Luan An Cua Hoang Manh Ha

B GIO DC V O TO VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH VIT NAM
VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN

HONG MNH H

CC PHNG PHP THCH NGHI TRONG
LC NHIU TN HIU IN TIM

LUN N TIN S TON HC

H NI 2011

1
B GIO DC V O TO VIN KHOA HC
V CNG NGH VIT NAM

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN

HONG MNH H

CC PHNG PHP THCH NGHI
TRONG LC NHIU TN HIU IN TIM

Chuyn ngnh: m bo ton hc cho my tnh v h thng tnh ton
M s: 62 46 35 01

LUN N TIN S TON HC

Ngi hng dn khoa hc:
1. TSKH Phm Trn Nhu, Vin Cng ngh thng tin
2. TS Nguyn Th Qunh Lan, i hc Kinh t Quc dn

H NI 2011

2
LI CAM OAN

Cc kt qu trnh by trong lun n l cng trnh nghin cu ca ti v
c hon thnh di s hng dn ca TSKH Phm Trn Nhu v TS
Nguyn Th Qunh Lan.
Cc kt qu l trung thc v cha tng c cng b trong cc cng
trnh ca ngi khc.
Ti xin chu trch nhim v nhng li cam oan trn ca mnh

Tc gi

Hong Mnh H

3
LI CM N

Lun n ny c hon thnh ti Vin cng ngh thng tin thuc Vin
Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit nam di s hng dn tn tnh ca TSKH
Phm Trn Nhu v TS Nguyn Th Qunh Lan. Tc gi xin by t lng bit
n su sc nht ti cc Thy, C.
Trong qu trnh hc tp v nghin cu, thng qua cc bi ging, hi
ngh v xmina, tc gi lun nhn c s quan tm gip v nhng kin
ng gp qu bu ca GS TSKH inh Dng, PGS TS ng Quang , PGS
TSKH Phm Huy in, TS Phm Cnh Dng, PGS TS Nguyn Bng, GS
TSKH Phm Thng Ct.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n Ban lnh o Vin Cng ngh thng tin
cng ton th cc Thy, cc C v cc anh ch em lm vic ti Vin Cng
ngh thng tin quan tm v gip tc gi trong sut thi gian nghin cu
ti Vin.
Tc gi xin chn thnh cm n Ban gim hiu trng Cao ng K
thut Thit b Y t to iu kin cho tc gi trong thi gian lm nghin cu
sinh.
Xin c cm n anh ch em hc vin cao hc, nghin cu sinh v bn
b ng nghip gn xa trao i, ng vin v khch l tc gi trong qu
trnh hc tp, nghin cu v lm lun n.
Tc gi xin knh tng nhng ngi thn yu trong gia nh ca mnh
nim vinh hnh to ln ny.
Tc gi

4
Mc lc
______________________________________________________________
LI CAM OAN ............................................................................................................. 0
LI CM N................................................................................................................... 3
MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT.........................................................................6
DANH MC CC HNH V ........................................................................................... 7
M U........................................................................................................................ 10
Chng 1.............................................................................................................. 16
o tn hiu in tim v can nhiu ....................................................................... 16
1.1. Tn hiu in tim............................................................................................16
1.1.1. S hnh thnh tn hiu in tim. ...................................................................16
1.1.2. Can nhiu nh hng n cht lng ghi tn hiu in tim...........................19
1.1.3. Nhiu tn s 50Hz hoc 60Hz t mng cung cp in.................................19
1.1.4. Nhiu do run c...........................................................................................20
1.1.5. Nhiu do tip xc km gia in cc v bnh nhn......................................20
1.2. Thut ton ti thiu ho trung bnh ca bnh phng lch. .........................21
1.2.1. T hp thch nghi tuyn tnh. .......................................................................23
1.2.2. Bi ton xc nh ma trn trng s ti u cho t hp thch nghi tuyn tnh. .24
1.3. Bin i sng nh vi bi ton xc nh im t bin. ..................................29
1.3.1. Tnh o hm bc 1 v 2 thng qua bin i sng nh a thang. ..................29
1.3.2. Tm im t bin nhn. ..............................................................................33
Chng 2.............................................................................................................. 36
Lc nhiu bng cc phng php thch nghi da trn thut ton LMS v kh
nng tng hiu qu bng mt gii php thay i kch thc bc. .................. 36
2.1. C s ton hc ca phng php thch nghi da trn thut ton LMS trong lc
nhiu. ....................................................................................................................36
2.1.1. Pht biu bi ton........................................................................................36
2.1.2. C s ton hc ca m hnh lc nhiu..........................................................38
2.1.3. nh gi sai s trung bnh bnh phng.......................................................39
2.1.4. Tn hiu tham chiu Widrow
( )
R
N n trong thut ton lc LMS. .................39
2.1.5. Dy trng s lc ( ) W n trong thut ton LMS.........................................41
2.2. Phng php thch nghi lc nhiu in p cho cc tn hiu y sinh...................43
2.2.1. Kt qu lc nhiu i vi tn hiu in tim...................................................44
2.2.2. Kt qu lc nhiu i vi tn hiu in no..................................................50
2.3. Thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc thay i................................................57
2.3.1. S thay i kch thc bc da trn gi tr tuyt i ca Gradient .............57
2.3.2. Thc nghim v kt qu...............................................................................63
Chng 3.............................................................................................................. 75
Mt gii php iu chnh thch nghi b lc trit tn vi tip cn sng nh. ..... 75
3.1. Bi ton chn cc h s ca b lc..................................................................75
3.1.1. Hm truyn trong lc nhiu n tn. ............................................................76

5
3.1.2. Xp x hm truyn trong lc nhiu thch nghi ..............................................78
3.2. Bi ton d tn s ca nhiu ...........................................................................80
3.2.1. K thut lm ni bt c tnh ca nhiu bng bin i Fourier. ....................80
3.2.2 K thut xc nh to im t bin nhn qua bin i sng nh. ............85
3.2.3. Chn thang s cho bin i sng nh............................................................87
3.3. M hnh lc nhiu v thut gii tm tn s ca nhiu t ng ti in s dng
bin i sng nh. .................................................................................................94
3.4. nh gi chnh xc v mc phc tp tnh ton ca gii thut tm tn s
0
. ca nhiu. ........................................................................................................96
3.4.1. nh gi chnh xc .................................................................................96
3.4.2. nh gi mc phc tp tnh ton.............................................................99
3.5. Thc nghim v kt qu................................................................................101
3.6. nh gi thut gii s dng bin i sng nh..............................................110
KT LUN................................................................................................................... 111
KT LUN CHUNG.................................................................................................... 112
DANH MC CNG TRNH CNG B C LIN QUAN N LUN N......... 113
Ti liu tham kho.................................................................................... 114
Ph lc.........................................................................................................................120

6
MT S K HIU V CH VIT TT
Ch vit tt
LMS Least Mean Square (Ti thiu ho trung bnh ca bnh phng)
MSE Mean Square Error (Sai s trung bnh bnh phng)
ECG ElectroCardioGraphy (in tm )
EEG ElectroEncephaloGraphy (in no )
FIR Finite Impulse Response(p ng xung hu hn)
FFT Fast Fourier Transform (Bin i Fourier nhanh)
IIR InFinite Impulse Response(p ng xung khng gii hn)
DWT Discrete Wavelet Transform (Bin i Wavelet ri rc)
K hiu
P, Q, R, S, T: Tn cc nh sng trong mt chu k ca nhp tim
\ Gradient
\ c lng ca gradient
Sai s ti u ra
j Kch thc bc thch nghi
E K vng ton hc
( ) , Wf s x Bin i sng nh i vi hm ( ) f x vi thang s
( )
1
, W f s x Bin i sng nh mc 1 i vi hm
( ) f x vi thang s
( )
2
, W f s x Bin i Sng nh mc 2 i vi hm ( ) f x vi thang s
* Php nhn chp
I Ma trn n v
0 Vector m tt c cc phn t bng 0
.
l
l
Bin i Fourier
.
l
l
Magnitude ca bin i Fourier

7
DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1 Dng sng in tim: ................................................................................18
Hnh 1.2: M t vic ghi tn hiu in tim..............................................................18
Hnh 1.3: nh hng ca nhiu t mng cung cp in........................................20
Hnh 1.4: T hp thch nghi tuyn tnh. .................................................................23
Hnh 2.1: M hnh thch nghi ca b lc nhiu. ....................................................37
Hnh 2.2:B lc trit tn thch nghi........................................................................40
Hnh 2.3: MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = ........................................44
Hnh 2.4: So snh ( ) S n vi
( )
n trong on 1 465 n = .................................45
Hnh 2.5: So snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 466 930 n = .............................46
Hnh 2.6: So snh ( ) S n vi
( )
n trong on 931 1395 n = ...........................46
Hnh 2.7: So snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 1396 1860 n = . ........................47
Hnh 2.8: Vi 0.5 j = , ( ) S n v
( )
n , trong on 1 465 n = ........................48
Hnh 2.9: Vi 0.5 j = , ( ) S n v ( ) n , trong on 466 930 n = ....................49
Hnh 2.10: Vi 0.5 j = , ( ) S n v
( )
n , trong on 931 1395 n = . ...............49
Hnh 2.11: Vi 0.5 j = , ( ) S n v ( ) n , trong on 1396 1860 n = . .............50
Hnh 2.12:
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
l l
trong trng hp 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = .......51
Hnh 2.13: MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = ......................................52
Hnh 2.14: Vi 0.05 j = , EEG trc v sau lc nhiu,on 1 1000 n = ...52
Hnh 2.15:EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1001 2000 n = . ..........................53
Hnh 2.16: EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 2001 3000 n = . .........................53
Hnh 2.18: Vi 0.5 j = , EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1 1000 n = ...........55
Hnh 2.22: S hi t ca thut ton LMS s dng cng thc (2.22).......................60
Hnh 2.23: S hi t ca thut ton LMS khi ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0 , 0 w w khng ph hp .....60
Hnh 2.24: Gradient ca trn mt phng ( )
1 2
, w w ...............................................62
Hnh 2.25: MSE trng hp 0.05 j = , 0.5 j = v j thay i. ..........................65
Hnh 2.26: j thay i, so snh ( ) S n vi
( )
n trong on 1 465 n = .............66
Hnh 2.27: j thay i, so snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 466 930 n = .........66
Hnh 2.28: j thay i, so snh ( ) S n vi
( )
n trong on 931 1395 n = .......67
Hnh 2.29: j thay i, so snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 1396 1860 n = .........67

8
Hnh 2.30: MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j = , 0.5 j = v j thay i..................69
Hnh 2.31: So snh sai s trung bnh bnh phng trng hp kch thc bc thay
i vi trng hp kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = ......................70
Hnh 2.32: j thay i,EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1 1000 n = . .............71
Hnh 2.33: j thay i,EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1001 2000 n = . .......71
Hnh 2.36: So snh vi phng php thay i kch thc bc trong [29].............73
Hnh 3.1: p ng tn s ca b lc trit tn vi cc gi tr ...............................77
Hnh 3.2: Ph ca nhiu t ng ti in. ............................................................81
Hnh 3.3: Ph ca tn hiu in tim sch................................................................82
Hnh 3.4: So snh ph ca tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu( ( ) . NoisyECG )..........83
Hnh 3.5: Ph ca tn hiu in tim sch (a) v kt qu lm trn ph ca tn hiu
in tim nhim nhiu (b)........................................................................................84
Hnh 3.6: Ph c lm trn ca tn hiu in tim c nhiu hnh (a) v kt qu
php bin i sng nh
1
( , ) W f s . hnh (b),..........................................................85
Hnh 3.7: Ph c lm trn ca tn hiu in tim c nhiu hnh (a) v kt qu
php bin i sng nh
1
( , ) W s . f hnh (b). v
2
( , ) W s . f hnh (c)........................86
Hnh 3.8: So snh p ng Bin - Tn s ca
1
( ) Q . v
1
( ) Q . . ......................89
Hnh 3.9: Ph ca t bin khng mang thng tin..................................................90
2
( ) Q . v
1
( ) Q . .....................91
Hnh 3.11:So snh kt qu php bin i sng nh dng
1
2 s = ,
2
2 s = . ...........91
Hnh 3.12:So snh kt qu php bin i sng nh dng
1
2 s = ,
2
2 s = ............92
Hnh 3.13: M hnh lc nhiu t ngun cung cp in...........................................94
Hnh 3.14: Biu din trong min thi gian ( ) S n , ( ) N n v ( ) NoisyECG n .........102
Hnh 3.15: Cc kt qu chnh khi thc hin gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu..........103
Hnh 3.16: Kt qu c lng o hm bc I dng bin i sng nh
1
2 s = .....104
Hnh 3.17: Biu din im khng v im cc ca ( ) H z trn ng trn n v 104
Hnh 3.18: So snh tn hiu in tim sau lc vi tn hiu in tim sch................105
Hnh 3.19: MSE gia tn hiu sau lc ( ) n v tn hiu in tim sch ( ) S n .........105
Hnh 3.20: Biu din ( ) S n , ( ) N n v ( ) NoisyEEG n trong min thi gian..........106
Hnh 3.21: Cc kt qu chnh khi thc hin gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu..........107
Hnh 3.22: Kt qu c lng o hm bc I dng bin i sng nh thang
1
2 ...107
Hnh 3.23: p ng Bin - Tn s ca b lc vi (3.4) v
0
1.5 / rad s . = ..108
Hnh 3.24: Biu din im khng v im cc ca ( ) H z trn ng trn n v 108
Hnh 3.25: MSE gia tn hiu sau lc ( ) n v tn hiu in tim sch ( ) S n .........109
Hnh 3.26: So snh tn hiu in no sau lc vi tn hiu in no sch. ..............109

9
DANH MC BNG BIU
Bng 2.1: Mi quan h gia lch chun v s vng lp cn thit ............ 59
Bng 3.1: Thng k kt qu d tm tn s ca nhiu
0
. . ............................. 99
Bng 3.2: Mi quan h gia phn gii trong khng gian tn s vi sai s
tnh ton v phc tp tnh ton. ............................................................. 101

10
M U
X l thch nghi l mt lnh vc c ngha hc thut v gn lin vi
nhng ng dng thc t sinh ng trong x l tn hiu. Ban u ng dng ca
x l tn hiu thch nghi gii hn trong cc m hnh nhn dng, sa sng, lc
nhiu,...v s dng cc thut ton Newton, Steepest Descent, LMS, RLS,...
S thay i ca tp d liu u vo v cc iu kin rng buc ngy cng
phc tp ko theo i hi ci tin thut ton c c hiu nng x l cao
hn [9]. Ngoi ra vic gii quyt vn nng cao hiu nng thut ton cn i
hi vic xy dng cc iu kin m bo thut ton c th s dng c.
Mc tiu ca vic ci tin thut ton l tng tc hi t vi yu cu v
chnh xc, n nh v c gii quyt theo nhiu hng: thay i
cu trc b lc m tiu biu l cc tc gi nh Ju-Won Li, Gun-Ki Lee trong
[20]; s dng kch thc bc thch nghi thay i ca cc tc gi nh Daniel
Ongun Ongun, Bouchereau, Sergio Martnez trong [29] hoc Pedro Ramos,
Roberto Torrubia, Ana Lopez, Ana Salinas, Enrique Masgrau trong [33]. Qua
nghin cu v th nghim chng ti nhn thy phc tp ca thut ton s
tng ln ng k nu ci tin thut ton s dng cu trc ng nh trong [20]
v hiu nng khng c ci thin nhiu nh trong [29] hoc [33].
Chng ti cng nhn thy rng cc kt qu thu c trong vic nghin
cu lut cp nht cho kch thc bc trong nhng nm gn y u nhm
tho mn yu cu l kch thc nhn gi tr nh khi gn v tr ti u m
bo tnh n nh v nhn gi tr ln khi xa im ti u m bo tc
hi t ca thut ton. Cc hng nghin cu u i n s dng cng thc
cp nht kch thc bc c dng
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 n n f q n j cj , = , (0.1)

11
trong
( ) n j l kch thc bc ti thi im n,
( ) 1 n j l kch thc
bc ti thi im 1 n , cc hng s c , , quyt nh mc ging nhau
gia 2 ln iu chnh lin tip.
Mt s tc gi chn ( ) ( ) ( )
2
f q n n = nh trong [29], mt s khc li
chn l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 1 f q n n n = . Vic s dng (0.1) cho thay i gi tr
kch thc bc u c thc hin vi vic gn gi tr ln cho kch thc
bc khi to ( ) 0 j . Cng thc (0.1) s hiu chnh kch thc bc gim dn
theo ng lut cp nht nu trn. Tuy nhin (0.1) s dng
( ) n j cho tnh ton
( ) 1 n j vi vic gn gi tr ln cho ( ) 0 j ch ph hp khi gi tr tp cc
trng s khi to xa tp cc trng s ti u. Nu mt cch ngu nhin tp
cc trng s khi to gn tp cc trng s ti u, thut ton hi t chm
hoc khng hi t nu ta chn 1 c ~ v c phn nh nh hng ca ( ) n j
ti ( ) 1 n j . Do vy vic s dng (0.1) thng phi gn vi vic thc
nghim chn li
( )
0 j mi khi thay i mi trng.
Nh vy gii quyt bi ton nng cao hiu sut cho thut ton thch
nghi thng qua thay i kch thc bc cn gii quyt bi ton ci tin (0.1)
sao cho vi tp d liu u vo khng xc nh, mi gi tr khi to
( )
0 j
u cho php thc hin tt lut cp nht cho kch thc bc.
Trong qu trnh gii quyt vn ny, phn b gradient cho chng ti
gi mt cch heuristic v cch cp nht kch thc bc. Ban u chng ti
chn cng thc
( ) ( ) ( )
1 n n n j cj = \ (0.2)

12
trong c c chn rt nh hn ch s nh hng ca trng thi trc,
lm gim tc iu chnh
( ) 1 n j . Vic ly gi tr tuyt i nhm trnh
cc gi tr m ca gradient. Sau chng ti nhn thy l nu chn 0 c = ta
s gii quyt trit c vn m (0.1) cha gii quyt c. Nhng kt
qu chng ti t c chng II trong lun n ny chng minh cho
nhn nh trn.
Khng nhng ci tin c thut ton chng ti cn xc nh cc iu
kin thut ton c th s dng c v nh gi cc phng php mi nht
trong vic nng cao hiu nng ca thut ton LMS da trn kch thc bc
thay i. Nhng ci tin ny thch hp vi bi ton lc nhiu trong tn hiu
in tim, khi m xut trong [29] khng cp n s hi t.
ng thi vi gii php thay i kch thc bc, vic ci tin thut
ton cn c kt hp vi cc phng php x l tn hiu da trn php bin
i sng nh. Vit Nam, nhng tm hiu u tin v ng dng L thuyt
sng nh trong o tn hiu in tim c Trng Cao ng ngh Thit b Y t
(ni tc gi Lun n cng tc) v Trng i hc Bch Khoa quan tm rt
sm (xem [46], [47]). Cc kt qu tm hiu c nh hng vo vic xc
nh chnh xc thi im ca cc t bin ca tn hiu in tim. tng ca
tc gi lun n v vic p dng l thuyt ny trong d tm tn s ca nhiu
da trn nhn xt ca tc gi v vic c th s dng kt hp cc c trng ca
tn hiu khi biu din trong min tn s vi vic gii quyt bi ton xc nh
thi im t bin gii quyt bi ton xc nh tn s ca nhiu. Trong khi
gii quyt bi ton lc nhiu ng, cng tnh. Tc gi lun n cn pht hin ra
rng bi ton lc thch nghi c th c xem l bi ton xc nh cc h s
ca hm truyn trong khng gian z v c th gii quyt da trn s kt hp
gia phng php xp x thng thng v phng php xc nh tn s ca
nhiu va nu trn.

