Professional Documents
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量子力学を学ぶための数学
量子力学を学ぶための数学
2008 10
(2010 4 )
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
1.3.1 . . . . . . . . .
1.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3.4 . . . . . . . .
1.3.5
2
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2 Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2.1 . .
2.2.2 Taylor . . . . . . . . .
2.2.3 . . . .
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3.2 [] . . . . . .
2.4 . . . . . . . . . .
2.4.1 (chain rule)
2.4.2 (Leibniz rule) . .
2.4.3 . . . . . . . .
2.5 . .
2.5.1 x . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5.3 . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6 . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.1 AM . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6.3 . . . . . . .
2.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
iii
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1
1
1
3
3
4
4
4
6
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7
7
8
8
11
13
15
20
21
23
23
24
25
25
25
26
27
29
29
30
31
32
iv
2.7.1 . . . . . . . .
2.7.2
2.7.3 . . .
2.8 Fourier . . . . . . . .
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3 Fourier
3.1 Fourier . . . .
3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2 Fourier . . . .
3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5 Dirac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.1 Kronecker Dirac . . . . . . .
3.5.2 . . . . . . . . .
3.5.3 Fourier . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5.4 Fourier . . . . . . . .
3.5.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6.3
4
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.1 . . . .
4.2 . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1 .
4.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.1
4.3.2 . . . . . . .
4.3.3 Fourier . . . .
4.4 . . .
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32
33
34
36
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38
38
38
40
41
41
42
43
45
45
46
47
48
49
49
53
55
57
58
58
58
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59
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62
62
63
64
65
66
66
67
69
72
r = ix + jy + kz,
f (r) = f (x, y, z),
=i
+j
+k
= grad = ,
r
x
y
z
2
2
2
2
2
=
=
4
=
+
+
,
r 2
r r
x2 y 2 z 2
df (r) = f (r + dr) f (r) = gradf (r) dr = f (r) dr =
dV = d3 r = dx dy dz
( = d ),
i=
1,
()
z = x + iy = r ei ,
z = x iy = r ei ,
|z| =
x2 + y 2 = r,
arg z = tan1
y
= ,
x
Re z = x,
()
Im z = y,
()
()
()
()
f (r)
dr,
r
vi
E
,
Z
,
I
O
o
,
X
a
b
g
d
e
z
e
th
i
k
l
m
n
x
o
p
r
s
t
u, y
ph
ch
ps
o
alpha
beta
gamma
delta
epsilon
zeta
eta
theta
iota
kappa
lambda
mu
nu
xi
omicron
pi
rho
sigma
tau
upsilon
phi
chi
psi
omega
vii
()
viii
()
() ()
http://kscalar.kj.yamagata-u.ac.jp/~endo/greek/zeta_xi.html
1
1.1
1.1 ei
i
e = 1
ei = cos + i sin
z = x + iy |z| =
|ei | =
(1.1.1)
x2 + y 2
cos2 + sin2 = 1
ei 1
1.2
1.2 z z 2 = |z|2
(
) 1.2
or z
z = x + iy
; 2
0
z, z (modulus) r = |z|, r0 = |z 0 |
(argument) = arg z, 0 = arg z 0
z z 0
|z z 0 | = |z| |z 0 |,
z = x + iy
i (arg i = /2 = 90 ) 90
i i = i2 = 1
1 = 180 90
1.3
1.3.1
|z| = 1
z
= arg z z
z = z 1 z z = f ()
f () f (0 ) = f ( + 0 )
0 + 0
f (0) = 1
f ()
z = f () = ec
c
z = ec
() 1 0
2 z z = 1 z = 1
2 2 1 z = 1 ( = 0)
1
= 0 () i
dec
= c = i,
d =0
c = i 1 z
z = ei
ei
ei = cos + i sin
()
1.3.2
1
z r (= |z|), (= arg z) z
r (> 0) r ei
z
z = rei
()
1.3.3
|ei | = 1
ei
(ei(+) = ei ei
)
i
ei
1.3.4
1.3 z =
3 ei/6 |z|
1 + 1 + 2 + + 6 = 0,
1.10 z 11 = 1 11 0 = 1, 1 2 , . . . , 10
1 + 1 + 2 + + 10 = 0,
1.11 z z = |z|2
z
z
1.12 z = ea+ib a, b
1.13 z = ea+ib
a, b
1.14 z = ei 0 z
1.15 z = ei 0 z
1.16 z = ei 0 3/2 z
1.17 z = 2ei 0 2 z
1.18 0 2 z
(1) z = 1 + ei
(2) z = i + ei
(3) z = 1 + i + ei
(4) z = 1 + i +
2 ei
1.19 0 2
(
)
(
)
i
z1 = 1 +
e
z2 = 2 +
ie2i
2
1.20 () 0 2
4
z=
ei
3 + cos
1.21 ()
i
e
2
z2 = e+i
z1 =
( > 0)
( < < )
1.22 () z2
e
1.3.5
( )2
1.23 ei = e2i
cos, sin
( )3
1.24 ei = e3i
cos, sin
+
+
,
2
2
+
=
2
2
ei + ei ,
ei ei
2
2.1
2.1 x = 0 x Taylor x 3
(1) ex
(2) (1 + x)
2.2 ()
dy
(1)
=y
dx
d2 y
(2)
= 2 y ( > 0)
2
dx
2
y = f (x)
3
2
2.6
5
2
e d =
2
lim
f (xn ),
n=1
N
1
lim
f (xn ),
N N
n=1
lim
n=1
N
1
lim
f (xn )(b a).
