(generations

in wireless networks)


(generations in wireless networks)

1980BellHCMTS(high-capacity mobile
telephone system) AMPS(Advanced
mobile phone service) 19801990
1 G
GSM(Group Special Mobile
Global Mobile System)
2.5 (2.5 G)
(3G , Third Generation)
4G ?

2G3G

1G AMPS

y1(t)

x(t)
Tx

Rx1

1930s AM
1940s FM
(channel)

(half-duplex)
;

(half-duplex)

yn(t)
Rxn

1G AMPS

MTS

1946Bell System Mobile Telephone Service (MTS)

in St. Louis
Base to mobile 152 MHz mobile to base 158 MHz.
FM (mobile)
channel spacing 60 kHz
Headquarter (HQ)(A) 250 watts
20 watt R

(echo)
"walkie-talkie"

IMTS (Mobile Telephone Service)

1964 , Bell System Improved Mobile Telephone

Service ( IMTS)
IMTS (echo)

(RF Channel)

1G AMPS

--- 1G
(frequency reuse)
1978 Bell System 54
channels
1983 Bell System AMPS
systems 666 channels
1G 1G
(the first generation of mobile system)
2G 2G
(the second generation of mobile system)
3G
3G (the third generation of mobile system)

 (1G , First Generation)

AMPS(Advanced

Mobile Phone System)

Total Access Communication System(TACS)
Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT)

FM
FDMA

1G AMPS

--- 1G
System Name or Standard

Start Date

Country of origin or region it operated in

AMPS

1979 trial, 1983

commerical

United States, then world wide

AURORA-400

1983

Alberta, Canada

C-Netz (external link, inGerman)

(C-Netz, C-450)

Begins '81,
Germany, Austria, Portugal, South
upgraded in 1988? Africa

Comvik

August, 1981

Sweden

NMT 450 (Nordic Mobile

Telephone), NMT 900 (Nordic
Mobile Telephone)
RadioCom , in French

1981
1986

Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland,

Oman; NMT now exists in 30 countries

November, 1985

France

RTMS (Radio Telephone Mobile

System)

September, 1985

Italy

TACS (Total Acess Communications

System)

1985

United Kingdom, Italy, Spain, Austria,

Ireland

1G AMPS

1G AMPS

1G AMPS

1G AMPS(Advanced Mobile Phone System )

Introduced by AT&T in 1983
Frequency Band :
Reverse Channel 824-849 MHz , MS BS
Forward Channel 869-894 MHz , BS MS
45 MHz offset
Channel Separation : 30KHz
FDMA
traffic channels Analog frequency modulation (FM)
control channels Binary frequency shift keying (FSK) at 10
kbps.
(roaming)

 (2G , Second generation)

GSM(Global System for Mobile communications)

D-AMPS(Digital AMPS)
IS-95
PDC(Personal Digital Cellular)
CT2DECT(Digital Enhanced
Telecommunications)PHS(Personal
Handyphone System)

2G GSM

GSM
(1) GSM : Groupe Special Mobile, 1982-1989
1982 CEPT ( Conference of European Postal and Telecommunication
Administration ) GSM

(2) GSM : Global System for Mobile Communication, 1989 1989 GSM ETSI ( European Telecommunication
Standards Institute ) SGM ( Special Group for Mobile )
GSM ( Global System for Mobile
Communication )

GSM
(1)
(2) ( cellular )
(3) TDMA / FDMA

(4) ( SIM )
(5)
(6) ( roaming )

2G GSM

GSM GSM900 DCS1800

GSM

(1) GSM900

(2) DCS1800
fd=fu+45MHz

fu
890MHz

MS

915MHz

935MHz

960MHz

fd=fu+95MHz

fu

1710MHz 1785MHz

1805MHz 1880MHz

25MHz

25MHz

75MHz

75MHz

Up link

Down link

Up link

Down link

BS

BS

MS

MS

BS

BS

MS

GSM

(1) GSM900
ARFCH (Absolute RF Channel)
n:1-------124
uplink:
fn=890+0.2*n MHz
downlink: fn=935+0.2*n MHz

(2) DCS1800
ARFCH (Absolute RF Channel)
n:512-------885
uplink:
fn=1710+0.2*(n-511) MHz
downlink: fn=1805+0.2*(n-511) MHz