13
Lun n c trnh by trong ba chng.
Chng 1: Chng ny gm 3 phn v c bin son nhm cung cp
cc kin thc b tr cho chng 2 v chng 3. o tn hiu in tim v can
nhiu l ni dung s c trnh by trong phn u nh mt gii thiu chung
v vn s c gii quyt sau ny. Phn tip theo ca chng 1 trnh by
v t hp thch nghi tuyn tnh v thut ton LMS chun b cho vic trnh
by cc ng gp mi trong chng 2. Phn cui ca chng 1 s trnh by
v c s ca php tnh xp x o hm s dng bin i sng nh v ng
dng xc nh to t bin nhn.
Chng 2: Chng ny trnh by c s ton hc cho b lc nhiu thch
nghi, xc nh iu kin thut ton LMS hi t trong m hnh lc nhiu.
Tip theo, chng ti trnh by xut mi cho vic iu chnh kch thc
bc ca thut ton LMS, nhm nng cao hiu nng cho b lc nhiu thch
nghi. Kh nng hi t ca thut ton LMS khi s dng phng php iu
chnh kch thc bc nu trn c chng minh. Cc kt qu thc
nghim trn tn hiu in tim v in no c trnh by xen k nhm minh
ho cho vic trnh by.
Chng 3: Chng ny trnh by v cc kt qu t c vi xut
m hnh lc nhiu t ng ti in v gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu n tn.
Chng 3 c chia lm 6 phn. Phn u, trnh by pht hin ca chng ti
v kh nng phn chia bi ton lc nhiu t ng ti in thnh 2 bi ton
kh gii vi c s ca cch gii c trnh by mc 1.3 chng 1. Phn
3.1 v 3.2 s trnh by chi tit v phng php gii i vi 2 bi ton nu trn.
Phn 3.3 s trnh by xut ca chng ti v m hnh lc nhiu t ng ti
in, ng thi trnh by gii thut xut cho vic tm tn s ca nhiu.
Phn 3.4 dnh cho nh gi chnh xc v phc tp ca gii thut d tn
s ca nhiu. Cc kt qu thc nghim trn tn hiu in tim v in no c

14
trnh by trong phn 3.5. Phn 3.6 dnh cho vic nh gi tng quan v m
hnh v thut ton xut.
Nhng ng gp mi ca lun n:
1. Xc nh iu kin thut ton LMS hi t khi p dng thut ton
ny trong m hnh lc nhiu thch nghi.
2. xut phng php thay i kch thc bc ca thut ton LMS
nhm nng cao hiu nng cho m hnh lc nhiu thch nghi v ng
dng cc kt qu trn gii quyt vn lc nhiu t ng ti
in ra khi tn hiu in tim v in no.
3. xut gii thut tm tn s ca tn hiu nhiu t ng ti in
da trn bin i Fourier v bin i sng nh thng qua vic hiu
v chn c thang ph hp thc hin bin i sng nh cho bi
ton tm tn s ca nhiu n tn.
4. xut m hnh lc nhiu n tn ra khi tn hiu hu ch, trong
s dng gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu v ng dng m hnh lc
nhiu xut cho bi ton loi b nhiu t ng ti in.

Cc kt qu ca lun n c cng b trong 3 tp ch chuyn ngnh, lit k
trong Danh mc cng trnh (trang 113) v c bo co ti:
1. Hoang Manh Ha, Variable Step size LMS Filter for ECG signals, The
second International Conference on the development of BioMedical
Engineering in Vietnam, Hanoi University of Technology, J uly 25
th
-27
th
2007,
p88-96
2. Pham Tran Nhu, Hoang Manh Ha, Adaptive Noise Cancellation
Implementaion with a Variable Step-Size LMS Algorithm, Proceeding of the
J apan-Vietnam WorkShop on SoftWare Engineering, p71-80, 2007

15
3. Pham Tran Nhu, Hoang Manh Ha, Adjustment in central frequency of
Adaptive Notch Filter base on Wavelet Transform in frequency Domain
Proceeding of the Second International Conference on Communications and
Electronics (HUTICCE), Hoian, Vietnam, J une 2008.
4. Phm Trn Nhu, Hong Mnh H, Phn tch v m phng tn hiu in
tim, K yu Hi tho Khoa hc ton quc, i hc Thi Nguyn-i hc
Bch Khoa H Ni, trang 217-224,2005.
5. Phm Trn Nhu, Hong Mnh H, Thit k b lc thch nghi vi cu trc
ng cho x l tn hiu in tm , K yu hi ngh Khoa hc ln th 20,
i hc Bch khoa H ni, trang 103-107, 2006.
6. Phm Trn Nhu, Hong Mnh H, S dng m phng tn hiu in tim v
nhiu ng ti in trong b lc trit tn lc nhiu bng thut ton LMS vi
kch thc bc thch nghi thay i, i hi Ton hc Viet Nam ln th 7,
Quy nhn 8/2008

16
Chng 1.
o tn hiu in tim v can nhiu
Trong c th con ngi, tim v hot ng ca tim phn nh cc thng
tin quan trng ca sc kho, do vy vic theo di, chn on cc bnh v tim
yu cu chnh xc, tin cy cao. Nhiu chn on c thc hin da trn
vic ghi sng in tim trong khi thc t dng sng in tim trong qu trnh ghi
lun b nh hng bi nhiu, c nhiu xc nh ln nhiu ngu nhin. Vic
nng cao cht lng ghi sng in tim yu cu nhng hiu bit cn bn v bn
cht ca sng in tim v can nhiu. Yu cu ny l quan trng trong qu
trnh nghin cu lun n v nhng kt lun cn bn s c trnh by trong
chng ny. Phn 1 gii thiu cc c im ca tn hiu in tim v cc loi
nhiu c lin quan, lm c s cho vic xy dng cc hm mc tiu trong cc
thut ton lc nhiu. Nhng kin thc ton hc lin quan n cc kt qu
nghin cu trnh by trong 2 chng sau ca lun n s c nu tm tt
trong hai phn cn li ca chng ny. Ni dung phn 2 bao gm thut ton
ti thiu ho trung bnh ca bnh phng (Tn ting Anh l: Least Mean
Square, vit tt ting Anh l LMS) v m hnh lc nhiu thch nghi s dng
thut ton LMS. Phn 3 trnh by c s ton hc ca phng php xc nh
im t bin thng qua bin i sng nh. y l ni dung b tr cho vic
trnh by kt qu t c trong chng 3. Kt qu ny da trn pht hin s
tng ng gia bi ton lc nhiu t mng in cng nghip bng b lc
thch nghi vi bi ton d im t bin c S. Mallat v H. W. Hwang
gii quyt trong [23].
1.1. Tn hiu in tim
1.1.1. S hnh thnh tn hiu in tim.

17
Tim l t chc c rng, ti s co bp mt cch c th t cc c s
to ra p lc y mu i qua cc b phn trn c th. Mi nhp tim c kch
thch bi xung in t cc t bo nt xoang ti tm nh. Cc xung in truyn
n cc b phn khc ca tim v lm cho tim co bp. Vic ghi tn hiu in
tm l vic ghi li cc tn hiu in ny. Tn hiu in tm m t hot
ng in ca tim, v c th c phn tch thnh cc thnh phn c tnh c
tn l sng: P, Q, R, S, T. Mi thnh phn ny c c trng ring, p ng
ring, du hiu ca nhp tim ring nhng c chung ngun gc l cc hin
tng in sinh vt (xem [3]).
Hin tng in sinh vt l qu trnh ho l, ho sinh phc tp xy ra
bn trong v ngoi mng t bo. Qu trnh ny c m t bng cng thc
Nerst nh sau
[ ] [ ]
ln 0.0615lg
[ ] [ ]
k
ct K o K o
E
nF K i K i
= = , ( 1. 1)
trong :
k
E : Sut in ng tng ng, c to ra do s chnh lch nng
ion gia trong v ngoi mng t bo.
n: Ho tr ca ion K
+
, 1 n = .
K i
l
l
v K o
l
l
: Nng ca ion K+ trong v ngoi mng t bo (tnh
bng mol/l ).
c: Hng s kh ( 8.31 / c jul mol = ).
t : Nhit tuyt i (tnh theo nhit Kelvil, nhit 37
0
C c
0
310 t K = ).
F : Hng s Faraday (96500 Culong/ ng lng);
ng lng =mol/ho tr.

18
Tng hp tt c cc thnh phn sut in ng t mi t bo trong tim
to ra mt tn hiu phn nh hot ng ca c tim, ngi ta gi l tn hiu
in tim.
Tn hiu in tim c ln thay i theo thi gian v khc nhau ti cc
im trn c th ngi. Bng cch o mt s im trn c th v theo di
hnh dng sng thay i theo thi gian, ngi ta c th gip nhn bit c
mt s tnh trng bnh l, hoc chn thng.
Cc nghin cu v tim trong [3] ch ra rng tn hiu in tim c th
c coi nh t hp ca cc sng c di tn t 0 . Tuy nhin ly
thng tin cho vic chn on ca bc s, thng thng di tn c chn l
0.05 80 Hz Hz . Sng in tim c bin nh, nh ln nht cng ch c
1.5 2 mV mV .

Hnh 1.1 Dng sng in tim:

Vic o tn hiu in tim c m t trong hnh 1.2 di y.

Hnh 1.2: M t vic ghi tn hiu in tim.

Q
S
Q
S

19
1.1.2. Can nhiu nh hng n cht lng ghi tn hiu in tim
Nh ni trn, sng in tim c bin nh, cho nn rt d b nh
hng bi nhiu. Cc can nhiu chnh nh hng n cht lng ghi tn hiu
in tim l:
- Nhiu t mng cung cp in c tn s thay i ngu nhin.
- Nhiu sng c do bnh nhn mt bnh tnh khi o gy ra.
- Nhiu do tip xc khng tt gia in cc v bnh nhn gy ra.
- Nhiu tn s thp gy tri ng nn.
- Nhiu do tn ti 2 ngun to tn hiu in tim trong cng mt c th
nh ghp tim hoc do mang thai.
Tuy nhin qua kho st cc loi nhiu nh hng n cht lng ghi tn
hiu in tim, M. Akay ch r trong [3] rng lc nhiu t mng cung cp
in l cp bch nht v tnh cht ph bin v kh kim sot ca loi nhiu
ny. Cc loi can nhiu cn li do c di tn n nh nn c th gii quyt
trit bng cc b lc c nh
1.1.3. Nhiu tn s 50Hz hoc 60Hz t mng cung cp in.
Nh ni trn, thng tin hu ch nm trong di tn thp,
0.05 100 Hz Hz , trong khi mng cung cp in c tn s 50Hz hoc 60Hz
c mt khp mi ni trong bnh vin, phng khm, do li in c th tc
ng ln thit b ghi sng in tim
Nu tin hnh o in tim nhng ni c t trng mnh ca mng
cung cp in th nhiu 50Hz hoc 60Hz s gy nh hng.
Ta c th gii thch nh hng ca mng cung cp in nh sau:
Theo nh lut cm ng in t

( )
( )
m
d t
V t
dt
c
= , (1.2)
trong

20
( )
m
V t : in th sinh ra do bin thin t thng.
( ) t c : Hm m t bin thin t thng qua din tch S.
Gi s t trng ( ) B t
vung gc vi mt S th:
( )
( )
m
dB t
V t S
dt
= , (1.3)
trong din tch b mt c th bnh nhn S l mt i lng thay i ngu
nhin tu thuc vo t th, hnh dng v chuyn ng ca c th.
Nu t trng do ng c hoc ngun cung cp in tn s f sinh ra, c
dng ( ) sin 2 B ft th
( ) ( ) 2 2
m
V t BS fcos tf = , (1.4)
trong f l tn s ca mng cung cp in, cng l i lng thay i ngu
nhin.

Hnh 1.3: nh hng ca nhiu t mng cung cp in

1.1.4. Nhiu do run c
Khi bnh nhn b cng thng, lo s hoc mt bnh tnh s gy run c,
to nhiu sng c. Di tn ca loi nhiu ny lun nm trong di
20 30 Hz Hz nn c th c lc bng b lc chn di c nh (xem [3]).
1.1.5. Nhiu do tip xc km gia in cc v bnh nhn
Nguyn nhn to ra can nhiu loi ny l do tip xc km gia in cc
v da. Qu trnh c m t nh sau. B ngoi ca da rt g gh. Lp biu b
c c nhng t bo gi cht, bi ... Ngoi ra cn c nhng si lng mc t

21
di da. M hi lun c bi tit ra ngoi qua l chn lng. Thnh phn ca
m hi cng rt phc tp vi nhng ion chnh l K
+
, Na
+
v Cl
-
. Da vo
cng thc (1.1) c th d dng thy rng lp tip xc ny to ra in th tip
xc. Ngoi ra dn in ca cc t chc di da cng gy ra hin tng qu
th khi c dng in chy qua.
Lp tip xc ny cng c phn cc v xut hin 2 lp in tch tri
du 2 bn tip xc. Khi in cc chuyn ng tng i vi da dn n cc
in tch b xo trn c lp tip xc in cc dung dch v c bit l c
lp tip xc dung dch da. T in tch s c s phn b li v qu trnh
ny ch dng khi c cn bng. Thm vo phi tnh n s thay i in th
nu nh ang c dng in chy qua. in th chnh lch khi c s chuyn
dch c hc tng i gia da v in cc gi l artifact. Cc in cc c
lm bng vt liu c in th bn pin cng cao th in th artifact cng mnh
v in th ny thng rt ln so vi tn hiu in tim
Qua cc m t trn ca cc loi can nhiu, r rng vic nng cao cht
lng ghi tn hiu in tim ph thuc rt nhiu vo cht lng lc nhiu t
mng cung cp in (xem [3]). Lun n s tp trung xy dng c s ca
phng php lc loi nhiu ny v thit k cc thc nghim nh gi cc
xut mi.
1.2. Thut ton ti thiu ho trung bnh ca bnh phng lch.
Cc cng b trong [3] ch ra nh hng ca nhiu t mng in cng
nghip l i lng thay i ngu nhin. Qua cng thc 1.4 ta thy rng s
thay i ca ( )
m
V t chu nh hng bi 2 i lng ngu nhin l din tch
tip xc ca bnh nhn S v tn s ca mng in f . Theo cc nghin cu
trong [3], S ph thuc vo hnh dng v s chuyn ng ca bnh nhn trong
khi o. Tuy nhin s nh hng do S thay i c gim thiu n mc
khng ng k bng cc gii php k thut chun ho quy trnh o. Do vy

22
vn cn li l loi b s nh hng ca nhiu t mng in cng nghip
vi f thay i. Nhiu t mng in cng nghip, vi c tnh dng tho
mn iu kin s dng m hnh b lc thch nghi lc nhiu. Do vy hng
nghin cu ny thu ht c s quan tm ca nhiu tc gi trong sut hn
30 nm qua. Ngay t nm 1975, B. Widrow cng b gii php s dng
thut ton ti thiu ho trung bnh ca bnh phng lch (Tn ting Anh:
Least Mean Square, vit tt l LMS) cho b lc nhiu thch nghi gii quyt
vn trn. Tuy nhin, theo nh B. Widrow cp trong [44], vn cn
cha gii quyt c l khng th ng thi va rt ngn thi gian thch nghi
va gi nguyn chnh xc.
Cc yu cu ngy cng tng v cht lng chn on y hc l ng
lc thc y vic ci tin cc m hnh lc nhiu thch nghi nhm ng thi:
- Rt ngn thi gian thch nghi.
- Ci thin chnh xc v n nh ca m hnh.
- C kh nng gii quyt c thm mt s bi ton lc nhiu tn hiu y
sinh khc.
Cc m hnh lc nhiu s dng thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc
thay i c nh gi l hng i trin vng v c phc tp tnh ton
mc thp, ng thi vn tho mn c cc yu cu v thi gian hi t v
chnh xc. Nhng cng b gn y trong [8], [10], [12], [18], [29], [33], [39],
[40] v [41] khng nh iu ny. Cc kt qu trn khch l chng ti i
theo v thu c mt s kt qu nht nh, c trnh by trong chng 2
v 3. Lun n s trnh by 2 xut v cc thc nghim khng nh cc kt
qu t c c tin b hn v rt ngn thi gian thch nghi v tng chnh
xc. Hn th na, cc kt qu ny u c th s dng cho c bi ton lc
nhiu tn hiu in tim v in no. m bo tnh h thng ca vic trnh

23
by, trong mc 1.2 ny lun n s tm tt mt s im chnh ca thut ton
LMS, c lin quan ti cc kt qu ca chng ti.
1.2.1. T hp thch nghi tuyn tnh.
Trong cc h thng x l tn hiu thch nghi, t hp thich nghi tuyn
tnh (Hnh 1.4) l phn t c bn, ng vai tr quan trng.

Hnh 1.4: T hp thch nghi tuyn tnh.

Cc m hnh thch nghi c ng dng nhiu trn thc t nh: d on, sa
sng, nhn dng v lc nhiu u s dng cc phin bn ca t hp thch nghi
tuyn tnh. Thut ton LMS cng c xy dng lm vic trn t hp thch
nghi tuyn tnh. Cu to chnh bao gm:
- Tn hiu u vo vi cc phn t ( ), x n ( ) 1 ,... x n ( ) x n L trong
n Z l bin thi gian ri rc. ( ) x n thng c m t qua hm xung Dirac
nh sau:
( ) ( ) x n A n c = ,
trong :

(n)
x(n-1)
x(n-L)
d(n)
x(n)
y(n)
w
1

w
L

E E
Delay
Delay
w
0

+
+
+
-
+
.
.
.