N N
n=1
2.2
2.2.1
Taylor
2.10 1.012 3
2.11 1.013 3
1.012
1.012 = (1 + 0.01)2
= 1 + 2 0.01 + 0.012
= 1 + 0.02 + 0.0001
= 1.0201
1.01 3
4 1.02
0.01 2
1.01 3 3
1.013 = (1 + 0.01)3
= 1 + 3 0.01 + 3 0.012 + 0.013
+ 1 + 3 0.01
= 1.03
3 0.01 2 3
4
1.013 = (1 + 0.01)3
= 1 + 3 0.01 + 3 0.012 + 0.013
+ 1 + 3 0.01 + 3 0.012
= 1.0303
0.01
x f (x) x
x
f (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 +
(2.2.1)
f (x) x =
0.01 x2 = 0.001, x3 = 0.000001 x
1.01
f (x) = 1/(1 + x) x
(2.2.1) f (x) f (x)(1 + x) = 1
1 = (c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 + )(1 + x)
= c 0 + c 1 x + c 2 x2 + c 3 x3 +
+ c 0 x + c 1 x2 + c 2 x3 + c 3 x4 +
= c0 + (c1 + c0 )x + (c2 + c1 )x2 + (c3 + c2 )x3 +
10
cn
c0 = 1, c1 + c0 = 0, c2 + c1 = 0, c3 + c2 = 0,
c0 = 1, c1 = c0 = 1, c2 = c1 = 1, c3 = c2 = 1,
1
= 1 x + x 2 x3 + .
1+x
(2.2.2)
x = 0.01
1
= 1 0.01 + 0.012 0.013 +
1.01
+ 1 0.01 + 0.012
= 0.0901
2.12 1 + x
ex e
(
)n
1
e = lim 1 +
.
(2.2.3)
n
n
x > 0
)nx
1
e = lim 1 +
n
n
(
x )N
= lim 1 +
.
N
N
x
N = nx N
(
x )N
N x
N (N 1) ( x )2 N (N 1)(N 2) ( x )3
1+
=1+
+
+
+
N
1! N(
2!
N(
N
)
) ( 3! )
1 1 2
1
2 1 3
=1+x+ 1
x + 1
x +
1
N 2!
N
N 3!
N
ex = 1 + x +
1 2 1 3
x + x +
2!
3!
x > 0 x 0
2.13 e0.1 3
(2.2.4)
2.2.2
11
Taylor
1/(1 + x) ex
Taylor
f (x) x = a Taylor
f (n) (a)
n=0
n!
f 00 (a)
f 000 (a)
(x a)2 +
(x a)3 +
2!
3!
(2.2.5)
(x a)n ,
a = 0
f (n) (0)
n=0
n!
(2.2.6)
xn .
Taylor
x
f (x) = c0 + c1 x + c2 x2 + c3 x3 +
(2.2.7)
() cn
(2.2.7) x = 0
f (0) = c0 .
(2.2.7)
f 0 (x) = c1 + 2c2 x + 3c3 x2 +
(2.2.8)
x = 0
f 0 (0) = c1 .
(2.2.8)
f 000 (0) = 3 2 c3 .
(2.2.9)
12
f (n) (0) = n! cn ,
f (n) (0)
n!
(2.2.7) (2.2.6) .
f (x) = ex f (n) (x) = ex f (n) (0) = 1.
cn =
ex = 1 + x +
1 2 1 3
x + x +
2!
3!
1 n
=
x
n!
n=0
(2.2.10)
(2.2.4)
(1 + x) ()
( 1) 2 ( 1)( 2) 3
(1 + x) = 1 + x +
x +
x +
2!
3!
( )
n
=
x .
n
n=0
n
( )
( 1)( 2) ( n + 1)
=
n
n!
(2.2.11)
(2.2.12)
= m m Cn
Taylor
()
()
1 00
1
f (0) + f 000 (0) + ,
2!
3!
1 00
1
0
f (x) = f (x) + f (x)x + f (x)x2 + f 000 (x)x3 + .
2!
3!
f (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0) +
2.14 1
2.15 2
2.2.3
13
2.16 x = 0
(1 + x)2
2.17 x = 0
(1 + x)3
2.18 x = 0
(1 + x)4
2.19 x = 0
(1 + x)1/2
2.20 x = 0
(1 + x)1/2
2.21 x = 0
(1 x)1/2
2.22 (1 x2 )1/2 x = 0
2.23 m v E
mc2
E=
1 v 2 /c2
c v c E
(v 2 /c2 )
2.24 f (x) = (1 x)1 f (0), f 0 (0), f 00 (0), f 000 (0),
14
2.27
n1
xk =
k=0
1 xn
1x
2.31 ex f (x) = ex x = 0
1
1
x = 0 g(t) =
2
1+x
1+t
1
f (x) =
Taylor
1 + x2
2.32 f (x) =
(
2.33
)
x
F x F = f (x)
a x = a F = 0 f (a) = 0 F = f (x)
x = a Taylor
F = f (a) + f 0 (a)(x a) +
= f 0 (a)(x a) +
f 00 (a)
(x a)2 +
2
f 00 (a)
(x a)2 + ,
2
(x a)
(x a) (x a)
F + f 0 (a)(x a).
k = f 0 (a)
2.3
15
2.34 x
4x2 4x + 1 = 2,
(x + 1)(x 1) + 1 = 4x2 .
3x 9 = 0,
x x
dy
= F (x, y),
dx
y = y(x) F (x, y)
y
y = f (x)
df (x)
= F (x, f (x)),
dx
x ()f (x)
(or )
(or )
x2 = 6
1 x2 + 0 x 6 = 0
16
x=
02 4 1 (6)
= 6
21
x = 6
ax2 + bx + c = 0,
(a 6= 0)
b
c
x2 + x + = 0
a
a
(
)2
b
b2
c
x+
2 + =0
2a
4a
a
(
)2
b
b2 4ac
x+
=
()
2a
4a2
b2 4ac
b
x+
=
()
2a
2a
b2 4ac
b
b b2 4ac
x=
=
.
