Phn ii

Mng s a dch v
Trong phn 1 ca cun sch , chng ta tm hiu cng ngh tr gip cho ISDN ; l cng ngh ca mng s tch hp ( IDN ). By gi chng ta s cp ti chnh ISDN . Chng 5 cho ta ci nhn chung v kin trc ca mng ISDN v xc nh nhng chun c ISDN xc nh, Chng 6 , chng ta kim tra mt cch chi tit kin trc v cc giao thc ca ISDN . Chng ny bao gm c vic xem xt cu trc truyn dn c hp knh, cc cu hnh c th ca giao din mng ngi s dng ISDN , kin trc cc giao thc v issuer s lin quan a ch v mng din rng. Ba chng tip theo tm hiu cc giao thc ti giao din mng-ngi s dng cho ISDN. Chng 7 xem xt lp Vt l , sau khi nhn li cc k thut m ng , hai giao din vt l : C s v s cp c khai thc. Chng ny cng tm hiu 1 cch chi tit vng thu bao cn thit tr gip ISDN . Chng 8 cp ti lp lin kt d liu. Giao thc quan trng nht ti lp ny l LAPD . Chng 9 cp ti lp mng , giao thc Q.931 c s dng iu khin cuc gi. Chng 10 kim tra cc dch v c cung cp bi ISDN . Cc dch v ny l cc yu cu m ISDN phi tho mn. Phn II kt thc vi s tho lun v bo hiu h thng s 7 ( SS7 ) trong chng 11. H thng ny xc nh cc giao thc qun tr bn trong ca ISDN

Chng 5 Tng quan ISDN

5.1 Mng s c tch hp Mng in thoi cng cng v mng vin thng ang nhanh chng s dng cng ngh s. Cc cch m trong cc mng ny khai thc cng ngh s ho c lit k trong bng 5.1 . Tro lu hng ti cng ngh s ho c y bi s cnh tranh lm gim chi ph v nng cao cht lng cc dch v mng v truyn ting ni. Cng vi vic s dng truyn dn s liu v s l phn b pht trin , s tin b ca mt mng s ho hon ton cng c y mnh nh nhu cu cung cp cho mng ISDN. Vic pht trin mng vin thng hin c v cc thit b truyn ti chuyn dng theo hng cc mng s tch hp da vo 2 tin b cng ngh l : Chuyn mch s v Truyn dn s. Cng ngh truyn dn s c tho lun trong chng 2 v 3 . Tt nhin c 2 loI truyn dn v chuyn mch s c hnh thnh mt cch thnh cng. H thng ti T u tin c da vo mc ch thng mi vo nm 1962 do cng ty AT&T . Cn b chun mch s TDM quy m ln u tin , b WESTERN ELECTRRIC 4ESS, c a vo s dng nm 1966. Tuy nhin , quan trng hn c nhng li ch ca 2 loI cng ngh ny l tng cch mng v vic cc chc nng truyn dn v chuyn mch c th c tch hp to nn 1 mng k thut s tch hp ( IDN ) . tng ny c xut nm 1959 v by gi vn cn trong qu trnh trin khai trn ton th gi.
Bng 5.1 S dng cng ngh k thut s trong mng vin thng cng cng Chuyn mch Cc node chuyn mch knh ca mng s dng cc k thut chuyn mch TDM k thut s thay v cc k thut chuyn mch SDM tng t Truyn dn trung k Cng ngh truyn dn s s dng trn cc trung k c hp knh gia cc b chuyn mch, mc d c th s dng 1 trong 2 loi bo hiu s hoc tng t. Mi trung k ti nhiu knh d liu v ting bng cch s dng k thut TDM ng b Vng thu bao Cng ngh truyn dn s c th dng gia thu bao v chuyn mch m thu bao ny gn lin vi n thng qua vng thu bao . Tc l ting dc s ho s dc s dng v truyn dn s song cng trn vng thu bao. Bo hiu iu khin Ngi ta s dng bo hiu knh chung trn mt mng chuyn mch gi kt hp mng vin thng cng cng. Cc gi cha cc bn tin s dng cho vic nh tuyn , kim tra , Iu khin.

 hiu cc ng dng ca mng IDN chng ta s xem hnh 5.1. Thng thng, cc h chuyn mch v truyn dn ca mt mng in thoi tng t c thit k v vn hnh nh cc t chc ring bit v chc nng. Hai h thng ny c nhc ti nh l in/out plant . Trong mt mng tng t, cc ng ting ni i vo c iu ch v hp knh ti im cui v gi ra ngoi qua 1 ng hp knh FDM . Sau cc tn hiu cu thnh c th i qua 1 hoc nhiu trung tm chuyn mch trung gian trc khi ti ch. Ti mi trung tm chuyn mch ng ti FDM vo s phi phn knh v gii iu ch nh 1 ngn hng knh FDM trc khi c chuyn mch nh b chuyn mch khng gian ( Hnh 5.1a ) . Sau khi chuyn mch, cc tn hiu s li c hp knh v iu ch truyn i. Qu trnh lp i lp li s gy ra s tch t n v lm tng chi ph

