Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server

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CHNG 2.

HE QUAN TR SQL SERVER

I. CAI AT SQL SERVER:

1. Chuan b cai at SQL Server: Cac yeu cau ve hardware va Software cho viec cai at SQL Server: Cac thanh phan Computer Memory Hard disk space File system Operating system Other software Yeu cau Intel va cac he thong tng thch DEC Alphatm va cac he thong tng thch. Toi thieu : 32 MB additional memory . - Typical installation : 170 MB - Full installation : 180 MB NTFS or FAT NTFS c yeu cau cho cai at server v s an toan va s thuan li cua viec phuc hoi ma he thong cac file nay cung cap. Windows NT Server 4 hay Windows NT Workstation 4 with Service Pack 4, or a later service pack, Microsoft Windows 95, or Windows 98. Tat ca cac he ieu hanh yeu cau Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.01 vi SP1 tr len.

Ghi chu: Ta phai install Microsoft Internet Explorer 4.01 vi SP1 tr len e dung SQL Server Enterprise Manager.

2. Cac Options khi cai at SQL Server

Khi cai at SQL Server 7, co 1 so tuy chon ta can phai can nhac khi chon. Co 1 so options c t ong chon neu ta thc hien viec cai at kieu Typical.

a. Installation Path
ng an mac nh cho cac files chng trnh va d lieu : C:\Program Files\Microsoft SQL Server\Data\MSSQL$LUUTHU

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 33 Data Files: Th muc data files cha databases, cac files nhat ky cac giao tac (transaction log files), nhat ky he thong (system log), backup files, va cac file d lieu nhan ban. Chng trnh Setup tao cac file database va nhat ky giao tac cua cac c s d lieu master, model, msdb, pubs, Northwind, and tempdb trong th muc nay.

b. Character Set
Trong qua trnh install, ta chon trang ma cha tap ky t ho tr ngon ng ma ta s dung. Tap ky t ma ta chon se anh hng en tat ca c s d lieu tren server. Mot tap ky t bao gom 256 ky t uppercase va lowercase, cac ky so, va cac ky hieu ma SQL Server nhan biet trong c s d lieu. Character Set mac nh: Chng trnh Setup chon trang ma 1252 (ISO Character Set)nh tap ky t mac nh. Cac c s d lieu trong 1 SQL Server s dung cung trang ma. Bang sau ay mo ta tap ky t thng c chon: Character Description set Code page 1252 (ISO 8859-1, Latin 1, or ANSI) ay la tap ky t mac nh. No tng thch vi ky t ANSI dung bi Windows NT va Windows 9x.

Code page 850 ay la tap ky t bao gom tat ca cac ky t (multilingual) c dung bi hau het cac ngon ng Chau Au, North American, and South American. Code page 437 ay la tap ky t c dung pho bien nhat States,(U.S. My; no gom nhieu ky t graphics khong English) the lu tr trong databases.

c. Sort Order
A sort order e xac nh ky t c so sanh nh the nao. Viec chon th t sap xep phu thuoc vao tap ky t ma ta a chon. Chon Sort Order Chng trnh Setup chon sort order, case-insensitive (khong phan biet ch in vi ch thng) la ga tr default. Sort Order anh hng en ket qua truy van d lieu: Neu ta chon sort order la case-sensitive va 1 user thc hien 1 cau lenh query vi ieu kien lastname='MacDonald', th ket qua nhan c gom cac ngi co lastname bang ung ch MacDonald; trong khi o neu ta chon sort order la

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 34 case-insensitive, th tap ket qua tra ve bao gom tat ca cac dang cua MacDonald, nh Macdonald va macdonald. Ta khong the co cac c s d lieu vi cac th t sap xep khac nhau tren cung 1 server, va ta cung khong the backup va restore c s d lieu gia cac server co cau hnh sort order khac nhau. Lu y: Neu ta thay oi sort order sau khi a cai SQL Server, ta phai rebuild lai tat ca databases. Thi hanh lenh sp_helpsort e kiem tra sort order hien ang ap dung.