2a
2a
2a
() () x2 = A x = A
x2 = 6 x = 6
2
x = 6
2.2 (1)
dy
=y
dx
(y = ex )
dex /dx = ex
y = Aex (A:
)
x
y = e + A
dy/dx = d(ex + A)/dx = ex = ex + A A = y A 6= y
17
(
)
dy
= dx
y
dy
= dx
y
ln |y| = x + C
|y| = eC+x
y = C 0 ex
C 0 = eC
x2 = 6
dy/y = ln y
d ln y/dy = 1/y dex /dx = ex
dy
= 2xy + x + 6y + 3
dx
dy
= x(2y + 1) + 3(2y + 1)
dx
= (x + 3)(2y + 1)
dy
= (x + 3)dx
2y + 1
1
1
(C : )
log |2y + 1| = (x + 3)2 + C
2
2
2
2y + 1 = e2C e(x+3)
1
2
y = Ae(x+3)
(A = e2C /2)
2
18
()
2 3
5
2.35 R, a
[] R l a/l = /2
a=l
= 2R
= R.
2
2
2.36 2log2 5
[] x x = 2log2 5 . log2
log2 x = log2 2log2 5 = log2 5 log2 2 = log2 5
log2 x = 5, 2log2 5 = 5
2.37
a < b 2a < 2b
[]
2a 2b
a b
2a 2b log2 2a log2 2b a log2 2 b log2 2 a b.
log2 x (x > 0)
2.2 (2)
d2 y
= 2 y
dx2
19
x t y x
d2 x
= 2 x
dt2
m k = m 2
d2 x
m 2 = kx
dt
k
m
(sin cos )
x = sin t 2 = k/m = 2
x = sin t
y = sin x cos
y = A sin x + B cos x,
(A, B : )
y = A sin(x + ),
(A, : )
y = Aeix + Beix .
(A, B : )
()
x
y = e
2 = 2 , = i
y = eix
2.38
d2 y
= 2 y.
dx2
( > 0)
20
2.40
m
F = mgz z = 0 z
g
()
2.3.1
[]
dy
= 0 y = A (A = const.)
dx
,
dy
d2 y
=0
= A (A = const.)
2
dx
dx
y = Ax + B (B = const.)
.
u(x, y)
u(x, y)
= 0 u(x, y) = f (y),
x
(f (y)y )
2 u(x, y)
u(x, y)
=0
= f (y), (f (y)y )
2
x
x
u(x, y) = f (y)x + g(y). (g(y)y )
2 1
21
2 1
3 2
2.41 u(x, t) = f (x vt)
u
u
+v
= 0,
t
x
(v = const.)
f
2.42 u(x, t) = f (x vt) + g(x + vt)
2
2u
2 u
=
v
,
t2
x2
(v = const.)
f , g
2.3.2
[]
dy
= F (x, y),
dx
f (x)
df (x)
= F (x, f (x)),
dx
x ()
f 0 (xn ) +
f (xn+1 ) f (xn )
.
x
xn x x = xn+1 xn
a < x < b N n
xn
xn = a +
a = x0 x1 x2 x3
ba
n = a + n x.
N
xn xn+1
(n = 0, 1, , N )
xN 1 xN = b
22
N x = (b a)/N
f (xn+1 ) f (xn )
+ F (xn , f (xn )),
x
(
)
d2 y
dy
= F x, y,
.
dx2
dx
f (x)
f 00 (xn ) +
f 0 (xn+1 ) f 0 (xn )
f (xn+2 ) 2f (xn+1 ) + f (xn )
+
.
x
x2
(
f (xn+2 ) + 2f (xn+1 ) f (xn ) + F
f (xn+1 f (xn )
xn , f (xn ),
x
)
(x)2 ,
f (x0 )
0
f (x1 ) f (x0 ) f (x0 ) = [f (x1 ) f (x0 )]/x
23
u
u
=
.
x
y
x y u = u(x, y)
f (x, y)
f (x, y)
f (x, y)
=
x
y
x x
f
f (xn+1 , y) f (xn , y)
(xn , y) +
.
x
x
(x = xn+1 xn )
f (xn+1 , y) + f (xn , y) +
f (xn , y)
x
y
x = x0 f (x0 , y) g(y): y
f (xn , y) f (x0 , y) y
f (x0 , y)/y f (x0 , y)
f (x1 , y) f (x1 , y) y
f (x1 , y) f (x1 , y)/y f (x2 , y)
n f (xn , y) x = x0
f (x0 , y) = g(y)
2.4
2.4.1
(chain rule)
y = f (x), z = g(y)
dz
dz dy
=
,
dx
dy dx
(2.4.1)
(
)
{ (
)}0
= g 0 f (x) f 0 (x),
g f (x)
ef (x)
}0
= f 0 (x) ef (x) ,
(2.4.2)
24
{ln f (x)}0 =
f 0 (x)
.
f (x)
du
du dz dy
=
,
dx
dz dy dx
{ ( (
( (
))}0
)) (
)
h g f (x)
= h0 g f (x) g 0 f (x) f 0 (x).