(channel spacing): 200KHz

2G GSM

GSM
(1) GSM900
320W~2.5W
(BTS)
20W~0.8W

class 1 = 20W
class 2 = 8W
class 3 = 5W
class 4 = 2W
class 5 = 0.8W
35Km

2dB, 20mW

(2) DCS1800
20W~2.5W
1W~0.25W

class 1 = 1W
class 2 = 0.25W

2Km

2dB, 2.5mW

2G GSM

GSM
BTS

BSC

MS

* MSC : Mobile-service Switching Center

* OMC : Operationa and Maintainance Center
* AUC : AUthentication Center
* HLR : Home Location Register
* VLR : Visitor Location Register
* EIR : Equipment Identity Register

OMC

AUC

MSC

HLR

VLR

EIR

PLMN

PTSN

* BSS : Base Station System

* BSC : Base Station Controller
* BTS : Base Transceiver Station
* MS : Mobile Station
* PLMN : Public Land Mobile Network
* PSTN: Public Switching Telephone Network

2G GSM

GSM
AUC/HLR

MSC/VLR

MSC/VLR

BSC

BSC

MSC/VLR

GMSC

PSTN

BTS
BTS
BTS

BTS

LAI

BTS

BTS

LAI:Location Area Identity

GMSC:Gateway MSC

2G IS-95 (CDMA)

IS-95
Fr

824MHZ

Ff = Fr + 45MHZ

849MHZ

869MHZ

25MHz

reverse link
Ms

894MHZ
25MHz

forward link
Bs

Bs

Ms

(channel spacing ) 1250 kHz

19 RF Channels

25/1.25=20,
1.25M

1.25M
25MHZ

20-1=19 RF Ch

2G IS-95 (CDMA)
Qualcomm

IS-95 CDMA

QCELP ( Qualcomm CELP )8.5 kbps

Sampling Frequency8 kHz
Frame Length20ms ( 160 samples ) 50 frames/sec

2G IS-95 (CDMA)

Forward Channel (Traffic)

Forward Traffic
Channel Information Bits
for user m
(172. 80. 40. or
16 bits/frame)

(50 frames/sec)

Add Frame
Quality
Indicators for
9600 & 4800 bps
Rates

8.6 kbps
4.0 kbps
2.0 kbps
0.8 kbps

9.2 kbps
4.4 kbps
2.0 kbps
0.8 kbps

Add 8 bit
Encoder Tail

Scrambling
Power 800 bps
Control
Bits

Modulation
Symbol

Walsh
Function n

MUX

9.6 kbps
4.8 kbps
2.4 kbps
1.2 kbps

Convolutional
Encoder
r=1/2 k=9

19.2Kbps
Code
Symbol

19.2 kbps
9.6 kbps
4.8 kbps
2.4 kbps

Modulation
Symbol
Symbol
Repetition

Block
Interleaver

19.2 kbps

I-channel Pilot PN Sequence

1.2288 Mcps

QPSK
I

PN Chip
1.2288 Mcps

I(t)

Baseband
Filter
cos(2t)

S(t)

19.2 kbps
19.2 kbps
Long Code
Generator

Decimator
1.2288 Mcps
Long Code
Mask for
User m

Decimator

Spreading
Q-channel Pilot PN Sequence
1.2288 Mcps

Baseband
Filter

Q(t)
sin(2t)

2G IS-95 (CDMA)

Reverse Channel (Traffic)

Reverse Traffic
Channel
Information Bits
(172. 80. 40. or
16 bits/frame)

Code
Symbol

8.6 kbps
4.0 kbps
2.0 kbps
0.8 kbps

Add Frame
Quality
Indicators for
9600 & 4800 bps
Rates

Add 8 bit
9.2 kbps Encoder Tail 9.6 kbps
4.4 kbps
4.8 kbps
2.0 kbps
2.4 kbps
0.8 kbps
1.2 kbps

Data Burst
Randomizer
4.8 kbps
(307.2 kcps)

Symbol
Repetition
28.8 kbps

Code
Symbol
Block
Interleaver

I-channel Sequence
1.2288 Mcps

Frame Data Rate

Modulation
Symbol
(Walsh chip)
64 - ary
Orthogonal
Modulator

Convolutional
Encoder
28.8 kbps
r=1/3 k=9
14.4 kbps
7.2 kbps
3.6 kbps

Code
Symbol

cos(2t)