d. Network Support
SQL Server s dung network libraries (th vien mang) e lien lac vi cac network protocol cu the va trao oi cac goi d lieu gia client va SQL Server. Server lang nghe ong thi tren nhieu network libraries; 1 client lien lac vi server bang cach dung 1 th vien mang cu the. ieu nay cho phep cac loai client khac nhau co the dung cung 1 server. Network Libraries mac nh Chng trnh Setup chon the Named Pipes, TCP/IP Sockets, and Multiprotocol network libraries nh gia tr mac nh cho SQL Server khi installed tren Windows NT. The TCP/IP Sockets and Multiprotocol network libraries c chon nh gia tr mac nh cho SQL Server khi installed tren Windows 95 or Windows 98, v cac he ieu hanh nay khong ho tr Named Pipes. Chng trnh Setup chon Named Pipes tren Windows NT va TCP/IP Sockets tren Windows 95 va Windows 98 lam default network library cho cac cong cu quan ly client. The client network library phai hp vi 1 trong nhng network libraries tren SQL Server. Chon 1 Network Library Khi ta chon 1 network library, ta phai can nhac 1 so yeu to sau: Th vien network ma ta chon oi hoi giao thc mang thch hp, va giao thc o phai c cai at tren Windows NT, Windows 95 hay Windows 98. Windows NT authentication oi hoi Named Pipes hay Multiprotocol network library. Viec ma hoa trong Windows NT oi hoi the Multiprotocol network library. Bang sau ay mo ta cac network libraries c ho tr bi SQL Server. Netwo rk Description

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 35 library Named Installed by default allows clients to connect with named Pipes pipes over any Microsoft-supplied transport protocol. Not supported by Windows 95 or Windows 98. TCP/IP Installed by default allows clients to communicate by Sockets using standard Windows Sockets across TCP/IP. Multipr Installed by default takes advantage of the Windows NT otocol remote procedure call (RPC) facility. Communicates over Named Pipes, TCP/IP Sockets, NWLink IPX/SPX, and other IPC mechanisms. NWLink Allows Novell SPX clients to connect to SQL Server by using IPX/SPX native Novell IPX/SPX. AppleT Allows Apple Macintosh-based clients to connect to SQL alk Server by using native AppleTalk (as opposed to TCP/IP). ADSP Banyan Supports Banyan VINES Sequenced Packet Protocol (SPP) as VINES the IPC method across the Banyan VINES IP network protocol. Ghi chu: e thay oi network library cho SQL Server sau khi a install, ta s dung SQL Server Network Utility. e. Autostart Services Mac nh, chng trnh Setup cai at dch vu MSSQLServer (the database engine) t ong chay khi khi ong cac dch vu cua Windows NT. Nhng neu muon, ta van co the cho cac dch vu khac trong SQL Server (SQL Server Agent, Microsoft Distributed Transaction Coordinator, va Full Text Search) c t ong khi ong qua hop thoai SQL Server Properties:

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II. CAC THUOC TNH CUA ENTERPRISE MANAGER: Chon lenh: Tools / Options t ca so chnh cua Enterprise Manager , ta se co hop thoai nh hnh 2.4. 1. General:

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Cac thuoc tnh The Enterprise Manager cua SQL SERVER General tab - Server state polling: + Poll server to find out state of server and related services: tham do server e theo doi trang thai cua server va cac dch vu co lien quan. - Server registration information : Thong tin ang ky cua SQL SERVER co the c lu trong registry WINNT cua 1 he thong local hay trung tam . Khi c lu trong 1 he thong local, thong tin ang ky cua SQL SERVER la share hay private. Khi c lu trong 1 he thong trung tam, thong tin ang ky cua SQL SERVER la share cho cac he thong ket noi vao. e lu thong tin ang ky cua SQL SERVER tren he thong local, ta chon option Store locally. + Neu ta muon cac user local hay remote cung share thong tin ang ky nay, bo anh dau Store user independent + e s dung thong tin ang ky tren 1 he thong t xa, chon Read from remote va vao ten server ma o thong tin ang ky c lu.