Hnh 5.1 Tch hp v truyn dn v chuyn mch

Khi c hai h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch u c s ho th s t c s tch hp nh trong hnh 5.1b. Cc tn hiu ting vo c s ho nh s dng iu ch xung m ( PCM ) v c hp knh nh s dng k thut TDM . Cc b chuyn mch s TDM dc theo ng i c th chuyn mch cc tn hiu ring l m khng can giI m chng. Thm na, cc ngn hng knh hp/phn knh ring bit l khng cn thit ti cc c quan trung gian v chc nng c kt hp vo trong h thng chuyn mch. Hnh 5.2 cho 1 v d n gin v cc kin trc c th tham gia vo 2 phng n ny. Xt mt b chuyn mch trung gian trong 1 mng chuyn mch knh c 6 knh ting ( c k hiu a, b , c , d. e, f ) ca d liu i vo 1 trung k ( Hnh 5.2a ). Da trn cc cuc gi hin c thit lp, 3 trong s cc knh ny s c chuyn mch ra trn 1 trung k ( a, b, e ) v 3 knh trn 1 trung k khc ( c, d , f ). Ton b 3 trung k s ni vi cc chuyn mch khc v c hp knh ti i nhiu knh d liu. Trong trng hp mt h thng s ( Hnh 5.2b ), cc tn hiu ting s c s ho v truyn i di dng 1 lung cc bit. Trn 1 trung k hp knh , cc bit t cc tn hiu ting khc nhau s c xen k bng cch s dng k thut TDM . Nh vy, trung k vo s c

cc bt t 6 knh ting khc nhau xen k v thi gian. Bn trong b chuyn mch s , mi lung bit s c phn tuyn v chuyn mch ti ng ra thch hp

Hnh 5.2 V d v chuyn mch s so vi chuyn mch tng t

Kin trc cho h thng tng t tng ng l phc tp hn nhiu . Mi mt tn hiu thoi chim mt di tn s khong 4KHz . ng trung k vo i hi bng thng rng t nht l 24KHz v mi mt tn hiu thoi chim 1 knh m tm ti mt tn s duy nht ( f1 cho knh A , f2 cho knh B , v.v.. ) . Cc knh ny phi c dn vo trong b chuyn mch tng t phn chia khng gian. Tuy nhin chuyn mch nh th ch c kh nng chuyn mch cc tn hiu t mt b tp hp trn cc tuyn li vo v tp hp trn cc tuyn li ra. Khi vn hnh ni chung , bt k mi tuyn li vo no cng c th ni c vi 1 tuyn li ra v th gia li vo v l ra tn hiu phi cng tn s. Do vy li vo FDM phi c phn knh mi mt tn hiu phi c tr v tn s thai c s ( f1 ) a vo chuyn mch . Chuyn mch nh tuyn d liu li vo tng ng vi ng ra, vi mi mt ng li ra tr ti mt trung k li ra . Vi mi mt trung k li ra , cc ng c lin kt li phi c a qua 1 b iu ch / ghep kenh to ra 1 tn hiu FDM cho php truyn trn ng trung k li ra.

S chuyn i mng vin thng truyn dn s v chuyn mch s l tt. Hin ang pht trin m rng cc dch v s ti ngi s dng. in thoi hin nay vn gi cc tine hiu tng t ti tng i , ti chng s c s ho . Cc dch v s cho ngi s dng tc thp ( < 56-Kb/s ) ni chung c th c khi c php s dng ng thu bao ring ( lease line ) v cc dch v thu ring tc cao c cung cp rng ri cho cc khch hng kinh doanh . cung cp cc dch v chuyn mch s qua ng thu bao s vn cn phi tip tc cho mng vin thng chuyn mch s gia 2 u cui . S tin trin t tng t sang s c iu khin ban u bi s cn thit phi cung cp cc truyn dn thoi mt cch kinh t. Nhng ri kt qu l mng thch hp bt gp s cn thit ln mnh khng ngng ca dch v d liu s . V th IDN vi s kt hp ca mng thoi vi kh nng truyn dn d liu ca mng d liu s to thnh 1 cu trc c gi l mng s a dch v ( ISDN ) . T sau ny tr i , ISDN ng ngha vi vic mang ng thi cc thoi s ho v cc lng d liu trn cng mt lin kt truyn dn s v qua cng 1 tng i s . Cha kho ca ISDN l gi c c li xut thp cho cc dch v d liu trn mng thoi s . 5.2 Xem xt khi nim ISDN ISDN c th hiu theo nhiu cch v tht kh c mt s miu t ngn gn v n. bt u hiu ISDN chng ta xem xt cc vn sau : Nguyn l ca ISDN S pht trin ca ISDN Giao din ngi s dng Cc mc tiu Cc li ch Cc dch v Kin trc

Nguyn l ca ISDN Cc chun cho ISDN c xc nh bi ITU-T, mt ti chng ta khia thc ti phn cui ca chng ny. Bng 5.2 l mt trong cc chun , tnh trng ISDN theo cch nhn ca ITU-T. Chng ta ln lt xem xt mi mt im ny :
1) Tr gip cc ng dng thoi v khng thoi khi s dng mt cch hn ch cc yu
t chun :

Nguyn l ny xc nh c mc ch ln phng tin ca n t c. ISDN se tr gip mt lot cc dch v lin quan n thng tin thoi ( cuc gi thoi ) v thng tin khng thoi ( trao i d liu s ) . Cc dch v ny c cp cc chun ( khuyn ngh ca ITU-T ) xc nh mt s t cc giao din v iu kin thun tin truyn dn d liu. Cc li ch ca vic chun ho s c ni sau chng ny , by

2)

3)

4)

5)