1/2 PN chip
Delay = 406.9 ns
PN chip
1.2288 Mcps
Long
Code
Generator

Long Code
Mask

D
Q-channel Sequence
1.2288 Mcps

I(t)

Baseband
Filter

Baseband
Filter

S(t)

Q(t)
sin(2t)

2G IS-95 (CDMA)

GSMchallenge-response

RANDSSD

A-Key

A-Key

SSD_Generation
Procedure
RAND
32

ESN
32

MIN1
24

SSD-A
64

RANDSSD

SSD_Generation
Procedure

SSD_B_NEW

SSD_B_NEW

SSD_A_NEW
Auth-Signature
Procedure
RANDBS
AUTHR
18

RANDC
8

AUTHR
18

Base Station Challenge Order

Auth_Signature
Procedure
COUNT
6

SSD_A_NEW

Auth_Signature
Procedure

AUTHBS
AUTHBS
=
AUTHBS ?

Base Station Challenge Order Confirmation

(AUTHBS)
SSD Update Order Confirmation

(success/failure)
SSD Update Order Confirmation

2G IS-95 (CDMA)

Plaintext

CAVE/CMEA

CAVE : Cellular Authentication and Voice Encryption

CMEA : Cellular Message Encryption Algorithm

Ciphertext

2.5 (2.5 G)

HSCSD (High Speed Circuit-Switched Data)

GSM115Kbps
TDMA
GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)
GSM168KbpsTDMA

EDGE (Enhanced Data Rates for Global Evolution)

384Kbps
IS-95B IS-95C
cdma 2000 3G

2.5G GPRS WAP

GPRS General Packet Radio Services

GPRS GSM high speed, IP based, data
packet switching network
(Circuit Switching)
(Short Message Service)
data transfer circuit-switching and packetswitching

circuit-switching (connection
oriented )
packet-switching
(connectionless )

IP

Internet Protocol

2.5G GPRS WAP

GPRS
bursty traffic

GSM
GPRS
Packet-mode
multi-time slots allocation
18 time slot
IP based
radio network subsystemsGSM

2.5G GPRS WAP

GPRS
BSS

BTS

MSC
/VLR

GMSC

PSTN

AUC
/HLR

GSM
BSC
GPRS
SGSN

GGSN

Inter
Net

SGSNServing GPRS Support Node

GGSNGateway GPRS Support Node

2.5G GPRS WAP

GPRS (packet switching)(time slot)

14.4 kbps (1 time slot) 115.2 kbps (8
time slots)
GPRS GSM 8 GPRS
3 time slot GPRS 43.2 kbps
GSM 9.6 kbps (Short Message Service)160
characters

GPRS (new nonvoice value added

service) FTP (File Transfer Protocol ) email telnet web
browsing chat

GSM + GPRS Internet Intranet

GPRS (IA)

2.5G GPRS WAP

GSM GPRS WAP
BSS

BTS

MSC /
VLR

GPRS

GSM

PSTN

AUC /
HLR

GSM
BSC
GPRS
SGSN

WAP

GMSC

GPRS

GGSN

Inter
Net

WAP

2.5G GPRS WAP

WAPWireless Application Protocol

WAP 1997Ericsson Motorola Nokia Phone.com
WAP Forum
(Application Protocol) (Markup Language)
WAP WML (Wireless Markup Language) WML
HTML(HyperText Markup Language)
XML (Extensible Markup Language)
WAPHyperText Transfer Protocol ( http:xxx.xxx.xxx)
(Micro Browser)

WAP GSM, HSCSD, GPRS,

CDMA(IS-95), TDMA(IS-136), PHS, UMTS(3G)

2.5G GPRS WAP

WAP

WAPclient serverclient WAPserver

micro browserWAP GatewayWAP
WAP Short Message Service, Circuit
Switched Data, Unstructured Supplementary Services Data (USSD)
General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)

2.5G GPRS WAP

WAP

2.5G GPRS WAP

WAP(Protocol Stack)

2.5G GPRS WAP

WMLWAP
WML http://www.gatekeeper.org.uk/tutorials.htm

3G

UWC-136/ATDMA

USA ITA TR-45.3

WIMS W-CDMA/WCDMA

USA TIA TR.46.1

NA W-CDMA

USA T1P1-ATIS

Cdma2000/WCDMA

USA TIA TR-45.5

SAT-CDMA/49 LEO

South Korea TTA

DECT Terrestrial

ETSI Project EP DECT

TD-SCDMA

China ATT

SW-CDMA

European Space Agency

W-CDMA/WCDMA

Japan ARIB

UTRA UMTS

ETSI SMG2

 (3G , Third Generation)

