phngphp1 101104052751 Phpapp02

Phng php 1
P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG

Nguyn tc ca phng php ny kh n gin, da vo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn ng bng tng khi lng cc cht to thnh
trong phn ng. Cn lu l: khng tnh khi lng ca phn khng tham gia phn ng
cng nh phn cht c sn, v d nc c sn trong dung dch.
Khi c cn dung dch th khi lng mui thu c bng tng khi lng cc cation
kim loi v anion gc axit.
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S DNG
NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG
01. Ha tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c
7,84 lt kh X (ktc) v 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn
cn thn dung dch Z thu c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam. B. 33,99 gam. C. 19,025 gam. D. 56,3 gam.
02. Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc, bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 1,2
M th thu c 18,504 gam mui. Th tch dung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt. B. 0,08 lt. C. 0,4 lt. D. 0,04 lt.
03. Trn 8,1 gam bt Al vi 48 gam bt Fe
2
O
3
ri cho tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm trong
iu kin khng c khng kh, kt thc th nghim lng cht rn thu c l
04. Ha tan hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi (ng trc H trong dy in
ha) bng dung dch HCl d thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn
ng thu c lng mui khan l
05. Nhit phn hon ton m gam hn hp X gm CaCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
thu c 11,6 gam
cht rn v 2,24 lt kh (ktc). Hm lng % CaCO
3
trong X l
A. 6,25%. B. 8,62%. C. 50,2%. D. 62,5%.
06. Cho 4,4 gam hn hp hai kim loi nhm I
A
hai chu k lin tip tc dng vi dung
dch HCl d thu c 4,48 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch cha m gam mui tan. Tn hai kim
loi v khi lng m l
A. 11 gam; Li v Na. B. 18,6 gam; Li v Na.
C. 18,6 gam; Na v K. D. 12,7 gam; Na v K.
07. t chy hon ton 18 gam FeS
2
v cho ton b lng SO
2
vo 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,125M. Khi lng mui to thnh l
A. 57,40 gam. B. 56,35 gam. C. 59,17 gam. D.58,35 gam.
08. Ha tan 33,75 gam mt kim loi M trong dung dch HNO
3
long, d thu c 16,8 lt kh
X (ktc) gm hai kh khng mu ha nu trong khng kh c t khi hi so vi hiro bng
17,8.
a) Kim loi l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Al.
b) Nu dng dung dch HNO
3
2M v ly d 25% th th tch dung dch cn ly l
A. 3,15 lt. B. 3,00 lt. C. 3,35 lt. D. 3,45 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch
HNO
3
thu c 6,72 lt kh NO v dung dch X. em c cn dung dch X thu c bao
nhiu gam mui khan?
10. Ha tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H
2
SO
4
0,1M (va ). Sau phn ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch
c khi lng l
Phng php 2
BO TON MOL NGUYN T
C rt nhiu phng php gii ton ha hc khc nhau nhng phng php bo ton
nguyn t v phng php bo ton s mol electron cho php chng ta gp nhiu phng
trnh phn ng li lm mt, qui gn vic tnh ton v nhm nhanh p s. Rt ph hp vi
vic gii cc dng bi ton ha hc trc nghim. Cch thc gp nhng phng trnh lm mt
v cch lp phng trnh theo phng php bo ton nguyn t s c gii thiu trong mt
s v d sau y.
V d 1: kh hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn 0,05 mol H
2
.
Mt khc ha tan hon ton 3,04 gam hn hp X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c thu
c th tch kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht) iu kin tiu chun l
A. 448 ml. B. 224 ml. C. 336 ml. D. 112 ml.
Hng dn gii
Thc cht phn ng kh cc oxit trn l
H
2
+ O H
2
O
0,05 0,05 mol
t s mol hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
ln lt l x, y, z. Ta c:
n
O
= x + 4y + 3z = 0,05 mol (1)
Fe
3,04 0,05 16
n 0,04 mol
56

x + 3y + 2z = 0,04 mol (2)
Nhn hai v ca (2) vi 3 ri tr (1) ta c:
x + y = 0,02 mol.
Mt khc:
2FeO + 4H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 4H
2
O
x x/2
2Fe
3
O
4
+ 10H
2
SO
4
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ SO
2
+ 10H
2
O
y y/2
tng:
SO2
x y 0,2
n 0,01 mol
2 2
+

Vy:
2
SO
V 224 ml.
(p n B)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP BO
TON MOL NGUYN T
01. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X gm 0,4 mol FeO v 0,1mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HNO
3
long, d thu c dung dch A v kh B khng mu, ha nu trong khng kh. Dung
dch A cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c kt ta. Ly ton b kt ta
nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l
02. Cho kh CO i qua ng s cha 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
un nng, sau phn ng thu c hn
hp rn X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
. Ha tan hon ton X bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu
c dung dch Y. C cn dung dch Y, lng mui khan thu c l
A. 20 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 40 gam. D. 48 gam.
03. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
cn 2,24 lt CO ( ktc). Khi
lng st thu c l
04. t chy hn hp hirocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. Th tch
O
2
tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 5,6 lt. B. 2,8 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 3,92 lt.
05. Ho tan hon ton a gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe
2
O
3
trong dung dch HCl thu c
2,24 lt kh H
2
ktc v dung dch B. Cho dung dch B tc dng dung dch NaOH d,
lc ly kt ta, nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 24 gam cht
rn. Gi tr ca a l
06. Hn hp X gm Mg v Al
2
O
3
. Cho 3 gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii phng
V lt kh (ktc). Dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch NH
3
d, lc v nung
kt ta c 4,12 gam bt oxit. V c gi tr l:
A. 1,12 lt. B. 1,344 lt. C. 1,568 lt. D. 2,016 lt.
07. Hn hp A gm Mg, Al, Fe, Zn. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi dung dch HCl d gii
phng 0,1 gam kh. Cho 2 gam A tc dng vi kh clo d thu c 5,763 gam hn hp
mui. Phn trm khi lng ca Fe trong A l
A. 8,4%. B. 16,8%. C. 19,2%. D. 22,4%.
08. (Cu 2 - M 231 - TSC - Khi A 2007)
t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi
khng kh (trong khng kh Oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc)
v 9,9 gam H
2
O. Th tch khng kh (ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton
lng kh thin nhin trn l
A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
09. Ho tan hon ton 5 gam hn hp 2 kim loi X v Y bng dung dch HCl thu c dung
dch A v kh H
2
. C cn dung dch A thu c 5,71 gam mui khan. Hy tnh th tch kh
H
2
thu c ktc.
A. 0,56 lt. B. 0,112 lt. C. 0,224 lt D. 0,448 lt
10. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp Y gm C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
th thu c 12,98 gam
CO
2
v 5,76 gam H
2
O. Vy m c gi tr l
Phng php 3
BO TON MOL ELECTRON
Trc ht cn nhn mnh y khng phi l phng php cn bng phn ng oxi ha -
kh, mc d phng php thng bng electron dng cn bng phn ng oxi ha - kh
cng da trn s bo ton electron.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: khi c nhiu cht oxi ha, cht kh trong mt
hn hp phn ng (nhiu phn ng hoc phn ng qua nhiu giai on) th tng s electron
ca cc cht kh cho phi bng tng s electron m cc cht oxi ha nhn. Ta ch cn nhn
nh ng trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha hoc cht kh, thm ch
khng cn quan tm n vic cn bng cc phng trnh phn ng. Phng php ny c
bit l th i vi cc bi ton cn phi bin lun nhiu trng hp c th xy ra.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh.
V d 1: Oxi ha hon ton 0,728 gam bt Fe ta thu c 1,016 gam hn hp hai oxit st
(hn hp A).
1. Ha tan hn hp A bng dung dch axit nitric long d. Tnh th tch kh NO duy
nht bay ra ( ktc).
A. 2,24 ml. B. 22,4 ml. C. 33,6 ml. D. 44,8 ml.
2. Cng hn hp A trn trn vi 5,4 gam bt Al ri tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm
(hiu sut 100%). Ha tan hn hp thu c sau phn ng bng dung dch HCl d.
Tnh th tch bay ra ( ktc).
A. 6,608 lt. B. 0,6608 lt. C. 3,304 lt. D. 33,04. lt
Hng dn gii
1. Cc phn ng c th c:
2Fe + O
2