6)

gi chng ta ch ni n gin nu khng c s hn ch nh vy th mng ISDN ton cu l khng c th Tr gip cc ng dng c chuyn mch v khng chuyn mach : ISDN s tr gip c chuyn mch knh ln chuyn mch gi. Nh ni ti phn 1 , y l ch cho c 2 cng ngh . Thm na ISDN s tr gip cc dch v khng chuyn mch theo khuuon dng ca cc ng chuyn Kt ni 64-Kb/s : Mc tiu ISDN cp cho chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi kt ni tc 64-Kb/s. y l nn tng xy dng khi cu ISDN . Tc ny c chn bi v n l tc chun s ho ting ni thoi v t y n c gii thiu vo IDN. D rng tc ny c s dng nhiu , it is unfortunately restrictive to rely solely on it. Tng lai pht trin trong ISDN s cho php c linh hot hn nhiu thng minh trong mng : ISDN c th cung cp cc dch v t m hn nhiu vi vic thit lp cuc gi trong chuyn mch knh. Thm na , Kh nng qun tr v bo tr mng cn phi c chi tit hn trc y. Tt c cc iu ny t c bng cch s dng h thng bo hiu s 7 v bng cch s dng cc node chuyn mch thng minh trong mng. Kin trc giao thc c phn lp : Cc giao thc c pht trin cho ngi s dng truy cp vo mng ISDN c kin trc phn lp v c th c nh x vo trong m hnh OSI. iu ny c mt s u im : Cc chun c pht trin cho cc ng dng cho OSI c th c s dng cho ISDN. Ly v d : Lp 3 ca X25 truy cp vo cc dch v chuyn mch gi trong ISDN Cc chun mi ISDN c th da trn cc chun ang tn ti , gim gi cho cc thc thi mi. V d : LAPD da trn LAPB Cc chun c th c pht trin v thc thi mt cch c lp cho cc lp v cc chc nng bn trong 1 lp. iu ny cho php thc thi 1 cch dn dn cc dch v ca ISDN ti mt bc thch hp i vi 1 ci cho trc hoc trn c s ci m khch hng c sn.. S bin i ca cu hnh : Nhiu cu hnh vt l c th s dng cho ISDN . iu ny cho php c s khc nhau trong cch nhn ca cc quc gia , trong kh nng cng ngh v trong s cp thit v cc thit b c sn ca khch hng
Bng 5.2 Khuyn ngh ITU-T I.120 (1993)

1. Cc nguyn l ca ISDN 1.1 Tiu ch chnh ca khi nim ISDN l tr gip mt s ln cc ng dng thoi v khng thoi trn cng mt mng. Phn t mu cht ca s tch hp dch v cho ISDN l s d phng ca mt s cc dch v khi hn ch khi to cc kiu kt ni v dn xp giao din mngngi s dng a mc ch 1.2 ISDN tr gip mt lot cc ng dng c cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi . Cc kt ni chuyn mch trong ISDN bao gm cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi v s ni ca chng ci nhau

1.3 Cc dch v mi c a vo ISDN s c xp xp sao cho c th c so snh vi cc kt ni s 64-Kb/s 1.4 Mt ISDN s cha s thng minh nhm mc ch cp cc tiu ch dch v , bo tr v chc nng qun tr mng. S thng minh ny c th cha cho 1 vi dch v mi v c th phi b xung bi c s thng minh thm trong mng ln kh nng thng mjinh tng ng ti u cui ngi s dng 1.5 Cu trc giao thc c phn lp s c s dng ch r s truy cp ti ISDN. Truy cp t ngi s dng n ISDN ngun thay i ph thuc vo yu cu dch v, vo kh nng thc thi ISDN ca qucgia 1.6 ISDN c th c thc thi theo 1 lot cc cu hnh ph hp vi tnh trng quc gia 2 S pht trin ca ISDN

2.1 ISDN s da trn khi nim v in thoi IDN v c th pht trin bng cch lin tc tng cng st nhp cc chc nng v cc tiu ch mng c thm vo , k c cc thuc tnh ca cc mng chuyn dng nh chuyn mch knh / gi d liu c cung cp cc dch v sn c v cc dch v mi 2.2 S chuyn t mng tn ti ti mt mng ISDN hn hp c th i mt chu k thi gian ko di t 1 hay thp k. Trong qung thi gian ny, nhiu thu xp phi c pht trin cc dch v ISDN cho mng ISDN v cc dch v ca mng khc 2.3 Theo chiu hng pht trin thnh mng ISDN, tnh lin kt ni end-end s ho s thu c qua cc nh sn xut v cc thit b c s dng trong mng hin c, nh l : truyn dn s, chuyn mch TDM v ( hoc ) chuyn mch SDM. Cc khuyn ngh tch hp hin ti i vi cc phn t cu thnh 1 mng ISDN u nm trong 1 lot cc khuyn ngh ca CCITT v CCIR. 2.4 Trong cc giai on pht trin u tin ca ISDN, mt s cc thu xp v mang-ngi dng tm thi cn phI c chp nhn 1 s nc to iu kin thun li cho vic truy cp ban u ca cc dch v s. Cc thu xp tng ng vi cc thay i ca quc gia c th phI tuan th hon ton hoc tng phn vi cc khuyn ngh I-series. 2.5 Mt mng ISDN ang pht trin c th bao gm cc kt ni c chuyn mch ti cc tc bit cao hn hoc thp hn 64-Kb/s cc giai on v sau.