WCDMA (Wideband CDMA)5MHz

UTRANWCDMAGSM MAP
3GUMTS
GSM
TDMA (Advanced TDMA) UWC-136

CDMA/TDMA (Hybrid CDMA/TDMA)

UTRANTDD
OFDMIMT-2000

IMT-2000 3GITU
3G
3G

IMT-2000 HCS

HCS

Global

Satellite

Suburban

Urban

In- Building

Micro-Cell
Macro-Cell

Pico-Cell

HCS

FDDTDDHCS
FDD macrocell

TDD/FDD overlay cell

(Picocell)

F1 : Pico cell layer

F2 : micro cell layer
F3

F1

F2

F3

FDD microcell

F3 : Macro cell layer

F3
F3

F3

F2

F3

F3

F2

F3

3G

IMT2000

384
Kbps

2 Mbps

144
Kbps

UMTS

UMTS
GGSN

IP backbone
Iu

Gb

Gb

GSM/GPRS coverage

SGSN
Iu
UMTS coverage

IMT2000

3G
1850

1900

1950

1885 1900

ITU Allocations

2000

2050

1980 2010 2025

IMT 2000

2100

2150

2110

2200

2250 MHz

2170 2200

IMT 2000 MSS

MSS

1880

Europe

GSM
1800

DECT

UMTS

WLL

GSM

China 1800

UMTS

MSS

MSS

WLL

IMT 2000

MSS

IMT 2000 MSS

1893 1919

Japan
Korea (No
PHS)
North
America

PHS

IMT 2000MSS

IMT 2000 MSS

1990

PCS
A D B EF C

1850

1900

A D B EF C

1950

2160
M
ReserveD MSS
S

MSS

2000

2050

2100

2150

2200

2250 MHz

2G/2.5G3G

2G/2.5G3G
IMT-2000
TDMA
(IS-136)

TDMA/
GPRS

GSM

GPRS

Capable Systems
EDGE

W-CDMA
PDC
cdmaOne

1XRTT
Existing
spectrum

Today 2G
19.2 kbps

2000 envolved 2G
64115 kbps

cdma2000
3XRTT

New
spectrum

3G
115384 kbps 0.3842 Mbps

2G/2.5G3G

GPRSGSMGGSNSGSN
EDGEGPRS

UMTS3G
WCDMA
PDCGPRSWCDMA

CDMAcdma2000

2G/2.5G3G

GPRS3GRAN
UTRAN --> 2 Mbps
Operator
Service
Area

RAN

Circuitswitch

Service LAN

IP backbone

BSS

SGSN

Intern
et

ISP

GGSN

ISUP SS7 backbone

MSC/VLR

GMSC

PSTN

Packetswitch

GPRS radio GPRS core network

Packet Data Network

2.5GRAN
SS(Switching
AUC System)
VLR

HLR

Backbone
Network IP

EIR

ISP
Gn

MSC

Gn

SGSN
BSS(Base
Station System)

BSC

PCU

Iu-CS

Iu-PS

Abis

Iu-PS

UTRAN - UMTS
Terrestrial Radio
Iub Access Network

RNC

BTS
Um

GGSN

Iub
Node B

Node B

MS
UE

(3G)

NTT

WCDMA
QualcommMotoloraLucnet
cdma2000

IMT-2000

WCDMA
3GPP2 cdma2000
3GPP

3G

3GPP
UTRAGSM

core
network(GSM MAP)GSM

UTRAFDD (frequency division duplex)

TDD (time division duplex)

3GPP2
cdma2000WCDMA
3GPP

3GPP2IS-95(IS-95
3G)

UMTS
European Telecommunications
Standards Institute
Association of Radio
Industries and Businesses
China Wireless
Telecommunication Standard group
Standard
Telecommunications Committee 1
Telecommunications
Technology Association
Telecommunications
Technology Committee
Telecommunication
Industry Association

TIA

3GPP3GPP2
IMT-2000

UMTSTDDFDD
Frequency Division Duplex; 2x60 MHz
UTRA Paired Band: WCDMA
Uplink:
1920-1980 MHz
Downlink:
2110-2170 MHz

