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2010

CC CU TRC O NG TON PHN TING ANH VI CHC NNG GII THIU THC TH TRONG DIN NGN
ENGLISH FULL INVERSION STRUCTURES WITH THEIR PRESENTATIVE FUNCTION Nguyn Th Qunh Hoa
Trng i hc Ngoi ng, i hc Nng
TM TT Bi vit trnh by cc pht hin v cc m hnh c th ca cu trc o ng ton phn ting Anh (NTP), ng thi phn tch cc c im c php v ng ngha ca cc thnh phn cu trc trong mi quan h mt thit vi chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn ca ton b cu o ng. Tip thu nhng nguyn l c bn ca ngn ng hc truyn thng, bi vit tip cn vn trong s tham chiu nhng quan nim v phm tr trong ngn ng hc hin i. Hng tip cn ny cho php lm sng t bn cht ca o ng v c hai mt cu trc v chc nng. Bi vit cng chng minh rng chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn l mt chc nng tiu biu ca NTP ting Anh; n cho php s dng cc cu trc o ng a dng trong vic kin to cc sn phm din ngn nhm thc hin cc mc ch khc nhau ca vic s dng ngn ng. ABSTRACT This article presents its findings on the specific patterns of English full inversion structures and analyzes the semantic and syntactic characteristics of the structure components in close relation with the presentative function of the whole inversion sentences. Based on the fundamental principles of traditional linguistics, the article deals with t he object of study in reference to the concepts and categories of modern linguistics. This approach makes it possible to clarify the nature of inversion in terms of both structure and meaning. The article has also testified that the presentative function is one of the typical functions of English full inversion, which allows the use of diversified inversion structures in the construction of discourse products for various purposes of language use.

1. t vn Ting Anh l mt ngn ng thin ch ng (subject-prominent language) c ch ng ng php (CNNP) ng v tr u tin trong m hnh cu trc c bn ca cu n trn thut vi t cch l dng thc chun ca cu (the canonical form of the sentence). o ng ton phn (full inversion) thuc v loi cu trc cu khng c bn v biu th s lch chun (deviation from the norm). c im ca nhng cu c cu trc o ng ton phn l: ch ng xut hin v tr cui cu v ng sau ton b ng ng. Mt s nh Anh ng hc [Quirk et al. 1985, Drubig 1988, Green 1989, Givon 1993, Dorgeloh 1997, Huddleston et al. 2002] cho rng o ng l mt qu trnh c php to ra cc cu trc c chc nng gii thiu cc thc th vo trong din ngn (to
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introduce entities into discourse) v thut ng dnh cho chc nng ny l presentative/presentational function. Tuy nhin, cc nh nghin cu cha i su phn tch chc nng v cha nu r chc nng c th hin bi nhng cu trc no v nhng cu trc c c im g v mt cu to ni b. Bng vic tm ra cc m hnh khi qut ca o ng ton phn ting Anh (NTP) v c th ho nhng m hnh (MH) vi nhng miu t v cc c im cu to hnh thc cng nh ng ngha ca cc yu t tham gia vo m hnh, bi vit ny c thc hin nhm mc ch chng minh rng chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn c tm thy tt c cc cu trc o ng ton phn. Ni cch khc, l chc nng tiu biu ca cc cu trc ny trong ting Anh. 2. Cc m hnh khi qut ca NTP Theo ng php truyn thng ting Anh, c hai cch phn tch cu c p dng rng ri nh sau: Cch th nht phn tch cu ra thnh 5 thnh phn bt buc: S (Subject), V (Verb), O (Object), C (Complement) v A (Adverbial). Cch phn tch ny cho kt qu l 7 m hnh c bn ca cu c hnh thnh cn c vo kh nng kt hp ca cc thnh phn cu theo trt t thng thng ca