24
1 0
( )
0 0
n
n
n
=

=
,
A R e l ln, hoc bin ca ( ) x n .
Vi L Z , c th coi ( ) x n L l tn hiu c lm tr L ln ca
( ) x n .
- Cc trng s c th iu chnh c
0
, w
1
, w ...
L
w .
- B ly tng s hc.
- Mt u ly tn hiu ra vi
0
( ) ( )
L
k
k
y n x n k w
=
=
_
. (1.5)
Cc trng s l cc s thc v c iu chnh sao cho ( ) y n ging nht
vi ( ) d n (xem hnh 1.4). Vic iu chnh cc trng s c coi l th tc
thch nghi cho t hp. Theo cng thc 1.5, u ra l kt qu t hp tuyn tnh
t cc thnh phn tn hiu u vo.
1.2.2. Bi ton xc nh ma trn trng s ti u cho t hp thch nghi
tuyn tnh.
m hnh ho th tc thch nghi, ta s dng cc k hiu sau:
- W l vector trng s ca t hp thch nghi tuyn tnh, vi
[ [
0 1 2
...
T
L
W w w w w = , (1.6)
W l vector c di 1 L .
-
( ) d n l tn hiu hun luyn m ta bit trc, trong n Z l bin
thi gian ri rc.
- ( ) X n l vector tn hiu u vo ti thi im n, vi
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 ...
T
X n x n x n x n x n L
l
=
l
, (1.7)

25
trong :
( ) x n : Tn hiu u vo ti thi im n,
( ) 1 x n : Tn hiu c lm tr 1 ln t tn hiu ( ) x n ,
( ) x n L : Tn hiu c lm tr L ln t tn hiu ( ) x n .

( )
X n l vector c di 1 L . Bi ton t ra l ta mun nhn c
( ) y n vi ( ) ( )
T
y n X nW = sao cho ( ) y n ging nht vi tn hiu hun luyn
( )
d n theo ngha ( ) ( ) ( ) n d n y n = t c mt cc tiu. Vic iu chnh
cc trng s c coi nh l bi ton xc nh cc phn t
k
w vi
1,2,..., k L = , sao cho khi s dng cng thc (1.5), u ra ( ) y n ging nht
vi ( ) d n .
Li gii cho bi ton ny da trn gi thit rng tn hiu ( ) X n v ( ) d n
l tn hiu dng theo ngha di y.
nh ngha 1.1. Dy dng l dy ngu nhin c phn phi xc sut khng
thay i theo thi gian.
Nu dy ( ) N t l dng v c
0
( ), ( ) 0
( ( ), ( ))
L
N t N t L
F n t n t
,
,
biu din hm
phn phi ca ( ) N t ti thi im
0
t ,
1
t , ,
L
t th ta c :
0 0
( ), ( ) 0 ( ), ( ) 0
( ( ), ( )) ( ( ), ( ))
L L
N t N t L N t N t L
F n t n t F n t n t
t t , ,
, = ,

,
vi , L Z t \ .
Trong x l tn hiu, tn hiu dng c coi nh dng yu ca dy
dng (xem [1]). Ta c nh ngha tn hiu dng nh sau:
nh ngha 1.2. Tn hiu dng l tn hiu ngu nhin c moment bc 1 v 2
khng thay i theo thi gian.
Nu tn hiu ( ) S n l tn hiu dng th
[ ( )] ( ) ( )
s s
E S n m n m n t = = , vi Z t \ .

26
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
[ ( ) ( )] ( , ) ( , ) ( ,0)
s s s
E S n S n R n n R n n R n n t t = = = ,
vi Z t \ .
Bi ton xc nh ma trn trng s ti u cho t hp thch nghi tuyn
tnh trong [45] yu cu ( ) X n v ( ) d n l tn hiu dng theo nh ngha 1.2
v tm
*
W sao cho ( ) n t cc tiu. Nu mi khi moment bc 1 v moment
bc 2 ca chng chuyn thnh gi tr c nh khc, ta phi tm li ma trn
trng s ti u
*
W khc, sao cho ti ( ) n li t cc tiu. Sau khi tnh
c
*
W , nu cc thng s ca
( )
X n khng thay i th
*
W cng khng
thay i.
Cc kt qu t c trong [45] c trnh by nh sau :
Cc kt qu ban u c N. Wiener a ra trong [45]. Tuy cha gii
quyt hon ton c yu u t ra nhng l c s quan trng nhng
tc gi sau pht trin ng hng. Li gii nh sau: Nu hm cc tiu
ha c chn l
2
[ ( )] E n = , th
[ [ [ [ [ [
2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( )
T T T
E d n W E X n X n W E d n X n W = .
Ma trn trng s
*
W c tnh nh sau:
* 1
W R P
= , (1.8)
trong
*
W l ma trn trng s ti u, ti t gi tr cc tiu,
( ) ( ) [ ]
T
R E X n X n = , (1.9)
v
[ ( ) ( )] P E d n X n = . (1.10)
Vi gi thit
( ) X n v
( ) d n l tn hiu dng nh trn, cc phn t ca R v
P u l hng s.

27
Tuy nhin, li gii trn ca N. Wiener cha gii quyt c trng hp
sau: Mi khi cc thng s thng k ca ca tn hiu
( ) X n hoc tn hiu hun
luyn ( ) d n thay i, dn n cc phn t ca ma trn R v P thay i,
chuyn thnh cc hng s khc. Do vy, mt cch t ng
*
W phi c tnh
li theo cc cng thc (1.9), (1.10) v (1.8) (xem [32], [35], [36], [44]).
Nhng trong thc t, ta ch c c
( ) X n bng cch o tn hiu u vo
di dng s thc ti nhng thi im n ch khng xc nh c tn hiu
( ) X n di dng hm s no . Do vy khng th bit c khi no R thay
i tnh li
*
W . Vy li gii Wiener trong cng thc (1.8) cha thc
hin b lc thch nghi.
1.2.3. Thut ton thch nghi ca B. Widrow.
gii quyt vn nu trn, B. Widrow xut thay i cch tip
cn, chuyn t tnh trc tip
*
W thnh tm kim ngu nhin
*
W bng phng
php lp [44]. Khi bi ton c m t tng ng:
Cho cng thc lp tnh ma trn trng s ti u nh sau :
( ) 1 ( ) ( ) W n W n W n = ^ ,
trong
( ) 1 W n : Ma trn trng s ti thi im ( ) 1 n .
( ) W n : Ma trn trng s ti thi im n,
( ) W n ^ : Tham s hiu chnh ti thi im n.
Bi ton t ra l :
- Tm Biu thc tnh ( ) W n ^ sao cho mi khi ( ) 1 W n t n
*
W ,
th tham s hiu chnh ( ) 0 W n ^ = v khng thay i nu tnh cht

28
dng ca
( ) X n v ( ) d n cng khng thay i. Nu tnh cht dng thay
i, ( ) 0 W n ^ = bt u li cc bc lp tm ma trn ti u khc.
- Xc nh iu kin ( ) 1 W n c kh nng hi t n
*
W .
Cc kt qu t c trong [44] c trnh by nh sau:
Tham s hiu chnh ( ) W n ^ c B. Widrow v hc tr ca ng l T.
Hoff xut cho thut ton LMS :
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) W n n X n j ^ = ,
trong
j : Kch thc bc, quyt nh tc hi t v n nh ca thut
ton. Di n nh ca thut ton c xc nh trong cng thc sau
2
0
1
0
( )
L
i
x n i
j
=
< <
_
. (1.11)
Thut ton LMS c u im ni bt v tnh n gin trong tnh ton v
( ) W n ^ c tnh ch t u vo ( ) X n v u ra ( ) n ca t hp tuyn
tnh (Hnh 1.4).
T cc kt qu trn, thut ton LMS c tm tt nh sau :
- Np tn hiu hun luyn d .
- Gn 1 n L = .
- Gn gi tr khi to cho cc phn t ca ( ) W n .
- Chn j thut ton n nh.
- Lp
o Gn ( ) ( ) ( ) [ [ ( ) : ( ) 1 2 ...
T
X n x n x n x n x n L = .
o Tnh ( ) : ( ) ( ) ( )
T
n d n X n W n = .

29
o Tnh ( 1) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) W n W n n X n j = .
o : 1 n n =
o Cho n khi ht dy tn hiu th dng li.
Vi vic chuyn thnh bi ton tm kim ngu nhin nh trn, thut
ton LMS c kh nng tm c
*
W i vi lp bi ton ( ) X n khng phi
l tn hiu dng, khi khng cn dng bc 2, l trng hp khng p
dng c li gii Wiener. Tuy nhin iu kin n nh trong cng thc
(1.11) cha chnh xc khi s dng thut ton LMS trong cc m hnh c
pht trin t t hp thch nghi tuyn tnh nh b lc nhiu Adaptive FIR, c
bit l Adaptive IIR. Cn phi xc nh thm iu kin cn v cho s hi
t ca thut ton LMS. y cng l vn c gii quyt trong chng II.
1.3. Bin i sng nh vi bi ton xc nh im t bin.
1.3.1. Tnh o hm bc 1 v 2 thng qua bin i sng nh a thang.
Hm ( ) x c gi l sng nh nu tho mn 2 iu kin sau:
( ) 0 x dx
=
]
, (1.12)
v

2
( ( )) 1 x dx
=
]
.
Ta c nh ngha php bin i sng nh i vi
2
( ) ( ) f x L R nh
sau :
( )
( )
1
, ( )
x
F s f x dx
s s
t
t
=
]
, (1.13)
trong :

30
( ) , F s t : K hiu php bin i sng nh i vi
2
( ) ( ) f x L R ti
tham s trt v tham s thang s.
Sng nh ( )
s
x l kt qu ca php dn ti thang s i vi sng nh
( ) x , ngha l :
( )
1
s
x
x
s s

1

=

( )
. (1.14)
Sng nh
( ) x c gi l c n moment trit tiu nu v ch nu vi
mi s nguyn dng k n < tho mn
( ) 0
k
x x dx
=
]
. (1.15)
Theo [4], [6], [11], [23], [24], [25] bin i sng nh ti thang s i
vi hm
2
( ) ( ) f x L R bng ( )
s
x c th c thc hin qua php tch chp:
( , ) * ( )
s
Wf s x f x = , (1.16)
trong
( , ) Wf s x : K hiu php bin i sng nh thng qua php tch chp i
vi hm
( ) f x ti thangs. Qua cng thc 1.16, ta thy rng ( , ) Wf s x l hm
ca thang s v v tr khng gian x.
( )
s
x : Sng nh ( ) x c dn ti thang s (cng thc 1.14).
Du * l k hiu ca php tch chp, c nh ngha trong cng thc
sau:
* ( ) ( ) ( )
s s
f x f x d t t t
=
]
. (1.17)
S. Mallat cp n trong [14], ti mt s trng hp, c th hon
v gia ton t tnh o hm v ton t tnh tch chp. Tnh cht ny cho php

31
tnh trc tip o hm bc n bt k ch qua mt php bin i sng nh v c
th s dng cc thang s khc nhau. Do vy, cho php chn c thang s sao
cho ph hp nht vi tng bi ton c yu cu ring v tnh o hm.
Tnh cht giao hon gia ton t tnh o hm vi ton t tnh tch chp
c m t nh sau: Nu hm ( ) f x v ( ) x 0 kh vi th
( )
* ( ) * ( )
d d
f x f x
dx dx
0 0 = .
tnh o hm bc 1 v 2, ta a vo hai hm s
1
( ) x v
2
( ) x
c nh ngha nh sau:
1
( )
( )
d x
x
dx
0
= , (1.18)
v
2
2
2
( )
( )
d x
x
dx
0
= , (1.19)
trong
( ) x 0 l hm kh vi v suy gim nhanh. S.Mallat v W. L. Hwang
ngh chn
2
2
1
( )
2
x
x e 0
= , hm ( ) x 0 c gi l sng nh c s Gaussian
[43], v c chng ti s dng gii quyt bi ton xc nh to im
t bin trong chng 3 ca lun n.
1
( )
s
x v
2
( )
s
x tng ng
1
( ) x v
2
( ) x c dn ti thang s theo
cng thc sau :
( )
1 1
1
s
x
x
s s

1

( )
,
( )
2 2
1
( )
s
x
s
s s
= ,
1
( )
s
x v
2
( )
s
x c gi l sng nh Gauss1 v Gauss2, l 2 sng nh
c s dng nhiu trong cc ng dng d bin ca x l nh. Qua cng

32
thc (1.15) ta thy rng
1
( )
s
x c moment trit tiu bc 1,
2
( )
s
x c moment
trit tiu bc 2.
S dng cc cng thc (1.14), (1.16), (1.17), (1.18) v (1.19) thc
hin bin i sng nh ti thang s i vi ( ) f x bng ( )
1
s
x ta c
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
, * *
s
s
d x
W f s x f x f s
dx
0
1

= =

( )

( ) ( )
*
s
d
s f x
dx
0 = , (1.20)
trong
( )
1
, W f s x : Bin i Sng nh i vi ( ) f x ti thang s, s dng sng
nh Gauss1.

1
( )
s
x : Sng nh Gauss1.

( )
1
s
x
x
s s
0 0
1

=

( )
: Sng nh c s Gauss c dn thang s.
( ) * ( )
s
f x x 0 : c coi l php lm trn ( ) f x bng ( )
s
x 0 .
Tng t, thc hin bin i sng ti thang s i vi ( ) f x bng
( )
2
s
x ta c
( ) ( )
( )
2
2 2 2
2
, * *
s
s
d x
W f s x f x f s
dx
0
= =

( )

( ) ( )
2
2
2
*
s
d
s f x
dx
0 = (1.21)
Cng thc (1.20) v (1.21) c ngha rng: Thc hin bin i sng
nh i vi ( ) f x bi cc hm sng nh c moment trit tiu bc 1 v 2 ti

33
thang s s tng ng vi vic tnh o hm bc 1 v 2 ca hm
( ) f x
c lm trn bng ( )
s
x 0 .
1.3.2. Tm im t bin nhn.
tm to ca im t bin, hng tip cn s dng cc ton t
tnh xp x hm t r u im v chnh xc cao v phc tp tnh ton
thp. Nu cc t bin ng nht v dng, ta c th s dng cc ton t gi
o hm nh Canny, Sobel, Robert tnh o hm bc 1 v 2. Tuy nhin,
trong trng hp, khi phi tm to ca 1 loi t bin nm xen ln vi
nhiu dng t bin khc. Khi khng th s dng cc k thut trn. Bi
ton ny dn n vic tm k thut m cho php ch xc nh to ca t
bin mang thng tin m ta quan tm, ng thi b qua cc t bin khng cn
thit. gii quyt vn ny, t nm 1992, S. Mallat xut s dng
cng thc 1.20 v 1.21 lm c s cho ton t gi o hm s dng bin i
sng nh a thang. iu ny cho php loi b cc t bin khng mang thng
tin cn tm nu chn c thang ph hp. Tip tc nghin cu theo hng
ny, nm 1994, CuiWei Li trong [21] cng b cc kt qu t c trong
vic chn thang cho mt s dng t bin c trng, trong c dng m
chng ti gp phi khi gii quyt bi ton d tn s ca nhiu ti chng 3
trong lun n ny. Cc kt qu trn c tm tt nh sau:
nh ngha 1.3. Cho hm s ( ) f x xc nh trn [ , ] a b . Hm
( )
1
( ) 2, g x W f x = xc nh trn [ , ] a b . on
1 1
[ , ] a b tho mn
1 1
a a b b _ < _ . im
0 1 1
[ , ] x a b c gi l to nh ca t bin
nhn trn ( ) f x , tn ti trong on
1 1
[ , ] a b nu vi bt k [0,1] t ta c:

1 0 1 0
( (1 ) ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) gta t x tga t g x

34
0 1 0 1
( (1 ) ) ( ) (1 ) ( ) gtx t b tg x t gb <
0
( ) 0 g x =

Trong [14] v [23], S. Mallat ch ra rng : Nu ( ) f x c t bin
nhn ti
0
x , php lm trn ( ) f x s dng tch chp ( ) * ( )
s
f x x 0 s bo tn
tnh t bin ca ( ) f x ti
0
x . Do vy vic xc nh to im t bin nhn
trn ( ) f x s tng ng vi vic d im t bin trn kt qu ca php tch
chp gia ( ) f x v ( )
s
x 0 . Qua cng thc (1.20) v (1.21), ta thy rng i vi
thang s c nh, ( )
1
, W f s x v ( )
2
, W f s x tng ng l ton t gi o hm
bc 1 v 2 i vi ( ) * ( )
s
f x x 0 . Do vy
( )
1
, W f s x s i qua khng v i du
ti
0
x . D tm cc im qua khng gia cp cc i dng v cc tiu m
lin tip trn ( )
1
, W f s x l cc th tc d tm to im t bin nhn trn
( ) f x . B ba cc i dng, cc tiu m, cc i dng ca
( )
2
, W f s x c
s dng kim chng chnh xc ca kt qu d tm. Ngay sau 2 nm,
CuiWei Li cng b trong [21] kt qu t c v chn thang s cho bi
ton tm to cc t bin c dng nh nhn, l dng t bin tng ng
vi t bin trong bi ton ca chng ti. Cc kt qu trn cho chng ti
nhng k thut cn thit gii quyt bi ton lc nhiu t mng in. Trong
phn kh khn nht l yu cu chnh xc cao khi xc nh tn s ca
nhiu, trnh b nhm vi tn s ca thng tin khc nm ln cn . Vi c
im n tn ca nhiu, ch tp trung ti 1 tn s nn c th biu din nhiu
nh l im t bin m v tr ca im t bin ny c th c xc nh
chnh xc qua php bin i sng nh vi thang s c chn ph hp.

35
KT LUN
Trong chng ny, b lc nhiu thch nghi s dng thut ton LMS i
vi bi ton lc nhiu tn hiu y sinh c m t cng vi cc cng c ton
hc s dng trong cc chng sau. Vic xy dng c s ton hc cho cc bi
ton lc nhiu s c gii quyt trong chng 2 ca lun n . Chng 3 gii
thiu mt tip cn khc cho php gii quyt bi ton lc nhiu vi d liu u
vo khng dng.

36
Chng 2
Lc nhiu bng cc phng php thch nghi
da trn thut ton LMS v kh nng tng
hiu qu bng mt gii php thay i kch
thc bc.
Chng ny trnh by m hnh ton ca b lc nhiu thch nghi v
xut phng php nng cao hiu nng ca b lc nhiu thch nghi trn c s
iu chnh kch thc bc thch nghi cho thut ton LMS.
Ton chng c chia lm ba phn chnh. Phn 1 trnh by m hnh
ton ca b lc nhiu thch nghi. Phn 2 m t phn mm nhng trong b lc
thch nghi x l nhiu in p trn tn hiu in tim v in no. Phn 3 trnh
by thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc thch nghi thay i v so snh vi
trng hp thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc thch nghi c nh.
Cc kt qu ca chng ny c ly trong cc bi bo [1-5] v [7]
trong Danh mc cc cng trnh ca tc gi c lin quan n lun n.
2.1. C s ton hc ca phng php thch nghi da trn thut ton
LMS trong lc nhiu.
2.1.1. Pht biu bi ton
M hnh lc nhiu cng tnh trong tn hiu y sinh (xem [3],[7],[8],[17],
[18], [20], [29] v [34]) c m t trong hnh 2.1. Trong m hnh ny
( ) ECG n l dy tn hiu y sinh b nhiu ti u vo v ri rc ho. ( ) S n
l dy tn hiu y sinh sch v ( ) N n l dy tn hiu nhiu.
( ) ( ), 1,...,
k
W n w n k L = = l dy trng s,

37
( ) ( ) , , 1,...,
R R
N n N n k k L = = l dy tn hiu tham chiu gip to thnh
t hp tuyn tnh bc L . Trong bi ton ny, ( )
R
N n tng ng ( ) X n ca
cng thc 1.7.
( )
1
( ) ( ) ,
L
l R
l
N n w n N n l
=
=
_
. (2.1)
( ) N n tng ng ( ) y n trong cng thc (1.5).