o
t
2FeO (1)
2Fe + 1,5O
2

o
t
Fe
2
O
3
(2)
3Fe + 2O
2

o
t
Fe
3
O
4
(3)
Cc phn ng ha tan c th c:
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
+ 5H
2
O (4)
Fe
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O (5)
3Fe
3
O
4
+ 28HNO
3
9Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
+ 14H
2
O (6)
Ta nhn thy tt c Fe t Fe
0
b oxi ha thnh Fe
+3
, cn N
+5
b kh thnh N
+2
, O
2
0
b
kh thnh 2O
2
nn phng trnh bo ton electron l:
0,728
3n 0,009 4 3 0,039
56
+ mol.
trong ,
n
l s mol NO thot ra. Ta d dng rt ra
n = 0,001 mol;
V
NO
= 0,00122,4 = 0,0224 lt = 22,4 ml. (p n B)
2. Cc phn ng c th c:
2Al + 3FeO
o
t
3Fe + Al
2
O
3
(7)
2Al + Fe
2
O
3

o
t
2Fe + Al
2
O
3
(8)
8Al + 3Fe
3
O
4

o
t
9Fe + 4Al
2
O
3
(9)
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2
(10)
2Al + 6HCl 2AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
(11)
Xt cc phn ng (1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11) ta thy Fe
0
cui cng thnh Fe
+2
, Al
0
thnh
Al
+3
, O
2
0
thnh 2O
2
v 2H
+
thnh H
2
nn ta c phng trnh bo ton electron nh sau:
5,4 3
0,013 2 0,009 4 n 2
27
+ +
Fe
0
Fe
+2
Al
0
Al
+3
O
2
0
2O
2
2H
+
H
2
n = 0,295 mol
2
H
V 0,295 22, 4 6,608
lt. (p n A)
Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn cc bn khng cn phi bn khon l to thnh hai oxit
st (hn hp A) gm nhng oxit no v cng khng cn phi cn bng 11 phng trnh nh
trn m ch cn quan tm ti trng thi u v trng thi cui ca cc cht oxi ha v cht
kh ri p dng lut bo ton electron tnh lc bt c cc giai on trung gian ta s
tnh nhm nhanh c bi ton.
MT S BI TP VN DNG GIAI THEO PHNG PHP BO
TOM MOL ELECTRON
01. Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO
3
rt long th thu c hn hp gm
0,015 mol kh N
2
O v 0,01mol kh NO (phn ng khng to NH
4
NO
3
). Gi tr ca m l
02. Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
t
nng. Sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh
i ra khi ng s hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn
trm khi lng FeO trong hn hp A l
A. 68,03%. B. 13,03%. C. 31,03%. D. 68,97%.
03. Mt hn hp gm hai bt kim loi Mg v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
.
- Phn 2: ho tan ht trong HNO
3
long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu
trong khng kh (cc th tch kh u o ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 5,6 lt.
04. Dung dch X gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
c cng nng . Ly mt lng hn hp gm
0,03 mol Al; 0,05 mol Fe cho vo 100 ml dung dch X cho ti kh phn ng kt thc thu
c cht rn Y cha 3 kim loi.Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng
ca hai mui l
A. 0,3M. B. 0,4M. C. 0,42M. D. 0,45M.
05. Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO
3
d c 896 ml hn hp gm NO v
NO
2
c
M 42
. Tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra (kh ktc).
06. Ha tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch A v
1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam trong c
mt kh b ha thnh mu nu trong khng kh. Tnh s mol HNO
3
phn ng.
A. 0,51 mol. B. A. 0,45 mol. C. 0,55 mol. D. 0,49 mol.
07. Ha tan hon ton m gam hn hp gm ba kim loi bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c 1,12
lt hn hp kh D (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO. T khi hi ca D so vi hiro bng 18,2. Tnh
th tch ti thiu dung dch HNO
3
37,8% (d = 1,242g/ml) cn dng.
A. 20,18 ml. B. 11,12 ml. C. 21,47 ml. D. 36,7 ml.
08. Ha tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275 ml dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch A,
cht rn B gm cc kim loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12 lt hn hp kh D (
ktc) gm NO v NO
2
. T khi ca hn hp D so vi H
2
l 16,75. Tnh nng mol/l ca
HNO
3
v tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam. B. 0,65M v 12,35 gam.
C. 0,75M v 11,794 gam. D. 0,55M v 12.35 gam.
09. t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp A gm Fe
2
O
3
,
Fe
3
O
4
v Fe. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp A bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt
hn hp kh B gm NO v NO
2
. T khi ca B so vi H
2
bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672 ml. B. 336 ml. C. 448 ml. D. 896 ml.
10. Cho a gam hn hp A gm oxit FeO, CuO, Fe
2
O
3
c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon ton
vi lng va l 250 ml dung dch HNO
3
khi un nng nh, thu c dung dch B v
3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp kh C gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Tnh a.
Phng php 4
S DNG PHNG TRNH ION - ELETRON
lm tt cc bi ton bng phng php ion iu u tin cc bn phi nm chc
phng trnh phn ng di dng cc phn t t suy ra cc phng trnh ion, i khi c
mt s bi tp khng th gii theo cc phng trnh phn t c m phi gii da theo
phng trnh ion. Vic gii bi ton ha hc bng phng php ion gip chng ta hiu k
hn v bn cht ca cc phng trnh ha hc. T mt phng trnh ion c th ng vi rt
nhiu phng trnh phn t. V d phn ng gia hn hp dung dch axit vi dung dch
baz u c chung mt phng trnh ion l
H
+
+ OH
H
2
O
hoc phn ng ca Cu kim loi vi hn hp dung dch NaNO
3
v dung dch H
2
SO
4
l
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O...
Sau y l mt s v d:
V d 1: Hn hp X gm (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO) vi s mol mi cht l 0,1 mol, ha tan
ht vo dung dch Y gm (HCl v H
2
SO
4
long) d thu c dung dch Z. Nh t
t dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M vo dung dch Z cho ti khi ngng thot kh NO. Th
tch dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
cn dng v th tch kh thot ra ktc thuc phng n
no?
A. 25 ml; 1,12 lt. B. 0,5 lt; 22,4 lt.
C. 50 ml; 2,24 lt. D. 50 ml; 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol FeO thnh 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
.
Hn hp X gm: (Fe
3
O
4
0,2 mol; Fe 0,1 mol) tc dng vi dung dch Y
Fe
3
O
4
+ 8H
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Fe
3+
+ 4H
2
O
0,2 0,2 0,4 mol
Fe + 2H
+
Fe
2+
+ H
2