2.43
d f (x)
e
= f 0 (x) ef (x)
dx
2.44
[
]
[
]
d
exp g(x)2 = 2g(x) g 0 (x) exp g(x)2
dx
2.45 x
[
]4
2 sin3 (5x + 1) + 7
2.46 x
2.4.2
{ ( 2 )}
ln sin ex
(Leibniz rule)
(2.4.3)
(2.4.4)
000
2.47 {f (x)g(x)}
00
2.48 {f (x)g(x)h(x)}
{
}00
2.49 ef (x)
{
}00
2
2.50 e2x +x+1
2.4.3
25
y = f 1 (x) x = f (y).
dy
1
1
= dx = 0 .
dx
f (y)
dy
2.5
2.5.1
x > 0 a a > 0 xa
dxa
= axa1 > 0.
dx
(a > 0, x > 0)
a a < 0 xa a > 0
a xa
a < 0 a (i.e. ) xa
a, b
x a < b xa < xb
x100 x10 x1/100 x1/10
x0 = 1
26
2.5.2
ex x 1 x
ex x
ex
ex
2
ex ex ee ,
as x
2.53
A
1000
A
1000 1
2 2 2 4
1 2
A 1
(1) 234 A
(2) n
(3) 11A 1
(210 = 1024 1 103 )
1
x10 10 ex 10 ex
x10 < ex (x )
rn 1
2
1 + r + r2 + r3 + + rn1 =
r1
27
(4) 21A 1
(220 = 210 210 )
(5) 4 351A
1
(6) A
2.54 9 9 81
1 1 2 2 3
4
21 41 61 81
kg
4 8 40 80
(1.1894 2.0)
2.5.3
ln x (= loge x) > 0 x
ln x x+0
y = ex x
y x = ln y y
x
ex ln x
ln x
ln x ln x1/100 =
1
ln x ln ln x ,
100
as x
28
x2 , ex , (x2 + 1)ex , 1, 0.
2
() 10cm
10cm
10cm
2
10cm
5cm 15cm
15cm
(
)
1
15cm = 10cm + 5cm = 1 +
10cm
2
3 2 3
3 3
2 1 10cm 2
10cm 13
(
)
10cm
1 1
15cm +
= 1+ +
10cm
3
2 3
1 : 1
3
1
2m
m
10cm
10cm 1/2
10cm 1/3
2 : 1
29
1m
( m) 5m 6m
n
n
1 1
1
1
1 + + + +
dx = ln n
2 3
n
1 x
2.6
2.6.1
AM
y=A
y = A cos 6x
2
y = A
y = f (x)
y = f (x) cos 6x
y = f (x)
f (x)
30
cos 6x = 1, 0
y = f (x) . x .
2.61
y=
x2
1
cos 4x.
+ 22
2.62
y=
sin 10x
.
x
x = 0 1/x
x 0 sin x/x 1
+
(cos + cos = 2 cos
cos
)
2
2
2.6.2
y = xex
2
2
x ex = 1/ex
2
x y = xex 0 y = 0 (x = 0), y ()
(x < 0 y < 0x > 0 y > 0)
y
2
y=x
y=e
x2
O
y = xex
2.64 y = (x 1)ex
2
31
2.68 y = xex
2.69 y = (x2 1)ex
2.70 y =
1
+ x (x > 0) .
x
2.71 y =
1
+ x2 (x > 0)
x2
2.6.3
y = f (x) x f 0 (x)
y = f (x) y = f 0 (x)
y
y = f (x)
y
y = 12 x
y = f (x)
x
(a) (b)
y
y
y = f (x)
O
y = f (x)
x
O
(c) (d)
32
2.7
2.7.1
f (x)dx = lim
f (xn ) x.
(2.7.1)
n=1
x dx,
x () dx ()
[]
{ b
}2
b
2
{f (x)} dx =
f (x) dx .
a
a2 + b2 + c2 + = (a + b + c + )2
2.73 2.6
(
)a
(
)a
( )a
x2
x2
ax2
e
dx =
e
dx =
e
dx =
.
2.7.2
33
2.6 ax =
()
ax2
2 d
=
I=
e
dx =
e
.
a
a
(dimensional analysis)
x
[ x ] = [ L ].
I
[
2 ]
[ I ] = eax [ dx ] = 1 [ L ] = [ L ].
dx (2.7.1) x = xn+1 xn
[dx] = [L] e
[
2 ]
en eax = 1.
e e
[ ax2 ] = 1 a
[ a ] = [ L2 ].
x I x
a I a
I = const. a1/2
const. a = 1
a = 1 I = const. =
.
I=
a
2.74
f (x) =
(k 2
1
eikx dk,
+ a2 )2
[ x ] = [ L ]
[
]
df (x)
[ k ], [ a ], [ f (x) ],
.
dx
34
2.75
I=
x2 ex
2 /b2
dx,
[ x ] = [ L ]
2.76
x2 ex
ex
2 /b2
(x2
]
,
[ b ],
[ I ].
dx = const. b3 .
(b > 0)
dx
= const. a3 .
2
2
+a )
(a > 0)
2.77
2 /b2
2.78
2.7.3
x3 ex /a
dx = const. (a )
(x2 + a2 )2
2
f (x, y) dxdy
S
x = f (u, v)
y = g(u, v)
() dS = dxdy dudv
(x, y)
dudv
(2.7.2)
dxdy =
(u, v)
(x, y)/(u, v) (Jacobian)
x x
(x, y) u v
(2.7.3)
=
(u, v) y y
u v
35
f (x, y, z) dxdydz,
V
x = f (u, v, w)
y = g(u, v, w)
z = h(u, v, w)
() dV = dxdydz dudvdw
(x, y, z)
dudvdw
dxdydz =
(2.7.4)
(u, v, w)
(x, y, z)/(u, v, w)
(x, y, z)
=
(u, v, w)
x
u
y
u
z
u
x
v
y
v
z
v
x
w
y
w
z
w
(2.7.5)
dxdy = rdrd,
(2.7.6)
(x, y, z)
= y/r y/ y/ = sin sin r cos sin r sin cos = r2 sin .