Hnh 2.1: M hnh thch nghi ca b lc nhiu.

K hiu:
( ) S n tng ng ( ) n trong bi ton xc nh

*
W , trong m
hnh lc nhiu ny

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) S n S n N n N n = , (2.2)
mc tiu t ra l c c dy ( ) W n v dy ( )
R
N n
Z
-1
Z
-1
Thut ton
LMS

.
.
.
( ) ( ) ( ) ECG n S n N n =
= ( ) ( ) S n S n
( )
R
N n
-
( )
1
w n
( )
2
w n
( )
L
w n
( ) N n

+
+
+

+

38
( )

( )
2
lim 0
n
E N n N n
l
=
l
l
, (2.3)
t dy
( ) W n v dy
( )
R
N n tho mn iu kin
( )
2
lim 0
n
E S n
l
l =
l
l
(2.4)
ca thut ton LMS i vi tn hiu cng tnh
( ) ( ) S n N n .

2.1.2. C s ton hc ca m hnh lc nhiu
nh l: Gi s dy ( ) W n v ( )
R
N n tho mn iu kin (2.4). Khi y
iu kin cn v chng tho mn iu kin (2.3) l
lim ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n
E S n N n N n
l l
=
l l
. (2.5)
Chng minh:
iu kin cn: T bt ng thc

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n E S n N n N n
l l l l
_
l l l l

[ [

2
2
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n E N n N n
l
_
l
,
suy ra rng nu
( )

( )
2
lim 0
n
E N n N n
l
=
l
l
th
( ) ( )

( )
lim n 0
n
E S N n N n
l l
=
l l
l l
i
vi dy tn hiu
( ) S n c
( )
2
E S n
l
l
l
gii ni.
p dng kt lun ny cho vic chng minh t (2.3)-(2.4) suy ra
(2.5), rng
[ [

2 2
2
( ) ( ) 2 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) E S n E S n E S n N n N n E N n N n
l
l l l
=
l
l l l
l
(2.6)

39
v iu kin (2.4) l trng hp ring ca dy tn hiu c moment bc II gii
ni nn
( ) S n cng l dy c moment gii ni. p dng kt lun trn cho
( ) S n v (2.3) suy ra (2.5) ng v iu kin cn c chng minh.
iu kin :
Gi s ( ) W n v ( )
R
N n tho mn iu kin (2.4) v (2.5). Khi (2.6)
ko theo (2.3) da trn bt ng thc
( )

( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( )

2 2
0
lim lim 2lim
n n n
E N n N n S n E S n N n N n

l
l l
l _
l l
l l l
l
v do iu kin c chng minh

2.1.3. nh gi sai s trung bnh bnh phng.
Kt qu lc c nh gi bng sai s trung bnh bnh phng sau Q
bc
2
1
1
( ) ( )
Q
n
MSE S n S n
Q
=
=
_
. (2.7)
y
( )
S n l gi tr ca tn hiu y sinh sch th n
( ) S n l tn hiu y sinh sau lc th n.

Tc hi t ca thut ton c phn nh qua tc hi t v xp x 0 ca
MSE. n nh ca thut ton c phn nh thng qua s thay i ca
MSE sau khi thut ton hi t (xem [22], [39]).
2.1.4. Tn hiu tham chiu Widrow ( )
R
N n trong thut ton lc LMS.
Dy tn hiu tham chiu ( )
R
N n c chn t b lc trit tn thch
nghi m t trong hnh di y.

40

Hnh 2.2:B lc trit tn thch nghi.

Tn hiu tham chiu c xc nh l thun cos ([13], [44]), vi 2 L = s l
( ) ( ) ( )
1 0
,1 cos
R
N n x n C n. = = , (2.8)
( ) ( ) ( )
2 0
,2 sin
R
N n x n C n. = = , (2.9)
trong
0
. l tn s ca nhiu ( ) N n , n Z . D thy rng ( )
2
x n l tn hiu
( )
1
x n c lm tr pha 90
0
.
Trong [44], B. Widrow ch ra rng : M hnh lc c m t qua
hnh 2.2 s tng ng vi b lc trit tt c tn hiu u vo c tn s
0
.
mi khi thut ton LMS trong m hnh hi t. Tn s
0
. chnh l tn s
ca nhiu, khi tn hiu nhiu s c kh ti u ra. Khi tn s
0
. ca
nhiu thay i mt cch ngu nhin, 2 trng s
1
w v
2
w c chnh dn sao
cho sau khi thut ton ti hi t, b lc vi cu trc mi li tip tc trit cc
tn hiu c tn s trng vi tn s mi ca nhiu. Ngoi u im t iu
chnh, thch nghi vi s thay i ca nhiu, b lc trit tn thch nghi c
nh gi cao nh c kh nng gim nh s suy gim, nh hng n cc tn
hiu hu ch c tn s ln cn
0
. . Cc tn s nm trong phm vi nh hng
Dch
pha
90
0

+
+
+
-
Thut ton
LMS
E
E
u vo
chnh
u vo tham
chiu
1
( ) x n

1
( ) w n
u ra ca b
lc trit tn
thch nghi
( ) n
( ) y n
( ) ( ) S n N n
2
( ) x n

2
( ) w n

41
c xc nh nm trong di
2 2
0 0
[ , ] C C . j . j , trong j l kch
thc bc ca thut ton LMS (xem cng thc 1.11), C l bin ca nhiu
ti u vo tham chiu (xem cng thc 2.8 v 2.9). Do vy, nu ta chn j
nh, thut ton LMS chc chn s hi t, nhiu s b kh ti u ra. ng thi
cc tn hiu hu ch t b nh hng suy gim, nhng s cn nhiu thi gian
cho thut ton LMS hi t.
2.1.5. Dy trng s lc ( ) W n trong thut ton LMS
Dy trng s lc ( ) W n s dng trong lc tn hiu ( ) ( ) S n N n
c Widrow (xem [44]) v cc tc gi khc (xem [2], [3], [10], [17]) a ra
di dng phng trnh sai phn
( ) ( ) 1 ( ) 2 ( ) ,
R
W n W n n N n k j = 1,..., k L = , (2.10)
trong j l kch thc bc. Dy ( ) W n hi t khi kch thc bc
tho mn iu kin trong cng thc (1.11) hoc
1
0
max
< < . y
max
l
gi tr ring ln nht ca ma trn t tng quan [ ( ) ( ) ]
T
R R E N n N n

ti u vo
tham chiu. Hoc tho mn iu kin trong cng thc (1.11).
Trong m hnh b lc trit tn vi dy tn hiu tham chiu
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, x n x n , tn hiu ra ( )
S n s c k hiu thay th bi ( ) n . B
trng s lc ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, w n w n c xc nh bi h phng trnh sai phn

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 2 w n w n n x n j = , (2.11)
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
1 2 w n w n n x n j = . (2.12)
Trong trng hp nhiu t ng ti in nh hng ln tn hiu y
sinh, tn hiu tham chiu c chn dng cc hm s sinv cos (xem cng
thc (2.8)-(2.9):

42
( ) ( )
1 0 0
2
cos cos2 cos
n
x n C n C f n C
N
. = = = (2.13)
( ) ( )
2 0 0
2
sin sin2 sin
n
x n C n C f n C
N
. = = = (2.14)
y N l s lng mu trong mt chu k ca tn hiu tham chiu
ca cc hm s sinv cos vi cc phn t ca ma trn t tng quan .
[ [
2 2 2
2
1
1 2 2 1
( ) sin sin
2
N
k
k k
E x n C C
N N N

=
= =
_
, (2.15)
[ [
2 2 2
1
1
1 2 2 1
( ) cos cos
2
N
k
k k
E x n C C
N N N

=
= =
_
, (2.16)
( ) ( )
2
1 2
1
1 2 2
cos sin 0
N
n
n n
E x n x n C
N N N

=
l
= =
l
_
. (2.17)
Theo (1.9) ta c

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2
1 1 2
2
2
2 1 2
1
0
2
1
0
2
C
x n x n x n
R E
x n x n x n
C
l
l l
l l
= =
l l
l l
l
l
l
, (2.18)
vi cc gi tr ring (xem [44]) l nghim ca phng trnh
det 0 R I ( =

, (2.19)
trong I l ma trn n v. Do vy ta c:

2 2
0 1
,
2 2
C C
= = (2.20)
Thay cc gi tr ring va tm c vo
1
0
max
< < (xem [44]) ta c

th xc nh iu kin dy ( ) W n hi t l :
2
2
0
C
< < (2.21)

43
2.2. Phng php thch nghi lc nhiu in p cho cc tn hiu y sinh
Cc m t ton hc phn m bo ton hc cho php p dng m hnh
lc nhiu cho cc tn hiu y sinh c bin nh xy dng cc phn mm
nhng trong lc nhiu in p i vi cc tn hiu y sinh. Chng hn sng
in tim c bin c bin nh, nh ln nht cng ch c 1.5 2mV
(xem[37]).
Cc phn mm nhng c vit trn Matlab v c th m t tm lc
nh sau.
Phn mm nhng c xy dng da trn m hnh b lc trit tn thch
nghi thc hin lc nhiu
( )
N n ra khi dy tn hiu y sinh thu nhn c
( ) ( ) S n N n . Vic lc nhiu thc hin bng cch c lng
( ) N n thng
qua tnh
( )
1
( ) ( ) ,
L
k R
k
N n w n N n k
=
=
_
sao cho
2
lim ( ) ( ) 0
n
E N n N n
l
=
l
.
Thut ton lc c thc hin thng qua cc hm, do vy c th d dng thay
i gi tr ca kch thc bc cho ph hp vi yu cu ca ngi s dng v
tc hi t, n nh. Hin nay chng ti gi chn gi tr kch thc
bc 0.05 j = trong trng hp mi trng nhiu thay i chm v yu cu
cao v cht lng tn hiu sau lc cng nh n nh. Khi mi trng nhiu
lun thay i kch thc bc 0.5 j = t ra ph hp nht, thut ton c kh
nng hi t rt nhanh. Nhng n nh v cht lng tn hiu sau lc khng
tt bng trng hp 0.05 j = . Trng hp kch thc bc thay i dnh
cho nhiu pht sinh t ngun in ca my pht vi tn s ca nhiu c di
thay i rng v tc thay i ln. Vi u im thut ton n gin, phn
mm nhng lc nhiu cho tn hiu y sinh c th c s dng cho c mc
ch o to.

44
Kt qu th nghim hot ng ca cc phn mm nhng cho php tm
ra cc tham s ph hp v c minh ho trong cc thc nghim trnh by
mc tip sau.
2.2.1. Kt qu lc nhiu i vi tn hiu in tim
2.2.1.1.Trng hp 1: Kch thc bc thch nghi c chn c nh
0.05 j =
Nh ta thy trn hnh 2.3 (a), trong trng hp 0.05 j = , thut ton
hi t chm nhng c n nh tt, phn nh qua cc dao ng ca MSE.

Hnh 2.3: MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = .

Kt qu ca php tnh
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
tng ng vi 0.05 j =
c phn nh trong hnh 2.3(b), qua ta thy rng iu kin cn v
trong cng thc (2.5) l
lim ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n
E S n N n N n
l l
=
l l
c tho mn.

MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j =
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
trng hp 0.05 j =
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
trng hp 0.5 j =

45
Tc hi t v n nh cng c thy r qua lng nhiu cn li nhiu
trong tn hiu sau lc trn hnh 2.4.
Ti cc pha sau (Hnh 2.5, 2.6 v 2.7) lng nhiu cn li trong tn
hiu sau lc gim nhanh chng v s n nh ca thut ton phn nh qua
mp m ca MSE v tn hiu sau lc th hin trong cc hnh trn.
C th nhn thy tc hi t ca thut ton trn hnh 2.4 v hnh 2.5
c s gim dn u i vi lng nhiu cn li trong tn hiu sau lc. iu
ny hon ton ph hp vi kt qu rt ra t hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.4: So snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 1 465 n = .

Nu so snh tn hiu in tim sch (hnh gia) v tn hiu in tim thu
c b nhim nhiu (hnh di cng). Ta c th thy rng ti u thu c
ca tn hiu in tim, nhiu lm mt i cc thng tin vn hu ch cho vic
chn on ti cc nh sng P, Q, S v T.
Trong pha tip theo ca hnh 2.6, ta thy trong tn hiu sau lc, lng
nhiu cn li rt nh v ta c th nhn ra hnh dng ca cc nh sng P, Q, S,
T.
Bt u
lc
nhiu
Ti y, nhiu gim

46


Hnh 2.6: So snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 931 1395 n =

47


Trong hnh 2.7 tip theo, qua so snh tn hiu in tim sau lc vi tn
hiu in tim sch tng ng (hnh gia) c th thy rng tn hiu in tim
sau lc ging ht tn hiu in tim sch tng ng. iu ny hon ton ph
hp vi ng biu din cc gi tr ca sai s trung bnh bnh phng trong
hnh 2.3, khi cc gi tr MSE tin rt gn 0 sau 1800 vng lp. Ta c th ni
rng tn hiu sau lc ( ) n tin n xp x tn hiu in tim sch ( ) S n sau
mt s hu hn cc vng lp.
C th thy vic chn kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = cho ta tn
hiu sau lc c cht lng rt cao, nhng s bc lp thut ton hi t
cng tng theo. iu ny khin yu cu gim thi gian hi t cho thut ton
khng t c.
2.2.1.2. Trng hp 2: Kch thc bc thch nghi c chn c nh
0.5 j =
Trn hnh 2.3(a), trng hp 0.5 j = MSE cho ta thy thut ton c
tc hi t rt nhanh. iu ny c phn nh qua tc gim v khng

48
ca MSE nhng c n nh khng tt, phn nh qua trng thi dao ng
ca MSE sau vng lp th 180 v lng nhiu cn li trong tn hiu sau lc
trn cc hnh t 2.8 n 2.11. ng thi, qua hnh 2.3(c) ta cng thy rng
iu kin trong cng thc (2.5) khng c tho mn khi
lim ( ) ( ) ( ) 0
n
E S n N n N n
l l
=
l l
. iu ny cho php gii thch l do ca
tnh trng khng n nh ca thut ton LMS dng kch thc bc ln cho
cc ng dng lc nhiu.
Trong trng hp 1, khi kch thc bc thch nghi c chn c nh
0.05 j = , sau khi hi t, nu nhiu khng thay i th kt qu lc rt n
nh. Trong trng hp 2, 0.5 j = , sau khi hi t, thut ton vn khng n
nh. iu ny cng c phn nh qua quan st thy lng nhiu cn li
trong tn hiu sau lc qua vic so snh tn hiu in tim sau lc (ng trn
cng) vi tn hiu in tim sch tng ng (ng gia).

Hnh 2.8: Vi 0.5 j = , ( ) S n v
( )
n , trong on 1 465 n = .

Bt
u
lc
Ti y, nhiu gim ng k

49

Hnh 2.9: Vi 0.5 j = , ( ) S n v ( ) n , trong on 466 930 n = .


50


2.2.2. Kt qu lc nhiu i vi tn hiu in no
0.05 j = . Trong trng hp 0.05 j = trn hnh 2.12(a) cho thy thut ton
hi t chm (sau khong 2000 vng lp). Tnh n nh khng cao, c phn
nh qua cc dao ng ca MSE. trnh b che lp bi ng cong m t
MSE trong trng hp 0.5 j = , ta c th quan st hnh 2.13 vi MSE trong
hai trng hp c biu din tch ri trn cng trn mt hng ngang. Vi
hnh 2.13 ta thy rng trong trng hp 0.5 j = , MSE c dao ng bt
thng cao hn trong trng hp 0.05 j = .
iu ny cng c th hin qua lng nhiu cn li gim dn trong
tn hiu sau lc trn hnh 2.14. Ti pha sau (Hnh 2.15) lng nhiu vn
tip tc gim v khi ta so snh tn hiu in no sau lc (Hnh trn nh) vi
tn hiu in no sch (hnh gia) trong cc pha sau ti hnh 2.16 v 2.17 c

51
th thy lng nhiu cn li trong tn hiu sau lc l kh ln, tn hiu sau lc
( ) n cha n nh quanh tn hiu in no (EEG) sch
( ) S n .

Hnh 2.12:
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
trong trng hp 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = .

Thut ton LMS hi t nhng cha n nh khng nhng c phn
nh qua mp m ca MSE v tn hiu sau lc trong cc hnh 2.12(a) m
cn c nh gi qua iu kin cn v trong cng thc (2.5). Qua hnh
2.12(b) v 2.12(c), ta thy rng
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
u khng tin n
0 khi n , do khng tho mn iu kin cn v c xut ti
cng thc 2.5 trong chng 2.
Trn hnh 2.14, ta thy tn hiu in no sau lc tip tc tin gn n tn
hiu in no sch nhiu. Ti hnh 2.16 v hnh 2.17, ta thy tn hiu in no
sau lc tin gn n tn hiu in no sch, tuy nhin vn tn ti cc im
mt n nh.

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
trng hp 0.5 j =
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
trng hp 0.05 j =

52

Hnh 2.13: MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = .

Hnh 2.14: Vi 0.05 j = , EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1 1000 n = .

53

Hnh 2.15:EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1001 2000 n = .

Hnh 2.16: EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 2001 3000 n = .

54


Nh vy, trong trng hp kch thc thch nghi c chn c nh
ti 0.05 j = lc nhiu ca ng ti in khi tn hiu in no c tc hi
t chm v n nh cha tt.
0.5 j =
Khi kch thc bc thch nghi c chn c nh 0.5 j = , MSE
trong hnh 2.12 cho thy tc hi t ca thut ton tng ln r rt. Thut
ton hi t sau khong 200 vng lp. n nh ca thut ton c phn
nh r rt hn qua ng cong biu din sai s trung bnh bnh phng ti
hnh 2.13 so vi trng hp b lc c kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = .
Mt ln na ta thy rng trong bi ton lc nhiu ng, khi tng gi tr ca
kch thc bc thch nghi, n nh ca thut ton LMS gim xung.

55

Hnh 2.18: Vi 0.5 j = , EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1 1000 n = .