0,1 0,1 mol
Dung dch Z: (Fe
2+
: 0,3 mol; Fe
3+
: 0,4 mol) + Cu(NO
3
)
2
:
3Fe
2+
+ NO
3
+ 4H
+
3Fe
3+
+ NO
+ 2H
2
O
0,3 0,1 0,1 mol
V
NO
= 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
3 2
3
Cu( NO )
NO
1
n n 0,05
2

mol
3 2
dd Cu( NO )
0,05
V 0,05
1
lt (hay 50 ml). (p n C)
V d 2: Ha tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120 ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc).
Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt. C. 0,672 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
Hng dn gii
3
HNO
n 0,12
mol ;
2 4
H SO
n 0,06
mol
Tng:
H
n 0,24
+

mol v
3
NO
n 0,12

mol.
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,1 0,24 0,12 mol
Phn ng: 0,09 0,24 0,06 0,06 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01 (d) (ht) 0,06 (d)
V
NO
= 0,0622,4 = 1,344 lt. (p n A)
V d 3: Dung dch X cha dung dch NaOH 0,2M v dung dch Ca(OH)
2
0,1M. Sc 7,84
lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X th lng kt ta thu c l
Hng dn gii
2
CO
n
= 0,35 mol ; n
NaOH
= 0,2 mol;
2
Ca(OH)
n
= 0,1 mol.
Tng:
OH
n
= 0,2 + 0,12 = 0,4 mol v 2
Ca
n
+ = 0,1 mol.
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
CO
2
+ 2OH
CO
3
2
+ H
2
O
0,35 0,4
0,2 0,4 0,2 mol
2
CO ( )
n
d
= 0,35 0,2 = 0,15 mol
tip tc xy ra phn ng:
CO
3
2
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O 2HCO
3
Ban u: 0,2 0,15 mol

Phn ng: 0,15 0,15 mol
2
3
CO
n

cn li bng 0,15 mol
3
CaCO
n

= 0,05 mol
3
CaCO
m
= 0,05100 = 5 gam. (p n B)
V d 4: Ha tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc
c dung dch A v c 1,12 lt H
2
bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol
AlCl
3
vo dung dch A. khi lng kt ta thu c l
Hng dn gii
Phn ng ca kim loi kim v kim loi kim th vi H
2
O:
M + nH
2
O M(OH)
n
+
2
n
H
2
T phng trnh ta c:
2
H
OH
n 2n

= 0,1mol.
Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl
3
:
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3
Ban u: 0,03 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,03 0,09 0,03 mol
OH ( )
n
d
= 0,01mol
tip tc ha tan kt ta theo phng trnh:
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
AlO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,01 0,01 mol
Vy:
3
Al(OH)
m
= 780,02 = 1,56 gam. (p n B)
V d 5: Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ha tan ti a bao
nhiu gam Cu kim loi? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Cu + 2Fe
3+
2Fe
2+
+ Cu
2+
0,005 0,01 mol
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,15 0,03 mol H
+
d
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 mol
m
Cu ti a
= (0,045 + 0,005) 64 = 3,2 gam. (p n C)
V d 6: Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d thu c kt
ta c khi lng ng bng khi lng AgNO
3
phn ng. Tnh phn trm
khi lng NaCl trong hn hp u.
A. 23,3% B. 27,84%. C. 43,23%. D. 31,3%.
Hng dn gii
Phng trnh ion:
Ag
+
+ Cl
AgCl
Ag
+
+ Br
AgBr
t: n
NaCl
= x mol ; n
NaBr
= y mol
m
AgCl
+ m
AgBr
=
3( )
AgNO
m
p.
3
Cl Br NO
m m m

+
35,5x + 80y = 62(x + y)
x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53
NaCl
58,5 36 100
%m
58,5 36 103 53

+
= 27,84%. (p n B)
V d 7: Trn 100 ml dung dch A (gm KHCO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
1M) vo 100 ml dung dch
B (gm NaHCO
3
1M v Na
2
CO
3
1M) thu c dung dch C.
Nh t t 100 ml dung dch D (gm H
2
SO
4
1M v HCl 1M) vo dung dch C thu
c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
ti d vo dung
dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt. D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Hng dn gii
Dung dch C cha: HCO
3
: 0,2 mol ; CO
3
2
: 0,2 mol.
Dung dch D c tng:
H
n
+ = 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO
3
2
+ H
+
HCO
3
0,2 0,2 0,2 mol

HCO
3
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2
Ban u: 0,4 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,1 0,1 0,1 mol

D: 0,3 mol
Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch E:
Ba
2+
+ HCO
3
+ OH
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,3 0,3 mol
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4
0,1 0,1 mol
2
CO
V
= 0,122,4 = 2,24 lt.
Tng khi lng kt ta:
m = 0,3197 + 0,1233 = 82,4 gam. (p n A)
V d 8: Ha tan hon ton 7,74 gam mt hn hp gm Mg, Al bng 500 ml dung dch
gm H
2
SO
4
0,28M v HCl 1M thu c 8,736 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X.
Thm V lt dung dch cha ng thi NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M vo dung dch
X thu c lng kt ta ln nht.
a) S gam mui thu c trong dung dch X l
A. 38,93 gam. B. 38,95 gam.
C. 38,97 gam. D. 38,91 gam.
b) Th tch V l
A. 0,39 lt. B. 0,4 lt.
C. 0,41 lt. D. 0,42 lt.
c) Lng kt ta l
A. 54,02 gam. B. 53,98 gam.
C. 53,62 gam. D. 53,94 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Xc nh khi lng mui thu c trong dung dch X:
2 4
H SO
n
= 0,280,5 = 0,14 mol
2
4
SO
n

