t
2
+ t - 12
= 0
Giai ra ta c t
1
= 3; t
2
= -4
- Vi t
1
= 3 th x
2
6x + 9 = 3 => x
1
=.....; x
2
= .....
- Vi t
2
= -4 th x
2
6x + 9 = -4 => x
3
=.....; x
4

= .....
Ket luan:
c)
8 2 7 8 2 7 4 x x x x + + + + + +
(k: x -7)
2 2
( 7 1) ( 7 1) 4 x x + + + +
7 1 7 1 4 x x + + + +
*)
7 1 x +
< 0 <=> x + 7 < 1 <=> x < -6
Do o -7 x < -6, ta co:
7 1 7 1 4 x x + + + +
Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh
<=> 0 = 2 => phng trnh vo nghiem
*)
7 1 x +
0 <=> x + 7 1 <=> x -6
ta co:
7 1 7 1 4 x x + + + +

7 2 x +
<=> x =
-3
Vay phng trnh co nghiem la x = -3.
d) (8x + 7)
2
.(4x + 3).(x + 1) =
9
2
<=> 16.(8x + 7)
2
.(4x + 3).(x + 1) = 16.
9
2
<=> (8x + 7)
2
.(8x + 6).(8x + 8) = 72
at t = 8x + 7, ta co PT:
t
2
.(t 1)(t + 1) = 72 <=> t
4
t
2
72 = 0
Giai ra ta c t = t 3, khi o x
1
=
2
1 5
;
2 4
x
Bai 6: Cho phng trnh
x
2
+ (2a 5)x 3b = 0
Xac nh a; b e phng trnh
co hai nghiem la x
1
= 2; x
2
= -3
Thay x
1
= 2; x
2
= -3 lan lt vao phng trnh, ta
c:
4 3 6 3
6 3 24 2
a b a
a b b

' '


Bai 7: Chng minh rang phng
trnh: x
2
2(m + 1)x + 2m 3 luon
co hai nghiem phan biet vi
moi m R.
Phng trnh: x
2
2(m + 1)x + 2m 3 = 0
= [-(m+1)]
2
2m + 3 = m
2
+ 4 > 0 vi moi m
ieu nay chng to phng trnh luon co hai
nghiem phan biet vi moi m R.
Bai 8: Cho phng trnh:
(m 1)x
2
2mx + m + 1 = 0 (m 1)
a) Chng to rang phng trnh
luon luon co hai hai nghiem
phan biet vi moi m 1
b) Khong giai phng trnh, hay
xac nh gia tr cua m e tch
hai nghiem bang 3. T o tnh
tong hai nghiem ay.
a) Phng trnh: (m 1)x
2
2mx + m + 1 = 0
= (-m)
2
(m 1)(m + 1) = m
2
m
2
+ 1 = 1 > 0
vi moi m. ieu nay chng to phng trnh
luon co hai nghiem phan biet vi moi m 1.
b) Theo he thc viet, ta co:
1 2
1 2
2
1
1
.
1
m
x x
m
m
x x
m

'
+

theo e bai x
1
.x
2
= 3 ta suy ra
1
3
1
m
m
+

<=> m =
2
Vi m = 2, ta lai co x
1
+ x
2
= 4
Bai 9: Cho phng trnh
x
2
+ (k 1)x k = 0
a) Xac nh k e phng trnh
co nghiem kep. Tm nghiem
kep o.
b) Xac nh k e phng trnh
co hai nghiem eu dng
a) = (k 1)
2
+ 4k =........= (k + 1)
2

Phng trnh co nghiem kep <=> = 0 <=> k =
-1
Khi o nghiem kep la: x
1
= x
2
= 1
b) Theo he thc Viet, ta co:
1 2
1 2
( 1)
.
x x k
x x k
+
'

Phng trnh co hai nghiem eu dng <=>

2
1 2
1 2
0 ( 1) 0
( 1) 0 1 0 0
0 . 0
k
x x k k k
k x x k
+

+ > < <
' '

< >

Bai 10: Cho phng trnh:
2x
2
3mx 2 = 0
a) CMR rang vi moi gia tr
cua m th phng trnh luon co
hai nghiem phan biet
b) Goi x
1
; x
2
la hai nghiem cua
phng trnh. Tm gia tr cua m
a) = (-3m)
2
+ 16 = 9m
2
+ 16 > 0 vi moi m
ieu nay chng to phng trnh luon co hai
nghiem phan biet
b) Theo he thc Viet, ta co:
1 2
1 2
3
2
. 1
m
x x
x x

'

Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh

e S = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
at gia tr nho
nhat. Tnh gia tr nho nhat
o.
c) Tnh 3 3
1 2
1 1
x x
+
theo m
Khi o S = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
2 x
1
. x
2
=
2
3
( )
2
m
+ 2 2
Dau = xay ra khi
2
3
( )
2
m
= 0 <=> m = 0
Vay min
S
= 2 khi m = 0
c) Ta co:

3 3 3 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
3 3 3 3
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ) 3 ( ) 1 1 9 (3 4)
....
( . ) ( . ) 8
x x x x x x x x m m
x x x x x x
+ + + +
+
Bai 11: Cho phng trnh
x
2
2(m 1)x + m 3 = 0
a) Giai phng trnh vi m = 4
b) Chng minh rang phng
trnh luon co nghiem vi moi
m
c) Tm mot he thc lien he
gia hai nghiem khong phu
thuoc vao m
d) Xac nh gia tr cua m sao
cho phng trnh co hai nghiem
bang nhau ve gia tr tuyet
oi va trai dau nhau.
a) Khi m = 4, giai ra ta c nghiem PT:
x
1
=
3 2 2 +
; x
2
=
3 2 2
b) = (m 1)
2
(m 3) =.......= m
2
3m + 4
=
2
3 7
( ) 0
2 4
m + > vi moi m
ieu nay chng to PT luon co hai nghiem
vi moi m
c) Theo he thc Viet, ta co:
1 2
1 2
2( 1)
. 3
x x m
x x m
+
'

He thc lien he gia hai nghiem khong phu

thuoc vao m la: x
1
+ x
2
- 2 x
1
.x
2
= 2(m 1) 2(m
3) = 4
d) Phng trnh co hai nghiem bang nhau ve
gia tr tuyet oi va trai dau nhau khi va ch
khi:
1 2
1 2
' 0
3 0 3
. 0 1
2( 1) 0 1
0
m m
x x m
m m
x x
>
< <

<
' ' '

Bai 12: Cho phng trnh:

x
2
2(m + 1)x + m 4 = 0
a) Giai phng trnh khi m = 5
b) Chng minh rang phng trnh
luon co hai nghiem phan biet
vi moi m
c) Tm m e phng trnh co hai
nghiem trai dau
d) Chng minh rang bieu thc
S = x
1
(1 x
2
) + x
2
(1 x
1
) khong phu
thuoc vao m
a) Giai ra ta c x
1
=
6 35 +
; x
2
=
6 35
b) = (m + 1)
2
(m 4) =.......= m
2
+ m + 5
=
2
1 19
( ) 0
2 4
m+ + > vi moi m
ieu nay chng to PT luon co hai nghiem
vi moi m
c) phng trnh co hai nghiem trai dau <=> a.c
< 0
<=> m 4 < 0 <=> m < 4
d) Theo he thc Viet, ta co:
1 2
1 2
2( 1)
. 4
x x m
x x m
+ +
'

Khi o: S = x
1
(1 x
2
) + x
2
(1 x
1
)
= x
1
+ x
2
- 2 x
1
.x
2
= 2m + 2 2m + 8 = 10
ieu nay chng to bieu thc
S = x
1
(1 x
2
) + x
2
(1 x
1
) khong phu thuoc vao
m
Bai 13: Cho phng trnh:
(2m 1) x
2
2(m + 4) x + 5m + 2 = 0
a) Giai phng trnh khi m = - 1
b) Tm m e phng trnh co hai
nghiem
a) Giai ra ta c x = 1
b) Ta co: = (m + 4)
2
(2m 1).(5m + 2)
=................
= -(9m
2
- 9m 18)
Phng trnh co hai nghiem khi va ch khi:
Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh
2
2 1 0 0
' 0 (9 9 18) 0
1 1
2 2
( 1)( 2) 0 1 2
m a
m m
m m
m m m

' '






' '

+

C. BAI TAP VE NHA:
Bai 1: Cho phng trnh: (m 1)x
2
2mx + m + 1 = 0 vi m la tham so:
a) Chng minh rang phng trnh luon co hai nghiem phan biet vi
moi m 1
b) Xac nh gia tr cua m e phng trnh co tch hai nghiem bang 5,
t o hay tnh tong hai nghiem cua phng trnh
c) Tm mot he thc gia hai nghiem khong phu thuoc m
d) Tm m e phng trnh co nghiem x
1
, x
2
thoa man he thc:
0
2
5
x
x
x
x
1
2
2
1
+ +

HD: a) = m
2
(m 1)(m + 1) = 1 > 0.
b) Ap dung nh ly Viet ta co: x
1
.x
2
=
1 m
1 m