56



57

So snh tn hiu in no sau lc (trn cng) vi tn hiu in no sch
(gia) trong pha tip theo trn hnh 2.19 cho thy tn hiu sau lc ( ) n cha
t n tn hiu in no sch nhiu ( ) S n .
iu ny cng c phn nh qua sai s trung bnh bnh phng ti
hnh 2.12 v hnh 2.13. nhp nh ca MSE tng ln khi kch thc bc
thch nghi tng t 0.05 j = n 0.5 j = .
2.3. Thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc thay i
Cc kt qu thc nghim trnh by mc trn cho thy mt phn lp s
b i vi kch thc bc trong s dng thut ton LMS v gi v cc m
hnh trn (xem [29]), s dng cc lp khc nhau ca kch thc bc
khai thc tt u im ca tng lp. Tuy nhin xut trong [29] mi gii
quyt c trng hp tn hiu in no vi gi thit mnh v gi tr trng s
khi to. y l kt qu quan trng nhng khng p dng trc tip c cho
trng hp lc nhiu in tim do bn cht khc nhau kh xa ca hai lp tn
hiu ny. Phn b v ln ca gradient cung cp tng v l c s cho
xut ca lun n v cch thay i gi tr kch thc bc thch nghi to
ra m hnh trn p dng cho nhiu lp lc nhiu khc nhau trong lc nhiu
tn hiu ca in tm v in no . Phn ny gii thiu c s ton hc
ca phng php v cc kt qu thc nghim trong vic s dng cch tnh
mi cp nht kch thc bc thch nghi lc nhiu trong qu trnh ghi
tn hiu in tim v in no. Cc kt qu thc nghim minh ho v so snh
hiu nng gia thut ton xut vi thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc
thch nghi c nh.
2.3.1. S thay i kch thc bc da trn gi tr tuyt i ca Gradient
tng tc hi t ca thut ton LMS, Daniel Olgun Olgun trong
[29] xut vic thay i kch thc bc thch nghi theo cng thc:

58

( ) ( ) ( )
2
1 n n n j cj = , (2.22)
trong
c: Yu t qun, c gi tr nm trong di: 0 1 c < < , thng c
chn 0.98 c =
: Tham s kch thc bc thch nghi ca j, thng c chn tho
mn iu kin 0
xut trn xut pht t bi ton lc nhiu cho tn hiu in no
(EEG) vi ng gp chnh th hin cng thc (2.22), l phng php
thay i kch thc bc thch nghi. Tuy nhin (2.22) ch ph hp i vi bi
ton lc nhiu cho tn hiu in no do c tnh bin i u ca lp tn
hiu ny vi gi tr bin ca tn hiu nm trong khong
max
0.15 0.15 < < (xem [5], [29]). rng khe trit ca b lc trit tn
phn nh mc suy gim n cc tn hiu c tn s ln cn tn s trit ti
0
. (xem [44]). rng khe trit c tnh nh sau:
2
2 BW C j = ,
Trong :
BW: rng khe trit.
j: Kch thc bc thch nghi.
C : Bin ca tn hiu nhiu tham chiu (xem cng thc 2.8 v 2.9).
Do vy khi thut ton hi t j c th nhn gi tr nh rng
khe trit hp. Trong tn hiu in tm (hnh 1.1), nh R ti mi chu k
hot ng c c tnh bin i t ngt. Do vy php tnh
( )
2
n trong (2.22)
c th dn n vic khng tho mn iu kin n nh ca thut ton v lm
mt cc thng tin hu ch khi rng khe trit qu ln. Hn th na tc gi
trong [29] gn gi tr j ln khi khi to v s dng cng thc (2.22) lm

59
j gim dn n gi tr tt nht. iu ny c th lm cho thut ton khng hi
t hoc hi t chm nu ngu nhin ta chn im khi to ca ma trn trng
s gn im cc tiu.
Theo [3], [27], [30] nhiu cng b bin i trong qu trnh lan truyn t
ngun nhiu n u thu tham chiu. S sai lch ny c m hnh ho bng
1 i lng ngu nhin c phn phi Gaussian. V c m t trong cng
thc sau: ( ) ( ) ( )
1
, N n x n normrnd mean sigma = . lch chun
sigma phn nh khong cch t im cc tiu n im khi to ca ma trn
trng s. Mi quan h gia lch chun vi s vng lp c m t trong
bng 2.1 v trong hnh (2.22) v (2.23).

Bng 2.1: Mi quan h gia lch chun v s vng lp cn thit
cho thut ton hi t.
S vng lp cn thit thut ton hi t
TT
lch
chun
Thay i kch thc bc
dng cng thc 2.20
Thay i kch thc bc
dng cng thc 2.21
1 0.01 500 450
2 0.005 500 400
3 0.0001 520 370
4 0.00005 520 350
5 0.000001 530 300

Qua d dng thy rng nu khng tho mn gi thit ngt ngho v
chn gi tr trng s khi to, thut ton s hi t chm. Khng may l trong
nhiu thc nghim gi thit ny khng c tho mn. xut ca lun n

60
da trn s khai thc thng tin v s thay i ln ca vc t gradient trong
thut ton LMS.

Hnh 2.22: S hi t ca thut ton LMS s dng cng thc (2.22) cho iu
chnh ( ) n j , vi iu kin to ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0 , 0 w w c chn ph hp

Hnh 2.23: S hi t ca thut ton LMS s dng cng thc (2.22) cho iu
chnh ( ) n j , khi ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
0 , 0 w w khng ph hp.

i vi hm bc II xc nh dng th Gradient c gi tr ln khi xa
im cc tiu, v c gi tr nh khi gn im cc tiu (Hnh 2.24). tng

61
ca lun n c th m t trn mt phng
( )
1 2
, w w (xem [44]). Ti thi im
k, kch thc bc thch nghi nn nhn gi tr ln khi to
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, w n w n cch xa ta
( )
* *
1 2
, w w ca im cc tiu ca b mt hiu
nng bc II (xem [44]). Ngc li kch thc bc thch nghi nn nhn gi tr
nh khi ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
, w n w n gn to ca im cc tiu. S la chn kch
thc bc thch nghi nh vy s gip thut ton lc tho mn cc iu kin
v tc hi t v n nh ca thut ton. Chng ti nhn thy rng phn
b ln ca Gradient ( \) trn mt phng( )
1 2
, w w c tnh cht gn nh p
ng c tng trn (xem [38]), v cng thc cp nht bc thch nghi
c ngh nh sau:

( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1
2
1
1
max 1,...,
n x n n
x n m m n N
,
j c =
=
,
(2.23)
trong : N l s mu trong 1 chu k ca tn hiu tham chiu,
, : rng l tng cho di trit (Xem [3] [29], [44])
( ) ( )
2
1
max 1,..., x n m m n N = tr li gi tr
2
C ti thi im n
( ) n j : Kch thc bc cho vic iu chnh trng s ti thi im n.
Ch rng, s hng th nht ca v phi ca (2.23)
1
1
( ) ( ) ( )
2
x n n n c c = \ phn nh vic phn b ln ca Gradient ( \)
trn mt phng( )
1 2
, w w ,
1
( ) x n : Nhiu thu c u vo tham chiu ti thi im n,
( ) n : u ra ca b lc nhiu ti thi im n,

62

Hnh 2.24: Gradient ca trn mt phng
1 2
( , ) w w .

Chng ti xc nh iu kin hi t ca b lc trit tn s dng cng
thc (2.23) v c cho trong b sau:
B . Vi
1
2
, < cc dy (2.11) v (2.12) vi j cho bi (2.23) s hi t.
Chng minh.
T cng thc (2.8), (2.11) v (2.23) ta c
2
1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
i i
i
n S n w n x n
=
=
_
, (2.24)
v
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 1
1 2 ( 1) w n w n n n x n j = ;
( )
2
1 1
2
1 2 ( )
n
x n w n F
C
,
l
l =
l
l
, (2.25)
trong
n
F b chn bi hng s M c lp vi n

63
S hi t ca cng thc trn c phn nh qua k vng ca
( )
1
v n ca
h thng tuyn tnh.
Xt h tuyn tnh xp x
1
( ) v n cho bi
( ) ( )
2
1 1 1
2
1 1 2 ( ) v n x n v n
C
,
l
l =
l
l
. (2.26)
K vng ca
( )
1
1 v n c tnh da trn (2.16) v c xc nh bng
cng thc
2
1 1 0
2
1
( 1) 1 2 ( )
n
l
E v n E x l E v
C
,
=
' '
1 1
1 1
l
l l
=
! !
l l l
l
1 1
1 1 + +
]
;
( )
0
1
n
E v ,
l
=
l
(2.27)
Gi thit
1
2
, < m bo s hi t ca h thng tuyn tnh. Chng minh s
hi t ca k vng ca dy (2.11) vi j cho bi (2.23) da trn nh gi
(2.27) v c lng

2
1
2
1
2
1 ( ) (1 )
k
k
n k
l
E x l F M
C
,
,
=
l
l _
l
l
]
.
Chng minh hi t i vi dy ( )
2
w n c thc hin tng t.
2.3.2. Thc nghim v kt qu
nh gi kt qu ta dng cng thc (2.7). Tc hi t ca thut
ton c phn nh qua tc hi t v gi tr 0 hoc xp x 0 ca MSE.
n nh ca thut ton c phn nh thng qua s thay i ca MSE sau khi
thut ton hi t.
2.3.2.1. i vi tn hiu in tim
Trong hnh v 2.25 chng ti biu din MSE trong ba trng hp

64
- Kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = .
- Kch thc bc thay i.
Nh ta thy trn hnh 2.25, trong trng hp kch thc bc c nh
0.05 j = , sai s trung bnh bnh phng phn nh tc hi t ca thut
ton l chm, nhng c n nh tt. Trong trng hp 0.5 j = MSE phn
nh tc hi t cao v n nh thp ca thut ton. Trong trng hp
kch thc bc thch nghi thay i, ch s MSE cho thy tc hi t ca
thut ton t gn xp x tc hi t trong trng hp kch thc bc c
nh 0.5 j = li c n nh cao hn. Khng nhng th, n nh trong
trng hp ny cn cao hn c trng hp kch thc bc c nh
0.05 j = .
C th nh gi c th tc hi t v n nh qua so snh tn hiu
sau lc trong cc trng hp trn. Nh nhn xt trn, trong trng hp
kch thc bc c nh ti 0.05 j = thut ton hi t sau xp x 1800 vng
lp (xem hnh 2.25 v 2.26), tn hiu sau lc ht nhiu sau xp x 1800 mu
(xem hnh 2.4, 2.5, 2.6 v 2.7). t sau xp x 200 vng lp (xem hnh 2.25), tn
hiu sau lc ht nhiu sau xp x 200 mu (xem hnh 2.8). Sau thut ton
khng n nh, phn nh qua cc dao ng ca sai s trung bnh bnh phng
sau thi im 200 trn hnh 2.25 v lng nhiu cn li sau lc sau thi im
200 n = (Xem cc hnh 2.8, 2.9, 2.10 v 2.11).
Trong trng hp ta dng kch thc bc thay i, thut ton hi t
sau xp x 350 vng lp, chm hn so vi trng hp kch thc bc c nh
0.5 j = (hi t sau 200 vng lp), nhng nhanh hn trng hp dng kch
thc bc c nh 0.05 j = (hi t sau xp x 1800 vng lp). Khi ta dng
kch thc bc thay i (Xem hnh v 2.26 v 2.27), lng nhiu cn li

65
trong tn hiu sau lc gim xung xp x gi tr khng sau 350 mu, chm hn
nhng n nh hn trng hp ta dng kch thc bc c nh 0.5 j = . Sau
thi im thut ton hi t (sau 350 mu) lng nhiu cn li trong tn hiu
sau lc lun n nh mc xp x khng, tn hiu sau lc xp x tn hiu sch
(xem hnh 2.24, 2.25 v 2.26). Trong trng hp ny thut ton n nh hn
trng hp kch thc bc thch nghi c nh 0.5 j = , thm ch n nh
hn c trng hp kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = . Cc kt qu ny cng
ph hp vi iu kin trong (2.5), trong trng hp thut ton LMS dng kch
thc bc thay i theo xut ca chng ti,
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
hi
t v 0 nhanh hn trng hp kch thc bc c chn c nh 0.05 j = .

Hnh 2.25: MSE trng hp 0.05 j = , 0.5 j = v j thay i.

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l

66

Hnh 2.26: thay i, so snh ( ) S n vi ( ) n trong on 1 465 n = .

Bt
u
lc
nhiu
Thut ton hi t

67



68
Kt qu thc nghim trn minh ho cho nhn nh ca chng ti l:
Kch thc bc nn ly gi tr ln khi tp gi tr
W xa tp gi tr ti
u

*
W c c tc hi t cao v kch thc bc ly gi tr nh khi
tp gi tr
W gn

*
W c c n nh cao.
2.3.2.2. i vi tn hiu in no
Trong hnh v 2.30 v 2.31 chng ti biu din cng mt s liu v
MSE trong ba trng hp lc nhiu cho tn hiu in no (EEG). Hnh 2.30
phn nh r hn thng tin v tc hi t. Hnh 2.31 phn nh r hn thng
tin v n nh. Ba trng hp c c chn minh ho, l:
- Kch thc bc thay i c.
Nh ta thy trn hnh 2.30, trong trng hp kch thc bc c nh
0.05 j = sai s trung bnh bnh phng phn nh tc hi t chm ca
thut ton. Hnh 2.31 phn nh , nhng c n nh tt.
Trng hp kch thc bc c nh 0.5 j = , thut ton c tc hi
t cao, nhng n nh thp.
Trong trng hp kch thc bc thch nghi thay i, thng qua
MSE, Cc kt qu ny cng ph hp vi iu kin trong (2.5), trong trng
hp thut ton LMS dng kch thc bc thay i theo xut ca chng ti
trong (2.23),
( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l
hi t v 0 nhanh hn trng hp kch
thc bc c chn c nh 0.05 j = .

69

Hnh 2.30: MSE trong trng hp 0.05 j = , 0.5 j = v j thay i.

Ta thy rng tc hi t ca thut ton t xp x tc hi t trong
trng hp khi ta chn kch thc bc c nh 0.5 j = Nhng c n
nh cao hn. Khng nhng th, thm ch n nh cn cao hn c trng
hp kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = . Ta c th quan st thy r iu ny
trn hnh 2.31.

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l

( ) ( ) ( ) E S n N n N n
l l
l l

70

Hnh 2.31: So snh sai s trung bnh bnh phng trng hp kch thc
bc thay i vi trng hp kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = v 0.5 j = .

Trong trng hp kch thc bc c nh 0.05 j = thut ton hi t
sau xp x 2000 vng lp (xem hnh 2.13 v 2.15). Tc hi t v n
nh cng c nh gi qua so snh tn hiu in no sau lc, trong tn
hiu sau lc ht nhiu sau xp x 2000 mu (xem hnh 2.15). so snh n
nh ca thut ton sau khi t n hi t, ta so snh hnh 2.16 v hnh 2.17
vi hnh 2.34, hnh 2.35. Ta thy rng tn hiu in no sau lc c phc hi
ging tn hiu in no nht trong trng hp ta dng kch thc bc
thay i.Trong khi , trng hp kch thc bc c nh ti 0.5 j = thut
ton c th coi nh t n hi t sau 250 mu (xem hnh 2.18). Trng hp
kch thc bc thay i, thut ton hi t sau 450 mu (xem hnh 3.32).
Ti cc pha tip theo c th nhn thy ti hai trng hp kch thc
bc c nh, tn hiu sau lc vn kh t n tn hiu in no sch. Trong
khi nu s dng kch thc buc thay i theo cng thc 2.23, tn hiu
sau lc ( ) n tin n xp x tn hiu in no sch ( ) S n , ng thi kt qu
ny c duy tr n nh.

71

Hnh 2.32: thay i,EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1 1000 n = .

Hnh 2.33: thay i, EEG trc v sau lc nhiu, on 1001 2000 n = .

72



73
Kt qu ca lun n c th so snh oc vi cc kt qu tiu biu trong
cc nghin cu gn y v nng cao hiu nng ca thut ton LMS trong lnh
vc x l tn hiu in no: s dng trng hp kch thc bc thay i
trong [29] thut ton hi t, MSE t n
6
5.10
sau xp x 400 vng lp,

trong khi xut ca chng ti cho php thut ton hi t sau 450 vng lp
vi n nh tt. minh ho cho vic so snh, chng ti lm thc
nghim li phng php trong [29], kt qu thu c hon ton ging nh cc
kt qu trong [29]. Do vy chng ti s s dng cc kt qu m phng ny
lm cn c so snh 2 phng php trong hnh 2.36.
Qua hnh 2.36 ta thy rng: Nu s dng cng thc 2.23 iu chnh
kch thc bc thch nghi, thut ton LMS s hi t nhanh hn v c n
nh tt hn.

Hnh 2.36: So snh vi phng php thay i kch thc bc trong [29].

74
KT LUN
Trong chng ny chng ti xy dng mt s c s ton hc cn
thit cho cc phng php thch nghi trong lc nhiu: xc nh cc iu kin
cn, cc thut ton hi t v xy dng phn mm nhng thc hin cc
thut ton ny. Cc nh gi v phng php ca lun n c tin hnh
thng qua vic so snh vi cc phng php mi nht ca cc tc gi khc v
nng cao hiu nng ca thut ton LMS da trn kch thc bc thay i.
Trong phm vi lun n chng ti ch trnh by mt s kt qu thc nghim
tiu biu minh ho nhng u vit ca phng php thch nghi ca chng
ti trong vic cho php thut ton LMS tuy hi t ch nhanh hn 50 vng lp
so vi phng php c nu trong [29] i vi bi ton lc nhiu trong tn
hiu in no nhng n nh thc nghim li cao hn. Khng nhng th
phng php xut bng cng thc 2.23 cn c th c p dng cho bi
ton lc nhiu trong tn hiu in tim trong khi thut ton xut trong [29]
khng m bo thut ton hi t.

75
Chng 3
Mt gii php iu chnh thch nghi b lc
trit tn vi tip cn sng nh.
Trong bi ton lc nhiu ra khi tn hiu in tim, ngun gy nhiu l
ng ti in, nhiu c c im l ch tn ti trn 1 tn s, do vy gii php
ph hp l s dng b lc trit tn c tn s trit trng vi tn s ca nhiu.
Tuy nhin, khi tn s ca nhiu thay i ngu nhin xung quanh tn s ca
cc tn hiu cn bo tn th bi ton lc nhiu c th coi nh bi ton iu
chnh tn s trit ca b lc trit tn vi di trit hp sao cho ch loi b
nhiu 1 tn s m khng lm suy gim n cc tn hiu c tn s ln cn. B
lc trit tn thch nghi c xem l mt trong s gii php tt nht cho vn
ny (xem [8], [12], [19], [29]). c bit, vic s dng thut ton LMS vi
kch thc bc thay i p ng c 2 yu cu trn, ng thi ci thin
ng k hiu nng ca b lc c v tc hi t ln n nh trong qu
trnh tm kim ma trn trng s ti u
*
W . Cc kt qu t c theo hng
tip cn ny c tc gi trnh by trong chng II ca lun n. Phn u
ca chng III trnh by tng ca tc gi v vic tch bi ton lc nhiu
thch nghi nu trn thnh 2 bi ton n gin hn. l bi ton d tm tn s
ca nhiu v bi ton chn cc h s ca b lc gim thiu nh hng suy
gim n lng thng tin hu ch. Cc phn tip sau ca chng s gii thiu
l do la chn cch tip cn mi ny, phng php gii cc bi ton sau khi
tch v cc kt qu t c sau khi tch hp. Cc kt qu ca chng ny
c ly [6] trong Danh mc cc cng trnh ca tc gi c lin quan n
lun n.
3.1. Bi ton chn cc h s ca b lc.