= 0,14 mol v
H
n
+ = 0,28 mol.
n
HCl
= 0,5 mol
H
n
+ = 0,5 mol v
Cl
n
= 0,5 mol.
Vy tng
H
n
+ = 0,28 + 0,5 = 0,78 mol.
M
2
H
n
= 0,39 mol. Theo phng trnh ion rt gn:
Mg
0
+ 2H
+
Mg
2+
+ H
2
(1)
Al + 3H
+
Al
3+
+
3
2
H
2
(2)
Ta thy
2
H
H ( p-)
n 2n
+

H
+
ht.
m
hh mui
= m
hh k.loi
+ 2
4
SO Cl
m m

+
= 7,74 + 0,1496 + 0,535,5 = 38,93gam. (p n A)
b) Xc nh th tch V:
2
NaOH
Ba(OH)
n 1V mol
n 0,5V mol

Tng
OH
n
= 2V mol v 2
Ba
n
+ = 0,5V mol.
Phng trnh to kt ta:
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2
BaSO
4
(3)
0,5V mol 0,14 mol
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
Mg(OH)
2
(4)
Al
3+
+ 3OH
Al(OH)
3
(5)
kt ta t ln nht th s mol OH
kt ta ht cc ion Mg
2+
v Al
3+
. Theo cc
phng trnh phn ng (1), (2), (4), (5) ta c:
H
n
+ =
OH
n
= 0,78 mol
2V = 0,78 V = 0,39 lt. (p n A)
c) Xc nh lng kt ta:
2
Ba
n
+ = 0,5V = 0,50,39 = 0,195 mol > 0,14 mol Ba
2+
d.
4
BaSO
m
= 0,14233 = 32,62 gam.
Vy m
kt ta
=
4
BaSO
m
+ m
2 k.loi
+
OH
m

= 32,62 + 7,74 + 0,78 17 = 53,62 gam. (p n C)
Phng php 5
S DNG CC GI TR TRUNG BNH
y l mt trong mt s phng php hin i nht cho php gii nhanh chng v n
gin nhiu bi ton ha hc v hn hp cc cht rn, lng cng nh kh.
Nguyn tc ca phng php nh sau: Khi lng phn t trung bnh (KLPTTB) (k
hiu
M
) cng nh khi lng nguyn t trung bnh (KLNTTB) chnh l khi lng ca
mt mol hn hp, nn n c tnh theo cng thc:
M
tng khi l ng hn h p (tnh theo gam)
tng s mol cc cht trong hn h p
.
i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 i
M n
M n M n M n ...
M
n n n ... n
+ + +

+ + +
(1)
trong M
1
, M
2
,... l KLPT (hoc KLNT) ca cc cht trong hn hp; n
1
, n
2
,... l s mol
tng ng ca cc cht.
Cng thc (1) c th vit thnh:
1 2 3
1 2 3
i i i
n n n
M M . M . M . ...
n n n
+ + +

1 1 2 2 3 3
M M x M x M x ... + + + (2)
trong x
1
, x
2
,... l % s mol tng ng (cng chnh l % khi lng) ca cc cht. c
bit i vi cht kh th x
1
, x
2
, ... cng chnh l % th tch nn cng thc (2) c th vit
thnh:
i i
1 1 2 2 3 3
1 2 3 i
M V
M V M V M V ...
M
V V V ... V
+ + +

+ + +
(3)
trong V
1
, V
2
,... l th tch ca cc cht kh. Nu hn hp ch c 2 cht th cc cng thc
(1), (2), (3) tng ng tr thnh (1), (2), (3) nh sau:
1 1 2 1
M n M (n n )
M
n
+
(1)
trong n l tng s s mol ca cc cht trong hn hp,
1 1 2 1
M M x M (1 x ) + (2)
trong con s 1 ng vi 100% v
1 1 2 1
M V M (V V )
M
V
+
(3)
trong V
1
l th tch kh th nht v V l tng th tch hn hp.
T cng thc tnh KLPTTB ta suy ra cc cng thc tnh KLNTTB.
Vi cc cng thc:
x y z 1
x y z 2
C H O ; n mol
C H O ; n mol

ta c:
- Nguyn t cacbon trung bnh:
1 1 2 2
1 2
x n x n ...
x
n n ...
+ +
+ +
- Nguyn t hiro trung bnh:
1 1 2 2
1 2
y n y n ...
y
n n ...
+ +
+ +
v i khi tnh c c s lin kt , s nhm chc trung bnh theo cng thc trn.
V d 1: Ha tan hon ton 2,84 gam hn hp hai mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi phn
nhm II
A
v thuc hai chu k lin tip trong bng tun hon bng dung dch HCl
ta thu c dung dch X v 672 ml CO
2
( ktc).
1. Hy xc nh tn cc kim loi.
A. Be, Mg. B. Mg, Ca. C. Ca, Ba. D. Ca, Sr.
2. C cn dung dch X th thu c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
A. 2 gam. B. 2,54 gam. C. 3,17 gam. D. 2,95 gam.
Hng dn gii
1. Gi A, B l cc kim loi cn tm. Cc phng trnh phn ng l
ACO
3
+ 2HCl ACl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(1)
BCO
3
+ 2HCl BCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
(2)
(C th gi M l kim loi i din cho 2 kim loi A, B lc
ch cn vit mt phng trnh phn ng).
Theo cc phn ng (1), (2) tng s mol cc mui cacbonat bng:
2
CO
0,672
n 0,03
22,4