chng, l: SV, SVO, SVC, SVA, SVOO, SVOC, SVOA. Cch th hai chia cu ra thnh Ch ng (Subject) v V ng (Predicate). V ng li c chia nh ra thnh Operator (tr ng t th nht) v Predication (V ng khng ngi). Cch phn tch th hai ny a n hai m hnh c bn l Subject + Predicate v Subject + Operator + Predication. Hin tng o ng xut hin trong nhng bin th ca cc m hnh trn. Qua vic nghin cu 500 on vn ting Anh c s dng cc cu trc o ng ton phn t cc tiu thuyt, truyn ngn ca cc tc gi l ngi bn ng, chng ti nhn thy rng NTP c th hin qua 3 m hnh khi qut l AVS, CVS, Predication + Operator + Subject. Tt c cc m hnh ny u c c im v trt t thnh t l ch ng xut hin cui cu v ng sau ton b ng ng. 3. Chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn Theo Firbas [1986, tr. 48] cc thnh t trong cu o ng m nhn cc chc nng ng ngha ng (dynamic semantic functions) nh sau: ng t [...] thc hin chc nng ng l din t s xut hin/s tn ti [...], v cc trng ng thc hin chc nng ng l to dng mt bi cnh (setting) [...]. Cn ch ng th thc hin chc nng ng l biu th mt hin tng xut hin hay tn ti trong bi cnh . Green [1989, tr. 131] cho rng thc th c gii thiu vo trong din ngn c th l mt nhn vt quan trng, mt s vt hoc mt yu t thuc v bi cnh ca mt cu chuyn, ... Chng ti nhn thy rng mc du yu t ng u 3 m hnh NTP nu trn c th khc nhau v cu to hnh thc, nhng tt c chng u th hin mt s nh v
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(location) to nn mt ci nn (scene) hay bi cnh (setting) nhm gii thiu mt thc th. S nh v y c hiu theo ngha rng, tc l nhng v tr khng gian, nhng ng dn, phng hng v s m rng ca chng n mt s phm vi thi gian v nh v tru tng. [Bresnan 1994, tr. 75]. 4. Cc m hnh c th ca NTP vi chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn Da vo nhng c s l lun nu trn, chng ti c th ho 3 m hnh khi qut ca NTP thnh nhng m hnh c th, gn vi chc nng gii thiu thc th din ngn ca ton b cu o ng. 4. 1. M hnh AVS 4.1.1. Here /Now + Be + Noun Phrase Subject Cu trc NTP bt u bng t ch xut here c s dng cho mc ch gii thiu hoc i km vi hnh ng ca ngi ni trc tip trao cho ngi nghe mt vt g . V d: 1. Here are sandwiches. He handed me a package. [25, tr. 256] 2. Heres a taxidermists, Bill said. Want to buy anything? Nice stuffed dog? [24, tr. 55] Cc thng bo ca sn bay, nh ga hay cc bn tin truyn thanh, truyn hnh cng thng m u bng nhng cu nh sau: 3. Here is an announcement for passengers on flight TW513 to Miami. . [22, tr. 108] 4. Here is the news. A diplomat was kidnapped last night in London... [20, tr. 701] Cng nh here, v tr u cu NTP ca now c vai tr hng s ch ca ngi c/nghe vo mt s kin hoc ch c th. V d: 5. Now is the hour that we must say goodbye. [12, tr. 55] 6. Now is the time to consider the future of how Britain should be governed. [6, tr. 68] 4.1.2.Position Adjunct + Be + Noun Phrase Subject Trong MH ny, yu t ng u cu l mt trng ng ch v tr biu th s nh v trong khng gian. Qua xem xt d liu, chng ti nhn thy rng v mt ng ngha, cc trng ng ny c th c quy v 3 loi khng gian, c th l nh sau: Khng gian tm: inside, in the bedroom, in the yard, in my pocket, in the basket, on the sofa, on the table/floor, on the shelf, on the doorstep, ... V d: 7. On the shelves of the Pasteur Museum in Paris are some closed bottles prepared by Pasteur. The meat juice in them still hasnt gone bad after more than a hundred years. [30, tr. 81] Khng gian bin: on the left, on the right, on one side, on the other side, on both sides, on all sides, outside, beside him, near her, ...
