The performance of any paint coating is directly dependent upon the correct and thorough preparation of the surface

priorto coating. The most expensive and technologically advanced coating system is incorrect or in will fail if the surface preparation complete

PaintGuideSurfacePreparation

Inthefollowingpageswehave preparedforyouabriefpresentation abouttheconsiderationsthathave tobetaken,priortheuseofour coatingsystems,intermsofsurface preparation,internationalpractices andrelatedadvices.Wehopethat thisguidecouldbeavaluabletool towardstoasuccessfulapplication andthedesiredperformance

AbolinCo
October2011

PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
ImportantNote The information givenin this Guide is for general guidance only and is not guaranteed as being wholly ac curate or complete. Unless otherwise agreed in writing, the content of this Guide is for internal communi cation reasons only and therefore it is addressed to the needs of the above scope only. Any other use must havethewrittenagreementbyAbolinCo.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes

SurfacePreparation

INTRODUCTION Proper surface preparation is essential for the success of any protective coating scheme. The impor tanceofremovingoil,grease,oldcoatingsandsurfacecontaminants(suchasmillscaleandrustonsteel, laitenceonconcreteandzincsaltsongalvanisedsurfaces)cannotbeoveremphasised. The performance of any paint coating is directly dependent upon the correct and thorough preparation of the surface prior to coating. The most expensive and technologically advanced coatingsystemwillfailifthesurfacepreparationisincorrectorincomplete.

STEEL Someofthevariousmethodsofsurfacepreparationofsteelarebrieflydescribedbelow.Formoreex plicitdetailsandrecommendationspleaserefertofullspecifications,suchas: 1.InternationalStandardISO8504:1992(E).Preparationofsteelsubstratesbeforeapplicationofpaints andrelatedproductsSurfacepreparationmethods. 2.SteelStructuresPaintingCouncil(SSPC),Pittsburg,PA,USA.Fullrangeofsurfacepreparationstan dards. 3.InternationalStandardsISO85011:1988(E)andISO85012:1994.Preparationofsteelsubstratebe foreapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproductsVisualassessmentofsurfacecleanliness. 4. Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00 (1967) Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel Surfaces. 5. Shipbuilding Research Association of Japan Standard for the preparation of steel surface prior to painting(JSRAStandard). REMOVALOFCONTAMINANTS Theperformanceofprotectivecoatingsappliedtosteelissignificantlyaffectedbytheconditionofthe steelsubstrateimmediatelypriortopainting.Theprincipalfactorsaffectingperformanceare: a)surfacecontaminationincludingsalts,oils,grease,drillingandcuttingcompounds, b)rustandmillscale, c)surfaceprofile.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Themainobjectiveofsurfacepreparationistoensurethatallsuchcontaminationisremovedtoreduce thepossibilityofinitiatingcorrosionsothatasurfaceprofileiscreatedthatallowssatisfactoryadhe sionofthecoatingtobeapplied.RecommendedproceduresareoutlinedinInternationalStandardISO 8504:1992(E)andSSPCSPSpecifications. DEGREASING Itisessentialtoremoveallsolublesalts,oil,grease,drillingandcuttingcompoundsandothersurface

contaminantspriorto furthersurfacepreparationorpaintingofthesteel.Perhapsthemostcommon methodisbysolventwashing,followedbywipingdrywithcleanrags.Thewipingcleaniscritical,be causeifthisisnotcarriedoutthoroughlytheresultofsolventwashingwillsimplyspreadthecontami nation over a wider area. Proprietary emulsions, degreasing compounds and steam cleaning are also commonlyused.RecommendedproceduresaredescribedinInternationalStandardISO8504:1992(E) andSSPCSP1. HANDTOOLCLEANING Looselyadheringmillscale,rustandoldpaintcoatingsmayberemovedfromsteelbyhandwirebrush ing,sanding,scrapingandchipping.However,thesemethodsareincomplete,andalwaysleavealayer oftightlyadheringrustonthesteelsurface.MethodsforhandtoolcleaningaredescribedinSSPCSP2 andshouldbetoISO85011:1988gradeSt2B,CorD. POWERTOOLCLEANING Generallymoreeffectiveandlesslaboriousthanhandtoolcleaningfortheremovaloflooselyadhering millscale, paint and rust. However, power tool cleaning will not remove tightly adhering rust and millscale.Powerwirebrushes,impacttoolssuchasneedleguns,grindersandsandersareallcommonly used.Careshouldbetaken,particularlywithpowerwirebrushes,nottopolishthemetalsurfaceasthis willreducethekeyforthesubsequentpaintcoating.MethodsaredescribedinSSPCSP3andSSPCSP11 andshouldbetoISO85011:1988gradeSt3B,CorD.SSPCSP11describesadegreeofsurfaceprofile whichcanbeachievedbypowertoolcleaning.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
BLASTCLEANING Byfarthemosteffectivemethodforremovalofmillscale,rustandoldcoatings,usingabrasivessuchas sand,gritorshotunderhighpressure.Thegradeofblastingsuitableforaparticularcoatingspecifica tiondependsonanumberoffactors,themostimportantofwhichisthetypeofcoatingsystemselected. TheprimarystandardusedintheproductdatasheetsinthismanualisISO85011:1988(E),prepara tionofsteelsubstratebeforeapplicationofpaintsandrelatedproductsvisualassessmentofsurface cleanliness.ThisstandardrepresentsaslightextensionoftheSwedishStandard(SIS055900(1967)),