mol.
Vy KLPTTB ca cc mui cacbonat l
2,84
M 94,67
0,03

v A,B M 94,67 60 34,67
V thuc 2 chu k lin tip nn hai kim loi l Mg (M = 24) v Ca (M = 40). (p n
B)
2. KLPTTB ca cc mui clorua:
M 34,67 71 105,67 +
mui clorua
.
Khi lng mui clorua khan l 105,670,03 = 3,17 gam. (p n C)
V d 2: Trong t nhin, ng (Cu) tn ti di hai dng ng v
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu. KLNT
(xp x khi lng trung bnh) ca Cu l 63,55. Tnh % v khi lng ca mi
loi ng v.
A.
65
Cu: 27,5% ;
63
Cu: 72,5%.
B.
65
Cu: 70% ;
63
Cu: 30%.
C.
65
Cu: 72,5% ;
63
Cu: 27,5%.
D.
65
Cu: 30% ;
63
Cu: 70%.
Hng dn gii
Gi x l % ca ng v
65
29
Cu ta c phng trnh:
M
= 63,55 = 65.x + 63(1 x)
x = 0,275
Vy: ng v
65
Cu chim 27,5% v ng v
63
Cu chim 72,5%. (p n C)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEP PHNG PHP
TRUNG BNH
01. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp hai axit cacboxylic l ng ng k tip thu c
3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l
A. 0,05 mol v 0,05 mol. B. 0,045 mol v 0,055 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol. D. 0,06 mol v 0,04 mol.
02. C 3 ancol bn khng phi l ng phn ca nhau. t chy mi cht u c s mol
CO
2
bng 0,75 ln s mol H
2
O. 3 ancol l
A. C
2
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O; C
4
H
10
O. B. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O
2
; C
4
H
10
O.
C. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
; C
3
H
8
O
3
. D. C
3
H
8
O; C
3
H
6
O; C
3
H
8
O
2
.
03. Cho axit oxalic HOOCCOOH tc dng vi hn hp hai ancol no, n chc, ng
ng lin tip thu c 5,28 gam hn hp 3 este trung tnh. Thy phn lng este trn
bng dung dch NaOH thu c 5,36 gam mui. Hai ru c cng thc
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH.
04. Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km
nhau 45 vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N
2
. Hai
cht nitro l
A. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
.
B. C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
v C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
.
C. C
6
H
3
(NO
2
)
3
v C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
.
D. C
6
H
2
(NO
2
)
4
v C
6
H(NO
2
)
5
.
05. Mt hn hp X gm 2 ancol thuc cng dy ng ng c khi lng 30,4 gam. Chia X
thnh hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: cho tc dng vi Na d, kt thc phn ng thu c 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc).
- Phn 2: tch nc hon ton 180
o
C, xc tc H
2
SO
4
c thu c mt anken cho hp
th vo bnh ng dung dch Brom d thy c 32 gam Br
2
b mt mu. CTPT hai ancol
trn l
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. CH
3
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
06. Chia hn hp gm 2 anehit no n chc lm hai phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,08 gam nc.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) th thu c hn hp A. em A t chy hon
ton th th tch kh CO
2
(ktc) thu c l
A. 1,434 lt. B. 1,443 lt. C. 1,344 lt. D. 1,444 lt.
07. Tch nc hon ton t hn hp Y gm hai ru A, B ta c hn hp X gm cc
olefin. Nu t chy hon ton Y th thu c 0,66 gam CO
2
. Vy khi t chy hon
ton X th tng khi lng H
2
O v CO
2
to ra l
08. Cho 9,85 gam hn hp 2 amin n chc no bc 1 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl
th thu c 18,975 gam mui. Vy khi lng HCl phi dng l
09. Cho 4,2 gam hn hp gm ru etylic, phenol, axit fomic tc dng va vi Na thy
thot ra 0,672 lt kh (ktc) v mt dung dch. C cn dung dch thu c hn hp X.
Khi lng ca X l
10. Hn hp X gm 2 este A, B ng phn vi nhau v u c to thnh t axit n chc
v ru n chc. Cho 2,2 gam hn hp X bay hi 136,5
o
C v 1 atm th thu c
840 ml hi este. Mt khc em thu phn hon ton 26,4 gam hn hp X bng 100 ml
dung dch NaOH 20% (d = 1,2 g/ml) ri em c cn th thu c 33,8 gam cht rn
khan. Vy cng thc phn t ca este l
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
. B. C
3
H
6
O
2
. C. C
4
H
8
O
2
. D. C
5
H
10
O
2
.
Phng php 6
TNG GIM KHI LNG
Nguyn tc ca phng php l xem khi chuyn t cht A thnh cht B (khng nht
thit trc tip, c th b qua nhiu giai on trung gian) khi lng tng hay gim bao
nhiu gam thng tnh theo 1 mol) v da vo khi lng thay i ta d dng tnh c s
mol cht tham gia phn ng hoc ngc li. V d trong phn ng:
MCO
3
+ 2HCl MCl
2
+ H
2
O + CO
2
Ta thy rng khi chuyn 1 mol MCO

3
thnh MCl
2
th khi lng tng
(M + 235,5) (M + 60) = 11 gam
v c 1 mol CO
2
bay ra. Nh vy khi bit lng mui tng, ta c th tnh lng CO
2
bay ra.
Trong phn ng este ha:
CH
3
COOH + ROH CH
3
COOR + H
2
O
th t 1 mol ROH chuyn thnh 1 mol este khi lng tng
(R + 59) (R + 17) = 42 gam.
Nh vy nu bit khi lng ca ru v khi lng ca este ta d dng tnh c s
mol ru hoc ngc li.
Vi bi tp cho kim loi A y kim loi B ra khi dung dch mui di dng t do:
- Khi lng kim loi tng bng
m
B (bm)
m
A (tan)
.
- Khi lng kim loi gim bng
m
A (tan)
m
B (bm)
.
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP TNG
GIM KHI LNG
01. Cho 115 gam hn hp gm ACO
3
, B
2
CO
3
, R
2
CO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy
thot ra 22,4 lt CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui clorua to ra trong dung dch l
02. Ngm mt l st trong dung dch CuSO
4
. Nu bit khi lng ng bm trn l st l
9,6 gam th khi lng l st sau ngm tng thm bao nhiu gam so vi ban u?
03. Cho hai thanh st c khi lng bng nhau.
- Thanh 1 nhng vo dung dch c cha a mol AgNO
3
.
- Thanh 2 nhng vo dung dch c cha a mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
Sau phn ng, ly thanh st ra, sy kh v cn li thy s cho kt qu no sau y?
A. Khi lng hai thanh sau nhng vn bng nhau nhng khc ban u.
B. Khi lng thanh 2 sau nhng nh hn khi lng thanh 1 sau nhng.
C. Khi lng thanh 1 sau nhng nh hn khi lng thanh 2 sau nhng.
D. Khi lng hai thanh khng i vn nh trc khi nhng.
04. Cho V lt dung dch A cha ng thi FeCl
3
1M v Fe
2
(SO4)
3
0,5M tc dng vi dung
dch Na
2
CO
3
c d, phn ng kt thc thy khi lng dung dch sau phn ng gim
69,2 gam so vi tng khi lng ca cc dung dch ban u. Gi tr ca V l:
A. 0,2 lt. B. 0,24 lt. C. 0,237 lt. D.0,336 lt.
05. Cho lung kh CO i qua 16 gam oxit st nguyn cht c nung nng trong mt ci
ng. Khi phn ng thc hin hon ton v kt thc, thy khi lng ng gim 4,8 gam.
Xc nh cng thc v tn oxit st em dng.
06. Dng CO kh 40 gam oxit Fe
2
O
3
thu c 33,92 gam cht rn B gm Fe
2
O
3
, FeO v
Fe. Cho
1
B
2
tc dng vi H
2
SO
4
long d, thu c 2,24 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
Xc nh thnh phn theo s mol cht rn B, th tch kh CO (ktc) ti thiu c c
kt qu ny.
07. Nhng mt thanh st nng 12,2 gam vo 200 ml dung dch CuSO
4
0,5M. Sau mt thi gian
ly thanh kim loi ra, c cn dung dch c 15,52 gam cht rn khan.
a) Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra, tm khi lng tng cht c trong 15,52 gam
cht rn khan.
b) Tnh khi lng thanh kim loi sau phn ng. Ha tan hon ton thanh kim loi ny
trong dung dch HNO
3
c nng, d thu c kh NO
2
duy nht, th tch V lt (o
27,3
o
C, 0,55 atm). Vit cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra. Tnh V.
08. Ngm mt thanh ng c khi lng 140,8 gam vo dung dch AgNO
3
sau mt thi
gian ly thanh ng em cn li thy nng 171,2 gam. Tnh thnh phn khi lng ca
thanh ng sau phn ng.
09. Ngm mt l km nh trong mt dung dch c cha 2,24 gam ion kim loi c in tch
2+. Phn ng xong, khi lng l km tng thm 0,94 gam.
Hy xc nh tn ca ion kim loi trong dung dch.
10. C hai l kim loi cng cht, cng khi lng, c kh nng to ra hp cht c s oxi ha
+2. Mt l c ngm trong dung dch Pb(NO
3
)
2
cn l kia c ngm trong dung dch
Cu(NO
3
)
2
.
Sau mt thi gian ngi ta ly l kim loi ra khi dung dch, ra nh. Nhn thy khi
lng l kim loi c ngm trong mui ch tng thm 19%, khi lng l kim loi kia
gim 9,6%. Bit rng, trong hai phn ng trn, khi lng cc kim loi b ha tan nh
nhau.
Hy xc nh tn ca hai l kim loi ang dng.
Phng php 7
QUI I HN HP NHIU CHT V S LNG CHT T
HN
Mt s bi ton ha hc c th gii nhanh bng cc phng php bo ton electron,
bo ton nguyn t, bo ton khi lng song phng php quy i cng tm ra p s rt
nhanh v l phng php tng i u vit, c th vn dng vo cc bi tp trc nghim
phn loi hc sinh.
Cc ch khi p dng phng php quy i:
1. Khi quy i hn hp nhiu cht (hn hp X) (t ba cht tr ln) thnh hn hp hai
cht hay ch cn mt cht ta phi bo ton s mol nguyn t v bo ton khi lng hn
hp.
2. C th quy i hn hp X v bt k cp cht no, thm ch quy i v mt cht. Tuy
nhin ta nn chn cp cht no n gin c t phn ng oxi ha kh nht n gin vic tnh
ton.
3. Trong qu trnh tnh ton theo phng php quy i i khi ta gp s m l do s
b tr khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp. Trong trng hp ny ta vn tnh ton bnh
thng v kt qu cui cng vn tha mn.
4. Khi quy i hn hp X v mt cht l Fe
x
O
y
th oxit Fe
x
O
y
tm c ch l oxit gi
nh khng c thc.
V d 1: Nung 8,4 gam Fe trong khng kh, sau phn ng thu c m gam cht rn X gm
Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
, FeO. Ha tan m gam hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu
c 2,24 lt kh NO
2
(ktc) l sn phm kh duy nht. Gi tr ca m l
Hng dn gii
Quy hn hp X v hai cht Fe v Fe
2
O
3
:
Ha tan hn hp X vo dung dch HNO
3
d ta c
Fe + 6HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ 3NO
2
+ 3H
2
O