76
3.1.1. Hm truyn trong lc nhiu n tn.
nh ngha 3.1. Cho ( ) x n l tn hiu ri rc, ( ) X z c gi l bin i z
ca ( ) x n nu:
( ) ( )
n
n
X z x n z
=
=
_
,
trong z l bin phc.

nh ngha 3.2. Gi ( ) x n l dy tn hiu u vo ca b lc, ( ) X z l bin
i z ca ( ) x n theo nh ngha 3.1. Gi ( ) y n l dy tn hiu u ra ca b
lc, ( ) Y z l bin i z ca ( ) y n theo nh ngha 3.1. Hm truyn ( ) H z ca
b lc c xc nh nh sau:

( )
( )
( )
Y z
H z
X z
= .
Nu thay
i
z e
.
= , vo 2 v ca hm truyn ca b lc, ta c
( )
( )
( )
i
i
i
Y e
H e
X e
.
.
.
= , trong
2
1 i = ,
1
R . hoc c vit di dng:
( )
( )
( )
Y
H
X
.
.
.
= l p ng tn s ca b lc c hm truyn ( ) H z . y l 1 k
thut dng kho st p ng ca b lc i vi cc tn s khc nhau.
Phn thc ca ( ) H . phn nh p ng ca b lc v mt bin i vi cc
tn s ca tn hiu u vo, hay cn gi l p ng Bin - Tn s. Phn o
ca ( ) H . phn nh p ng ca b lc v pha i vi cc tn s ca tn hiu
u vo, hay cn gi l p ng Pha - Tn s (xem [42]).
Trong x l tn hiu, bi ton lc nhiu n tn c coi nh c
gii quyt nu ta tmc hm truyn ( ) H z ca b lc. Trong [31], hm
truyn ( ) H z ca b lc trit tn c xc nh trong cng thc sau:

77

2 1
1
2 2 1
1
2 cos 1
( )
2 cos 1
z z
H z
z z
.
.

=

, (3.1)
trong

1
. : Tn s trit ca b lc trit tn. B lc c hm truyn l cng thc
3.1 s chn bt k tn hiu c tn s
1
. . Nu ta t
1 0
. . = , trong
0
. l
tn s ca nhiu (Xem cng thc 2.8 v 2.9), th b lc c hm truyn cho bi
3.1 s lc c nhiu.
: Tham s, quyt nh rng di trit ca b lc trit tn. rng
di trit t l vi nh hng suy gim ti cc tn hiu hu ch c tn s ln
cn tn s trung tm
1
. .
rng di trit c gii thich nh sau: Qua cng thc 3.1 ta thy
rng
0
1,2
i
z e
.
= c gi l 2 im khng (Zero) ca hm truyn ( ) H z v
ti 2 im th ( ) 0 H z = . Hai im
0
1,2
i
p e
.

= c gi l 2 im cc
ca ( ) H z , v ti ( ) H z = . rng di trit l tng khong cch gia 2
cp im khng v im cc trn mt phng phc.
0
1,2
i
z e
.
= do im
khng nm trn ng trn n v, ti gc
0
. , vy ta c cng thc tnh
rng di trit ca b lc trit tn nh sau: 2(1 ) BW = .

Hnh 3.1: p ng tn s ca b lc trit tn vi cc gi tr .
0.7 =
0.8 =
0.985 =

78
Hnh 3.1 minh ho s thay i ca rng di trit trong cc trng hp
khc nhau v ln ca , rng di trit rng nht khi 0.7 = , khi
b lc s lm suy gim ng k cc tn hiu c tn s ln cn
1
. .
Da trn k thut d tm im t bin bng bin i sng nh v cc
phng php t c rng di trit tt nht chng ti xut li gii mi
cho trng hp tn s
0
. ca nhiu thay i lin tc, phi iu chnh cc
trng s ca b lc thch nghi sao cho tn s
1
. tin gn n tn s
0
. ca
nhiu vi rng di trit nh trnh mt mt cc thng tin hu ch.
Chng ti ri rc ho qu trnh iu chnh trng s bng cch coi mi im
ri rc l mt b h s ca lc trit tn c nh vi hm truyn c dng nh
trong cng thc (3.1). By gi bi ton lc nhiu a v vic tm
0
. ti
nhng thi im ri rc v xc nh sao cho rng di trit l tt.
3.1.2. Xp x hm truyn trong lc nhiu thch nghi
gii quyt bi ton xc nh tham s sao cho rng di trit l
tt, chng ti xut vic xc nh rng di trit ca m hnh lc nhiu
n tn xp x m hnh lc thch nghi.
Khi thut ton LMS dng cho m hnh lc nhiu hi t, B. Widrow
chng minh trong [44] rng b lc thch nghi c hm truyn c m t theo
cng thc
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 1
0
2 2 2 1
0
2cos 1
1 2 2 1 cos 1
z z
H z
C z C z
.
j j .

=

, (3.2)
trong
0
. : Tn s ca nhiu (xem [26], [28]).
Vi rng di trit cho bi cng thc sau:

79

2
2 BW C j = , (3.3)
trong
BW: rng di trit (BandWidth).
C : Bin ca nhiu (xem cng thc 2.8 v 2.9).
Khi biu din li (3.2) di dng
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2 1
0
2 2 2 1
0
2cos 1
1 2 2 1 cos 1
z z
H z
C z C z
.
j j .

=

( )
( ) ( )
2 1
0
2
2 2 2 1
0
2cos 1
1 2 1 cos 1
z z
C z C z
.
j j .

=

( ) [ [
( ) ( ) [ [ ( ) ( )
2 4 2 2 1
0
2
2 2 2 1 2 2 2 1
0 0
2cos 1
1 2 2 1 cos 1 1 2 1 cos 1
C z z z
C z C z C z C z
j .
j j . j j .

l

l
l

Chng ti nhn thy rng, nu tn s ca nhiu
0
. khng thay i v
j c nh, nh
2
j xp x 0, hm truyn ca b lc trit tn thch nghi
s xp x hm truyn ca b lc trit tn c nh (3.1) vi
2
1 C j = .
Trong cc thc nghim vi gi tr j=0,05 c coi l nh m
bo hm truyn lc nhiu n tn thch hp vi vic xp x hm truyn b lc
thch nghi v vi 0.5477 C = , gi tr =0,985 <1 va m bo v tr im
cc nm trong ng trn n v va cho ta rng di trit tt.
T kt qu thu c trn vi , ta c hm truyn ca b lc trit tn
c nh trong cng thc (3.4).
( )
2 1
0
2 1
0
2 cos 1
0.97 1.97 cos 1
z z
H z
z z
.
.

=

, (3.4)
vi b h s ca b lc trit tn c nh

80
0
1 a =
0
1 b =

1 0
2cos a . =
1 0
1.97cos b . =

2
1 a =
2
0.97 b =
3.2. Bi ton d tn s ca nhiu
Bi ton d tn s ca nhiu c gii quyt da trn c s kt hp
gia k thut lm ni bt c tnh ca nhiu bng bin i Fourier v k thut
xc nh im t bin qua bin i sng nh.
3.2.1. K thut lm ni bt c tnh ca nhiu bng bin i Fourier.
Trong phn ny chng ti s trnh by v mi lin quan gia tn s
0
.
ca nhiu vi im t bin trn ph ca tn hiu thu nhn.
Trong x l tn hiu, nu ( ) x n l tn hiu ri rc, tho mn iu kin:
( )
n
x n
=
<
_
,
php bin i Fourier i vi tn hiu ri rc ( ) x n c nh ngha nh sau:
( ) ( )
i n
n
x n e
.
.
=
=
_
X , (3.5)
Trong
( ) x n : Tn hiu ri rc, n Z .
( ) . X : Kt qu php bin i Fourier i vi ( ) x n .
i : s o, vi
2
1 i = .
Ta k hiu [ [ ( ) x n l ton t thc hin php bin i Fourier i vi
( ) x n , c nh ngha theo cng thc 3.5. V bin i Fourier c tnh cht
tuyn tnh nn:
[ [ [ [ [ [
1 2 1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) x n x n x n x n = . (3.6)

81
nh ngha 3.3. Nu ta c ( ) . X l kt qu ca php bin i Fourier i vi
( ) x n theo cng thc (3.5) th ( ) . X c gi l ph Bin - Tn s ca tn
hiu ( ) x n .
Theo [31], ( ) ( 2 ) k . . = X X vi k Z . Trong on 0 2 ,
( ) . X li c tnh cht i xng qua , do vy ph ca ( ) x n thng c
biu din trong qung Nyquyst 0 .
Trong x l tn hiu, ph Bin - Tn s ca ( ) x n c gi tt l ph
ca ( ) x n . Trong bi ton lc nhiu t ng ti in, nhiu cn loi b c
k hiu l ( ) N n , c ph l ( ) . N , trong
[ [ ( ) ( ) ( )
i n
n
N n N n e
.
.
=
= =
_
N .
Theo nh ngha 3.3, ta c ( ) . N l ph Bin - Tn s ca tn hiu
( )
N n . M hnh ca nhiu t ng ti in c xc nh, trong nhiu
ch c mt tn s duy nht l
0
. . Do vy ( ) 0 . N duy nht ti
0
. v
( ) 0 . = N vi
0
. . \ = , iu ny c minh ho trong hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2: Ph ca nhiu t ng ti in.

82
Vi tn s ly mu l 166 sample/s, hnh 3.2, hnh a l ph ca nhiu c tn
s
0
50.15 f Hz = tng ng vi
0
1.89 / rad s . = . Hnh b l ph ca nhiu
c tn s
0
42.5 f Hz = tng ng vi
0
1.60 / rad s . = . Hnh c l ph ca
nhiu c tn s
0
33 f Hz = tng ng vi
0
1.25 / rad s . = . Ta c th thy
rng, ( ) . N c dng t bin ti
0
. .
Ta k hiu
( ) NoisyECG n l tn hiu in tim b nhim nhiu m ta
thu c :
( ) ( ) ( ) NoisyECG n S n N n = , (3.6)
trong ( ) N n l nhiu cng tnh t ng ti in nh hng ln tn hiu
in tim v ( ) S n l tn hiu in tim sch. Bin i Fourier i vi ( ) S n ta
c [ [ ( ) ( ) ( )
i n
n
S n S n e
.
.
=
= =
_
S . Khi ( ) . S , l ph ca ( ) S n
c biu din trong hnh (3.3).

Hnh 3.3: Ph ca tn hiu in tim sch.

83

Theo cng thc 3.6
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) S n N n S n N n
l l l
=
l l l
; (3.7)
( ) ( ) ( ) . . . NoisyECG S N = . (3.8)
trong ( ) . NoisyECG l kt qu bin i Fourier ca ( ) NoisyECG n . Do
vy im t bin nhn ti
0
. trong ( ) . N vn bo tn c cc c im ti
0
. trong ( ) . NoisyECG . Xem hnh (3.4),

Hnh 3.4: So snh ph ca tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu( ( ) . NoisyECG ).

Trong hnh 3.4 (a) l ( ) . N , ph ca nhiu t ng ti in. Hnh 3.4 (b):
( ) . S , ph ca tn hiu in tim sch. Hnh 3.4 (c): ( ) . NoisyECG l ph
ca tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu t ng ti in, trong ph ca nhiu
c phn nh qua im t bin ti
0
. .
Trong x l tn hiu, hm ca s ch nht i vi bin . c nh
ngha nh sau:

84

1 0
Rect ( )
0 [0, ]
L
L
L
.
.
.
_ _ '
1
1
=
!
1 y
1
+
.
nh ngha 3.4. Cho tn hiu ( ) y . xc nh trong khong [ [ , a b , vi
1
, L R t , tn hiu _ ( ) smoothed y . c gi l kt qu lm trn i vi
( ) y . nu
1
_ ( ) ( )Rect ( )
L
Smoothed y y d
L
. t . t t
=
]
. (3.9)
Ph ca tn hiu in tim sch hoc cc tn hiu y sinh sch khng c
nh t bin (xem [3]). Do vy, gim mc phc tp ca gii thut khi
phi phn bit im t bin cn tm duy nht vi cc t bin khng phn
nh
0
. . Chng ti xut tin x l bng cch lm trn ( ) . NoisyECG theo
nh ngha 3.4. Sau khi lm trn, ch cn li duy nht im t bin c to
0
. cn tm (xem hnh 3.5).

Hnh 3.5:Ph ca tn hiu in tim sch (a) v kt qu lm trn ph ca tn
hiu in tim nhim nhiu (b)

Nh vy php bin i Fourier cho php biu din mi lin quan gia
tn s ring ca nhiu
0
. vi to ca t bin trong ( ) . NoisyECG v
t bin
gi, khng
mang
thng tin
v
0
.
t bin mang
thng tin v
0
.

85
php lm trn ( ) . NoisyECG vn duy tr im t bin ti
0
. trong ( ) . f .
Bi ton d tn s ca nhiu c th a v bi ton xc nh to ca im
t bin trong ph ca tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu hoc kt qu sau lm
trn ca n.
3.2.2 K thut xc nh to im t bin nhn qua bin i sng nh.
Phn ny, chng ti s dng k thut xc nh to im t bin
c trnh by ti phn 1.3 ca lun n gii bi ton xc nh tn s
0
. ca
nhiu. Php bin i sng nh c thc hin vi thang
1
2 s = cho vic d
tm t bin nhn, thang
2
2 s = c s dng tm cc t bin gi c
dng gn ging t bin cn tm. ( ) . f l kt qu lm trn i vi
( ) . NoisyECG theo cng thc (3.9), do vy qua cng thc (1.20) ta c th
thy rng to im t bin trn ( ) . NoisyECG s tng ng vi to
im qua khng gia 2 cc i, cc tiu cc b lin tip trn
1
( , ) W s . f (xem
hnh 3.6),

Hnh 3.6: Ph c lm trn ca tn hiu in tim c nhiu hnh (a) v kt
qu php bin i sng nh
1
( , ) W f s . hnh (b),

im qua khng gia cc i dng
v cc tiu m lin tip

86

trong
1
( , ) W s . f l php bin i sng nh s dng thang s i vi ( ) . f ,
c nh ngha trong cng thc (1.20). ng thi, cp cc i - cc tiu cc
b lin tip ny cng tng ng vi b 3 cc i - cc tiu - cc i cc b
lin tip trn
2
( , ) W s . f (xem hnh 3.7). iu ny c CuiWei Li khng
nh trong [21] v m rng p dng sang lp bi ton phn bit cc t bin
khc nhau.
gim thiu mc phc tp tnh ton, cc tc gi trong [15], [16],
[21] v [23] u thc hin bin i sng nh mt cch tng ng qua s
dng cc b lc s.

Hnh 3.7: Ph c lm trn ca tn hiu in tim c nhiu hnh (a) v kt
qu php bin i sng nh
1
( , ) W s . f hnh (b). v
2
( , ) W s . f hnh (c)

87
3.2.3. Chn thang s cho bin i sng nh
Khi s dng php tnh xp x o hm tm to im t bin trn
hm s, chnh xc c th gim nu t bin cn tm nm xen ln vi cc
t bin c dng khc m s khc bit khng qu ln. Do vy, yu cu nng
cao chnh xc sm thu ht c s ch ca cc nh khoa hc, trong
cc kt qu c CuiWei Li v cc ng s cng b trong [21] t ra
ph hp gii quyt bi ton xc nh to im t bin trn ( ) . f , l ph
ca tn hiu nhim nhiu nu trn. Li gii ny da trn xut mt tip cn
cho vic chn c thang ph hp cho bin i sng nh gii quyt vn
va nu. Cc kt qu trong [21] c th c tm tt nh sau. T nh ngha
ca php bin i sng nh (cng thc 1.13), phn gii ca php phn tch
ph thuc vo tham s s ca hm
( )
x
s
t

. Do vy, nu ta chn c
thang s sao cho rng ca
( )
x
s
t

gn nht vi rng ca t bin
mang thng tin hu ch th c th loi b cc t bin khng mang thng tin
thng qua php bin i sng nh. Quan st dng ca t bin cn tm to
trong hnh 3.7(a), Chng ti nhn thy rng bi ton xc nh to im t
bin trong ph ca tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu tng ng vi bi ton
xc nh to nh R ca dy tn hiu in tim m CuiWei Li gii quyt
trong [21]. Do vy chng ti c nh s dng cc kt qu t c trong
vic chn thang ca CuiWei Li cho bi ton ca mnh. Cc kt qu thc
nghim sau t c kh tt, p ng yu cu v chnh xc, ng thi
c phc tp tnh ton thp. V cc kt qu nghin cu trong [21] u nhm
t n cc th tc tnh ton trn tn hiu ri rc, do vy mt s nh ngha v
x l tn hiu ri rc c nhc ti sau y:
nh ngha 3.5. Gi ( ) x n v ( ) y n tng ng l tn hiu u vo v u ra
ca b lc s,
k
b vi 0,1... k L = l cc h s ca b lc. Nu

88
0
( ) ( )
L
k
k
y n bx n k
=
=
_
, vi L Z
th b lc c gi l b lc p ng
xung hu hn bc L .
nh ngha 3.6. ( ) n c c gi l xung Dirac nu:
1 0
( )
0 0
n
n
n
c
= '
1
1
=
!
= 1
1+

nh ngha 3.7 Cho b lc p ng xung hu hn bc L , nu ( ) ( ) x n n c =
th
0
( ) ( )
L
k
k
h n b n k c
=
=
_
c gi l p ng xung ca b lc.
Trong bi ton xc nh to nh sng R trn bin n (xem hnh 1.1),
vn chn thang c gii quyt da trn tip cn nh sau : Php bin i
sng nh trn 1 dy s tng ng vi vic thc hin nhn chp dy s
vi p ng xung ca 1 b lc s (cng thc 1.17). Do vy php bin i
sng nh s mang tnh chn lc thng tin hu ch nu b lc s nu trn c
p ng Bin - Tn s trng vi ph ca thng tin hu ch. Trong [21],
CuiWei Li t c kt qu nh sau: Vi vic s dng thang nh thc
2
k
s = vi 1,2, , k = mi quan h gia k vi p ng Bin - Tn s
ca b lc c xc nh gin tip qua cng thc sau:

1 2
( ) 1
( ) (2 ) ( ) 2
2
(2 ) (2 ) ( )
k
k k
G k
Q G H k
k
G H H
.
. . .
. . .