whichwasdevelopedbytheSwedishCorrosionInstitute,incooperationwiththeAmericanSocietyfor Testing&Materials(ASTM),andtheSteelStructuresPaintingCouncilSSPC),USA,andisalreadyused onaworldwidescale. Where appropriate, the nearest equivalent SSPC specification has been quoted on individual product datasheets.ItisrecognisedthattheSSPCandISOstandardsarenotidentical,andasaconsequencecer tainproductdatasheetsmayshowgradeSa2(ISO85011:1988)asequivalenttoSSPCSP6,(com mercialblastcleaning),whilstotherswillbeequivalenttoSSPCSP10(nearwhitemetal). Theselectionoftheseblastcleaninggradeswillhavebeenassessedusinganumberoffactorsincluding coatingtype,performanceexpectation,andinserviceconditions. As a general principle, where products are recommended for immersion or aggressive atmospheric conditionstheblastingstandardrequiredwillbetoSa2(ISO85011:1988)orSSPCSP10,however, whenproductsarerecommendedforgeneralatmosphericexposuretheblastingstandardrequiredwill beSa2(ISO85011:1988)orSSPCSP6. Priortoblasting,steelworkshouldbedegreasedandallweldspatterremoved.Ifsalts,greaseoroilis presentonthesurfaceitwillappeartoberemovedbytheblastingprocess,butthisisnotthecase.Al thoughnotvisible,thecontaminationwillstillbepresentasathinlayer,andwillaffecttheadhesionof subsequentcoatings. Weldseams,metalsliversandsharpedgesrevealedbytheblastingprocessshouldbegrounddown,as paint coatings tend to run away from sharp edges, resulting in thin coatings and reduced protection. Weldspatterisalmostimpossibletocoatevenly,inadditiontooftenbeinglooselyadherent,anditisa commoncauseofprematurecoatingfailure. Thesurfaceprofileobtainedduringblastingisimportant,andwilldependontheabrasiveused,theair pressureandthetechniqueofblasting.Toolowaprofilemaynotprovideasufficientkeyforcoating, whiletoohighaprofilemayresultinunevencoverageofhigh,sharppeakspossiblyleadingtoprema turecoatingfailure,particularlyforthinfilmcoatingssuchasblastprimers.Thefollowingtablegivesa briefguidetotypicalroughnessprofilesobtainedusingvarioustypesofabrasive.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
TypeofAbrasiveMeshSizeMax.HeightofProfile Veryfinesand8037microns(1.5mils) Coarsesand1270microns(2.8mils) Ironshot1490microns(3.6mils) Typicalnonmetallic copperslag 1.52.0mmgrainsize75100microns(34mils)

IrongritNo.G1612200microns(8.0mils) WETABRASIVE BLASTING/SLURRY BLASTING Wetabrasiveblastingusesaslurryofwaterandabrasiveratherthandryabrasivealone.Thishasthe advantagethatthehazardsofdustandassociatedhealthproblemsarelargelyovercome.Afurtherim portant advantage is that when wet blasting old, well rusted surfaces, many of the soluble corrosion productsinthepitsofthesteelwillbewashedout,whichwillgreatlyimprovetheperformanceofthe applied coating system. However, a disadvantage of this technique is that the cleaned steel begins to rustrapidlyafterblasting.Itisthereforecommonpracticetoincludeproprietaryinhibitorsintheblast waterwhichwillpreventthisrustingforasufficienttimetoallowpaintingtobecarriedout.Ingeneral, theuseofverylowlevelsofsuchinhibitorsdoesnotaffecttheperformanceofsubsequentpaintcoat ingsfornonimmersedsteelwork.Theuseofamoisturetolerantprimer,whichcanbeappliedtowet blastedsteelwhileitisstilldamp,canmaketheuseofinhibitorsunnecessary,butAbolinCo.shouldbe consultedforspecificadvice.Wherewetblastedsurfaceshavebeenallowedtocorrode,theyshouldbe mechanicallycleanedorpreferablysweepblasted,toremovethecorrosionpriortopainting. HYDROBLASTING Hydroblastingisatechniqueforcleaningsurfaces,whichreliesentirelyontheenergyofwaterstriking asurfacetoachieveitscleaningeffect.AbrasivesareNOTusedinhydroblastingsystems.Consequently theproblemscausedbydustpollutionandbythedisposalofspentabrasivesareeliminated.Twodif ferenthydroblastingoperatingpressuresarecommonlyencountered.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
High pressure hydroblasting, operating at pressures between 680 bar (10,000 p.s.i.) and 1,700 bar (25,000p.s.i.). Ultrahighpressurehydroblasting,operatingatpressuresabove1700bar(25,000p.s.i.). Thetermshydroblasting,hydrojettingandwaterjettingessentiallymeanthesamething,withallbeing usedtodescribethesameprocess.Therecanbeconfusionhoweveroverthedifferencebetweensimple waterwashingandhydroblasting.Toclarifythesituation,AbolinCohaveadoptedthefollowingcom monlyaccepteddefinitions.

LowPressureWaterWashing:Operatesatpressureslessthan68bar(1,000p.s.i.). HighPressureWaterWashing:Operatesatpressuresbetween68680bar(1,00010,000p.s.i.). HighPressureHydroblasting:Operatesatpressuresbetween6801,700bar(10,00025,000p.s.i.). Ultra High Pressure Hydroblasting: Operatesatpressuresabove1,700bar(25,000p.s.i.)withmost machinesoperatinginthe2,0002,500barrange(30,00036,000p.s.i.). ThesteelsurfacesproducedbyhydroblastingdoNOTlookthesameasthoseproducedbydryabrasive blasting,orslurryblasting.Thisisbecausewateronitsowncannotcut,ordeformsteelinthesameway asabrasives.Hydroblastedsurfacesthereforetendtolookdull,evenbeforetheyflashrust.Inaddition steel,withactivecorrosionpitting,showsamottledappearanceafterhydroblasting. Mottlingoccurswhenthecorrosionproductsarewashedoutofthepits,leavingabrightpatch,andthe surroundingareasareleftadullgrey,browntoblackcolour. Thispatternisthereverseofthatleftbyabrasiveblasting,whereanodicpitsareoftendark,duetocor rosionproductsnotbeingentirelyremoved,andthesurroundingareasarebright.Flashrusting,i.e. lightoxidationofthesteel,whichoccursashydroblastedsteeldriesoff,willquicklychangethisinitial appearance.Whenflashrustingistooheavyforcoatingapplication,itmayberemovedorreducedby brushingwithahardbristlebrush,orbywashingdownwithhighpressurefreshwater.Highpressure washing,atpressuresabove68bar(1,000p.s.i.)usingeithertherotationalnozzles,orfanjetlancesof the hydroblasting equipment itself is the preferred method. It will cause the area to rerust, but it is possibletoreducethedegreeofflashrustingfromheavytolightusingthismethod.Handwireorbris tlebrushingtoremoveheavyflashrustingmaybeacceptableforsmallareas,butwillgenerallyproduce aninadequatesurface.Mechanicalrotarywirebrushingcanhoweverproduceacceptablesurfacesfor largeareas. Whenlargeareasarehydroblasted,flashrustingwhichobscurestheoriginalblaststandardmayoccur, beforeaninspectioncanbecarriedout.Establishingtherequiredstandardbyblastingasmalltestarea priortothemainblastmayhelp,providingtherestofthejobisblastedtothesamestandard.Methods forensuringtherestofthejobisblastedtothesamestandardwillvaryfromprojecttoproject.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Flashrustingcanbepreventedbytheuseofwatersolublechemicalcorrosioninhibitors.Theseinhibi torsmayleaveacrystallinelayeronthesteelsurfaceasthewaterevaporates,whichcanthenleadtoa lossofadhesionandosmoticblistering,ifcoatingsareappliedoverthistypeofsurface.AbolinCo.do notrecommendtheuseofcorrosioninhibitorstoholdwetblastedsurfaces.Ifinhibitorsareused,they mustbethoroughlywashedoffwithfreshwaterbeforeAbolinCo.Coatingsproductsareapplied. Thetemperatureofsteelsubstratescanriseduringthehydroblastingprocess. Therearetworeasonsforthis: a)Compressionofthewatertoreachhydroblastingpressurewillcreateatemperatureriseinthewater