S pht trin ca ISDN Nh tho lun trong phn 5.1. Mng ISDN pht trin t v vi mng s tch hp ( IDN ). S pht trin ca IDN c iu khin bi s cn thit phi cung cp cc truyn dn thoi mt cch kinh t. Nhng ri kt qu l mng li thch hp bt gp s cn thit ln mnh khng ngng ca dch v d liu s . y , ch I trong IDN ph hp truyn dn v chuyn mch s tch hp, cn ch I trong ISDN ph hp vi s tch hp hng lot cc dch v truyn dn thoi v d liu. Phn th 2 trong bng 5.2 c xc nh bi ITU-T ch ra cch pht trin ca ISDN. Chng ta s ln lt im qua :

 S pht trin t in thoi IDN : nh mng ISDN pht trin t mng in thoi ang tn ti c th rt ra 2 kt lun t quan im ny : Cng ngh IDN c xy dng v pht trin trong phm vi cc mng in thoi hin ti s to ra nn tng cho cc dch v s c ISDN cung cp. Mc d cc c s khc, chng hn nh cc mng c chuyn mch gi v cc kt ni v tinh ca 1 bn th 3 no ( khng phi l nh cung cp dch v thoi ), s ng 1 vai tr trong ISDN , nhng cc mng in thoi vn c vai tr ch o. Mc d cc nh cung cp v tinh v chuyn mch gi c th khng thoi mi lm vi cch din gii ny, nhng vic rt thnh hnh ca mng in thoi quyt nh rng nhng mng ny s to nn c s cho ISDN Vic chuyn i trong 1 hoc 1 vI thp k : S pht trin thnh ISDN s l qu trnh chm chp. iu ny l ng cho mi s thay i ca 1 ng dng phc tp hoc 1 lot cc ng dng t 1 c s k thut sang c s mi hn. Vic a vo cc dch v ISDN s c thc hin trong bi cnh cc c s k thut s v cc dch v hin c. S c 1 giai on cng tn ti, trong cc kt ni v c th c cc chuyn i giao thc l cn thit gia cc c s v ( hoc ) dch v thay th. Vic s dng cc mng hin c : im ny l s chi tit ho ca im 2. V d nh ISDN cung cp dch v chuyn mch gi. Trc mt , giao din vi dch v s l X25. Cng vi s a vo k thut chuyn mch gi nhanh v iu khin cuc gi tm thng phc tp hn, c th phi cn 1 giao din mi trong tng lai. Cc xp xp mng-ngi dng : u tin , mi quan tm l vic thiu cc ng thu bao s c th lm chm tr vic a vo s dng cc dch v s, c bit ti cc nc ang pht trin. Vi vic s dng cc Modem v cc thit b khc, cc c s analog hin c c th cung cp t nht l 1 vi dch v ISDN Cc kt ni cc tc khc 64-Kb/s : Tc d liu 64-Kb/s c chn nh l knh c s cho chuyn mch knh. Vi cc tin b trong cng ngh s ho ting ni, tc ny l cao khng cn thit . Mt khc tc ny l qu thp vi cc ng dng truyn d liu. Nh vy phi cn ti cc tc d liu khc. Cc chi tit v s pht trin dch v v c s ISDN khng ging nhau cc nc, v cng khc nhau cc nh cung cp ti cng 1 nc. Nhng im ny n gin cho 1 m t chung v qu trnh pht trin trn quan im ITU-T. Giao din ngi s dng Hnh 5.3 l mt cch nhn v mng ISDN theo quan im ca ngi dng hoc khch hng. Ngi dng truy cp vo ISDN bi cc phng tin vi cc giao din ti a phng qua cc ng ng s vi tc bit no . Cc kch thc ca ng ng thay i c th tho mn cc s cn thit khc nhau. V d : Mt khch hng nh c th i hi ch cn kt ni in thoi v my tnh c nhn vi dung lng va phi , nhng mt c quan thng mong mun kt ni ti ISDN qua LAN hoc PBX s trong nh v i hi ng ng c dung lng ln hn.

Nhiu hn ch khng ch 1 kch thc ca ng ng s c cn trong mng c ch ra trong hnh 5.4 ly ra t khuyn ngh I.410 Ti u thp cn cc thit b u cui n l ( nh in thoi trong nh ) hoc l tp hp cc thit b u cui theo cc loi chia ra cc nhnh ( nh in thoi trong nh, my tnh c nhn , h thng chung v.v.. ) . Cc vn phng cn nhiu hn bao gm cc thit b mng ni ti LAN hay l PBX, vi mt gn kt t mng tc ng nh l mt gateway ti mng ISDN

Hnh 5.3 Cc tiu ch kt ni ISDN

Ti bt k mt im thi gian cho ng ng ti nh ngi dng c dung lng khng i, nhng s vn chuyn trn ng ng c th l thay i pha ln ti dung lng ti hn . Do vy , mt ngi dng c th truy cp cc dc v chuyn mch knh , chuyn mch gi cng nh l cc dch v khc theo s pha trn ng ca cc loi tn hiu v tc bt. Mng ISDN s i hi cc bo hiu kh phc tp v cu trc n lm sao la chn ra d liu c hp knh theo thi gian v cung cp cc dch v c yu cu. Cc bo hiu iu khin ny cng c hp knh trn cng 1 ng ng s. Mt kha cnh quan trng ca cc giao din l, ngi s dng vo bt c lc no ,c th khai thc dung lng t hn dung lng ti a ca ng ng v s c np ph hp vi dung lng c s dng thay v thi gian kt ni . c tnh ny gim bt mt cch ng k gi tr ca nhng n lc thit k ngi dng hin ti c a ra nhm ti u ho vic s dng mch nh cc b tp trung, cc b hp knh , cc b chuyn mch gi v cc xp xp dng chung ng khc.