0,1
3
0,1 mol
S mol ca nguyn t Fe to oxit Fe
2
O
3
l
Fe
8,4 0,1 0,35
n
56 3 3

2 3
Fe O
0,35
n
3 2
Vy:
2 3
X Fe Fe O
m m m +
X
0,1 0,35
m 56 160
3 3
+ = 11,2 gam.
Quy hn hp X v hai cht FeO v Fe
2
O
3
:
FeO + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,1 0,1 mol
ta c:
2
2 2 3
2Fe O 2FeO
0,1 0,1 mol
0,15 mol
4Fe 3O 2Fe O
0,05 0,025 mol
+
'
+
2
h X
m
= 0,172 + 0,025160 = 11,2 gam. (p n A)
Ch : Vn c th quy hn hp X v hai cht (FeO v Fe
3
O
4
) hoc (Fe v FeO), hoc
(Fe v Fe
3
O
4
) nhng vic gii tr nn phc tp hn (c th l ta phi t n s mol mi
cht, lp h phng trnh, gii h phng trnh hai n s).
Quy hn hp X v mt cht l Fe
x
O
y
:
Fe
x
O
y
+ (6x2y)HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ (3x2y) NO
2
+ (3xy)H
2
O

0,1
3x 2y
mol 0,1 mol.
Fe
8,4 0,1.x
n
56 3x 2y

x 6
y 7
mol.
Vy cng thc quy i l Fe
6
O
7
(M = 448) v
6 7
Fe O
0,1
n
3 6 2 7

= 0,025 mol.
m
X
= 0,025448 = 11,2 gam.
Nhn xt: Quy i hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v hn hp hai cht l FeO,
Fe
2
O
3
l n gin nht.
Phng php 8
S NG CHO
Bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau l mt dng bi tp hay gp trong chng trnh ha
hc ph thng cng nh trong cc thi kim tra v thi tuyn sinh i hc, cao ng. Ta
c th gii bi tp dng ny theo nhiu cch khc nhau, song vic gii loi dng bi tp ny
theo phng php s ng cho theo tc gi l tt nht.
Nguyn tc: Trn ln hai dung dch:
Dung dch 1: c khi lng m
1
, th tch V
1
, nng C
1
(nng phn trm hoc nng
mol), khi lng ring d
1
.
Dung dch 2: c khi lng m
2
, th tch V
2
, nng C
2
(C
2
> C
1
), khi lng ring d
2
.
Dung dch thu c: c khi lng m = m
1
+ m
2
, th tch V = V
1
+ V
2
, nng C (C
1
< C < C
2
) v khi lng ring d.
S ng cho v cng thc tng ng vi mi trng hp l:
a. i vi nng % v khi lng:

2 1
2 1
C C m
m C C
(1)
b. i vi nng mol/lt:

2 1
2 1
C C V
V C C
(2)
c. i vi khi lng ring:

2 1
2 1
C C V
V C C
(3)
Khi s dng s ng cho cn ch :
- Cht rn coi nh dung dch c C = 100%
- Dung mi coi nh dung dch c C = 0%
- Khi lng ring ca H
2
O l d = 1g/ml.
Sau y l mt s v d s dng phng php s ng cho trong tnh ton cc bi
tp.
V d 1: thu c dung dch HCl 25% cn ly m
1
gam dung dch HCl 45% pha vi m
2
gam dung dch HCl 15%. T l m
1
/m
2
l
A. 1:2. B. 1:3. C. 2:1. D. 3:1.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (1):
C
1
C
2
C
| C
2
- C |
| C
1
- C |
C
| C
2
- C |
| C
1
- C |
`
C
M1
C
M2
d
1
d
2
| d
2
- d |
| d
1
- d |
d
1
2
45 25 m 20 2
m 15 25 10 1
. (p n C)
V d 2: pha c 500 ml dung dch nc mui sinh l (C = 0,9%) cn ly V ml dung
dch NaCl 3% pha vi nc ct. Gi tr ca V l
A. 150 ml. B. 214,3 ml. C. 285,7 ml. D. 350 ml.
Hng dn gii
Ta c s :
V
1
=
0,9
500
2,1 0,9