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 2. Advanced:

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Cac thuoc tnh The Enterprise Manager cua SQL SERVER Advanced tab - Login time out: so giay ma he thong i cho viec ket noi thanh cong trc khi tra ve 1 loi login - Query time out: so giay toi a e 1 query thc hien tren 1 remote server . So 0 ngha la khong gii han thi gian. - Packet size: so bytes c dung trong moi packet tren mang trong viec ket noi. So bytes mac nh cho 1 packet : 4KB. - Perform translation for character data: cho phep thc hien viec chuyen oi d lieu thuoc kieu ky t gia cac trang ma khac nhau client va server. Tuy chon nay ch co tac dung oi vi cac cot thuoc kieu char, varchar, va text. III. ANG KY VA HUY MOT SERVER TRONG ENTERPRISE MANAGER: 1. ang ky Server: e co the quan ly 1 Server cuc bo (local) hay t xa (remote) vi Enterprise Manager, ta phai ang ky server o vi Enterprise Manager. Ta chon lenh Action / New SQL Server Registration hay Right click tren server group , sau o chon New SQL Server Registration trong menu popup. - Server : Nhap vao ten Server muon ang ky. - Connection:

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 39 + Use Windows NT authentication: s dung user name cua WinNT lam login name + Use SQL Server authentication: at 1 login name va 1 password e truy cap ti SQL Server . - Ta nen chon cac check box nh trong hnh e thuan tien trong viec dung Enterprise Manager.

Sau khi chon OK, th he thong se nhac ta xac nhan lai password.

Lu y: Neu ta muon ang ky 1 server a c cai at tren 1 may khac (remote access) , - gia s nh DUONG LAN la remote server tren may tnh 1, con LUUTHU la server tren

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 40 may tnh ang connect ti may tnh 1 - th thc hien theo cac bc sau trong Enterprise Manager: - M nhanh SQL Server Group, right click tren ten 1 server, chon Properties/ Connections:

Sau khi chon cac tuy chon nh trong hnh, click OK. Neu ta thay oi bay ky 1 tuy chon nao trong Connections, ta phai stop va khi ong lai server. - Lap lai cac bc tren tai server may tnh khac. - Sau khi a thiet lap cau hnh cua remote server, ta vao Server LUUTHU va tao 1 Registration theo cac bc sau:

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Click Next

1. Go vao ten server tren may tnh muon connect ti trong textbox Available servers (DUONGLAN), click Add e chuyen no qua hop Added servers. Click next.

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Click next:

Nhap vao ten Login muon connect vao remote server. Click Next.

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Click Next.

Click Finish e hoan tat viec ang ky Remote SQL Server

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Viec ang ky a hoan tat. Ta se thay trong SQL Server Enterprise Manager co them 1 node ai dien cho server DUONGLAN.

M rong node DUONGLAN :

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Trong hnh, DUONG LAN la remote server tren may tnh 1, con LUUTHU la server tren may tnh ang connect ti may tnh 1.

Gan Password cho Login Account :

Khi SQL Server c cai at, chng trnh Setup khong gan 1 password cho login sa. Ta nen gan 1 password cho account nay e ngan can cac users khong co tham quyen logon vao Server vi quyen la admin. e thay oi password, ta co the dung SQL Server Enterprise Manager hoac lenh sp_password old pass, new pass, login name 2. Huy ang ky SQL Server vi Enterprise Manager: Right click tren ten SQL Server muon huy, chon Delete SQL Server Registration 3. Hieu chnh lai cac thuoc tnh a ang ky: Right click tren ten Server muon edit, chon Edit SQL Server Registration properties. IV. STOPING, STARTING, PAUSING VA CONTINUING SERVER: Lenh: Right click icon server trong TaskBar cua Window / Open SQL Server Service Manager Ta muon kch hoat dch vu nao th chon trong ListBox Services, sau o click Start/Continue

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Lu y: - Khi ta pause 1 server, ket noi hien tai van con, do o, 1 ket noi mi la khong c phep. Stop Server th ngay lap tc he thong se ket thuc tat ca cac ket noi ti server. - Ta co the Stop 1 server bang lenh shut down trong TransactSQL V. THIET LAP CAC THUOC TNH CUA SERVER: Lenh: Trong ca so Enterprise Manager, right click tren ten server / Properties Ca so thuoc tnh cua server co 9 tabs: General, Memory, Processor, Security, Connection, Server Setting , Database Setting, Replication va Active Directory. 1.General: cho ta biet thong tin cua san pham va thong tin ve phan cng cung nh he ieu hanh; ong thi no con cho phep ta chon cac dch vu (services) nao se c t ong kch hoat khi ta khi ong may.