TDD
1900

FDD
1950

Frequency
MHz

MSS TDD
2000

FDD
2050

2100

2150

MSS
2200

Time Division Duplex; 35MHz

Mobile Satellite Service; 2x30 MHz

UTRA Unpaired Band: TD-CDMA

1900-1920 MHz and 2010-2025 MHz

Uplink:
1980-2010 MHz
Downlink: 2170-2200 MHz

UMTS

3GATM
Broadband
Wireline
Access
ADSL,
Cable
Circuit
Switched
Network

Packet
Switched
Network
Internet Core
IP, ATM, WDM

PSTN

3G

2G
Iu-CS

Iub
RF
Interface

RNC

Node B

ATM
ATM

ATM
3G Radio Access
Network (RAN)

Broadband
Wireless
Access

Iu-CS
2.5G

UMTS

3G
GTP-U GTP-U

GTP-U
RLC

UDP

UDP

UDP

IP

IP

IP

IP

MAC

AAL5

AAL5

L2

PPP

L1

ATM

ATM

L1

L1

RLC
MAC
L1

MS

Uu

GTP-U

RAN

Iu

SGSN

UDP

GGSN

3G WCDMA

WCDMA Frame Time Slot

WCDMA Frame 15 Time Slots
Data
Ndata bits

DPDCH

Tslot = 2560 chips, Ndata = 10*2k bits (k=0..6)

Pilot
Npilot bits

DPCCH

TFCI
NTFCI bits

FBI
NFBI bits

TPC
NTPC bits

Tslot = 2560 chips, 10 bits

Slot #0

Slot #1

Slot #i
1 radio frame: Tf = 10 ms

Slot #14

3G WCDMA

Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH)

Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Shared Channel Control Channel (SHCCH)
ODMA Dedicated Control Channel (ODCCH)
ODMA Common Control Channel (OCCCH)

Traffic Channel (TCH)

Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

ODMA Dedicated Traffic Channel (ODTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

3G WCDMA

Spreading Scrambling
Spreading WCDMA data part control part
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor (OVSF), ( channelization codes)
cd , cc Spreading Spread I+jQ
scrambling
I+jQ complex-valued
scrambling code(SC), Sc-msg,n , scrambled QPSK
cd
d
Sc-msg,n

PCPCH message
data part

PCPCH message
control part

I+jQ

cc

3G WCDMA

channelization codes (OVSF)

OVSF code tree (CDMA)
SF (Spreading Factor) OVSF code length
Cch,4,0 =(1,1,1,1)
Cch,2,0 = (1,1)
Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1)
Cch,2,1 = (1,-1)
Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1)
SF = 1

SF = 2

SF = 4

3G
WCDMA
Scrambling sequence
Up link scrambling primitive polynomial X25+X3+1 ,
X25+X3+X2+X+1 Gold sequence, Long scrambling sequence,
Clong,1 , Clong,2 Gold sequence

clong,1,n
MSB

LSB

clong,2,n

3G WCDMA

Modulation

modulating chip rate is 3.84 Mcps.

Up link down link modulation
cos(t)
QPSK
Complex-valued
chip sequence
from spreading
operations

Split
real &
imag.
parts

Re{S}

Pulseshaping

Im{S}

Pulseshaping
-sin(t)

3G WCDMA

COUNT

DIRECTION

BEARER

CK

LENGTH

f8, Ciphering algorithm

Mask
Unciphered
MAC SDU or
RLC PDU (data part)

XOR

Ciphered
MAC SDU or
RLC PDU (data part)

3G cdma2000

cdma2000 Configuration for CDMA Channel

(a) Forward Channel

3G cdma2000
(a) Forward Channel

3G cdma2000
(b) Reverse Channel

3G cdma2000

Forward Fundamental Channel -1

3G cdma2000
Forward

Traffic Channel Processing -1

Scrambling
Power control

3G cdma2000
Forward

Traffic Channel Processing 2

QPSK Modulation

Spreading

QPSK

3G cdma2000
Reverse

Traffic Channel Processing -1

3G cdma2000
Reverse

Traffic Channel Processing 2

OQPSK Modulation

 - 1G 3G

1G 3G
Bell System 1983 (1G) AMPS
(2G) ETSI GSMBell
System DAMPSNTT PDC QualComm CDMA
ITU (International Telecommunication Union)1986 TG8/1
FPLMTS (Future Public Land Mobile Telecommunications
System ) TG8/11991FPLMTSIMT-2000 (International Mobile
Telecommunications for 2000 )
3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project ) 1998 ETSI ARIB,
CWTS, ETSI, T1, TTA and TTC http://www.3gpp.org/