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8. Up on the top of the mountain we saw the lights of the fort. Below to the left was the river. [24. tr.54] Khng gian nh hng: to the north, to the south, down below, down the river, up the street, up the valley, across the street/road/square/plain/river, ahead (of us), behind, behind them/her, below us, before him, in front of the house, beyond, beyond the river, ... V d: 9. The road came out from the shadow of the woods into the hot sun. Ahead was a river-valley. Beyond the river was a steep hill. [24, tr.54] Trong m hnh NTP ny ca ting Anh, xut hin v tr u cu c th l mt trng t ch v tr (position adverb), nhng thng gp l mt gii ng ch v tr (position prepositional phrase), theo sau bi ng t be c ngi (finite) ; ng v tr cui cu l danh ng gi vai tr CNNP. V mt ng ngha, trong MH ny, be th hin mi quan h ng nht v v tr trong khng gian, nh trong cu Ahead was a rivervalley, hoc xc lp s tn ti ca mt ch th trong mt bi cnh, nh trong cu Beyond the river was a steep hill. C hai cu ny u s dng cu trc o ng gii thiu cc thc th trong din ngn. miu t t m, chi tit mt thc th c gii thiu vo trong din ngn, ch ng ca cu o ng c th l mt danh ng c c cu to phc tp v c di vt cht ng k: 10. The rain had stopped and I stepped out of bed and across the floor to the window. Down below were the gardens, bare now but beautifully regular, the gravel paths, the trees, the stone wall by the lake and the lake in the sunlight with the mountains beyond. [25, tr. 239] 4.1.3.Position Adjunct + Existence Verb + Noun Phrase Subject Trong MH ny, ng sau trng ng v tr l mt ng t ni ng biu th t th hay trng thi tn ti ca s vt nu ra bi ch ng. Cc ng t ni ng tiu biu c s dng cho m hnh ny l stand, sit, lie, live, hang. 11. At the end of the garden stood a handsome building of the newest style. [33, tr. 82-83] 12. The place is heavily guarded. Because inside its walls sit the European leaders.[22, tr.108] 13. On one corner lay a school exercise book, with a stone ink-bottle and a pen beside it. [28, tr.22] 14. There in the Middle-and- Southwest had lived a simple agrarian folk who had not changed with industry. [26, tr. 361] 15. On the arch hung an old board with the newly painted letters: POST OFFICE. [29, tr. 82] Chng ti nhn thy rng c th c nhiu ng t ch t th hay trng thi tn ti cng xut hin trc ch ng o, v d:
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16. Immediately below us stood, sat and lay the whole population of Phat Diem. Catholics, Buddhists, pagans, they had all packed their most valued possessions (...) and moved into the Cathedral precincts. [23, tr. 48] 4.1.4. Direction Adjunct + Motion Verb + Noun Phrase Subject Trong MH ny, ng sau trng ng ch hng l mt ng t biu th s chuyn ng ca thc th c gii thiu vo trong din ngn. V d: 17. Imagine, then, every cell acting as a very small, highly efficient factory. Into it flows the raw material. [30, tr. 97] 18. There were the wolves. Back and forth across the desolation drifted their howls, weaving the very air into a fabric of manace (). [31 , tr. 30-31] 4.1.5. Source Adjunct + Motion Verb + Noun Phrase Subject ng u MH ny l mt trng ng ch ngun (source adjunct) c cu to hnh thc l mt gii ng bt u bng mt gii t ch ngun nh from hoc out of . Trung tm c php ca MH ny l mt ng t ni ng mang ngha chuyn ng: n miu t mt hnh ng mang tnh cht c trng ca thc th biu th bi danh ng ng cui cu. 19. ...he untied the leather string that fastened the squat moose-hide sack. From its open mouth poured a yellow stream of coarse gold dust and nuggets. [27, tr. 26-27]. 20. A vase of wildflowers sat in the middle of the table. From the kitchen wafted aromatic smells of fresh-cooked meat, spices, garlic, and onion. [3, tr. 251] 21. An old man was walking through the town, now and again drawing his tattered cloak tighter to shield his body from the cold and biting wind. From some houses standing apart came the sound of grinding mills and the sweet voices of women singing at their work. [33, tr. 80-81] 4.1.6. Time Adjunct + Verb + Noun Phrase Subject i vi MH ny, ng v tr u cu l mt trng ng ch thi im c th hoc trnh t xut hin trong thi gian ca cc s vt hin tng. V d: 22. Early in 1661 took place a general election. [14, tr. 59] 23. He stopped at a cigar store window to see her go by.... First came a boy with a basket on his arm, then an old woman, then a dog (...). [32, tr. 162] 24. Later that night she made 59 harassing calls between the hours of 11 p.m. and 1 a.m. Three nights later came another 28 calls between 1:52 and 2:30 a.m. [3, tr. 249] 4.1.7. Abstract Location Adjunct + Verb + Noun Phrase Subject Trong m hnh ny, trng ng ng v tr u cu l thnh t ch s nh v tru tng, c chc nng to bi cnh xc lp s tn ti ca mt i tng trong bi cnh :