'
1
=
1
1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
1

1
1+

,
trong :
( )
k
Q . : Hm biu din p ng tn s ca b lc thc hin php bin
i sng nh s dng thang 2
k
s = . p ng Bin - Tn s ca b lc
c phn nh qua ( )
k
Q . .
( )
2
( ) 4 sin
2
i
G ie
.
.
. = , (3.10)

( )
3
2
( ) cos
2
i
H e
.
.
. = . (3.11)

89
Vi t bin c dng nh sng R ca tn hiu in tim, c tc bin
i nhanh nht so vi cc sng cn li (xem hnh 1.1), sng R c ph phn b
vng tn s cao. p ng tn s ( )
k
Q . c xc nh da vo cng thc
(3.9) cho thy rng ti 1 k = , p ng Bin - Tn s ca
1
( ) Q . cng c
phn b tp trung ti vng tn s cao, trng vi phn b ph ca sng R. Do
vy
1
2 s = c chn gii bi ton tm to nh sng R trn dy tn
hiu in tim [21]. Theo CuiWei Li v cc ng s, khi 1 k = ,
1
( ) Q . c th
c thay th tng ng bi
1
( ) Q . vi:
1
1
( ) (1 )
2
i
Q e
.
.

= .
trong
1
( ) Q . l p ng tn s ca b lc s thc hin php bin i sng nh
1
( , ) W f s . ti thang
1
2 s = (xem cng thc 1.20).
1
( ) Q . l p ng tn s tng ng ca
1
( ) Q . .
Hnh 3.8 minh ho cho s sai khc gia
1
( ) Q . v
1
( ) Q . .

1
( ) Q . v
1
( ) Q . .

90
Trong : hnh (a) phn nh
1
( ) Q . l p ng Bin - Tn s ca
1
( ) Q . .
Hnh (b) phn nh
1
( ) Q . l p ng Bin - Tn s ca
1
( ) Q . . Hnh (c)
phn nh sai s tng ng. Theo , sai s ln nht l:
15
1.33 10
.
p ng xung tng ng trong min thi gian ri rc hay l bin n l:
1
1
( ) ( ( ) ( 1))
2
h n n n c c = . (3.12)
Vi mc ch nng cao chnh xc cho bi ton d tn s ca nhiu,
chng ti cn nh du cc t bin c kh nng gy nhm ln do c dng
gn ging vi t bin mang thng tin v
0
. . Do im t bin cn nh du
nu trn c c im l c tc bin i chm hn t bin ti
0
. (xem
hnh 3.5). Dng t bin ny c ph trong hnh 3.9, trong ph c thng tin
tp trung ch yu ti 0 0.75 . < < . Do vy chng ti xut s dng
thang
2
2 s = cho vic thc hin bin i sng nh gii quyt yu cu nh
du cc t bin khng mang thng tin hu ch nhng c dng gn ging vi
t bin cn quan tm. Khi chn thang
2
2 s = , ph
2
( ) Q . ca p ng tn
s
2
( ) Q . c biu din trong hnh 3.10(a), qua ta thy rng
2
( ) Q . ln
nht ln cn xung quanh tn s 0.75 . = . Do vy chn thang
2
2 s = s tt
hn thang
1
2 s = trong vic xc nh cc t bin khng mang thng tin.

Hnh 3.9: Ph ca t bin khng mang thng tin..

91
Mt khc, im qua khng trn kt qu php bin i sng nh bc 1
1
( , ) W f s . s b tr so vi to im
0
. l ( )
1
1 2
k
im (xem [21]).
Do vy, s dng thang
2
2 s = thc hin bin i sng nh s khng phn
nh chnh xc to ca
0
. . Vi mc ch xc nh cc t bin khng mang
thng tin,
2
( ) Q . c s dng v c p ng Bin - Tn s
2
( ) Q . tp
trung ti tn s thp hn so vi
1
( ) Q . (xem hnh 3.10).

2
( ) Q . v
1
( ) Q . .

Do s dng thang
2
2 s = s gip phn nh r hn thng tin v im t
bin c dng gn ging im t bin mang thng tin v
0
. . Ta c th thy r
hn khi qua st trn hnh 3.11.

Hnh 3.11:So snh kt qu php bin i sng nh dng cc thang
1
2 s = v
2
2 s = .

92

B lc tng ng trong trng hp
2
2 s = c p ng tn s nh
sau:
2 3 2 2
( ) 0.256 0.6 0.28 0.28 0.6 0.256
i i i i i
Q e e e e e
. . . . .
. = ,
trong
2
( ) Q . l p ng tn s ca b lc s tng ng dng thc
hin php bin i sng nh
1
( , ) W f s . s dng thang
2
2 s = (xem cng thc
1.20). Qua hnh 3.12 ta thy rng sai s ln nht gia
2
( ) Q . v
2
( ) Q . l:
15
1.77 10
.

Hnh 3.12:So snh kt qu php bin i sng nh dng cc thang
1
2 s = v
2
2 s = .

p ng xung tng ng trong min thi gian ri rc hay bin n l:
2
( ) 0.256 ( 3) 0.6 ( 2) 0.28 ( 1)
0.28 ( ) 0.6 ( 1) 0.256 ( 2)
h n n n n
n n n
c c c
c c c
=

(3.13)

93
Tng t, s dng thang
1
2 s = cho vic tnh
2
( , ) W s . f , c thc
hin thng qua b lc c p ng tn s nh sau:
1 2
1 2 3 4
( )=g +g g + g
i i i
U e e e
. . .
.

, (3.14)
vi
2
( , ) W s . f : Php bin i sng nh trn ( ) . f , vi thang s.
1 4
g g : Cc h s ca b lc thc hin php bin i sng nh, vi
1
g =0.4829629131.
2
-0.8365163037 g = .
3
0.2241438680 g = .
4
0.1294095226 g = .
Nh trnh by trn, ly thng tin v ph ca tn hiu, ch cn
biu din ( ) . NoisyECG trong qung 0 . . Khi ta c th coi
( ) . NoisyECG l hm s vi bin ., v c t bin ti
0
. . Vi mc ch
chun b cho vic s dng cc k thut tnh ton vi bin ri rc xc nh
to im t bin cc phn trnh by sau, chng ti ri rc ho on
0 ca . . Khi , nu khong cch gia cc im ri rc l
S
. , ph ca
tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu l hm ri rc ( )
S
n. NoisyECG vi n Z
,
xc nh ti nhng im l bi ca
S
. . Tng t nh cch biu din tn hiu
trong min thi gian ri rc, ph ca tn hiu in tim nhim nhiu c biu
din thnh ( ) n NoisyECG , do th tc tm
0
. c chuyn thnh tm
0
n
vi yu cu:
0 0 s
n . . l nh nht. Do vy vic chn ln ca
S
. quyt
nh phn gii ca ph ca tn hiu v c nh hng n chnh xc ca
th tc xc nh to ca im t bin. Vn ny s c chng ti
cp n trong mc 3.4.1 ca lun n.
Vic ri rc ho . tng ng vi vi vic i t bin . sang bin
n, do cho php s dng cc kt qu ca CuiWei Li trong cc cng thc
(3.12), (3.13) v (3.14) tm to im t bin trong ph ca tn hiu
in tim nhim nhiu.

94
3.3. M hnh lc nhiu v thut gii tm tn s ca nhiu t ng ti
in s dng bin i sng nh.
T tip cn coi bi ton lc thch nghi tng ng vi 2 bi ton c
th gii c thng qua cng c bin i Fourier v bin i sng nh. Chng
ti xut m hnh lc nhiu gii bi ton trn nh sau:

Hnh 3.13: M hnh lc nhiu t ngun cung cp in.

Trong
( ) NoisyECG n : l tn hiu ta thu c t bnh nhn, chnh l tn hiu
in tim b nhim nhiu (di dng s).
( ) ( ) ( ) NoisyECG n S n N n = ,
vi ( ) S n l tn hiu in tim cha nhim nhiu. ( ) N n : Nhiu cng tnh nh
hng ln tn hiu ( ) S n .
( ) n l tn hiu sau lc nhiu.
Lm
tr
Lm
tr

1 1
1
a
0.97 1
1
b
( ) ( ) ( ) NoisyECG n S n N n =

0
.
Tnh h s:
1 0
2cos b . =

Tnh h s:
1 0
1.97cos a . =
Gii thut tm tn s
0
. ca nhiu
( ) n

95
Gii thut tm tn s
0
. ca nhiu.
Input:
- Dy ( ) NoisyECG n , c di 2
m
L = vi m Z
.
- Hm thc hin bin i nhanh v Fourier, hm lm trn, hm thc hin
b lc c p ng tn s trong cng thc (3.12), cng thc (3.13) v
cng thc (3.14).
Output:
- Tn s
0
. ca nhiu
Method
1. Kim tra iu kin d liu u vo
2. Thc hin bin i Fourier nhanh i vi dy ( ) NoisyECG n ta c
( ) . NoisyEC6
3. Tnh ( ) . NoisyEC6
4. Lm trn ( ) . NoisyEC6 , ta c ( ) . f .
5. Tnh
1 1
( 2, ) W s . = f thng qua s dng b lc c p ng tn s
1
( ) Q . .
6. Tnh
1 2
( 2 , ) W s . = f thng qua s dng b lc c p ng tn s
2
( ) Q .
7. Tnh
2
( , ) W s . f .
8. Tm cc cp im cc i - im cc tiu cc b lin tip trn
1 1
(2, ) W . f v
1 2
(2 , ) W . f . Vi iu kin on hm s phi n iu
gim gia 2 im cc cc b ny. Thut ton khng tm c
0
. nu
khng tm c cc cp cc i - cc tiu lin tip.

96
9. Xc nh im qua khng tho mn: nm gia 2 im cc i, cc tiu
cc b lin tip. Thut ton khng tm c
0
. nu khng tm c
im qua khng ti bc ny.
10. Hiu chnh gim 1 i vi to cc im qua khng va tm c
trn
1 2
(2 , ) W . f ti bc 9.
11. Xc nh to im t bin khng mang thng tin : So snh cc
im qua khng trn
1 2
(2 , ) W . f ,
1 1
(2, ) W . f v trn
2
( , ) W s . f tm
to im t bin khng mang thng tin.
12. To ca t bin mang thng tin tn ca nhiu
0
. l to im
qua khng cn li trn
1 1
(2, ) W . f .
Kt thc.
3.4. nh gi chnh xc v mc phc tp tnh ton ca gii thut
tm tn s
0
. ca nhiu.
Trong x l tn hiu, yu cu thi gian thc tng ng vi yu cu
gim thiu phc tp tnh ton. t chnh xc cao, cc thut gii
thng c yu cu ln v s lng cc php tnh. l l do m cho n nay,
thut ton LMS vn c s dng v c tnh n gin v tnh ton v n
nh tt. ng thi thut ton LMS cng c ci tin tng bc nng cao
chnh xc. iu ny c minh chng qua cc cng b gn y trong [8],
[10], [12], [18], [29], [33], v [39]. l l do ca vic chng ti s so snh
phc tp tnh ton ca thut gii s dng bin i sng nh vi thut ton
LMS khi c hai cng c s dng cho bi ton lc trit tn. chnh xc s
c nh gi trc tip.
3.4.1. nh gi chnh xc
chnh xc ca thut ton xut ph thuc ch yu vo chnh
xc ca vic d tn s ca nhiu
0
. . Do vy nh gi chnh xc, chng

97
ti dng phng php kt hp gia nh gi qua thng k kt qu thc
nghim v nh gi sai s qua cc bc thc hin thut ton.
Khi thc hin thut ton, sai s c th xut hin ti cc bc:
- Php bin i Fourier v php lm trn.
- Tnh
1 1
(2, ) W . f ,
1 2
(2 , ) W . f v
2 1
(2, ) W . f .
ng thi, sai s xy ra do s la chn phn gii thp ca qung Nyquyst.
Do php bin i Fourier l php bin i tuyn tnh, nn khng lm
lch to ca im t bin. Tuy nhin, lm trn ph ca tn hiu in tim
nhim nhiu ( ) . NoisyEC6 dn n thay i theo chiu hng khng mong
i ca hnh dng ca t bin cn tm. iu ny rt ngn li s khc bit
gia t bin mang thng tin v t bin khng mang thng tin. Vn ny
c gii quyt ti bc 11 ca thut ton. i vi bin i sng nh s
dng trong thut ton xut, vic thc hin u thng qua cc b lc tng
ng, c sai s. Sai s c xc nh l lch phi so vi to thc ca
0
. v c tnh nh sau
S im lch phi =
1
1 2
k
,
trong k Z
l s m ca thang 2
k
.
Do vy, khi thc hin thut ton, cc php tnh
1 1
(2, ) W . f v
1 2
(2 , ) W . f
khng to ra sai lch. Php tnh
2 1
(2, ) W . f ti bc 7 s to ra sai lch ti
bc 9, nhng sai lch c sa li ti bc 10.
Sai s do phn gii thp ca qung Nyquyst c gii thch nh sau:
V bin i Fourier c coi l php xp x 1 hm bt k thnh tng ca cc
hm sin, cos, v nh gii thch trong 3.2.1, ta ch cn quan st p ng
Bin tn s trn qung Nyquyst, t 0 n . Ph ca tn hiu c thc
hin qua php bin i Fourier, nh trnh by 3.2.3, sau qung
Nyquyst c chia thnh cc on ri rc, thng l 511 on. Do vy,

98
ln ca sai s s t l nghch vi phn gii ca qung Nyquyst. Trong
trng hp ny, sai s tng t nh sai s khi lng t ho ca vic ri rc
ho tn hiu. y l sai s khng th trnh khi, nu ta gim thiu sai s bng
cch tng phn gii trong khng gian tn s ., phc tp tnh ton ca
php bin i sng nh s tng ln ng k. Mi quan h gia phn gii
trong khng gian tn s vi chnh xc v phc tp tnh ton c lit k
trong bng (3.1). Chng ti la chn gii php chia qung 0 thnh 255
on ri rc khng nhng p ng yu cu chnh xc cho vic xc nh
0
. m cn to cho thut ton c phc tp tnh ton tt.
Chng ti nhn thy rng trong mi mc phn gii, sai s ln nht
lun tp trung xung quanh tn s 1.5708 / 2.0818 / rad s rad s . = . iu
ny gi cho mt tip cn khc gii quyt vn gim thiu sai s nhng
khng lm tng phc tp tnh ton. l dng phn b khng ng nht,
mt cao s tp trung xung quanh tn s 1.5708 / rad s . = v ti nhng
tn s c xc sut xut hin cao.
Ngoi cc nguyn nhn gy sai s mang tnh ch quan nh nu trn,
nu nhiu c tn s
0
. ri vo trong di 0 / 0.1 / rad s rad s v
0.2 / 0.3 / rad s rad s khi t bin mang thng tin s nm lin k vi t
bin khng mang thng tin. Khi thut ton khng th d c tn s
0
.
ca nhiu. Tuy nhin 2 di tn s nu trn nm trong vng tn s rt thp,
mng in cung cp khng bao gi c tn s nm trong khong ny.
Cc thc nghim nhm nh gi chnh xc ca thut ton c ci
t trn Matlab 6.5, chy trn PC c cu hnh: Pentium 2x2GHz, RAM: 1GB.
Cc kt qu c tm tt trong bng 3.1 di y:

99
Bng 3.1: Thng k kt qu d tm tn s ca nhiu
0
. .
Pht hin sai
Khng pht hin
c
TT
Di tn ca
nhiu
/ rad s
S lng
thc
nghim
S
lng
%
S
lng
%
1 0 0.1 2000 16 8 1804 92
2 0.1 0.2 2000 0 0 10 0.5
3 0.2 0.3 2000 20 10 1800 90
4 0.3 0.4 2000 4 0.2 8 0.4
5 0.4 0.5 2000 0 0 6 0.3
6 0.5 1 1000 0 0 0 0
7 1.0 1.5 1000 0 0 0 0
8 1.5 2.5 1000 0 0 0 0
9 2.5 3.0 1000 0 0 0 0

3.4.2. nh gi mc phc tp tnh ton.
Php bin i Fourier v bin i sng nh s dng trong thut gii s
dng bin i sng nh, c th c thc hin qua cc bin i nhanh m
khng lm sai lch thng tin (xem [21], [23]).
Nu gi L l di ca mt chu k tn hiu in tim c ri rc
ho th s cc php tnh thc hin bin i Fourier nhanh c biu din
qua cng thc (3.15)
2
log
2
L
L (3.15)

100
Theo S.Mallat trong [23], nu ta thc hin bin i sng nh thang
2
k
s = xc nh to im t bin trn dy c di N th s cc php
ton cn thc hin c m t trong cng thc (3.16)
2
log N N (3.16)
Tn hiu in tim c thu nhn vi di tn s t 0.1Hz n 80Hz
(xem [3]), Do vy tn s ly mu c chn 166
s
f Hz = . thu nhn y
thng tin v ph ca tn hiu, cn thu nhn t nht 1 chu k nhp tim. trng
thi ngh, tim ngi p chm nht l 40 nhp/ pht. Do vy ch cn ti a
thi gian 1.5 giy cho vic thu nhn tn hiu t bnh nhn. Vi tn s ly mu
166
s
f Hz = v thi gian ti thiu thu nhn tn hiu l 1.5 giy, dy tn
hiu thu nhn c di ti thiu l 249 L = . Do vy chng ti chn
256 L = . di ny, s tho mn yu cu cn thit php bin i Fourier
cho kt qu phn nh y thng tin ca tn hiu. V ta chia khng gian tn
s thnh 255 on, nn 256 N = . T cng thc (3.15) s php tnh cn thit
thc hin php bin i FFT l 1024. T cng thc (3.16), s php tnh
cn thit thc hin bin i sng nh l 2048 php tnh. Trong thut ton
xut, chng ti dng 3 php bin i sng nh, do vy tng s php tnh
thc hin cc bin i sng nh l 6144 php tnh.
Vi cc kt qu c cng b gn y nht, thut ton LMS vi kch
thc bc thch nghi thay i hi t nhanh nht sau t nht 500 vng lp, do
vy vi thut ton c cng b trong [29] s lng cc php tnh cn thit
cho thut ton LMS hi t l: 7500 php tnh. Nh vy phc tp tnh ton
ca 2 phng php l tng ng. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, thi gian thu
nhn tn hiu nh hn rt nhiu, kt hp vi gim bt phn gii ca khng
gian tn s nn s lng php tnh s gim ng k. Bng 3.2 m t mi quan
h gia phn gii ca khng gian tn s vi s php tnh ca mi ln bin
i sng nh v sai s c th xy ra.