(r, , )
z/r z/ z/
cos
r sin
0
(2.7.7)
36
[]
z
r sin d
dr
d
r
rd
r sin
dr
rd
d
0
2.79 2 (x, y)
u+v
x=
2
u
y=
2
dS = dr rd
dV = dr rd r sin d
dS = dxdy (u, v)
2.80 R
S = R2
2.81 R
V =
4
R3
3
2.82 xy
2
2
ex y dxdy
2.8
Fourier
2.83 x L
2u
T 2u
=
t2
x2
37
T u = u(x, t) t
x (x = 0, L) x = 0 L
u = 0 u x
Fourier
nx
u(x, t) =
qn (t) sin
L
n=1
sin (u t t- Fourier
qn )
t Fourier qn (t) (n = 1, 2, 3, . . . )
nx
nx
An sin
=
Bn sin
L
L
n=1
n=1
An = Bn
(n = 1, 2, 3, . . . )
Fourier
2.83 Fourier qn (t)
d2 qn (t)
T ( n )2
qn (t),
(n = 1, 2, )
(2.8.1)
=
dt2
L
[] n qn (t)
n n
qn
T n
n =
.
L
u(x, t)
3 Fourier
Fourier
3.1
3.1.1
3.1 eikx L k
L f (x) ( L )
f (x) =
cn eikn x .
kn =
n=
2n
L
cn
{
(3.1.1)
(3.1.2)
L/2
1 L/2 ikm x
1
e
f (x) =
eikm x eikn x dx cn
L L/2
L n= L/2
=
mn cn
n=
= cm .
(3.1.3)
3.1 f (x) [, ]
{
f (x) =
1
1
(0 < x < )
,
( < x < 0)
(3.1.4)
2 f (x)
38
39
cn (3.1.3)
1
cn =
einx f (x) dx
2
{ 0
}
1
inx
inx
=
1 e
dx +
1e
dx
2
0
(n: even)
1
=
[1 (1)n ] =
.
2
in
(n: odd)
in
(3.1.5)
2 1 inx
2
1
f (x) =
e =
ei(2m+1)x .
i odd n n
i m= 2m + 1
(3.1.6)
(
)
2
1 inx 1 inx
f (x) =
e
+ e
i odd n>0
n
n
4
1
=
sin(2m + 1)x
m=0 2m + 1
(
)
4
1
1
=
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5x +
3
5
(3.1.7)
(3.1.8)
y=
y=
sin x + 13 sin 3x
sin x
1
-1
y=
13 sin 3x
1 L/2
2
|f (x)| dx =
|cn |2 .
L L/2
n=
(3.1.9)
40
3.4 3.3 Riemann-Lebesgue
L/2
e2inx/L f (x) dx = 0,
lim
(3.1.10)
L/2
3.5 Riemann-Lebesgue
3.1.2
x, y, z L f (x, y, z) = f (r)
f (x, y, z) =
nx = ny = nz =
2ni
L
(i = x, y, z) (3.1.11)
f (r) =
cn eikr ,
k=
2n
L
(3.1.12)
n = (nx , ny , nz ) (3.1.2)
{
0
1
1
(n = n0 )
ikr ik r 3
0 = nn0 =
e
e
d
r
=
,
(3.1.13)
kk
L3
0
(n 6= n0 )
:
2n
1
cn = 3 eikr f (r) d3 r.
(k =
)
L
L
(3.1.14)
1
2 3
|f
(r)|
d
r
=
|cn |2 .
(3.1.15)
L3
n
41
Fourier
3.2
3.2.1
f (x)
(3.1.1) L
kn kn+1 k k = kn+1 kn = 2/L 0 kn
1
c(k)eikx dk,
(3.2.1)
f (x) =
2
c(k) (3.1.3)
c(k) =
eikx f (x) dx,
(3.2.2)
(3.1.1) L
f (x) = lim
cn eikn x .
(3.2.3)
n=
cn L (3.1.3)
1
cn =
L
L/2
ikn x
e
L/2
1
f (x) dx
L
eikn x f (x) dx
1
c(kn )
L
(3.2.4)
kn = 2n/L L
k kn+1 kn =
2
0,
L
(3.2.5)
L n
kn = 2/L
f (x) =
lim
c(kn )eikn x
n=
1
L
1
lim
c(kn )eikn x k
2 L n=
1
c(k)eikx dk,
=
2
=
(3.2.6)
42
f (x)
1
f (x) =
c(k)eikx dk,
2
c(k) =
(3.2.7)
(3.2.8)
1
f (x) =
f(k)eikx dk,
(3.2.9)
2
1
f(k) =
2
(3.2.10)
3.7
3.2.2
2 /2 2
f (x, y, z)
1
(3.2.11)
ei(kx x+ky y+kz z) f(kx , ky , kz ) dkx dky dkz ,
f (x, y, z) =
(2)3/2
43
f(kx , ky , kz ) =
1
(2)3/2
(3.2.12)
1
f (r) =
eikr f(k) d3 k,
(2)3/2
f (k) =
eikr f (r) d3 r,
(2)3/2
(3.2.13)
(3.2.14)
3.3
Fourier
0 = 2/k0
(x) =
k0 ||2
2/k0
(x) =
(x)
1
(x) =
A(k)eikx dk
(3.3.1)
2
Fourier , k0
k k0
A(k) k = k0
A(k) = 0,
if |k k0 | > k.
44
3.2 k0 (x)
{
eik0 x (|x x0 | a)
(x) =
(3.3.2)
0
(|x x0 | > a)
2/k0
=
.
x0 a
x0 + a
1
A(k)eikx dk
(x) =
2
Fourier
1
A(k) =
(x)eikx dx
2
x0 +a
1
eik0 x eikx dx
=
2 x0 a
1 ei(kk0 )(x0 +a) ei(kk0 )(x0 a)
=
i(k k0 )
2
ik0 x0
2e
sin(k k0 )a ikx0
=
e
.