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- AutoStart SQL Server: khi ong SQL Server khi khi ong Win - AutoStart SQL Server Agent : khi ong SQL Server Agent khi khi ong Win (ta phai chon AutoStart SQL Server trc) - AutoStart MSDTC : khi ong MSDTC khi khi ong Win - Startup Parameter: them , xoa tham so cho chng trnh sqlserver.exe Cac tham so co the la: -dmaster_file_path: v tr cua file master.mdf -eerror_log_path : v tr cua file nhat ky loi -lmaster_log_path : v tr file nhat ky cua master.mdf -f : khi ong SQL Server vi cau hnh toi thieu -m : khi ong SQL Server mode 1 ngi dung (single user ) ch 1 user mi c connect vaoTham so nay thng c dung khi ta can phuc hoi lai file master.mdf va khi can hieu chnh lai c s d lieu cua he thong.

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 48 Dch vu MSSQLServer khi ong vi 1 so tuy chon khi ong mac nh. Ta co the thay oi cac tuy chon nay, hoac co the khi ong SQL Server vi cac tuy chon khi ong la nondefault. Ta khi ong SQL Server t dau nhac lenh hay t Services trong Control Panel e dung options khi ong nondefault. Gia s ta muon khi ong SQL Server trong mode 1 ngi dung hay vi cau hnh toi thieu th lam nh sau: e thay oi cac tuy chon cau hnh cua server hay phuc hoi lai c s d lieu b hong, hay dung mode singleuser. e dung mode single-user, go vao sqlservr m dau nhac lenh. e hieu chnh cac van e ve cau hnh cua server, ta dung mode khi ong server vi cau hnh toi thieu. e thc hien ieu nay, anh lenh sqlservr f dau nhac lenh. 2. Memory: cho phep ta ch ra bo nh can thiet cho server hoat ong. Tot nhat ta nen chap nhan gia tr mac nh cua SQL Server. V du: Neu ta ang chay cac application khac tren cung 1 NT Server va muon gii han bo nh toi a ma SQL Server dung th ieu chnh trong Maximum (MB) .

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Neu chon co the gay ra loi out of memory cho cac application khac.

3. Processor: ch ra SQL Server dung 1 con vi x ly hay nhieu con vi x ly nh the nao? Trong 1 moi trng a x ly, ta co the ch ra SQL Server s dung con vi x ly nao.

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4. Security: cho phep ta xac nh quyen vao SQL Server.

5. Connection : cung cap cac options cho viec ket noi gia client va remote server

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6. Server Setting :

7. Database setting : cho phep ta ch ra gia tr mac nh trong viec tao index, thc hien viec backup/restoring d lieu .

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- Backup/Restore: ch ra thi gian SQL Server i khi oc 1 tape + Wait indefinitely : i khong xac nh thi gian + Try once and quit + Try for . Minutes 8. Replication: cho phep ta ch ra server nao ong vai tro la publisher (server cha d lieu) va server nao la distributer (server phan bo d lieu)

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Click Configure:

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9. Active Directory:

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VI. QUAN LY C S D LIEU VA CAC OI TNG C S D LIEU: 1. Tao va hieu chnh c s d lieu: a. Tao mi c s d lieu : Tao c s d lieu QLVT e cha cac Table : Right click folder Database / New Database - General Tab: ta nhap vao ten c s d lieu textbox Name

- Data Files Tab: dung e xac nh so lng cac file lu tr c s d lieu, va cac thuoc tnh cho tng file.