itself, b)Thevelocityofthewaterstrikingthesteelwillimpartenergytoitasheat. Thistemperaturerisecanbesubstantialandmayhelphydroblastedsurfacesdryoffmorequickly,with acorrespondingreductionintheseverityofflashrusting. Animportantpropertyofthehydroblastingprocessisthatitcanemulsifyandremoveoilandgrease fromasurfaceasitisblasted.However,thisdoesnotprecludetheneedforproperdegreasingproce duresasspecifiedinSSPCSP1,priortohydroblasting. Hydroblasting will not produce a surface profile, although the process can eventually erode steel and resultinmetalloss.Thesurfaceprofileexposedafterhydroblastingwillhavebeenproducedbyearlier surfacepreparationwork,orbycorrosion.Formostcoatingschemes,AbolinCo.willacceptaprofilein the50to100micronsrange. NONFERROUSMETALAluminium Thesurfaceshouldbeclean,dryandgreasefree(seeunderSteelDegreasing).Ifanycorrosionsalts arepresenttheyshouldberemovedbylightlyabrading.Beforepainting,applyonethincoatofapro prietaryacidetchprimertoprovideakeyforfurthercoats.Ifthisreactiondoesnottakeplace,adhe sionwillbefoundtobepoor.Thesurfaceshouldbescrapedclean,andtreatedwithaproprietaryalu minumpretreatmentsolution,andtheacidetchprimerthenreapplied. GalvanisedSteel Thesurfaceshouldbeclean,dryandgreasefree(seeunderSteelDegreasing).Degreasingofmostgal vanised surfaces requires some effort to obtain a clean surface. Any white zinc corrosion products should be removed by high pressure fresh water washing, or fresh water washing with scrubbing. Whenusingthepreferredmethodofsurfacepreparation,i.e.sweepblasting,itisstilladvisabletofresh waterwashtoremovesolublezincsalts.Manycoatingsbasedonnonsaponifiablepolymerscanbeap plieddirectlytogalvanisedsurfacespreparedinthisway.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Whensweepblastingisnotpossible,thenanacidetchsolutionoretchprimershouldbeusedtopassi vatethesurfaceandprovideakeyforfurtherpaintcoatings.Detailsofcoatingswhichcanbeappliedto sweepblastedgalvanisedsteelandofsuitableetchsolutionsandprimerscanbeobtainedfromAbolin Co. Whensteelhasbeentreatedwithapassivatingtreatmentimmediatelyaftergalvanising,thenthismust eitherbeallowedtoweatheroffoveraperiodofseveralmonthsexteriorexposureorbeabradedbe foreapplicationofacoating. Ingeneraletchtreatmentshavenoeffectonfreshmaterialsofthistype.

OtherNonFerrousMetals The surface should be clean, dry and grease free (see under Steel Degreasing). Any corrosion salts shouldberemovedbylightabrasionandwaterwashing.Thecleanedsurfaceshouldthenbeabradedor verylightlyabrasiveblastedusinglowpressureandnonmetallicabrasive,andprimedwithacoatof etch primer prior to painting. For lead, if the surface is thoroughly abraded, the etch primer may be omitted. CONCRETEANDMASONRY SURFACES Thesurfaceshouldbeclean,dryandfreefromoil,greaseandothercontaminantssuchasforminglu bricantsandcuringcomponentswhichwouldaffectadhesionofapaintcoating.Themoisturecontent oftheconcreteormasonryshouldbelessthan6%,measuredusingaProtimeterSurveymasterorsimi lar.Asaruleofthumb,concretelessthan28daysold,inatemperateclimate,isunlikelytohavedried oursufficiently. Note:Paintingoversurfaces,whichhavenotsufficientlydriedout,willresultinblisteringandflakingof thepaintcoatingasthetrappedmoisturegraduallyescapes. Laitanceandloosesurfacepowderformedonnewconcretemustberemoved.Thealkalinityandporos ityofthesurfacemustalsobeconsideredwhenpaintingconcreteormasonry.Themostpreferablesur facetreatmentforconcreteissweepblasting. Wire brushing also provides a suitable surface for painting, but requires more effort. Alternatively, a proprietary acid etch treatment followed by thorough water washing and drying may be used. Any cracksshouldbecutoutandfilledwithsuitablefillerpriortopainting. Thefollowingguidewillhelpassuremaximumperformanceofthecoatingsystemandsatisfactorycoat ingadhesiontoconcrete: 1.Removeallsurfacecontamination(ref.ASTMD4258).

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
2.Wetsurfacewithcleanwater. 3. Apply a 10 15% Muriatic Acid or 50% Phosphoric Acid solution at the rate of one gallon per 75 squarefeet. 4.Scrubwithastiffbrush. 5.Allowsufficienttimeforscrubbinguntilbubblingstops. 6.Ifnobubblingoccurs,thesurfaceiscontaminatedwithgrease,oil,oraconcretetreatmentwhichis interferingwithproperetching.Removethecontaminationwithasuitablecleaner(ref.ASTMD4258, orMethod"D"below)andthenetchthesurface.

