Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 3. Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
Chapter 3. Steady-State Equivalent Circuit Modeling, Losses, and Efficiency
3.1. The dc transformer model 3.2. Inclusion of inductor copper loss 3.3. Construction of equivalent circuit model 3.4. How to obtain the input port of the model 3.5. Example: inclusion of semiconductor conduction losses in the boost converter model 3.6. Summary of key points
Vg I g = V I
( = 100%)
input
V = M(D) Vg I g = M(D) I
These equations are valid in steady-state. During transients, energy storage within filter elements may cause Pin Pout
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
2
Dependent sources
DC transformer
Ig 1 : M(D) I + Power Vg D Control input V output + Power
I + V Power output
input
Models basic properties of ideal dc-dc converter: conversion of dc voltages and currents, ideally with 100% efficiency conversion ratio M controllable via duty cycle
Solid line denotes ideal transformer model, capable of passing dc voltages and currents Time-invariant model (no switching) which can be solved to find dc components of converter waveforms
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
4
4. Solve circuit
V = M(D) V1 R R + M 2(D) R 1
switch in position 1
i L + vL Vg + RL iC C R + v
Vg + i
switch in position 2
L + vL RL iC C R + v
iC(t) = v(t) / R
iC(t)
I V/R
V/R
10
4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
RL /R = 0 RL /R = 0.01
RL /R = 0.02
RL /R = 0.05
RL /R = 0.1
0.7
0.8
0.9
11
View these as loop and node equations of the equivalent circuit. Reconstruct an equivalent circuit satisfying these equations
12
RL + IRL + D'V
Derived via Kirchhoffs voltage law, to find the inductor voltage during each subinterval Average inductor voltage then set to zero This is a loop equation: the dc components of voltage around a loop containing the inductor sum to zero
+ vL =0 Vg + I
IR L term: voltage across resistor of value RL having current I DV term: for now, leave as dependent source
13
Node V/R
Derived via Kirchoffs current law, to find the capacitor current during each subinterval Average capacitor current then set to zero This is a node equation: the dc components of current flowing into a node connected to the capacitor sum to zero
D'I
iC =0 C
+ V R
V/R term: current through load resistor of value R having voltage V DI term: for now, leave as dependent source
14
D'I
n:1
I1
+ V2
15
1+
16
I=
17
Pin = (Vg) (I )
Vg +
Pout = (V ) (D'I )
=
1+
1 RL D' 2 R
18
=
1+
1 RL D' 2 R
90%
0.002 0.01
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
19
20
vL = 0 = DVg I LRL VC
i C = 0 = I L V C/ R
RL + vL =0 DVg + IL + iC =0 VC VC /R R
21
ig(t) dt = DI L
0
22
ig(t) dt = DI L
0
Vg
Ig
DIL
23
3.5. Example: inclusion of semiconductor conduction losses in the boost converter model
Boost converter example
i L iC Vg +
DTs Ts
+ R v
Models of on-state semiconductor devices: MOSFET: on-resistance Ron Diode: constant forward voltage VD plus on-resistance RD Insert these models into subinterval circuits
25
+ R v
switch in position 1
i L + vL Vg + Ron RL iC C R + v Vg + i
switch in position 2
L + vL RL RD
VD
iC C R
+ v
26
vL = D(Vg IRL IRon) + D'(Vg IRL VD IRD V ) = 0 iC = D(V /R) + D'(I V /R) = 0
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
27
+ IRL + IDRon Vg + I
D'I V /R = 0
+ D'I V
V/R
28
Vg
RL
DRon
D'VD
D'RD
D' : 1 + V R
Vg
+
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
29
Vg
V= 1 D'
Vg D'VD
V = 1 Vg D'
D'VD Vg
1+
30
Pin = (Vg) (I )
Vg + I
Pout = (V ) (D'I )
= D' V = Vg
1+
D'VD Vg
2I 1.1 I 0 0 DTs Ts t
(1.00167) I (1.155) I
32
Summary of chapter 3
1. The dc transformer model represents the primary functions of any dc-dc converter: transformation of dc voltage and current levels, ideally with 100% efficiency, and control of the conversion ratio M via the duty cycle D. This model can be easily manipulated and solved using familiar techniques of conventional circuit analysis. 2. The model can be refined to account for loss elements such as inductor winding resistance and semiconductor on-resistances and forward voltage drops. The refined model predicts the voltages, currents, and efficiency of practical nonideal converters. 3. In general, the dc equivalent circuit for a converter can be derived from the inductor volt-second balance and capacitor charge balance equations. Equivalent circuits are constructed whose loop and node equations coincide with the volt-second and charge balance equations. In converters having a pulsating input current, an additional equation is needed to model the converter input port; this equation may be obtained by averaging the converter input current.
Fundamentals of Power Electronics
33