2 (k k0 )
k k0
(3.3.3)
sin(k k0 )a/(k k0 ) k |k k0 | . /a
sin(kk0 )a
kk0
k
0
k0
k0 /a
k0 + /a
k /a x a
45
x k
(3.3.4)
(3.3.5)
(x) (3.3.4)
3.4
Fourier
3.4.1
I=
r(k)ei(k) dk.
(r(k), (k) r(k) > 0)
(3.4.1)
r(k) |k k0 | k r(k)
(k)
(k0 ) k
k
(k0 ) k .
k
I 0,
I 6= 0.
46
k k0 k k0 + k
n=
n 1
n . 1
n1
n1
r(k)
r(k)
r(k)
r(k)
n
1
n
2
(k0 ) 2k
k
3.4.2
Fourier (x),
1
(x) =
2
A(k)eikx dk,
(3.4.2)
A(k)
A(k) = r(k)ei(k) ,
(3.4.3)
r(k) |k k0 | k r(k)
(k) (x)
1
(x) =
r(k)ei(k,x) dk,
(3.4.4)
2
(k, x)
(k, x) = kx (k)
(3.4.5)
47
(x)
(k0 , x) = 0,
k
x=
(k0 )
k
(3.4.7)
(3.4.8)
(3.4.9)
x k
x k
(3.4.10)
3.4.3
1
A(k)ei[kx(k)t] dk.
(3.4.11)
(x, t) =
2
k0 k k0 + k
A(k) = 0 for |k k0 | > k.
= (k),
(3.4.12)
v (k) =
(k)
.
k
(3.4.13)
vg A(k)
A(k) = r(k)ei(k) ,
(3.4.14)
(x, t)
1
(x, t) =
2
r(k)ei(k,x,t) dk,
(3.4.15)
48
(k, x, t)
(3.4.16)
(k0 , x, t) = 0,
k
(3.4.17)
(k0 ) t +
(k0 ) vg t + x0 ,
k
k
x=
vg =
(k0 )
k
(3.4.18)
(3.4.19)
3.4.4
(3.4.6)
k
(k, x) k
t 0 t (3.4.16)
(k, x, t) (k) t
t
or
t = 0 x = x0
x ' 1/k
t > 0
t = 0
t = 0
3.11
(k) =
~k 2
2m
(3.4.20)
49
2
2
(x, t) =
e(kk0 ) /(2b ) ei[kx(k)t] dk.
(3.4.21)
Dirac
3.5
3.5.1
Kronecker Dirac
{
1
0
ij =
(i = j)
(i 6= j)
(3.5.1)
fi ij = fj .
(3.5.2)
i=1
ij
{
(x a) =
(x = a)
(x 6= a)
x = a
(x a) dx = 1.
(3.5.3)
(3.5.4)
f (x) (x a) dx = f (a).
(3.5.5)
50
(x a)
3.3 e1 , e2 , e3
ei ej = ij
(3.5.6)
V =
Vi ei .
(3.5.7)
i=1
Vj = ej V
(3.5.8)
ej V = ej
Vi ei =
i=1
Vi ej ei =
i=1
Vi ji = Vj .
i=1
f (x) =
cn einx ,
(3.5.9)
n=
Fourier cm
1
cm =
eimx f (x) dx.
2
1
2
imx
(3.5.10)
eimx einx dx = mn
1
f (x) dx =
2
=
=
n=
n=
eimx
= cm .
cn
1
2
cn mn
cn einx dx
n=
eimx einx dx
51
(3.5.11)
(x)
c(a) a (x) da.
(3.5.12)
(x) =
c(a)
c(b) =
b (x) (x) dx
(3.5.13)
b (x) (x) dx =
b (x)
da c(a)
c(a)a (x) da dx
b (x) a (x) dx
da c(a)(b a)
= c(b).
3.12 n n P = (Pij )
P T P = I (= )
P (P T P )
Pij Pik = jk
i=1
x0i =
Pij xj ,
yi0 =
j=1
k=1
i=1
x0i yi0 =
i=1
xi y i
Pik yk ,
52
fi ij
i=1
i (dummy index)
j free index
[ 1]
N
fi ij =
i=1
fk kj .
k=1
[ 2]
( N )2
N
N
N
N
fi
=
fi
fj =
fi fj .
i=1
i=1
j=1
i=1 j=1
[ 3]
N
N
n3 m3
= 0.
n2 + m2
n=1 m=1
n m m n
=
N
N
m3 n3
m=1 n=1
m2 + n2
N
N
n3 m3
m=1 n=1
n2 + m2
= = 0.
f (x)(x y) dx
x
y
f (x)(x y) dx =
f (z)(z y) dz.
3.13
( b
)2 b b
f (x) dx =
f (x)f (y)dxdy.
a
53
[ 1] i j
N
fi ij =
i=1
fj jj
j=1
[ 3]
N
N
fi fi
i=1 i=1
3.5.2
(x)
M
M=
(x) dx
(3.5.14)
x = a
(x = a)
(x) =
(3.5.15)
0
(x 6= a)
(3.5.14)
(x) = M (x a).
(3.5.16)
54
, or
{
}
1
(x a)2
(x a) = lim
exp
.
0
2 2
2
(3.5.17)
(standard deviation)
x
a
.
0 (x a)2 + 2
(x a) = lim
(3.5.18)
step
55
2
(x a) = lim
0
0
(|x a| )
(|x a| > )
(3.5.19)
1
2
3.5.3
a+
Fourier
Fourier
1
(x a) =
2
eik(xa) dk.
(3.5.20)
f (x) Fourier
1
f (x) =
f(k) eikx dk,
(3.5.21)
2
1
0
f (k) =
f (x0 )eikx dx0 ,
(3.5.22)
2
1
0
dk
dx0 f (x0 ) eikx eikx
f (x) =
2
0
0
0 1
=
dx f (x )
eik(xx ) dk.