101
Bng 3.2. Mi quan h gia phn gii trong khng gian tn s vi sai s
tnh ton v phc tp tnh ton.
TT phn gii
ca khng
gian tn s
Sai s ln nht
c th gp
Sai s trung
bnh
S php tnh
cn thit
thc hin WT
1 63 0.0499 0.0317 384
2 127 0.0247 0.0157 896
3 255 0.0123 0.0078 2048
4 511 0.0061 0.0039 4608
5 1023 0.0031 0.0020 10240
6 2047 0.0015 0.00097 22528
7 4095 0.00076718 0.00048840 49152
8 8191 0.00038354 0.00024417 106496
9 16383 0.00019176 0.00012208 229376
10 32767 0.000095877 0.000061037 491520
11 65535 0.000047938 0.000030518 1048576
12 131071 0.000023969 0.000015259 2228224

3.5. Thc nghim v kt qu
so snh m hnh lc nhiu v thut ton d tn s xut chng
ny vi cc m hnh v thut ton lc nhiu thch nghi mi nht, chng ti s
dng cng thc 2.7 tnh trung bnh ca bnh phng sai s (MSE). Tc
hi t c nh gi qua tc gim v gn 0 ca MSE. n nh c
phn nh qua dao ng ca MSE.
Thc nghim 3.1:
i vi tn hiu in tim: c th nh gi chnh xc ca m hnh v
gii thut xut v nh gi sai s trung bnh bnh phng, chng ti s

102
dng tn hiu in tim tht c ri rc ho nh l tn hiu in tim sch,
c k hiu l ( ) S n trn m hnh lc nhiu xut (Hnh 3.13). Trong min
thi gian, tn hiu ( ) S n c biu din trong hnh 3.14(a). Theo cc tc gi
trong [13] v [44], vi bi ton lc nhiu t ng ti in, tn hiu nhiu c
th c m phng theo cng thc 2.9. Trn m hnh xut (Hnh 3.13),
nhiu ny k hiu l ( ) N n v c minh ho trn hnh 3.14 (b). Tn hiu in
tim nhim nhiu l tng ca ( ) S n v ( ) N n , c k hiu l ( ) NoisyECG n .
Hnh 3.14(c) biu din ( ) NoisyECG n trong min thi gian.

Hnh 3.14: Biu din trong min thi gian cc tn hiu ( ) S n , ( ) N n v
( ) NoisyECG n

Chng ti s dng gii thut xut tm tn s ca nhiu, cc bc chnh
c minh ho nh sau:
Thc hin bin i Fourier nhanh i vi tn hiu ( ) NoisyECG n , kt
qu c biu din trong hnh 3.15(a). Kt qu php lm trn c biu din
trong hnh 3.15(b). Kt qu ca vic s dng bin i sng nh ti thang
1
2 s = c tnh o hm bc I i vi ph c lm trn ca

103
( ) NoisyECG n , c biu din trn hnh 3.15(c). Tng t, hnh 3.15(d) l
kt qu php bin i sng nh vi thang
2
2 s = . Hnh 3.15(e) l kt qu ca
php tnh o hm bc II s dng bin i sng nh ti thang
1
2 s = .

Hnh 3.15: Cc kt qu chnh khi thc hin gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu

To im t bin c xc nh ti
0
1.6 / rad s . = . thun li cho
vic quan st kt qu, hnh 3.16 s biu din tp trung vo xung quanh tn s
ca nhiu.

104

Hnh 3.16: Kt qu c lng o hm bc I dng bin i sng nh
1
2 s =

Vi tn s
0
1.6 / rad s . = , im khng v im cc c biu din
trn hnh 3.17 di y.

Hnh 3.17: Biu din im khng v im cc ca ( ) H z trn ng trn n
v

im khng v
im cc gn nh
trng nhau ti
0
.

105
Hnh 3.18 cho php nh gi xut ca chng ti v m hnh lc
nhiu gii thut tm tn s. Ta thy rng gn nh khng cn nhiu trong tn
hiu in tim sau lc.

Hnh 3.18: So snh tn hiu in tim sau lc vi tn hiu in tim sch.

So snh tn hiu sau lc vi tn hiu sch trong hnh 3.18, ta thy rng
m hnh lc nhiu xut cho php khi phc li tn hiu sch vi trung
thc rt tt. iu ny cng c phn nh qua MSE trn hnh 3.19

Hnh 3.19: MSE gia tn hiu sau lc ( ) n v tn hiu in tim sch ( ) S n

106
i vi tn hiu in no
Tng t vi thc nghim 3.1 i vi tn hiu in tim, nh gi
chnh xc, chng ti s dng tn hiu in no m phng nh l tn hiu ( ) S n .
Tn hiu ( ) N n l nhiu m phng, c tn s
0
1.5 / rad s . = . Tn hiu in
no nhim nhiu c k hiu l ( ) NoisyEEG n , trong
( ) ( ) ( ) NoisyEEG n S n N n = . Cc tn hiu ( ) S n , ( ) N n v ( ) NoisyEEG n
c biu din trn hnh 3.20 di y.

Hnh 3.20: Biu din ( ) S n , ( ) N n v ( ) NoisyEEG n trong min thi gian

Chng ti s dng gii thut xut tm tn s ca nhiu, cc bc
chnh c minh ho nh sau:
Thc hin bin i Fourier nhanh i vi tn hiu ( ) NoisyEEG n , kt
qu c biu din trong hnh 3.21(a). Kt qu php lm trn c biu din
trong hnh 3.21(b). Kt qu ca vic s dng bin i sng nh ti thang
1
2 s = c tnh o hm bc I i vi ph c lm trn ca
( ) NoisyEEG n , c biu din trn hnh 3.21(c). Tng t, hnh 3.21(d) l

107
kt qu php bin i sng nh vi thang
2
2 s = . Hnh 3.21(e) l kt qu ca
php tnh o hm bc II s dng bin i sng nh ti thang
1
2 s = .

Hnh 3.21: Cc kt qu chnh khi thc hin gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu

Hnh 3.22: Kt qu c lng o hm bc I dng bin i sng nh thang
1
2

108
To im t bin c xc nh ti
0
1.5 / rad s . = . thun li cho
vic quan st kt qu, hnh 3.22 s biu din tp trung vo xung quanh tn s
ca nhiu.
Vi tn s
0
1.5 / rad s . = , b lc trit tn c p ng Bin - Tn
s nh trong hnh 3.23.

Hnh 3.23: p ng Bin - Tn s ca b lc vi (3.4) v
0
1.5 / rad s . =

Vi tn s
0
1.5rad . = , im khng v im cc c biu din trn
hnh 3.24 di y.

Hnh 3.24: Biu din im khng v im cc ca ( ) H z trn ng trn n
v

im khng v
im cc gn nh
trng nhau ti
0
.

109
chnh xc cng c phn nh qua MSE trn hnh 3.25, v thng
qua so snh tn hiu in no sau lc ( ) n vi tn hiu in no sch ( ) S n
trn hnh 3.26.

Hnh 3.25: MSE gia tn hiu sau lc ( ) n v tn hiu in tim sch ( ) S n

Hnh 3.26: So snh tn hiu in no sau lc vi tn hiu in no sch.

110
3.6. nh gi thut gii s dng bin i sng nh
Thut gii s dng bin i sng nh c m ho v th nghim trn
c s d liu ca MIH/BIH vi nhiu nhn to s dng hm to s ngu
nhiu vi phn b Gauss. T cc kt qu th nghim v phn tch, cho thy
gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu do chng ti xut c nhng u im sau:
i vi bi ton lc nhiu cho tn hiu in tim:
- Nu tn s ca nhiu nm ngoi di 0 0.1 / rad s v 0.2 0.3 / rad s
th thut gii hu chc chn tm c tn s
0
. ca nhiu nh vic
thc hin php bin i Fourier v sng nh bng cc thut ton bin
i nhanh.
- Thut gii s t chnh xc cao, phn nh qua hp ca bng tn
vi phn gii khng gian tn s . thnh 255 on trong khong t
0
- phc tp ca thut gii phn nh qua quan h logarit nh p dng
cc thut ton bin i nhanh. xut tin x l tp d liu cho php
loi b cc t bin gi trc khi thc hin bin i Sng nh.
- Thut gii s dng hiu qu hai php bin i Fourier v Sng nh,
cho php n gin ho m hnh ca b lc do khng cn dng u vo
tham chiu (Reference Input) v b tr
0
90 nh trong m hnh b lc
trit tn ca B. Widrow.
- C th s dng l thuyt xc sut tip tc n gin ho phc tp
tnh ton khi xc nh c phn b ca
0
. trn trc tn s ..

111
KT LUN
Trong chng ny chng ti xut m hnh lc nhiu t ngun
cung cp in v gii thut tm tn s ca nhiu s dng kt hp bin i
Fourier vi bin i sng nh. xut tin x l tp d liu thng qua lm
trn bng b lc thng thp trc khi bin i sng nh lm cho thut gii
tr nn d thc hin vi chnh xc cao. Chn c thang s ph hp cho
php bin i sng nh sao cho la chn c chnh xc thng tin cn quan
tm. Thut gii c th nghim trn Matlab v li gii c so snh vi
cc kt qu mi nht ca thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc thay i cho
thy hiu qu ng k ca thut gii.

112
KT LUN CHUNG

Lun n ng gp vo hai vn sau ca phng php lc thch nghi
- Xy dng c s Ton hc ca b lc thch nghi v phng php nng
cao hiu nng cho thut ton LMS da trn kch thc bc thay i
- iu chnh tn s trung tm ca b lc thch nghi bng bin i Fourier
v bin i Sng nh
Cc kt qu mi ca lun n bao gm
1. Xc nh iu kin cn v ca phng php lc thch nghi s
dng thut ton LMS v xy dng cc phn mm nhng thc hin phng
php lc nhiu t ng ti in ln qu trnh ghi in tm v in no .
2. xut cng thc thay i kch thc bc trong thut ton LMS v
tin hnh thc nghim so snh vi cc phng php ca cc tc gi trc
.
3. xut m hnh lc nhiu t ngun cung cp in v thut gii s
dng php bin i sng nh cho vic hiu chnh tn s trung tm ca b lc
thch nghi.

113
DANH MC CNG TRNH CNG B C LIN
QUAN N LUN N

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120
Ph lc
M chng trnh thc nghim
Ngn ng: Matlab

Chng trnh so snh, nh gi thut ton LMS kch thc
bc c nh v thay i
clear all;close all;
[ecg]=ecg_generator;
L=length(ecg);sigma=0.15;ms=2;
mu_002=0.05;
mu_05=0.5;
[Noise_sin,Noise_cos]=gnoise(sigma,L,ms);
N=Noise_sin+normrnd(0,0.01,1,L);
NOISY_ECG=ecg+N;

[denoised_ecg_FS_002,dieukien_002]=LMS_fixed_stepsize(NOISY_ECG,Noise_s
in,Noise_cos,mu_002);
for k=0:(L/4-1)
mse_mu_002(k+1)=((ecg(4*k+1)-denoised_ecg_FS_002(4*k+1))^2 +
(ecg(4*k+2)-denoised_ecg_FS_002(4*k+2))^2 +(ecg(4*k+3)-
denoised_ecg_FS_002(4*k+3))^2 +(ecg(4*k+4)-
denoised_ecg_FS_002(4*k+4))^2)/4;
end;

[denoised_ecg_FS_05,dieukien_05]=LMS_fixed_stepsize(NOISY_ECG,Noise_sin,
Noise_cos,mu_05);
for k=0:(L/4-1)
mse_mu_05(k+1)=((ecg(4*k+1)-denoised_ecg_FS_05(4*k+1))^2 +(ecg(4*k+2)-
denoised_ecg_FS_05(4*k+2))^2 +(ecg(4*k+3)-denoised_ecg_FS_05(4*k+3))^2
+(ecg(4*k+4)-denoised_ecg_FS_05(4*k+4))^2)/4;
end;

[denoised_ecg_VS]=LMS_variable_stepsize(NOISY_ECG,Noise_sin,Noise_cos,ec
g);
for k=0:(L/4-1)
mse_mu_vs(k+1)=((ecg(4*k+1)-denoised_ecg_VS(4*k+1))^2 +(ecg(4*k+2)-
denoised_ecg_VS(4*k+2))^2 +(ecg(4*k+3)-denoised_ecg_VS(4*k+3))^2
+(ecg(4*k+4)-denoised_ecg_VS(4*k+4))^2)/4;
end;

nn =4:4:L;

121
plot(nn,mse_mu_002,'b',nn,mse_mu_05,'r',nn,mse_mu_vs,'y');axis([0 2000 0
0.014]);ylabel('MSE');xlabel('i');title('Sai so trung binh binh phuong truong hop kich
thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh va thay doi');pause;
%subplot(2,3,4);
%subplot(2,3,5);
%subplot(2,3,6);
subplot(1,3,1);plot(nn,mse_mu_002,'b');title('Truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich
nghi co dinh =0.05');ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');
subplot(1,3,2);plot(nn,mse_mu_05,'r');title('Truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi
co dinh =0.5');ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');
subplot(1,3,3);plot(nn,mse_mu_vs,'y');title('Truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi
thay doi');ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');
pause;
plot(nn,mse_mu_002,'b');title('Sai so trung binh binh phuong truong hop kich thuoc
buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.05');ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');%axis([-50 1860 -0.01
0.57]);

pause;
plot(nn,mse_mu_05,'r');title('Sai so trung binh binh phuong truong hop kich thuoc
buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.5');ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');%axis([-50 1860 -0.01
0.57]);

pause;
plot(nn,mse_mu_vs,'y');title('Sai so trung binh binh phuong truong hop kich thuoc
buoc thich nghi thay doi');ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');%axis([-50 1860 -0.01 0.57]);
pause;

% in ra tin hieu sau loc, truong hop KT buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.05
subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_002(1:L/4));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sau
loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.05');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
subplot(3,1,2);plot(ecg(1:L/4));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sach');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(NOISY_ECG(1:L/4));title('Tin hieu dien tam do nhiem
nhieu');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
pause;

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_002(L/4+1:L/2));title('Tin hieu dien tam do
sau loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.05 (Tiep theo)');axis([1
L/4 -3 1]);
subplot(3,1,2);plot(ecg(L/4+1:L/2));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sach');axis([1 L/4 -3
1]);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(NOISY_ECG(L/4+1:L/2));title('Tin hieu dien tam do nhiem
nhieu');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);pause;

122
subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_002(L/2+1:0.75*L));title('Tin hieu dien tam
do sau loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.05 (Tiep
theo)');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
subplot(3,1,2);plot(ecg(L/2:0.75*L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sach');axis([1 L/4 -3
1]);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(NOISY_ECG(L/2+1:0.75*L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do nhiem

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_002(0.75*L+1:L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do
sau loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.05 (Tiep theo)');axis([1
L/4 -3 1]);
subplot(3,1,2);plot(ecg(0.75*L+1:L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sach');axis([1 L/4 -
3 1]);
subplot(3,1,3);plot(NOISY_ECG(0.75*L+1:L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do nhiem

% in ra tin hieu sau loc, truong hop KT buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.5
subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_05(1:L/4));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sau loc,
truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.5');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
nhieu');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
pause;

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_05(L/4+1:L/2));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sau
loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.5 (Tiep theo)');axis([1 L/4 -3
1]);
1]);

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_05(L/2+1:0.75*L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do
sau loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.5 (Tiep theo)');axis([1 L/4
-3 1]);
1]);

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_FS_05(0.75*L+1:L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do
sau loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi co dinh =0.5 (Tiep theo)');axis([1 L/4
-3 1]);

123
3 1]);

% in ra tin hieu sau loc, truong hop KT buoc thich nghi thay doi
subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_VS(1:L/4));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sau loc,
truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi thay doi');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
nhieu');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
pause;

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_VS(L/4+1:L/2));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sau
loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi thay doi');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
1]);

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_VS(L/2+1:0.75*L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do
sau loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi thay doi');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
1]);

subplot(3,1,1);plot(denoised_ecg_VS(0.75*L+1:L));title('Tin hieu dien tam do sau
loc, truong hop kich thuoc buoc thich nghi thay doi');axis([1 L/4 -3 1]);
3 1]);

close all;
plot(dieukien_002); pause;
plot(dieukien_05);
[denoised_ecg_VS_Daniel]=LMS_variable_stepsize_Daniel(NOISY_ECG,Noise_s
in,Noise_cos,ecg);
for k=0:(L/4-1)
mse_mu_vs_Daniel(k+1)=((ecg(4*k+1)-denoised_ecg_VS_Daniel(4*k+1))^2 +
(ecg(4*k+2)-denoised_ecg_VS_Daniel(4*k+2))^2 +(ecg(4*k+3)-

124
denoised_ecg_VS_Daniel(4*k+3))^2 +(ecg(4*k+4)-
denoised_ecg_VS_Daniel(4*k+4))^2)/4;
end;
plot(mse_mu_vs_Daniel);
pause;
plot(nn,mse_mu_002,'b',nn,mse_mu_05,'r',nn,mse_mu_vs,'y',nn,mse_mu_vs_Danie
l,'k');axis([-50 1860 -0.01 0.57]);title('Sai so trung binh binh phuong cua 4 truong
hop');
ylabel('MSE');xlabel('t');

Hm thc hin b lc bng thut ton LMS vi kch thc bc
thch nghi c nh

function
[denoised_ecg,dieukien]=LMS_fixed_stepsize(NOISY_ECG,Noise_sin,Noise_cos,
mu)
w1=0;w2=0;
l=length(NOISY_ECG);
y(1)=0.15;
for k=2:l
y(k)=(Noise_sin(k)*w1+Noise_cos(k)*w2);
denoised_ecg(k)=NOISY_ECG(k)-y(k);
w1=w1+2*mu*Noise_sin(k)*denoised_ecg(k);
w2=w2+2*mu*Noise_cos(k)*denoised_ecg(k);
dieukien(k)=((NOISY_ECG(k)*(Noise_sin(k)-y(k)))+(NOISY_ECG(k-
1)*(Noise_sin(k-1)-y(k-1))))/2;
end;

thch nghi thay i theo xut ca chng ti
function
[denoised_ecg,mu_dem]=LMS_variable_stepsize_14_4(NOISY_ECG,Noise_sin,N
oise_cos,ecg)
w1=0;w2=0;mu=2.9;
mu_dem=zeros(1,l);
alpha=25.5;
%alpha=2;
for k=1:l
denoised_ecg(k)=NOISY_ECG(k)-(Noise_sin(k)*w1+Noise_cos(k)*w2);

125
mu=alpha*abs(denoised_ecg(k)*Noise_sin(k));
w1=w1+mu*Noise_sin(k)*denoised_ecg(k);
w2=w2+mu*Noise_cos(k)*denoised_ecg(k);
mu_dem(k)=mu;
end;

thch nghi thay i theo xut ca Daniel trong [29]
function
[denoised_ecg]=LMS_variable_stepsize_daniel(NOISY_ECG,Noise_sin,Noise_cos
,ecg)
w1=0;w2=0;mu=0.5;
for k=1:l
denoised_ecg(k)=NOISY_ECG(k)-(Noise_sin(k)*w1+Noise_cos(k)*w2);
mu=0.9*mu+0.9*denoised_ecg(k)^2;
w1=w1+mu*Noise_sin(k)*denoised_ecg(k);
w2=w2+mu*Noise_cos(k)*denoised_ecg(k);
end;

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Luan An Cua Hoang Manh Ha

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B GIO DC V O TO VIN KHOA HC V CNG NGH VIT NAM

VIN CNG NGH THNG TIN

( ) N n tng ng ( ) y n trong cng thc (1.5).

( ) S n tng ng ( ) n trong bi ton xc nh

( ) S n l tn hiu y sinh sau lc th n.

< < (xem [44]) ta c

sau xp x 400 vng lp,

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