+
= 5 m =
2
3
Khi o: x
1
+ x
2
=
1 m
m 2

= 6
c) x
1
+ x
2
=
1 m
m 2

=
1 m
m 2

1 + 1 =
2m-(m-1) m+1
+1= +1=
m-1 m-1
x
1
.x
2
+ 1
Vay he thc can tm la: x
1
.x
2
(x
1
+ x
2
) + 1 = 0
d)
0
2
5
x
x
x
x
1
2
2
1
+ +
2(x
1
2
+ x
2
2
) + 5x
1
x
2
= 0 2[(x
1
+ x
2
)
2
2x
1
x
2
] + 5x
1
x
2
= 0
2(x
1
+ x
2
)
2
+ x
1
x
2
= 0 2.
( )
1 m
1 m
1 m
m 4
2
2

+
+

= 0 9m
2
= 1 m =
3
1
t
Bai 2: Cho phng trnh x
2
2(m + 1)x + m
2
4m + 5 = 0
a) nh m e phng trnh co nghiem
b) Goi x
1
; x
2
la hai nghiem cua phng trnh. Tnh x
1
2
+ x
2
2
theo m
c) Tm m sao cho x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= 12
HD:a) Ta co = (m + 1)
2
m
2
+ 4m 5 = 6m 4
Phng trnh co nghiem khi 0 m
2
3
b) Ap dung he thc Viet ta co S = x
1
+ x
2
= 2(m + 1); P = x
1
. x
2
= m
2
4m +
5
x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
2x
1
x
2
= 12
<=> 4(m + 1)
2
2m
2
+ 8m 10 = 12 <=> 2m
2
+ 16m 6 = 12
<=> m
2
+ 8m 9 = 0 <=> m
1
= 1; m
2
= -9 (loai)
Bai 3: Cho phng trnh x
2
+
2
mx m
2
+ m 1 = 0
a) Chng minh phng trnh luon co nghiem vi moi gia tr cua m. Xac
nh dau cua cac nghiem
b) Goi x
1
; x
2
la cac nghiem cua phng trnh. Tm m e x
1
2
+ x
2
2
at gia
tr nho nhat
HD: a) V phng trnh co he so a = 1 > 0 va c = m
2
+ m 1 = -(m -
1
2
)
2
-
3
4
< 0
nen ac < 0 vi moi m. Vay phng trnh luon co hai nghiem trai dau
b) Ap dung he thc Viet ta co: S = x
1
+ x
2
= -
2
m; P = x
1
.x
2
= m
2
+ m 1
x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= (x
1
+ x
2
)
2
2x
1
.x
2
= 2m
2
+ 2m
2
2m + 2= 4m
2
2m + 2
= (m -
1
2
)
2
+
7
4

7
4
vi moi m.Vay gia tr nho nhat cua x
1
2
+ x
2
2
la
7
4

khi m =
1
2
Ch 3: Phng trnh-H Pt www.PNE.edu.vn GVBM: Lu Vn Minh
Bai 4 : Cho phng trnh: x
2
- 2x - m
2
- 4 = 0
a- Chng to phng trnh luon luon co hai nghiem phan biet x
1
va x
2
.
b- Tm m sao cho phng trnh nghiem x = - 2 va tnh nghiem kia.
c- Tm m sao cho : + ) x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= 20
+) x
1
= -2x
2
+) x
1
- x
2
= 10
Bai 5 : Cho phng trnh: x
2
- 2(m+1)x + m
2
+ 2 = 0
a) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh co nghiem so .
b) Vi gia tr nao cua m th hai nghiem so x
1
va x
2
cua phng trnh
nghiem ung he thc x
1
- x
2
= 4
Bai 6 : Cho phng trnh : x
2
+ 3x + 2 - m = 0 (1)
a) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh (1) co mot nghiem la 3 .
b) Giai phng trnh (1) khi m = 6 .
c) Xac nh m e hai nghiem x
1
, x
2
cua phng trnh ( 1) thoa man he
thc:x
1
2
+ x
2
2
= 3.
d) Vi gia tr nao cua m th phng trnh (1) co hai nghiem trai dau .
Bai 7 : Cho phng trnh co an so x ( m la tham so ). x
2
- mx + m - 1 = 0
a) Chng to phng trnh co nghiem x
1
;x
2
vi moi m. Tnh nghiem kep
( neu co) cua phng trnh va gia tr cua m tng ng .
b) at A = x
1
2
+ x
2
2
- 6x
1
x
2
+) Chng minh A = m2 - 8m + 8.
+) Tm m sao cho A = 8
+) Tm gia tr nho nhat cua A va gia tr cua m tng ng .