+
= 150 ml. (p n A)
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP S
NG CHO
01. Ha tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu
c dung dch NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m (gam) l
A. 11,3. B. 20,0. C. 31,8. D. 40,0.
02. Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d = 1,84 g/ml)
c dung dch mi c nng 10% l
A. 14,192 ml. B. 15,192 ml. C. 16,192 ml. D. 17,192 ml.
03. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng 63,54. ng c hai ng v bn:
63
29
Cu v
65
29
Cu
Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca
65
29
Cu l
A. 73,0%. B. 34,2%. C.32,3%. D. 27,0%.
04. Cn ly V
1
lt CO
2
v V
2
lt CO c c 24 lt hn hp CO
2
v CO c t khi hi i
vi metan bng 2. Gi tr ca V
1
(lt) l
A. 2. B. 4. C. 6. D. 8.
05. Thm 150 ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120 ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M. Khi lng cc
mui thu c trong dung dch l
A. 10,44 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 8,5 gam K
3
PO
4
.
B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4
.
C. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
.
D. 13,5 gam KH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam K
3
PO
4
.
06. Ha tan 2,84 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v MgCO
3
bng dung dch HCl (d) thu c
0,672 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Thnh phn % s mol ca MgCO
3
trong hn hp l
A. 33,33%. B. 45,55%. C. 54,45%. D. 66,67%.
07. Lng SO
3
cn thm vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% c 100 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% l
08. Dung dch ru etylic 13,8
o
c d (g/ml) =?. Bit
2 5
C H OH(ng.cht)
d =0,8 g/ml
;
2
H O
d 1 g ml
.
A. 0,805. B. 0,8 55. C. 0,972. D. 0,915.
V
1
(NaCl)
V
2
(H
2
O)
0,9
3
0
| 0,9 - 0 |
| 3 - 0,9 |
09. Ha tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t
khi so vi H
2
bng 16,75. T l th tch kh trong hn hp l
A. 2 : 3. B. 1 : 2. C. 1 : 3. D. 3 : 1.
10. T 1 tn qung hematit A iu ch c 420 kg Fe. T 1 tn qung manhetit B iu
ch c 504 kg Fe. Hi phi trn hai qung trn vi t l khi lng (m
A
: m
B
) l bao
nhiu c 1 tn qung hn hp m t 1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480
kg Fe.
A. 1 : 3. B. 2 : 5. C. 2 : 3. D. 1 : 1.
Phng php 9
CC I LNG DNG KHI QUT
Trong cc kim tra v thi tuyn sinh theo phng php trc nghim chng ta thy
rng s lng cu hi v bi tp kh nhiu v a dng bao trm ton b chng trnh ha
hc ph thng. Rt nhiu cc phng php, cc dng bi c bn c bit n. Sau y
l mt s v d v dng bi tm mi lin h khi qut gia cc i lng thng xut hin
trong trong cc thi tuyn sinh i hc.
V d 1: (Cu 11 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na
2
CO
3
ng thi
khuy u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong
vo dung dch X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a, b l
A. V = 22,4(a b). B. V = 11,2(a b).
C. V = 11,2(a + b). D. V = 22,4(a + b).
Hng dn gii
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
b b b mol
HCl + NaHCO
3
NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
(a b) (a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO
3
d do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2 d
CaCO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O
Vy: V = 22,4(a b). (p n A)
V d 2: (Cu 13 - M 182 - Khi A - TSH 2007)
Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1
phn t clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 5.
Hng dn gii
Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
2
n
CH CH
|
Cl

_

,
+ kCl
2
o
xt
t

2
k n k
CH CH CH CH
| | |
Cl Cl Cl
_ _

, ,
Do: %m
Cl
= 63,96%
%m
C,H cn li
= 36,04%.
Vy
35,5 (n k) 35,5 2 k
27 (n k) 26 k
+
+
=
63,96
36,04
n
k
= 3. (p n A).
MT S BI TP VN DNG GII THEO PHNG PHP CC I
LNG DNG TNG QUT
01. Dung dch A c a mol NH
4
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol SO
4
2
v d mol HCO
3
. Biu thc no
biu th s lin quan gia a, b, c, d sau y l ng?
A. a + 2b = c + d. B. a + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d. D. a + b = c+ d.
02. Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO
3
. a v b c quan h nh th
no thu c dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
duy nht sau phn ng?
A. b =2a. B. ba. C. b=3a. D. b a.
03. Dung dch A cha cc ion Na
+
: a mol; HCO
3
: b mol; CO
3
2
: c mol; SO
4
2
: d mol. to
ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng x mol/l. Lp biu
thc tnh x theo a v b.
A. x = a + b. B. x = a b. C. x =
a b
0,2
+
. D. x =
a b
0,1
+
.
04. Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO
2
. Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung
dch HCl th lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
a
b
c gi tr bng
A. 1. B. 1,25. C. 1,5. D. 1,75.
05. Oxi ha mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn a mol Oxi. Kh
hon ton hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s
a
b
c gi tr bng
A. 0,75. B. 1. C. 1,25. D. 1,5.
06. C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau, mi phn cha a mol
HCHO.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c m gam Ag.
- Phn 2: Oxi ha bng Oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch A.
Cho A tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c m gam Ag. T s
m
m
c gi tr
bng
A. 0,2. B. 0,4. C. 0,6. D. 0,8.
07. A l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol A tc dng vi dung
dch cha a mol Ba(OH)
2
thu c dung dch B. Ngi ta nhn thy:
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch B lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch B lm xanh qu tm. B c cng thc cu to:
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOH. B. CH
2
=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH. D. HOOCCH
2
COOH.
08. C 2 axit hu c no: (A) l axit n chc v (B) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x
mol (A) v y mol (B). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc). Cho x +
y = 0,3 v M
A
< M
B
. Vy cng thc phn t ca (A) l:
A. CH
3
COOH. B. C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. HCOOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH.
09. Hn hp A gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng trung bnh l
A
M . Tin hnh phn ng
nhit nhm, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp B c khi lng phn t trung bnh l
B
M . Quan h gia
A
M v
B
M l
A.
A
M =
B
M . B.
A
M >
B
M .
C.
A
M <
B
M . D.
A
M
B
M .
10. Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H
2
. ha tan hon ton lng st sinh ra
trn trong dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H
2
. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu
kin). Cng thc oxit st l
A. Fe
2
O
3
. B. FeO.
C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
Phng php 10
T CHN LNG CHT
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp
c bit sau:
- C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
- C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt, n mol
hoc cho t l th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht...
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp
trn tt nht ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin
nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t, phn t hoc mt mol hn hp cc cht phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp chuyn phn s phc tp v s n
gin tnh ton.
Sau y l mt s v d in hnh:
Cch 1: CHN 1 MOL CHT HOC HN HP CHT PHN NG
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ha tr n bng mt lng va dung dch
H
2
SO
4
9,8% ta thu c dung dch mui sunfat 14,18%. M l kim loi g?
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Hng dn gii
Chn 1 mol mui M
2
(CO
3
)
n
.
M
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M + 96n) gam
2 4
dd H SO
98n 100
m 1000n gam
9,8
2 3 n 2 4 2
M (CO ) dd H SO CO
m m m m +
dd mui
= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M + 1016.n) gam.
( ) +