2
(3.5.23)
f (x) k (x x0 )
56
= 2
exp (k 2 ) (damping factor)
(iii) (3.5.20) exp (|k|)
1
1
lim
eik(xa) e|k| dk = lim
.
0 2
0 (x a)2 + 2
(3.5.25)
(iv) (3.5.20)
1
lim
L 2
L sin L(x a)
.
L
L(x a)
eik(xa) dk = lim
L
(3.5.26)
L (3.5.3), (3.5.4)
( 3.15)
57
a+
3.5.4
Fourier
Fourier
f (x), g(x) Fourier f(k), g(k)
1
f (x) =
f(k) eikx dk,
2
1
g(k) eikx dk,
g(x) =
2
(3.5.27)
(3.5.28)
f (x) g(x) dx =
(3.5.29)
Fourier
1
1
0
ikx
f (k) e
dk
g(k 0 ) eik x dk 0
f (x) g(x) dx =
dx
2
2
1
0
=
dk
dk 0 f (k) g(k 0 )
ei(k k)x dx
2
=
dk
dk 0 f (k) g(k 0 )(k 0 k)
58
3.14 (3.5.25)
sin
d = .
lim sin nx 0
1 (3.5.26) (3.5.4)
3.5.5
(x) = (x),
1
(ax) =
(x),
|a|
(x a)(x a) = 0,
f (x)(x a) = f (a)(x a),
(x y)(y a) dy = (x a).
(3.5.31)
(3.5.32)
(3.5.33)
(3.5.34)
(3.5.35)
3.6
3.6.1
Schwartz
(distribution)
(0) =
(x)
(x) (x a) dx = (a),
(3.6.1)
p.49
3.6.2
59
f 0 = f 0 + 0
[]
F (x)
x F x
x
|x x0 | < F (x) x0
F (x0 )
(x) dx =
(x) dx = 1,
(3.6.4)
x0
(x) (x)
(3.6.3) F (x)
3.6.3
60
F (x) (x)
F (x) (x) dx
(3.6.5)
F (x) F 0 (x)
0
F (x) 0 (x) dx.
(3.6.6)
F (x) (x) dx =
F (x)
0
(x a) (x) dx =
(x a) 0 (x) dx = 0 (a).
(3.6.7)
0 (x) = 0 (x),
(3.6.8)
(x a)2 0 (x a) = 0,
(3.6.9)
(x a) 0 (x a) = (x a).
0 (x a) Fourier
1
(x a) =
2
0
(3.6.10)
ik eik(xa) dk,
(3.6.11)
(3.5.31)
(3.5.35)
(3.5.31) (x)
(x)(x) dx =
(y)(y) dy = (y)|y=0 = (0) =
(x)(x) dx.
(3.6.12)
y = x
(3.5.32) (x)
(0)
1
y dy
=
=
(x)(x) dx.
(ax)(x) dx =
(y)( )
a |a|
|a|
|a|
y = ax
(3.6.13)
61
(3.5.34) (x)
f (x)(x a)(x) dx =
(x a) (f (x)(x)) dx = f (a)(a)
=
f (a)(x a)(x) dx.
(3.6.14)
3.16 (3.5.33)
3.17 (3.6.8), (3.6.9), (3.6.10)
3.18 (x)
{
(x) =
0
1
(x < 0)
(x > 0)
(3.6.15)
(x)
(x)(x) dx =
(x) dx,
(3.6.16)
0 (x) = (x)
(3.6.17)
3.19 ( +0
)
(i)
P
x
= .
(3.6.18)
2
2
x +
x
(ii)
1
P
= + i(x).
x i
x
(3.6.19)
4.1
n x1 , x2 , ... , xn n ()
x1
x
2
x=
(4.1.1)
:
xn
n ()
n
n ()
x1
y1
x1 + y 1
x
y
x +y
2
2
2
2
x =
, y =
, x + y =
.
:
:
:
xn
yn
x n + yn
cx1
cx
2
c :
cx =
.
:
cxn
n () Rn (R )
62
4.1.1
63
Rn x =
x1
x2
:
xn
, y =
y1
y2
:
yn
(x, y) = x1 y1 + x2 y2 + xn yn =
xk yk
(4.1.2)
k=1
x y (inner product)
( 1)
( 2) x y
(x, y)
hx, yi
()
(i) (x, y) = (y, x)
(ii) (x1 + x2 , y) = (x1 , y) + (x2 , y),
(x, y 1 + y 2 ) = (x, y 1 ) + (x, y 2 ).
(iii) (x, cy) = c(x, y),
(cx, y) = c(x, y).
(iv) (x, x) 0, x = 0 (=)
64
(x, y) = xT y
4.2
n z1 , z2 , ... , zn n
z1
z
2
z=
(4.2.1)
:
zn
n
n
n
z1
w1
z1 + w 1
z
w
z +w
2
2
2
2
z =
, w =
, z + w =
.
:
:
:
zn
wn
zn + w n
z1
z
2
z =
:
.
:
zn
n Cn (C )
(Remark 1) Cn z z z
(z) = z , (z + w) =
z + w
65
4.2.1
Cn z =
(z, w) =
z1 w1
z1
z2
:
zn
, w =
z2 w2
w1
w2
:
wn
zn wn
zk wk
(4.2.2)
k=1
z w
( 1)
( 2)
( (iv) Remark 2
)1 z = (z) = (x + iy) 2
(x, y) (z, z) = z z = x2 + y 2
2
( 3) (z, w) hz, wi
z w
()
(i)
(z, w) = (w, z)
(ii) (z 1 + z 2 , w) = (z 1 , w) + (z 2 , w),
(z, w1 + w2 ) = (z, w1 ) + (z, w2 ).
(iii) (z, w) = (z, w),
(z, w) = (z, w).