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7.Rinsethesurfacetwoorthreetimes.Removetheacid/watermixtureaftereachrinse. 8.Surfaceshouldhaveatexturesimilartomediumgritsandpaper. 9. It may be necessary to repeat this step several times if a suitable texture is not achieved with one etching.BringthepH(ref.ASTMD4262)ofthesurfacetoneutralwitha3%solutionoftrisodiumphos phateorsimilaralkalicleanerandflushwithcleanwatertoachieveasound,cleansurface.Allowsur facetodryandcheckformoisture(ref.ASTMD4263). ConcreteFloors Preparationofconcretefloorsisachievedbyblasting,scarifying,grindingorbyhand.Finalchoicewill bebasedontheconditionoftheexistingsurface,floorarea,accessforpreparationequipmentandthe coatingtobeapplied. 1.BlastingTheconcreteshouldbeblastedusingarecoverableabrasiveblastingunit. 2. Scarifying Scarifyers are machines which include fastrotating hardened flails, which remove old coatingsandroughentheconcretesubstrate.Scarifyersaregenerallyusedforareaslessthan250m2, forlargerareasitisnormalpracticetoblast. 3. Grinding Thefloorshouldbethoroughlypreparedusingamechanicalgrindertoremovelaitance, finesandanysurfacecontamination. The final process for all methods of preparation is thorough vacuum cleaning to remove all residual dust. SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS Alwayscarefullyreadandcompletelyfollowthesafetyproceduresandinstructionsrecommendedby manufacturers of surface preparation devices, application equipment, media or products and the job site safety measures. Always carefully read and follow the manufacturers safety procedures and in structions concerning paint products. These are general statements to alert you to the importance of specificwarningsandinstructionsonindividualproducts.Thesestatementsarenotintendedtobespe cificwarningsoradvice.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes

SURFACEPREPARATIONSTANDARDS
TheoldSWEDISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION: SurfacePreparationsStandardsforPaintingSteelSurface(SIS0559001967)hasgainedprominence and acceptance across the frontiers. So much so that it has served as a model for and has even been adopteddirectasnationalstandardinothercountries.ItscleaningdegreesSa2,Sa2,etc.beingprac ticallyuniversallyrecognized,theyarereferredtothroughoutthisbookinrecommendationsforclean ingofsteel. TheSwedishStandard,asitwasusuallycalled,wasfirsttoemploypictorialrepresentationsofthespe cified cleaning degrees. It is now superseded by INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 85011:2007. Yet withthesamephotosasusedbytheSISstandardplusadditionallyfourphotos(flamecleaning)from theformerGermanstandardDIN55928,Part4,Supplement4. Otherprominentstandards,notablySTEELSTRUCTURESPAINTINGCOUNCIL(U.S.A.):SurfacePrepara tionSpecifications(SSPCSP2,3,5,6,7,and10)BRITISHSTANDARDSINSTITUTION;SurfaceFinishof Blastcleaned steel for Painting: (BS 4232 but now superseded by BS 7079) and INTERNATIONAL STANDARDIZATION ORGANIZATION ISO 12944, Parts 1 through 8: Corrosion Protection of Steel StructuresbyProtectivePaintSystems,doalsoconcernwiththeequipment,materialsandprocedures usedtoachievethespecifiedfinish. TheBritishStandardBS4232useddrawingstoindicatethe(SecondandThirdquality)finishes,whe reastheAmericanusesthesamephotosasISO85011:2007.ISO12944referstoISO85011:2007,but includesalsodescriptionsforsecondarysurfacepreparationwithreferencetoISO85012:1994.Except forBS4232theyalltakeintoaccountthestateoftherawsteelsurfacebeforecleaning,andgradesthe resultaccordingly: A:Steelsurfacelargelycoveredwithadherentmillscalebutlittle,ifany,rust. B:Steelsurfacewhichhasbeguntorustandfromwhichthemillscalehasbeguntoflake. C:Steelsurfaceonwhichthemillscalehasrustedawayorfromwhichitcanbescraped,butwithslight pittingvisibleundernormalvision. D: Steelsurfaceonwhichthemillscalehasrustedawayandonwhichgeneralpittingisvisibleunder normalvision. Asurfacepreparationmethodusinghighpressurewaterforcleaningisgettingmorecommon.Thebest definitionoftermsandsurfacepreparationstandardsarepresentedbyISO85014:2006.Forcompari sonofthestandardsseethefollowingpages.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
ISO85011:2007 DesignationDescription Sa3Blastcleaningtovisuallycleansteel. Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirt,andshall befreefrommillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter.Itshallhaveauniformmetalliccolour. SeephotographsASa3,BSa3,CSa3andDSa3.

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Sa2Verythoroughblastcleaning. Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirt,andfrom mill scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter. Any remaining traces of contamination shall show onlyasslightstainsintheformofspotsorstripes.SeephotographsASa2,BSa2,CSa2andDSa 2. Sa2Thoroughblastcleaning. Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirt,andfrom mostofthemillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter.Anyresidualcontaminationshallbefirm lyadhering(seenote2below).SeephotographsBSa2,CSa2andDSa2. Sa1Lightblastcleaning. Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirt,andfrom poorlyadheringmillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter(seenote2).SeephotographsBSa1, CSa1andDSa1. Notes: 1.Theterm"foreignmatter"mayincludewatersolublesaltsandweldingresidues.Thesecontaminants cannot always be completely removed from the surface by dry blastcleaning, hand and power tool cleaningorflamecleaning;wetblastcleaningorhydrojettingmaybenecessary. 2.Millscale,rustorapaintcoatingisconsideredtobepoorlyadheringifitcanberemovedbylifting withabluntputtyknife.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
St3Verythoroughhandandpowertoolcleaning. AsforSt2,butthesurfaceshallbetreatedmuchmorethoroughlytogiveametallicsheenarisingfrom themetallicsubstrate.SeephotographsBSt3,CSt3andDSt3. St2Thoroughhandandpowertoolcleaning.