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25. All California quickens with produce, and the fruit grows heavy, and the limbs bend gradually under the fruit so that little crutches must be placed under them to support the weight. Behind the fruitfulness are men of understanding and knowledge and skill, men who experiment with seed, endlessly developing the techniques for greater crops of plants (...). [26, tr. 441] 26. He was to be a father, he who could hardly look after himself... Behind his anxiety was a faint, tremulous intimation of days when the child should be his joy and consolation... [32, tr. 156] 4.2. M hnh CVS M hnh ny c c th ho l Adjective Phrase + Be + Noun Phrase Subject. Theo Ng php Tri nhn (Cognitive Grammar) ca R.W. Langacker [1993], im xut pht ca mt cu trc gii thiu thc th c th l mt s nh v hoc mt thuc tnh. iu ny c lin quan n nhn nh ca S. C. Levinson [1983, tr. 79] v J. Lyons [1977, tr. 648] rng, nhn chung, c hai cch c bn nhn din mt i tng: cch th nht l thng bo cho ngi nghe/c v v tr ca n (tc nh v i tng); cch th hai l nu ra cc thuc tnh ca n (tc miu t i tng). Theo quan st ca chng ti, nhng cu o ng c m hnh CVS th thc hin chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn bng cch miu t thc th da vo s so snh hai i tng c cng mt thuc tnh. V d: 27. These are shocking figures, but even more shocking is the fact that at least half the people behind these crimes will go undetected. [7, tr. 81] 28. Her face was stony and even stonier was the tone of her voice. [21, tr. 1381] 29. I agree that it is important that the work should be of high standard. Just as/ Equally important, if not more important, is the question of expense. [1, tr. 218] Theo H. Dorgeloh [1997, tr. 80], kiu cu o ng ny khng nhng to ra mt s thay i ch (a change of topic) m cn th hin mt s tng phn ch (topic contrast). Ch y c chng ti hiu l ch din ngn (discourse topic) theo quan nim ca Brown & Yule [1983, tr. 71]. Cc v d va nu u cho thy kiu cu o ng ny chn ra (single out) mt thc th lm ch vi mt tm quan yu mt mc cao hn (a topic entity of higher-level relevance) so vi thc th c cp trc . C hai thc th ny u cng chia s mt thuc tnh vi mc bng nhau hoc chnh lch nhau. Chnh v vy m thnh phn b tc ng (complement) trong m hnh CVS thng l mt tnh ng c cha cc t ng so snh nh equally, also, as, more, especially, v.v.... 4. 3. M hnh PREDICATION + BE + NOUN PHRASE SUBJECT y l trng hp ca cu o ng ting Anh c y t u cu l hin ti phn t (present participle) hoc qu kh phn t (past participle). V d: 30. Coming up to the stage now is this years winner of the Oscar... [74, tr. 228]
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31. Enclosed is a card for our permanent signature file which we request you to sign and return to us. [56, tr. 906] C th thy rng kiu cu ny hng s ch ca ngi nghe/c vo mt thc th trong tnh hung hoc trong din ngn v yu t u cu c chc nng to bi cnh cho vic gii thiu thc th . Ngi ni/vit khng ch cp n hnh ng hay trng thi ca thc th gi vai tr ch ng m cn mun ngi nghe/c tp trung s ch vo chnh bn thn thc th . 5. Kt lun Trong bi vit ny, chng ti c th ho 3 m hnh khi qut ca NTP ting Anh gn lin vi vic phn tch chc nng gii thiu thc th trong din ngn ca cc m hnh . Chc nng ny chnh l s th hin mt trong nhng kha cnh ca phn ngha b sung (extra-meaning) hay ngha phi ni dung mnh (non-propositional meaning) to ra do trt t o. N cho php s dng cc cu trc o ng a dng cho nhng mc ch c th nh sau: Gii thiu vi ngi c/nghe v mt i tng c mt trong tnh hung giao tip hoc trong mt hon cnh nht nh. Trnh by s hin din ca cc cnh vt, hin tng thin nhin c s dng to bi cnh hay ci nn cho nhng s kin khc c nu ra bi nhng cu xung quanh. Miu t v xc nhn s tn ti hin hin, s xut hin ca cc s vt, hin tng, con ngi,... trong mt hon cnh khng gian, thi gian nht nh, vi mt t th hay trng thi tn ti nht nh nhm a ngi c/nghe vo cng v ca ngi chng kin, lm cho nhng s vt hin tng y nh ang by ra, din ra trc mt ngi c/nghe. TI LIU THAM KHO V XUT X V D [1] Alexander, L.G. et al. (1975), English Grammatical Structure, Longman, Essex. [2] Biber, Douglas et al. (1999), Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English, Longman, London. [3] Birner, B.J. (1995), Pragmatic Constraints on the Verb in English Inversion, Lingua (97), Elsevier, pp. 233-256. [4] Bresnan, Joan (1994), Locative Inversion and the Architecture of Universal Grammar, Language (1), pp. 72-137. [5] Brown, G., Yule G.(1983), Discourse Analysis. CUP, Cambrige. [6] Chafe, L. Wallace (1976), Givenness, Contrastiveness, Definiteness, Subjects, Topics, and Points of View, Subject and Topic, pp. 26-54.