(iv) (z, z) 0, z = 0 (=)
66
(Remark 5) (ii),(iii) ,
(z, w) w (linear)z (anti-linear)
4.2 (4.2.1) z
z = (z1 , z2 , , zn ) z w (z, w)
(z, w) = z w
( )
( )
1
1
4.3 z =
, w=
kzk2 , kwk2 , (z, w)
1
i
( )
(
)
1
1
4.4 z =
, w=
z w
i
i
4.5 kzk = 1, kwk = 2, (z, w) = 3i (z + 23 iw, z)
4.3
4.3.1
(x1 )
(x1 )
(x )
(x )
2
2
zN =
, wN =
.
:
:
(xN )
(xN )
N (x), (x) z N , wN CN
(x), (x) C
[0, 1] [a, b]
(, ) = R (x), (x)
C
(Remark 1)
4.3.2
67
[0, 1]
N
(z N , wN ) =
zn wn
n=1
(xn )(xn )
n=1
N N
N
1
1
(z N , wN ) = lim
(xn )(xn )
N N
N
N
n=1
(, ) lim
1/N = xn+1 xn = x
(, ) =
(x)(x) dx
(4.3.1)
()
[0, 1] (, ) = R
(x), (x) || 0, || 0
(, ) =
(x)(x) dx.
(4.3.2)
(Remark 2)
|| 0
(Remark 3) () (Hilbert
space)
(Remark 4)
(i),(ii),(iii),(iv)
(Remark 5)
(, ) = 1
(Remark 6)
a (x) x = a
b (x) x = b
68
x = a, x = b
a (x)
b (x)
(Remark 7)
f (x) g(x)
[a, b]
b
(f, g) =
f (x)g(x) dx,
(4.3.3)
a
(i),(ii),(iii),(iv) Schwarz
(4.3.4)
,
2
(x) (x) dx
|(x)| dx
|(x)|2 dx,
=
(Remak 2)
(, ) =
|(x)|2 dx < +
(x)
Schwarz (, )
() (iv) (x) (, ) 0
(, ) 6= 0
(, )
= ,
=
(, )
69
thechapter.1 [, ]
f (x) = sin x,
g(x) = cos x,
(f, g) kf k kgk
(f, g) =
f (x)g(x) dx =
sin x cos x dx = 0.
sin x cos x
1 cos 2x
2
2
kf k = (f, f ) =
sin x dx =
dx = ,
2
1 + cos 2x
2
2
kgk = (g, g) =
dx = .
cos x dx =
2
kf k = kgk =
4.7 [, ]
(f, g) kf k kgk m, n
m 6= n
4.8 [, ]
1
n (x) = einx ,
2
(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, )
(n , m )
4.3.3
Fourier
Fourier
70
[, ] f (x)
(Fourier )
a0
+
(an cos nx + bn sin nx).
f (x) =
2
n=1
(4.3.5)
an , bn
{1, cos x, sin x, cos 2x, sin 2x, , cos nx, sin nx, } [, ]
4.1 4.7
(1, cos nx) =
1 cos nx dx = 0,
(1, sin nx) =
1 sin nx dx = 0,
(cos nx, cos mx) =
1 cos nx cos mx dx = 0, (n 6= m)
(sin nx, sin mx) =
1 sin nx sin mx dx = 0, (n 6= m)
(cos nx, sin mx) =
1 cos nx sin mx dx = 0
(1, 1) =
1 1 dx = 2,
(cos nx, cos nx) =
cos2 nx dx = ,
(sin nx, sin nx) =
sin2 nx dx = ,
[
]
a0
(1, 1) +
an (1, cos nx) + bn (1, sin nx)
(1, f ) =
2
n=1
= a0 ,
(cos mx, f ) =
a0
(cos mx, 1) +
2
n=1
(4.3.6)
[
]
an (cos mx, cos nx) + bn (cos mx, sin nx)
= am ,
(sin mx, f ) =
(4.3.7)
[
]
a0
(sin nx, 1) +
an (sin mx, cos nx) + bn (sin mx, sin nx)
2
n=1
= bm ,
(4.3.8)
71
1
(cos nx, f ),
1
=
(sin nx, f ),
an =
(n = 0, 1, 2, 3, )
bn
(n = 1, 2, 3, )
(4.3.9)
(4.3.10)
V
{e1 , e2 , e3 }
V = V1 e1 + V2 e2 + V3 e3 =
Vn en ,
n=1
en em =
(n 6= m)
(n = m)
0
1
V Vn
Vn = en V
V f (x) en cos nx sin nx Vn an , bn
Fourier 3
Fourier [, ]
() f (x) einx
f (x) =
cn einx ,
(4.3.11)
n=
cn
[, ] 5.8
{
0
(m 6= n)
(4.3.12)
(eimx , einx ) =
ei(nm)x dx =
2
(m = n)
imx
(e
, f) =
cn (eimx , einx ) = 2 cm .
n=
cn
1 inx
1
cn =
(e , f ) =
2
2
(4.3.13)
72
4.4
(x)
2
1=
|(x)| dx =
(x)(x) dx
(, ) = kk2 = 1
1 , 2 1 + 2 c1 1 + c2 2
,
(x)(x) dx = (, )
73
or
px = i~ /x
(x)
:
(x )
n1
(xn ) ,
(xn+1 )
:
i~
px
2x
0 1 0
1 0 1
0 1
0
:
(xn1 )
(xn )
(xn+1 )
:
0
{
}
1 (xn+1 ) (xn ) (xn ) (xn1 )
0
(xn ) =
+
2
x
x
4.9 x
= x x
x
0
0
n1
x
0
xn
0
0
0 xn+1
A
=
hAi
(x)A(x)
dx = (, A),
74
= a
A
A c a
a A A a
(, eigenstate)
4.10 p = (~/i)d/dx p0
4.11 4.10 p