Cc mc tiu Cc hot ng hin nay ang m rng pht trin mng ISDN din rng ton th gii. S c gng ny bao gm cc t chc chnh ph , cc cng ty truyn thng v s l s liu, cc t chc chun ho v mi thnh vin khc. Chc chn mc tiu chung l , rt cc l , c chia x bi cc nhm khc hn nhau. Cc mc tiu chnh l nh sau : c chun ho Trong sut Tch bit cc chc nng cnh tranh Cc dch v c thu mn v chuyn mch Gi cc tng i Di tr nh nhng Tr gip hp knh
Chun ho l yu t cn thit m bo thnh cng cho mng ISDN. Chun ho s cho

php truy cp ton din vo mng . Cc thit b chun ISDN c th di chuyn t v tr ny ti v tr khc , t nc ny ti nc kia v ho vo trong mng. Gi ca cc thit b nh vy s c thp nht bi v s cnh tranh gia cc nh cung cp bn cng mt loi sn phm c chc nng nh nhau. Hn na , s dng kin trc c phn lp v cc giao din c chun ho cho php ngi s dng c th la chn cc thit b trong s rt nhiu cc nh cung cp v cho php thay i cu hnh mt cch dn dn, theo kiu tng ci mt

Hnh 5.4 Cc v d v giao din mng-ngi dng ISDN

Mt iu quan trng l - cc dch v truyn dn s c c tnh trong sut. l do dch v ny ph thuc vo ni dung ca d liu ngi dng c truyn. iu ny cho php ngi s dng pht trin cc ng dng v cc giao thc ring m chng khng b li ti cc lp di ISDN. Mi mt khi mt mch knh hoc mch o c khi to, ngi dng c th gi cc thng tin m khng c cm nhn v loi thng

tin c mang . Thn na , k thut m ho cho ngi dng c th c khai thc nhm cho php bo mt thng tin ngi dng. ISDN phi c nh ngha theo cch m n khng loi tr s tch bit ca cc chc nng t cc dch v truyn dn s c bn . N phi c kh nng tch ra cc chc nng c s cnh tranh phn i li vic n c l thnh phn c bn ca ISDN. Trong nhiu quc gia, ch c chnh ph mi cung cp tt c cc dch v . Trong mt vi nc, nh ti M, mong mun cc dich v ni tri s to c hi cnh tranh ( v d truyn hnh nh , th tn in t .. ) ISDN cho php c dch v thu mn v dch v chuyn mch . iu ny cho php ngi dng c 1 di rt rng v cc tu chn cu hnh cc dch v mng v cho php ngi dng ti u ho trn c s gi c v hon thin. Chi ph cho cc dch v ISDN s lin quan n gi v ph thuc vo kiu ca d liu c truyn dn. Gi cc tng i cng s dm bo rng gi mt loi dch v l khng nm bao cp khc. S phn bit v cc lin quan n gi khi cung cp hon thin c th v cc c tnh ca cc dch v. Theo cch , tnh trng khng r rng s b loi b v cc nh cung cp theo yu cu cn thit ca khc hng hn l theo v biu gi Do c mt s lng ln cc thit b vin thng c lp t trong mng v mt s lng ln cc thit b ngi dng vi cc giao din c s dng trong mng m s chuyn i thnh mng ISDN s din ra dn dn. Do vy phi m rng khong thi gian cho ISDN cng tn ti vi cc thit b v dch v dang tn ti . Thc hin vic di tr nh nhng thnh mng ISDN . Cc giao din ISDN cng s c pht trin t cc giao din ang tn ti v cc xp xp mng din rng phi c thit k. Cc nng lc c th s c cn bao gm : thit b thch nghi cho php cc thit b u cui ra i trc khi c ISDN thnh giao din vi ISDN ; cc giao thc mng din rng cho d liu c nh tuyn qua mng hn hp ISDN / non-ISDN phc tp v cc gia thc chuyn i cho php cng lm vic gia cc dch v mng ISDN v cc dch v mng nonISDN Thm na , vic cho ng dung lng thp cho cc ngi dng ring l m vic tr gip hp knh phi c ph hp ph hp vi PBX ca ring ngi dng v cc thit b LAN . Cn c cc i tng khc cng cn phi k n. Nhng vn c lit k l cc vn rt quan trng v chp nhn mt cch rng ri v chng gip ta nh ngha c tnh ca ISDN Cc li ch Cc li ch c bn ca mng ISDN vi ngi dng c th c biu din di dng tit kim chi ph v s linh hot. S tch hp thoi v cc loi d liu trn mt h thng truyn dn n l c ngha l ngi dng khng cn phi mua nhiu dch v