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Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfacesshallbefreefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirt,andfrom poorlyadheringmillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter(seenote2).SeephotographsBSt2, CSt2andDSt2. Notes: 1. For descriptions of surface preparation methods by hand and power tool cleaning, including treat mentpriorto,andafter,thehandandpowertoolcleaningprocedure,seeISO85043. 2.PreparationgradeSt1isnotincludedasitwouldcorrespondtoasurfaceunsuitableforpainting. BS70791990ReplacesBS42321967.BS70791990isidenticaltoISO85011:2007. SSPC DesignationDescription SSPCSP5 1.1AwhiteMetalBlastCleanedsurface,whenviewedwithoutmagnification,shallbefreeofallvisible oil,grease,dirt,dust,millscale,rust,paint,oxides,corrosionproducts,andotherforeignmatter. 1.2 ACCEPTABLE VARIATIONS IN APPEARANCE THAT DO NOT AFFECT SURFACE CLEANLINESS as definedinSection1.1includevariationscausedbytypeofsteel,originalsurfacecondition,thicknessof thesteel,weldmetal,millorfabricationmarks,heattreating,heataffectedzones,blastingabrasive,and differencesintheblastpattern. 1.3 When painting is specified, the surface shall be roughened to a degree suitable for the specified paintsystem.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
1.4Immediatelypriortopaintapplicationthesurfaceshallcomplywiththedegreeofcleaningasspeci fiedherein. 1.5SSPCVis189orothervisualstandardsofsurfacepreparationmaybespecifiedtosupplementthe writtendefinition. SSPCSP10

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2.1ANearWhiteBlastCleanedsurface,whenviewedwithoutmagnification,shallbefreeofallvisible oil,grease,dirt,dust,millscale,rust,paint,oxides,corrosionproducts,andotherforeignmatter,except forstainingasnotedin Section2.2. 2.2 Staining shall be limited to no more than 5 per cent of each square inch of surface area and may consistoflightshadows,slightstreaks,orminordiscolorationscausedbystainsofrust,stainsofmill scale,orstainsofpreviouslyappliedpaint. 2.3 ACCEPTABLE VARIATIONS IN APPEARANCE THAT DO NOT AFFECT SURFACE CLEANLINESS as definedinsections2.1and2.2includevariationscausedbytypeofsteel,weldmetal,millorfabrication marks,heattreating,heataffectedzones,blastingabrasives,anddifferencesintheblastpattern. 2.4 When painting is specified, the surface shall be roughened to a degree suitable for the specified paintsystem. 2.5Immediatelypriortopaintapplication,thesurfaceshallcomplywiththedegreeofcleaningasspe cifiedherein. 2.6SSPCVis189orothervisualstandardsofsurfacepreparationmaybespecifiedtosupplementthe writtendefinition. SSPCSP6 3.1ACommercialBlastCleanedsurface,whenviewedwithoutmagnification,shallbefreeofallvisible oil,grease,dirt,dust,millscale,rust,paint,oxides,corrosionproducts,andotherforeignmatter,except forstaining,asnotedin

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Section3.2. 3.2Stainingshallbelimitedtonomorethan33percentofeachsquareinchofsurfaceareaandmay consistoflightshadows,slightstreaks,orminordiscolourationscausedbystainsofrust,stainsofmill scale,orstainsofpreviouslyappliedpaint.Slightresiduesofrustandpaintmayalsobeleftinthebot tomsofpitsiftheoriginalsurfaceispitted.

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3.3 ACCEPTABLE VARIATIONS IN APPEARANCE THAT DO NOT AFFECT SURFACE CLEANLINESS as defined in Sections 3.1 and 3.2 include variations caused by type of steel, original surface condition, thicknessofthesteel,weldmetal,millorfabricationmarks,heattreating,heataffectedzones,blasting abrasive,anddifferencesintheblastpattern. 3.4 When painting is specified, the surface shall be roughened to a degree suitable for the specified paintsystem. 3.5Immediatelypriortopaintapplication,thesurfaceshallcomplywiththedegreeofcleaningasspe cifiedherein. 3.6SSPCVis189orothervisualstandardsofsurfacepreparationmaybespecifiedtosupplementthe writtendefinition. SSPCSP7 4.1ABrushOffBlastCleanedsurface,whenviewedwithoutmagnification,shallbefreeofallvisibleoil, grease,dirt,dust,loosemillscale,looserust,andloosepaint.Tightlyadherentmillscale,rust,andpaint mayremainonthesurface.Millscale,rust,andpaintareconsideredtightlyadherentiftheycannotbe removedbyliftingwithadullputtyknife. 4.2Theentiresurfaceshallbesubjectedtotheabrasiveblast.Theremainingmillscale,rust,orpaint shallbetight. 4.3 When painting is specified, the surface shall be roughened to a degree suitable for the specified paintsystem. 4.4Immediatelypriortopaintapplication,thesurfaceshallcomplywiththedegreeofcleaningasspe cifiedherein. 4.5SSPCVis189orothervisualstandardsofsurfacepreparationmaybespecifiedtosupplementthe writtendefinition.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
SSPCSP2 5.1Handtoolcleaningisamethodofpreparingsteelsurfacesbytheuseofnonpowerhandtools. 5.2Handtoolcleaningremovesallloosemillscale,looserust,loosepaint,andotherloosedetrimental foreignmatter.Itisnotintendedthatadherentmillscale,rust,andpaintberemovedbythisprocess. Millscale,rust,andpaintareconsideredadherentiftheycannotberemovedbyliftingwithadullputty