ARIB Association of Radio Industries and Businesses

CWTS China Wireless Telecommunication Standard group
ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute
T1 Standard Telecommunications Committee 1
TTA Telecommunications Technology Association
TTC Telecommunications Technology Committee

 - 1G 3G

IS-95 CDMA cdma2000

IS-95A cdmaOne
Channel Bandwidth 1.25 MHz
Data Rate : 9.6kbps, 14.4kbps
64 bit Walsh codes (CDMA)
Forward Power Control

IS-95B Enhanced cdmaOne

Channel Bandwidth 1.25 MHz
Data Rate : 1x 9.6 kbps 8 x 9.6 kbps = 76.8 kbps,
1x 14.4 kbps 8 x 14.4 kbps = 115.2 kbps
64 bit Walsh codes (CDMA)
Forward Power Control

 - 1G 3G

IS-95C cdma2000 1x
Channel Bandwidth 1.25 MHz
Data Rate : 1x 9.6 kbps 8 x 9.6 kbps = 76.8 kbps,
1x 14.4 kbps 8 x 14.4 kbps = 115.2 kbps
128 bit Walsh codes (CDMA)
Forward and Reverse Power Control

cdma2000
Channel Bandwidth 5 MHz
Data Rate : 2 Mbps
256 bit Walsh codes (CDMA)
Forward and Reverse Power Control

 - 1G 3G
GSM WCDMA
(a) GSM

Channel Bandwidth 200 kHz (GMSK)

TDMA
Circuit switching
Data Rate : 9.6kbps

(b) GPRS (General Packet Radio Service)

TDMA / multi-time-slot
Packet switching
Data Rate : 9.6kbps up to 115.2kbps (8 x 14.4kbps)

(c) EDGE (Enhanced Data rate for GSM Evolution)

Channel Bandwidth 200 kHz (8PSK)

Data Rate : 9.6kbps up to 172.8kbps (8 x 14.4kbps x 3 / 2)

(d) WCDMA

CDMA
Data Rate : 9.6kbps up to 144kbps, 2Mbps

 - 1G 3G

1G 3G
1G

2G

2.5 G

3G

HSCSD
GSM

GPRS

WCDMA

EDGE

AMPS

IS-95A
CDMA

IS-95B
CDMA

DAMPS

IS-95C
CDMA

cdma2000

TD-SCDMA

3G

3G Licenses Auction Result in Taiwan G Licenses

Auction Result in Taiwan

License AYuan-Ze10,169
License BTaiwan PCS7,700
License CVIBO 10,281
TCC
License DCHT10,179
License EAPBW[]10,570
UnitMillion NTD

3G4WCDMA
1(APBW)CDMA2000

 APBW

92,7,29
CDMA 2000 1x
153Kbps

CDMA 2000 1x EV-DO

2.4Mbps
cdma2000

Nortel() Networks

1XEVDO

CHT

3G

3GGPRS

Nokianetwork

PoC
Push-to-talk on Cellular )
GPRSplatform


4G ?

4G

3G
3G2Mbps
384kbps
4G20Mbps
200

macrocellspicocells

4G3G
4G
Internet ProtocolIPIP

4G

B3GBeyond 3G3G4G
4G4GIP

4G2010
100Mbps
4G
2G3G
4G
4G

(ITU)2007 (4G)

4G

4G

3G~6GHz
100Mbps250Kmph2Mbps

2G3GWLAN
UWBBluetooth
Ad-hoc

All-IPIPv6
QoS

3G10
3G1/10

4G

OFDM

4G

Smart Antenna
/

Software Defined Radio

400~800MHz

800~900MHz

2000 MHz

3000~6000MHz

30kbit/s
(Point frequency)

0.3~1.25Mbit/s
(Narrow band)

5Mbit/s
(Wide band)

10~100Mbit/s
(Broad band)

FM

GMSK M-ary

QPSK

QAM MPSK

FDMA

TDMACDMA

CDMA

CDMA+TDMA

IP

IP

9.6kbit/s

5.6kbit/s

2Mbit/s

10Mbit/s


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