m ch mua cc loi cn. Mc hiu qu v mc kinh t ca mng tch hp l cho php cc dch v ny c cung cp vi gi thp hn gi nu chng ta cung cp chng mt cch ring bit. Cc yu cu ca ngi dng c th rt khc nhau theo nhiu cch : V d nh theo cng lu lng thng tin, mu truyn tin , thi gian p ng v cc loi giao din ISDN cho php ngi dng bin i cc dch v c mua thnh cc dch v cn thit ti mc cha c th ti lc . Thm na , khch hng c c cc u im ca s cnh tranh trong s cc thit b c bn . Cc u im ny bao gm : thit b a dng , gi thp , v kh nng ca cc dich v l nhiu . Cc giao din chun cho php la chn cc thit b u cui , phng tin truyn v cc dch v t mt s ln s canh tranh m khng cn thay i trong thit b hoc phi s dng cc b thch nghi c bit Cc nh cung cp mng , ti mt mc ln hn nhng cng mt cch , li dng cc u im ca s cnh tranh , bao gm cc lnh vc ca cc thit b chuyn mch s v truyn dn s . ng thi , cc s chun ho tr gip th trng c trin vng ln v a dng cho cc dch v . Cc giao din chun cho php linh hot trong la chn cc nh cung cp , cc th tc iu khin bo hiu thch hp, v cc k thut mi v pht trin mng khng lm khch hng dnh lu vo Cc nh sn xut c th tp trung vo nghin cu v pht trin trn cc p dng k thut v c m bo rng mt nhu cu y trin vng ang tn ti. Thc t , gi ca s pht trin cc cng c VLSI c iu chnh bi trin vng ca th trng. Cc ch thch hp ring trn th trng to c hi cho cnh tranh , cc nh nh sn xut nh hn. Mc kinh t c nhn bit bi cc nh sn xut ti tt c cc c . Giao din chun m bo rng , thit b ca cc nh sn xut s c tng thch cho vi nhau qua giao din. Cui cng , cc nh cung cp dch v c tng cng , v d nh ca cc dch v da vo trao i cc thng tin , cu cc thng tin , s c li t cch truy cp ngi dng c n gin ho. Nhng ngi s dng cui cng s khng bt buc phI mua cc xp xp dch v c bit hoc cc thit b u cui truy cp c vo cc dch v c bit. Tt nhin , bt k mt tin b k thut no cng c u Im I I vi nhc Im. Nhc chnh y l chi ph di tr. Chi ph ny tuy nhin cn phI c nhn nhn trong bi cnh cc nhu cu ca khch hng ang tng ln. S c cc thay i trong cc cho mi v dch v vin thng i vi cc khch hng, c hoc khng c ISDN. Hy vng rng khun kh ISDN t nht s kim sot c chi ph v gim i s nhm ln tring vic di tr. Mt nhc im tim tng khc ca ISDN l n s lm chm cc i mi v k thut. Qu trnh chp nhn 1 tiu chun cng l 1 qu trnh di lu v phc tp. Kt qu l khi tiu chun c chp nhn v cc sn phm c th xut hin cc gii php k thut tin b hn ri. y lun l vn nan gii i vi k thut. Tuy nhin cc li ch ca cc tiu chun vn ng k hn thc t d chng lun I chm hn tnh hin i mt cht

Cc dch v Mng ISDN cung cp 1 lot cc dch v tr gip c thoi v cc ng dng d liu hin ang s dng , cng nh cc ng dng ny tip tc c pht trin. Mt vi ng dng quan trng nht c nu ra di y : Truyn Fax : y l dch v truyn v ti to li cc hnh nh , ch vit mng tay v cc ch c in ra . Kiu dch v ny c dng t rt nhiu nm nhng b km i do thiu st v s chun ho v gii hn ca mng thoi tng t. Hin nay , chun Fax s c th c s dng truyn cc trang d liu ti tc 64-Kb/s trong 5 giy . Teletex : Dch v ny cho php cc u cui thu bao th t vi nhau. Cc u cui truyn tin c s dng chn b , hiu nh , truyn v in ra cc bn tin. Tc truyn dn 1 trang mt 2 giy vi 9600-b/s Videotex : Mt dch v tm kim thng tin tng h . Mt trang d liu c th c truyn trong 1 giay vi tc 9600-b/s Cc dch v ny nm trong bng cc danh mc ca thoi , d liu s , k t v hnh nh. Hu ht cc dch v ny c th c cp vi dung lng truyn dn 64-Kb/s hay nh hn. Mt vi dch v i hi truyn vi tc d liu cao hn v c th c cp bi phng tin truyn dn tc cao nm ngoi mng ISDN ( chng hn nh ng cp truyn hnh ) hoc trong tng lai s lm tng ng truyn cho mng ISDN Mt trong cc din mo ca mng ISDN l , l mng thng minh . Bi s s dng cu cc giao thc bo hiu linh hot , mng ISDN s cung cp mi mt loi thit b mng mt loi dch v Kin trc mng Trong hnh 5.5 miu t kin trc ca mng ISDN. Mng ISDN tr gip mt kt ni vt l hon ton mi cho ngi dng nh mt ng thu bao s hoc mt ng c tnh a dng truyn dn cc dch v Giao din vt l chung cung cp mt phng tin chun ho ni vo mng. Cng mt giao din c th c dng cho my in thoi, my tnh c nhn v cc u cui videotex. Cc giao thc cn thit xc nh s trao i cc thng tin iu khin gia cc thit b ca ng dng v cc thit b mng. d phng , phi c cc giao din vi tc cao v d cho PBX s hoc LAN. Giao din tr gip cc dch v c s cha 3 knh TDM , 2 knh 64-Kb/s v 1 knh 16-Kb/s . Tuy nhin thm vo cn c cc giao dien dch v s cp cung cp nhiu knh 64-Kb/s. C hai , dch v c s v dch v s cp l giao din c xc nh s dng gia cc thit b ca khch hng. Cc thit b u cui ni chung c gi l TE ( Terminal

Equipment ) v mt thit b trong nh ca khch hng gi l NT ( Network Terminal ) . NT to ra ranh ri gia khch hng v mng

Hnh 5.5 Kin trc ISDN

My CO ( Central Offfice ) ca mng ISDN ni mt s ln cc ng thu bao thnh mng truyn dn s. iu ny cho php truy cp ti cc lp mng thp ( lp 1-2-3 trong m hnh OSI ) cc phng tin bao gm : Cc trm c kh nng chuyn mch knh : Vn hnh ti tc 64-Kb/s . y l cc phng tin cng loi c cp bi mng vin thng chuyn mch s Cc trm khng c kh nng chuyn mch : Mi mt phng tin nh vy cho mt ng ni chuyn dng 64-Kb/s Trm khng chuyn mch tc d liu cao hn c ni ti mng ISDN bng rng, s l mch knh o vnh vin cho mode truyn khng ng b ATM Cc trm chuyn mch : iu ny ch ti cc chuyn mch tc cao ( > 64-Kb/s ) cc kt ni khi s dng ATM nh l mt phn ca ISDN bng rng Cc trm c kh nng chuyn mch gi : Cc phng tin ny tng t vi cc dch v chuyn mch gi c cung cp bi cc mng d liu khc. Cc trm c kh nng Frame-mode : Mt dch v tr gip cc dch v mode Frame