+
dd mui
2M 96 100
C% 14,18
2M 1016n
M = 28.n n = 2 ; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe. (p n B)
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH
10% th thu c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Vy x c gi tr no sau
y?
A. 20%. B. 16%. C. 15%. D.13%.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol CH
3
COOH:
CH
3
COOH + NaOH CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
60 gam 40 gam 82 gam
3
dd CH COOH
60 100
m gam
x
ddNaOH
40 100
m 400 gam
10

60 100 82 100
m 400
x 10,25

+
dd mui
gam.
x = 15%. (p n C).
V d 3: (Cu 1 - M 231 - Khi A - TSC 2007)
Khi ha tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% thu c dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
Hng dn gii
Xt 1 mol M(OH)
2
tham gia phn ng
M(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
C (M + 34) gam 98 gam (M + 96) gam
2 4
dd H SO
98 100
m 490 gam
20

( )
( )
4
dd MSO
M 96 100
m M 34 490
27, 21
+
+ +
M = 64 M l Cu. (p n A)
Cch 2: CHN NG T L LNG CHT TRONG U BI CHO
V d 10: (Cu 48 - M 182 - khi A - TSH 2007)
Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy
hon ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c,
thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X
l
A. C
3
H
8
. B. C
3
H
6
. C. C
4
H
8
. D. C
3
H
4
.
Hng dn gii
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm C
x
H
y
(1 mol) v O
2
(10 mol ).
C
x
H
y
+
y
x
4
_
+

,
O
2
xCO
2
+
y
2
H
2
O
1 mol
y
x
4
_
+

,
mol x mol
y
2
mol
Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO
2
v
y
10 x
4
1 _
+

1
, ]
mol O
2
d.
Z
M 19 2 38

2
2
co
o
n
1
n 1
Vy:
y
x 10 x
4
8x = 40 y.
x = 4, y = 8 tho mn p n C.
V d 11: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B
cng nhit p sut theo t l th tch (1:15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo
bnh kn dung tch khng i V. Nhit v p sut trong bnh l t
o
C v p atm.
Sau khi t chy A trong bnh ch c N
2
, CO
2
v hi nc vi
2 2
CO H O
V : V 7 : 4

a bnh v t
o
C.
p sut trong bnh sau khi t l p
1
c gi tr l
A.
1
47
p p.
48
B. p
1
= p.
C.
1
16
p p.
17
D.
1
3
p p.
5
Hng dn gii
t A: C
x
H
y
+
2
y
x O
4
_
+

,
xCO
2
+
2
y
H O
2
V phn ng ch c N
2
, H
2
O, CO
2
cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O
2
va .
2
2
CO
O
(n ) 44 6
38
(n ) 32 6
Chn
x y
C H
n 1
n
B
= 15 mol
2
O
y 15
n x 3
4 5
+
p.
mol.
2 2
N O
n 4n 12 mol
y
x 3
4
x : y 2 7 : 4
'
x =
7
3
; y =
8
3
V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:
1
p 7 3 4 3 12 47
p 1 15 48
+ +

+

1
47
p p.
48
(p n A)
Cch 3: CHN GI TR CHO THNG S
V d 12: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X hai hirocacbon A, B thu c
132.a
41
gam
CO
2
v
2
45a
gam H O
41
. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn
hp X ri t chy hon ton th thu c
2
165a
gam CO
41
v
2
60,75a
gam H O
41
. Bit A, B khng lm mt mu nc Br
2
.
a) Cng thc phn t ca A l
A. C
2
H
2
. B. C
2
H
6
. C. C
6
H
12
. D. C
6
H
14
.
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l
A. C
2
H
2
. B. C
6
H
6
. C. C
4
H
4
. D. C
8
H
8
.
c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l.
A. 60%; 40%. B. 25%; 75%.
C. 50%; 50%. D. 30%; 70%.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 41 gam.
t X
2
CO
132
n 3 mol
44
v
2
H O
45
n 2,5 mol
18
.
t
1
X A
2
_
+

,

2
CO
165
n 3,75 mol
44
v
2
H O
60,75
n 3,375 mol
18
.
t
1
A
2
thu c (3,75 3) = 0,75 mol CO
2
v (3,375 2,5) = 0,875 mol H
2
O.
t chy A thu c
2
CO
n 1,5 mol
v
2
H O
n 1,75 mol
.
v
2 2
H O CO
n n >
A thuc loi ankan, do :
( )
n 2n 2 2 2 2
3n 1
C H O nCO n 1 H O
2
+
+
+ + +
2
2
CO
H O
n
n 1,5
n n 1 1,75

+
n = 6 A l C
6
H
14
. (p n D)
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO
2
v (2,5 1,75) = 0,75 mol H
2
O
Nh vy
C
H
n 1,5 1
n 0,75 2 1

cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH)

n
v X khng lm
mt mu nc Brom nn B thuc aren B l C
6
H
6
. (p n B)
c) V A, B c cng s nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO
2
do A, B to ra bng nhau (1,5
mol) n
A
= n
B
.
%n
A
= %n
B
= 50%. (p n C)
V d 13: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C
6
H
14
v C
6
H
6
theo t l s mol (1:1)
vi m gam mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
2
275a
gam CO
82
v
94,5a
82
gam H
2
O.
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no
A. C
n
H
2n+2
. B. C
m
H
2m2
. C. C
n
H
2n
. D. C
n
H
n
.
b) Gi tr m l
A. 2,75 gam. B. 3,75 gam. C. 5 gam. D. 3,5 gam.
Hng dn gii
a) Chn a = 82 gam
t X v m gam D (C
x
H
y
) ta c:

2
2
CO
H O
275
n 6, 25 mol
44
94,5
n 5, 25 mol
18
'
C
6
H
14
+
19
2
O
2
6CO
2
+ 7H
2
O
C
6
H
6
+
15
2
O
2
6CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
t D:
x y 2 2 2
y y
C H x O xCO H O
4 2
_
+ + +

,
t
6 14 6 6
C H C H
n n b mol
ta c:
86b + 78b = 82
b = 0,5 mol.
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:
( )
2
CO
n 0,5 6 6 6 mol +
( )
2
H O
n 0,5 7 3 5 mol +
t chy m gam D thu c:
2
CO
n 6,25 6 0,25 mol
2
H O
n 5, 25 5 0,25 mol
Do
2 2
CO H O
n n
D thuc C
n
H
2n
. (p n C)
b) m
D
= m
C
+ m
H
= 0,25(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam. (p n D)

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P DNG NH LUT BO TON KHI LNG

Ban u: 0,2 0,15 mol

0,2 0,2 0,2 mol

Ta thy rng khi chuyn 1 mol MCO

cng thc tng qut ca B l (CH)

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