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- Transaction Log tab: dung e xac nh so lng cac file nhat ky cua c s d lieu, va cac thuoc tnh cho tng file

b. Hieu chnh thuoc tnh cua c s d lieu : Right click tren QLVT / Properties

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 57 Tng t nh bang thuoc tnh cua phan tao, ngoai ra con co them cac tab mi:

Options:

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- Restrict access: gii han quyen truy xuat d lieu. + Members of db_owner, dbcreator, or sysadmin : ch co cac user la thanh vien cua cac nhom db_owner, dbcreator, or sysadmin mi c s dung c s d lieu (e ngh : anh dau khi can) + Single user : tai 1 thi iem, ch 1 user c truy xuat c s d lieu (e ngh : anh dau khi can) - Read Only : cac user ch c quyen lay d lieu t c s d lieu nhng khong c hieu chnh no. (e ngh : anh dau khi can) - Permission: gan quyen thi hanh cac lenh cho 1 user/role (user hay nhom)

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Create Function Backup DB Backup Log

2. Cac folder trong c s d lieu : Enterprise Manager the hien noi dung th muc cua c s d lieu thanh cac folder sau:

Ta co the thc hien 1 so thao tac chung tren cac folder hay tren cac oi tng cua chung: - Tao 1 oi tng mi : right click tren folder / New <Object> - Hien th hay thay oi thuoc tnh cua oi tng : double click tren oi tng. - Copy table, view, diagram : Right click / copy - oi ten Table, View, Stored Procedure, Rule , Default : Right click / Rename - Xoa oi tng: chon oi tng, an phm Del hay Right click/Delete a. Tao Table : cho phep ta nh ngha ten field va thuoc tnh cua field V du: Tao cau truc Table Nhanvien:

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* Cac kieu d lieu cua Field: Bit : 0, 1 Binary (length) : 1.. 8000 bytes (Fix) VarBinary(max_length) : 1..8000 bytes Image : len ti 2,147,483,647 bytes Char (length) : 1.. 8000 bytes (Fix) Varchar (max_length) : 1..8000 bytes Text : len ti 2,147,483,647 bytes Dec (precision, scale) : precision la so cac ch so (1..38). scale la so cac ch so ben phai dau cham thap phan (0.. precision) TinyInt : 1 byte , 0..255 SmallInt : 2 bytes, -32768.. 32767 Int : bon bytes, -2,147,483,648.. 2,147,483,647 Float : so bit e bieu dien so thc ong Double Precision : giong vi float Real : tng ng vi Float(24), co 7 ch so phan nguyen

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server SmallMoney : co 4 ch so phan thap phan (214,748.3648 .. 214,748.3647)

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Money

: co 8 ch so phan thap phan (922,337,203,685,477.5808 922,337,203,685,477.5807) SmallDateTime : 1-1-1900 .. 6-6-2079 DateTime : 1-1-1753 .. 31-12-9999 Lu y: Thanh cong cu cua Table se giup ta thc hien cac lenh tren Table nhanh chong hn.

: Save : Table and Index Properties : Save change script : Set Primary key : Triggers

: Show Permission

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Neu ta click tren nut lenh Column th ta se phan quyen tren tng cot cua

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: Generate SQL Script : Manage Relationship :Manage Indexes/Key : Manage Constraints e xem thuoc tnh cua Table va Index, click icon Table and Index Properties:

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Tab Relationship: cho phep ch nh khoa ngoai, va t ong cap nhat lai khoa gia cac table co lien quan.

Tab Indexes/Keys: cho phep ch nh ch muc (sap th t) theo chieu tang (ascending) hay giam (descending) hoac

Chng 2 He quan tr SQL Server 65 Tab Check Constraints: cho phep ch nh rang buoc ve mien gia tr.

b. Thay oi cau truc table : Right click tren ten table / Design Table No se hien lai ca so nh ta nhap cau truc mi cho table. c. Xoa table : Right click tren ten tabler muon xoa, chon Delete d. oi ten table : Right click tren ten tabler muon oi ten, chon Rename