 Cc trm c kh nng bo hiu knh chung : Cc trm c kh nng ny c s dng iu khin mng v cung cp qun tr cuc gi ni b ti mng. Bo hiu h thng s 7 ( SS7 ) c s dng . Cc trm ny cha cc t chun on iu khin ngi dng mng. S dng bo hiu iu khin t chun on mng ngi dng-ngi dng l vn xa hn na ca ITU-T Cc chc nng lp thp c th c ng dng trong mng ISDN . Ti mt vi nc , do s cnh tranh mt s cc chc nng lp thp ny ( mng chuyn mch gi ) c th c cung cp ti mt mng ring r v c th vn ti mt thu bao qua mng ISDN. 5.3 Chun ho Cc mt khc nhau ca mng ISDN c pht trin v iu khin qua mt s t chc chun nh ITU-T. S quan trng ca vic chun ho Trong cng ngh vin thng chp nhn t lu rng tiu chun l cn thit diu khin cc tnh cht vt l tnh , in v chu trnh ca cc thit b vin thng. Vi c tnh s ho lin tc ca cc mng vin thng v vi vic ngy cng thnh hnh cc dch v s l v truyn dn s, phm vi ca nhng ci cn c tiu chun ho ngy cng m rng. Nh ta s thy, cc chc nng , cc giao din v cc dch v c trong ISDN ph thuc vo vic tiu chun ho chim 1 di cc k rng . Mc d khng c mt nh ngha c chp nhn hoc trch dn 1 cch rng ri no v thut ng tiu chun , nh ngha sau bao gm c cc khi nim c bn : Mt b c m t trc cc quy tc, iu kin, hoc yu cu lin quan n nh
ngha ca cc thut ng ; s phn loi cc thnh phn ; nguyn liu , hon thin , hoc vn hnh ; delineation ca cc quy trnh ; hoc php o nh tnh v nh lng m t cc vt liu , sn phm , h thng , dch v hoc thc hnh

[CERN84] lit k cc u im sau ca cc tiu chun : Nng sut v hiu qu c tng ln trong cng vic nh vic sn sut vi quy m ln , gi thnh h. Tnh cnh tranh tng ln nh cho php cc doanh nghip nh hn tip th cc sn phm d dng c chp nhn i vi khch hng m khng cn ti mt ngn sch qung co ln Truyn b thng tin v chuyn giao cng ngh M rng thng mi quc t nh tnh kh thi ca vic trao i sn phm gia cc nc vi nhau Bo ton cc ni lc Tng c hi trao i thng tin ton cu c v ting ni ln d liu

Trong trng hp ISDN v tnh phc tp ca n v do s thnh cng ca n ph thuc vo kh nng cung cp tnh vn hnh v kt ni tng h thc s nn cc tiu chun khng nhng ch l u Im m cn l diu cn bn a vo 1 mng nh vy Nn tng lch s S m rng ca mng ISDN c khng ch bi cc khuyn ngh do ITU-T v c gi l khuyn ngh I-Series . Cc khuyn nghi ny hoc l cc chun ny c a ra vo ln u tin nm 1984 . Sau ny cng tr nn phc tp hn. l r hn, hy nhn vo lch s ca s quan tm ti mng ISDN ca IUTT/CCITT. CCITT thit lp mt nhm nghin cu c bit D ( nguyn mu ca nhm nghin cu XVIII ngy nay c trch nhim ti mng ISDN trong CCITT ) xem xt mt lot cc vn lin quan n vic s dng cng ngh s trong mng in thoi. Ti mi phin hp ton th, nhm nghin cu phn cng vic theo cc khong thi gian theo cc chu k 4 nm . Trc ht. cc vn c tnh nguyn l c a ra trong giai on ny miu t trong bng 5.3 . Cc tiu v cc cu hi c tnh nguyn l c a ra phn nh mi quan tm ca CCITT. Cc vn tp trung vo cng ngh s v mng tch hp s IDN ri ti ISDN
Bng 5.3 Chu k nghin cu 1969-1972 1973-1976 1977-1980 1981-1984 1985-1988 1989-1992 Tn ca cu hi u tin Hoch nh h thng s Hoch nh h thng s v tch hp cc dch v Tng th cc kha cnh v ISDN Cc kha cnh mng tng qut ca ISDN Cu hi tng quat v ISDN Cc kha cnh tng qut ca ISDN

Vo nm 1968 , nhm nghin cu B c thnh lp nghin cu mi vn lin quan ti vic tiu chun ho truyn dn ting PCM v Iu phi cng vic ang thc hin cc nhm khc lin quan n vic ni mng s. Thm ch vo giai on sm ny c 1 trint vng v ISDN, Khuyn nghi G.702 ban hnh nm 1972, c nh ngha sau v mng s cc dch v tch hp : Mt mng s c tich hp trong ngi ta s dng
cng cc chuyn mch s v ng dn s c s dng thit lp cc kt ni cho cc dch v khc nhau, chng hn nh in thoa, d liu..