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[7] Dorgeloh, H. (1997), Inversion in Modern English: Form and Function. Benjamins, Amsterdam.

John

[8] Downing, A., Locke P. (1995), A University Course in English Grammar, Prentice Hall International, New York. [9] Drubig, H.B. (1988), On the Discourse Function of Subject Verb Inversion, Essays on the English Language and Applied Linguistics on the Occasion of Gerhard Nickels 60th Birthday, pp. 83-95. [10 Firbas, J. (1986), On the Dynamics of Funtional Sentence Perspective, Studying Writing: Linguistic Approaches, pp. 40-71. [11] Givon, T. (1993), English Grammar, Volume 2, John Benjamins, Amsterdam. [12] Green, G.M. (1980), Some wherefores of English Inversions, Language (Journal of The Linguistic Society of America), Vol. 56, pp. 582-601. [13] Green, G. M. (1989), Pragmatics and Natural Language Understanding, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, New Jersey. [14] Hartvigson, H.H., Jacobsen L.K. (1974), Inversion in Present-day English, Odense University Press. [15] Huddleston, R. (ed.) (2002), The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language, CUP, London. [16] Langacker, Ronald W. (1993), Reference Construction, Cognitive Linguistics (1), pp. 1-38. [17] Levinson, S.C. (1983), Pragmatics, CUP, Cambridge. [18] Lyons, J. (1977), Semantics, Vol. 1 & 2, CUP, Cambridge. [19] Nguyn Th Qunh Hoa (1996), English Inversion versus Vietnamese Equivalents, M.A. Thesis, College of Foreign Languages, Hanoi. [20] Quirk, R. et al. (1972), A Grammar of Comtemporary English, Longman, Essex. [21] Quirk, R. et al. (1985), A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, Longman, London. [22] c Ti, Tun Khanh (1995), Vn phm Anh ng Oxford, (dch t Oxford Guide to English Grammar ca John Eastwood 1994), Nxb Tr, thnh ph H Ch Minh. [23] Greene, G. (1962), The Quiet American, Penguin Group, London. Hemingway Ernest (1952), The Old Man and the Sea, Jonathan Cape, London. [24] Hemingway, E. (1993), A Farewell to Arms, David Campbell Publishers Ltd., London. [25] Jones, L. (1990), Progress to First Certificate, 2nd edition, CUP, Cambridge. (139) [26] Phng Anh (1993), Khc ca Noel, (dch t A Christmas Carol ca Charles Dickens), Nxb Tr, thnh ph H Ch Minh.
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[27] ng Th Bnh (1988), Truyn ngn chn lc, (Song ng Anh-Vit), (dch t Selected Short Stories ca Henry Lawson), Nxb Ngoi vn, H Ni. [28] Lu Minh Dng et al. (1999), Special English (13), Youth Publishing House, HoChiMinh City. [29] Thn Bch Hc (2000), Tm bit ngi Hollywood, (Song ng Anh-Vit), (dch t Goodbye Mr. Hollywood ca John Escott), Nxb Kim ng, HN. [30] Nguyn Vng H (1987), Robinson Crusoe, (Song ng Anh-Vit) (dch t Robinson Crusoe do Michael West vit li), S Thng tin Vn ho thnh ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh. [31] Mc Mc (1986), Hnh phc ngn ngi ca Frankxit Macomb (Song ng AnhVit) (dch t The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber ca Ernest Hemingway), Nxb Ngoi vn, H Ni. [32] Bi Phng (2000), Mt tri vn mc (dch t The Sun Also Rises ca Earnest Hemingway 1944), Nxb Vn Ngh Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, thnh ph H Ch Minh. [33] Nguyn Thm et al. (eds.) (1992), Sunflower (13-14), HoChiMinh City Publishing House, HoChiMinh City. [34] Giang H V (1987), Gi t v kh (dch t A Farewell to Arms ca Earnest Hemingway ), Nxb Mi C Mau, C Mau.

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