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knife. 5.3SSPCVis189orothervisualstandardsofsurfacepreparationagreeduponbythecontractingpar tiesmaybeusedtofurtherdefinethesurface. ISO 129444isnot quoted(translated)butisfullyinlinewithISO85011:2007(exceptortheextra standardsasmentionedonpage10).Comparingthestandards,nodoubtthatSa3andSSPCSP5are identicalintheirdemandstosurfacecleanliness.AlsoSa2andSSPCSP10seemidentical.Concern ingSa2andSSPCSP6thesedifferslightly,SSPCSP6expressingmoredemandstoquality.SSPCSP6 requiresremnantsbeingstainsonly.Sa2states"residualcontaminationshallbefirmlyadhering".Note: ForSSPCthewrittenspecificationtakespreferenceforISO85011:2007,thephotos. ISO85041:2006 Surfacepreparationandcleaningofsteelandotherhardmaterialsbyhighandultrahighpressurewa ter jetting prior to paint application. Water jetting is a relatively new method of surface preparation. Thestandarddealswiththeremovalofvisibleandinvisiblecontamination.Aftercleaningthesurface willstillbewetandflashrustingmayoccuroncleanedsteelduringthedryingperiod.Additionaldefini tionsofflashrustdegreesarethereforedescribedbelow. Maintenancebeingthemainareaofuse,anyoldcoatingremainingafterwaterjettingmustbewellad hering,intactandroughenedbythetreatmentaswellascompatiblewiththenewcoatingsystemtobe applied.Asageneralrule,coatingswhicharelatertobeexposedtoseveremechanicaland/orchemical exposures,likeegspeciallywearandimpactresistantcoatingsandchemicallyresistanttankcoatings, shouldnotbeappliedtowaterjettedsurfaces.Neithershouldcoatingsforwhichprotectionreliesupon metalliccontacttothesteelsubstrate,suchaszincrichprimersbeappliedtowaterjettedsurfaces.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Descriptionofthesurfaceappearancesaftercleaning: Lighthighpressurewaterjetting Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisibleoilandgrease,looseordefec tivepaint,looserustandotherforeignmatter.Anyresidualcontaminationshallberandomlydispersed andfirmlyadherent. Thoroughhighpressurewaterjetting Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirtandmost

17

oftherust,previouspaintcoatingsandotherforeignmatter.Anyresidualcontaminationshallberan domlydispersedandcanconsistoffirmlyadherentcoatings,firmlyadherentforeignmatterandstains ofpreviouslyexistentrust. Verythoroughhighpressurewaterjetting Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromallvisiblerust,oil,grease,dirt,pre viouspaintcoatingsand,exceptforslighttraces,allotherforeignmatter.Discolorationofthesurface can be present where the original coating was not intact. The grey or brown/black discoloration ob servedonpittedandcorrodedsteelcannotberemovedbyfurtherwaterjetting. Descriptionofthesurfaceappearanceforthreeflashrustgrades: Lightflashrust Asurfacewhich,whenviewedwithoutmagnification,exhibitssmallquantitiesofayellow/brownrust layer through which the steel substrate can be seen. The rust (seen as a discoloration) can be evenly distributedorpresentinpatches,butitwillbetightlyadherentandnoteasilyremovedbygentlewip ingwithacloth. Mediumflashrust A surface which, when viewed without magnification, exhibits a layer of yellow/brown rust that ob scurestheoriginalsteelsurface.Therustcanbeevenlydistributedorpresentinpatches,butitwillbe reasonablywelladherentanditwilllightlymarkacloththatisgentlywipedoverthesurface. Heavyflashrust A surface which, when viewed without magnification, exhibits a layer of redyellow/brown rust that obscurestheoriginalsteelsurfaceandislooselyadherent.Therustlayercanbeevenlydistributedor presentinpatchesanditwillreadilymarkacloththatisgentlywipedoverthesurface. Forfurtherdetails,pleaserefertoISO85014:2006.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes

GLOSSARY
inreferencetoAbolinCoTechnicalDataSheets Description:Ashortdescriptionoftheproductwithemphasisongenerictype,pigmentation,principal properties,andcertainlimitations. Recommended use:Thepurpose(s)forwhichtheproductisdesignedorparticularlywellsuited.The productmaybespecifiedforotherusesintailormadepaintsystemsforspecificpurposes. Service temperature: Indicates the maximum temperature that will have no immediate detrimental effectonthepaint.Aservicetemperatureconstantlynearthemaximumwillresultinashorterlifetime ofthespecifiedpaintsystemcomparedtothelifetimeanticipatedwhenoperatingatnormaltempera tures.Ifservicetemperaturesareoftenfluctuatingbetweennormaltemperaturesandnearmaximum temperatures this will result in an additional decrease in the anticipated lifetime of the paint system ("acceleratedageing").Mostpaintswillchangeappearancewhenexposedtohightemperatures,either byachangeincolourand/orbylossofgloss. Inadditionmostpaintswillbecomesoftathightemperaturesandshowhighersensitivitytomechani calorchemicalactions.Exposuretowarmliquids,waterincluded,willnormallyonlyberecommended fordedicatedpaintsystems.Athightemperatures,wetservicewillhaveamorepronouncedinfluence on lifetime compared to dry service. When a paint system is exposed to fluctuations of temperatures wetserviceconditionswillinducemorestresstothecoatingsystemthandryserviceatsametempera tures. Furthermore it is of importance whether the liquid has a higher temperature than the coated steel.Acoldwalleffectwillincreasetheriskofblisteringandthusputfurtherlimitationstothetem peratureresistance.Mostpaintsystemsdoonlytolerateaverylow negative gradient oftemperature underwet/immersedserviceconditions. Finish:Theappearanceofthepaintfilmafterdryingunderoptimumconditionsinlaboratory,givenas high gloss (>90), glossy (6090), semigloss (3060), semiflat (1530), or flat (<15). All figures are in gloss units and according to ISO 2813:1994(E) (specular gloss, 60 degree geometry). The actual ap pearance will depend on the conditions during application and drying/curing. The finish indicated in the product data sheet is according to optimal conditions (ie application and measurements under standardisedlaboratoryconditions). Colours/shade:Certainphysicalconstantsmayvaryfromonecolourtoanother. Volume solids: The Volume Solids (VS) figure expresses in percentage the ratio: Dry film thick ness/WetfilmthicknessThestatedfigurehasbeendeterminedastheratiobetweendryandwetfilm thicknessofthecoatingappliedintheindicatedthicknessunderlaboratoryconditions,wherenopaint losshasbeenencountered.Forselectedpaintsnotdryingtoofastanalternativeairlesssprayprocedure is:Apaintisappliedbyairlesssprayintheindicatedthicknesstoasmooth,degreasedsteelpanel.Ap plicationanddrying/curingconditionsofthepaintare(approx)23C/73Fand50%RH.Anumberof

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
wetfilmthicknessmeasurementsaretakenimmediatelyafterapplicationfollowedbyasimilarnumber ofdryfilmthicknessmeasurements7days(approx23C/73F,50%RH)afterapplication.Volumesol idsareusuallyslightlyhigherthanthetheoreticalvalue,whichisfoundbyacalculationbasedonthe paintcompositiontakingspecificgravityandsolidcontentofeachindividualrawmaterialintoconsid eration.Volumesolidstakeintoaccountthatsmallamountsofsolventsareusuallyretained,andthat airmaybeentrappedin thedrypaintfilmeither inthe form ofvacuoles orasintersticesinzinc sili cates.Volumesolidsareinbetteragreementwithpracticalmeasurementsofdryfilmthicknessthanthe theoreticalvalue.