y, khng c mt thng tin no v loI mng c th thch hp cc chuyn mch v ng dn s, hay l mng c th tch hp cc lai dch v khc nhau nh th no ? Tuy vy ta vn tha nhn ng dn m cng ngh s c th I theo. Trong giai on nghin cu tip theo 1973-1976, vn c cc u Im trong cng ngh truyn dn s ngoI ra, thit b chuyn mch s bt u c xy dng phng th nghim . Do vy, vic xy dng mng s tch hp tr thnh hin thc. Tng ng, cc b

khuyn ngh 1976 bao gm cc m t k thut lin quan n chuyn mch s cng nh m t v 1 h thng bo hiu mi ( SS7 ) c thit k s dng trong cc mng k thut s. Cu hi u tin lc ny c th lin quan n vic tch hp cc dich v. Khi hoch nh giai on nghin cu 1977-1980 , CCITT cng nhn rng s pht trin thnh mng s ang din ra v quan trng hn l vic tiu chun ho cc h thng v thit b s ring l, Nh vy trng tm l cc kha cnh thch hp ca mng k thut s v s tch hp cc dch v trn 1 IDN. 2 pht trin quan trng xut hin trong giai on nghin cu l : Vic tch hp cc dch v da vo vic cung cp 1 giao din ngi dng-mng chun ho cho php ngi dng yu cu c dch v khc nhau thng qua 1 tp hp ng nht cc giao thc ISDN s pht trin t mng thoI s Vo cui giai on ny tiu chun ISDN u tin ra i c tn l mng s cc dch v tch hp ( ISDN ). G.705 ( bng 5.4 ) khng c 1 tiu chun no khc v ISDN c a ra vo nm 1980. Vo lc ny ch c khI nim tng quat v 1 ISDN l c xy dng
Bng 5.4 Khuyn ngh CCITT G.705 ( 1980 ) Mng s cc dch v tch hp ISDN CCITT Xt thy : a) GiI php v tho thun ti nay t c trong cc nghin cu v cc mng IDN gn cho cc dch v c th nh : In thoI, d liu v c c nghin cu v mng ISDN b) Yu cu id vid 1 c s chung cho cc nghin cu trong tng lI cn thit cho s pht trin thnh ISDN Khuyn ngh rng ISDN cn phI da vo cc nguyn l sau y: a) ISDN da trn v pht trin t mng IDN In thoI bng cch kt hp lin tip cc chc nng b xung v cc thuc tnh ca mngk c cc thuc tnh ca bt k 1 mng chuyn dng no khc cung cp cc dch v mi v hin c b) Cc dch v mi a vo ISDN cn phI dc c xp tng thch vi cc kt ni s c chuyn mach 64-Kb/s c) Vic chuyn t cc mng hin c sang mng ISDN ton din c th i hi phI 1 thi gian dI 1 vI thp k d) Trong qu trnh chuyn tip , cc xp xp cn phI c xy dng kt h cc dch v ISDN vi cc dch v cc mng khc e) ISDN s thng minh nhm cung cp cc thuc tnh dch v, chc nng qun l mng v bo tr. S thng minh ny c th khng i vi vI dch v mi do vy c th phI b xung hoc bng s thng minh ph ngay trong mng, hoc s thng minh c th c tng thch vi cc thit b u cui ca khch hmg f) Mt tp chc nng c phn lp cc giao thc l Iu mong mun vi cc xp xp truy cp khc nhau vo ISDN. Truy cp t user ti cc ngun lc ISDN c th bin i tu thuc vo loI dch v c yu c v vo tnh trng pht trin ca cc ISDN quc gia

Khi giai on tip theo bt u ( 1981-1984) ISDN c tuyn b l mi quan tm chinh ca CCITT giai on nghin cu tip theo. Mt tp hp cc khuyn ngh gi l Iseries , c xut bn vo cui giai on ny. B m t k thut ban u ny cha hon tt , trong 1 vI trng hp khng nht qun v mt ni dung. Tuy nhin m t k thut ca ISDN vo nm 1984 cng cho cc nh sn xut v cung cp dch v bt u xy dng cc thit b lin quan ti ISDN v trnh din cc dch v lin quan dn ISDN , cc cu hnh ni mng. Cc nghin cu v I-series v cc khuyn ngh c lin quan vn tip tc trong giai on 1985-1988. Vo u giai on , CCITT c xp xp li 1 cch ng k a ra 1 lot to thnh 1 phn trong cc nghin cu v ISDN trong tng lai. Chc nng quan trng ca CCITT l nghin cu cc vn ca ISDN . Phin bn 1988 ca cc khuyn ngh I-series chi tit trin khai mng ISDN ban u vo cui nhng nm 1980.

Hnh 5.6 Cu trc ca cc khuyn ngh I-Series

Cc khuyn nghi I-series Phn ln m t v ISDN nm trong cc khuyn nghi I-series vi 1 vI vn lin quan nm trong cc khuyn ngh khc. Vic c tnh ho ISDN c trong cc khuyn ngh ny u tp trung vo 3 lnh vc chnh sau y : 1) Chun ho cc dch v cho ngi s dng, sao cho cc dch v c tnh tng thch quc t 2) Chun ho cc giao din ngi dng-mng sao cho cc thit b u cu c th di chuyn c v h tr cho (1)

3)

Chun ho cc kh nng ca ISDN dn mc cn thit cho php s trao i lm vic gia mng-ngi dng v mng-mng , v do s thc hin c (1) (2)

Cc khuyn ngh I-series hin nay lin quan n ISDN ( khng bao gm B-ISDN ) vic lit k trong ph lc 5b . Hnh 5.6 minh ho mi quan h gia cc tiu chun Iseries khc nhau. B nm 1984 c cc khuyn ngh t s I.100 ti I.400 . Mt vi cp nht v m rng c trong cc Series ny trong giai on nghin cu 1985-1988. Cc s I.500 v I.600 c nghin cu thm vo nm 1984. Mt b m t k thut s b c sn sng vo nm 1988 v t ti nay , cc cng vic b xung vn tip tc