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Consumption factor:Thepracticalconsumptionisestimatedbymultiplyingthetheoreticalconsump tionwitharelevantConsumptionFactor(CF). TheConsumptionFactordependsonanumberofexternalconditionsandcannotbestatedintheprod uctdatasheetasthevariationistoogreattoberepresentedbyonesinglefigure. ThevariationintheConsumptionFactorislargelyattributedtothefollowing: 1)Wavinessofpaintfilm: Inordertoensurethespecifiedminimumfilmthickness,amanuallyappliedpaintfilmwillunavoidably a)showsomewavinessofthesurfaceandb)athicknessdistributionwithanaveragevaluesomewhat higherthanthespecifieddryfilmthicknessinordertofulfilegan80:20rule.Thisleadstoahighercon sumptionthantheoreticallycalculated. 2)Complexityandsize/shapeofthesurfacetobecalculated: Complex,oddshapedandsmallsizedsurfacesarevirtuallyimpossibletopaintwithoutoversprayand will therefore lead to higher consumption than theoretically calculated from the area square in ques tion. 3)Surfaceroughnessofthesubstrate: Surfaceroughnessofthesubstrategivesa"deadvolume"tobefilleduporinthecaseofshopprimersa "surfacearearatio"greaterthanoneandwillthereforecauseahigherconsumptionthantheoretically calculatedforasmoothsubstrate. 4)Physicallosses: Factorssuchasresiduesincans,pumpsandhoses,discardedpaintduetoexceededpotlife,windloss, etc.willallcontributetoahigherconsumption. ThePracticalspreadingratethusvarieswithmethodofapplication,skillofthepainter,shapeoftheob jecttobepainted,textureofthesubstrate,filmthicknessapplied,andworkingconditions.Inanycaseit isnotbeneficialtostretchthepaintasmuchaspossible,butrathertotrytoobtainthespecifiedthick nessoftheappliedpaintontheentirearea. Flash point: The lowest temperature at which a liquid liberates sufficient vapour to form a mixture with the air near its surface which, if ignited, will make a small flash, but not catch fire. For two

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
component products flash points are normally given for the mixed products. The figures are given as guidancewithaviewtolocalregulationsforprecautionsagainstfireduringuse. AddingTHINNERtoapaintmaychangetheflashpointofthedilutedmaterial. Specificgravity:Theweightinkilogrammeperlitreat25C/77F. For twocomponent products the specific gravity is given for the mixed product. The specific gravity mayinpracticevaryinanintervalofafewpercentcomparedtothetheoreticalvalueindicatedinthe productdatasheet. Dry to touch:Dryingtimeintheproductdatasheetisdrytotouchunlessotherwiseindicated.For

20

shopprimersamorerelevantfigurefor"drytohandle"isgiven.Dryingtimesrefertoatemperatureof 20C/68F,6070%relativehumidity,withadequateventilation. "Dry to handle": The paint surface is sufficiently hardened to be handled with care without coming off/beingdamaged. Thedryingprocessuntil"drytotouch"isforsolvent(orwater)containingpaintsfirstandforemost dependentonventilation.Furthermoreitdependsonthetemperatureandonthefilmthicknessofeach coatapplied.Allsurfacesshouldbeventilated.Itshouldbenotedthatwaterbornepaintshavehigher requirementstoventilationthandosolventbornepaints.Inthecaseofphysicallydryingpaints,drying timeisalsoinfluencedbythenumberofcoats,thetotalfilmthicknessofthesystemandthefilmthick nesspercoat.Asaroughruleofthumb,twicethefilmthicknessofagivensinglecoatwillrequireap prox4timesthedryingtimewiththesameamountofventilation.Thisgoesforbothsolventandwater bornepaints.Itshouldbestressedthatwhenapplyapplyingmorecoats,entrappedsolventsmayresult inasofterfilmthanifonlyonecoatisapplied.Thisisespeciallyrelevantinthecaseofphysicallydrying paints. Alsotemperaturehasmuchinfluenceonthedrying/curingtime.Atemperaturedropof10C/18Fwill roughlyrequiretwicethedryingtimeforphysicallydryingpaints. Fully cured: The curing time is given for twocomponent products at a (steel) temperature of 20C/68F and provided adequate ventilation. The curing is accelerated at higher temperatures and retardedatlowertemperatures.Forsomeproductsthecuringtimesatdifferenttemperaturesaregiv enasatableintheproductdatasheet/inthe ApplicationInstructions.Forproductswherethecuringtimeisgivenat20C/68Fonly,thefollowing roughruleofthumbcanbeutilised:Thecuringtimeisroughlyhalvedatanincreaseintemperatureof 10C/18F,anddoubledatadecreaseintemperatureof10C/18F. Curing will stop almost completely below the temperature stated under application conditions as the lowesttemperatureatwhichthepaintshouldbeapplied. V.O.C.:Thecalculatedweightofvolatileorganiccontentingrammeperlitre.Anequivalentfigureisgiv eninlbsperUSgallon.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Alternatively,VOCcanbeindicatedbyameasuredvalue.Productsthatmaybeusedforbuildingsinthe EuropeanUnionarecoveredbytheEUdirective2004/42/EC.Forsuchproductsinformationindicates themaximumlevelofVOCthattheproductcanhaveinanycolour,itindicatesthemaximumVOCthat theproductmayhaveafteraddingthemaximumrecommendedamountofthinneranditindicatesthe EUlimitsfortheproductcategoryasof2007and2010. Shelflife:Thetimetheproductwillkeepingoodconditionwhenstoredundercoverinoriginal,sealed containers under normal storage conditions. Shelf life is indicated only if it is one year or less at 25C/77F.Itwilldecreaseathighertemperatures,egwillbealmosthalvedat35C/95F.Longterm

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storageandstorageathightemperaturesmayrequirecarefulremixingofthepaintpriortoapplication dueto(slight)sedimentinthecan.Ifstorageconditionsareunknownandinanyothercaseindoubt aboutsuitabilityofapaintmaterialthiscanberathereasilyverifiedbycheckingthefollowing: a.nocorrosionoftheinsideunopened,undamagedcans b.apparentviscosityincan:afterremix,paintmustnotappeargelatinousorrequireexcessivethinning priortoproperapplication. c.applicationinspecifiedfilmthickness:auniform,closedpaintfilmistobedemonstrated d.dryingtimetobewithinthelimitspecifiedintheproductdatasheet Storage temperature: In order to maintain application properties as designed, paints should not be storedattemperaturesabove50C/122Fpriortoapplication. APPLICATIONDETAILS Mixingratio:Twocomponent,chemicallycuringproductsaresuppliedasBASEandCURINGAGENTin thecorrectmixingratio.Themixingratiomustbestrictlyadheredto,alsowhensubdividing.Asagen eralrule,addtheCURINGAGENTtotheBASE10minutes(inductiontime)beforeuse(at20C/68F), unlessthepotlifeis(very)short,andstirwell.Thisisespeciallyofimportancewhenapplyingpaintsto lowtemperturesurfaces.Incertaincases,morespecificadviceisgivenastoinductiontime.Itisvery importantfortwocomponentproductsthattheprescribedamountofCURINGAGENTisaddedtothe BASE.Inordertoensurethistheindicatedthinnermayinmostcasesbeneficiallybeusedtoflushthe CURING AGENT can. Once the material has been mixed the curing will proceed. Therefore, only the quantityneededwithinthepotlifeofthemixtureshouldbemixedatatime. Application method:Givesthepossibleorrecommendedmethod(s)ofapplication.Asageneralrule, the first coat of a rustpreventing primer should be applied by brush or airless spray to obtain best possible wetting and penetration into the substrate. Application by brush or roller usually demands morecoatsappliedtoachievethespecifiedfilmthicknessthanapplicationbyairlesssprayequipment. Thinner(max.vol):Theamountofthinnertobeadded,dependsonprevailingtemperature,sprayme thod, etc. The usual maximum percentage is indicated for the respective application method. If more thinningisdeemednecessaryunderspecialcircumstances,consultnearestAbolinCo.office.Addinga small percentage of thinner will give no measurable difference in the film thickness. There are cases,

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
however, when a higher degree of thinning is necessary and justified. It should then be kept in mind that adding thinner increases the quantity of liquid paint without contributing to the solids content. Consequently,aproportionallyhigherwetfilmthicknessmustbeappliedwhenaddinganysignificant amountofthinnerinordertoobtainthespecifieddryfilmthickness. Pot life: Roughly speaking, the pot life for solventborne paints depends on the paint temperature as follows: Thepotlifeishalvedatanincreaseintemperatureof10C/18F,anddoubledatadecreaseintempera tureof10C/18F.Forsomeproductsthepotlifeisusuallyshorterforapplicationbyairlessspraythan

22

forbrushapplication.Thisisduetothefactthattheantisaggingpropertiesaregraduallylostafterex pirationofthepotlifeindicatedforairlessapplication.Thusthehighdryfilmthicknessusuallyspeci fiedbyairlesssprayapplicationisonlyobtainablewithinthepotlifeindicatedforairlessapplication. Note:Potlifecannotbeextendedbythinning.Inthecaseofwaterborne,twocomponentepoxyprod uctsthisruleofthumbwillnotfit.Thetemperature'sinfluenceonthepotlifeisnotedintherelevant datasheets. Nozzleorifice:Atypicalnozzleorifice(orarangeofnozzleorifices)isindicated. Nozzlepressure:Anozzlepressuregenerallysuitableisgiven. Note: Airless spray data are offered as a guidance and are subject to adjustment to suit the work at hand. Indicated film thickness, dry: Dry film thickness (dft) is indicated in a thickness frequently used in specifications.Note:Severalproductsarespecifiedindifferentfilmthicknessesfordifferentpurposes Checking of dry film thicknesses is, generally, done with gauges calibrated on smooth reference steel panels. Indicatedfilmthickness,wet:Wetfilmthickness(wft)isindicatedinmultipleof25micron(1mil)in ordertofacilitatethepracticalmeasurementswiththewetfilmthicknessgauge(combgauge).These valuesareroundedofftothemultipleof25whichisregardedmostrelevantineachcase. Recoatinterval:Thetimerequiredorallowedtopassat20C/68Fortherelevanttemperaturerange fortheproductinquestionbeforethesubsequentcoatisapplied.Theintervalsarerelatedtothetem perature,filmthickness,numberofcoats,typeoffuture(inservice)exposureandwillbeaffectedcor respondingly. For maximum intervals the temperature in this context is the highest surface tempera tureduringtheperiod.Forsomeproductstheintervalismorecriticalinregardtointercoatadhesion thanothers.Ifthemaximumintervalisexceededitmaybenecessarytoroughenthesurfacetoensure adhesionofthenextcoat.Ontheotherhand,forsomepainttypestheintervalmaynotbecriticalinre spectofadhesion,butaprimercoatshouldnotbeleftunprotectedfortoolonginanaggressiveenvi ronment. Ifnothingelseismentionedtheindicatedintervalsrefertorecoatingwiththesamepaint.Otherpaints ofdifferenttypesmayrequireother(recoating)intervals.Minimumandanymaximumintervalsshould

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
always be adhered to if the paint system is to provide maximum protection. Furthermore, beware of undesiredinfluenceofmoistureandcarbondioxideonepoxyandpolyurethanepaints,whichespecially occursatlowtemperaturesandhighhumidity.Thiswillresultinagreasysurfacepreventinganyadhe sionofthesubsequentcoat. After exposure of any painted surface in polluted environment thorough cleaning by high pressure freshwaterhosingoranotherappropriatemeasureisalwaysrecommendedbeforerecoating.Different minimumandmaximumrecoatingintervalsaregivenforcertainproductsdependingonthelaterexpo sure.

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SURFACE PREPARATION: The recommended degree of cleaning of the surface before painting. The degrees of cleaning refer to ISO 85011:2007. Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting of SteelSurfaces,unlessotherwiseindicated. Forsomeproductsaminimumsurfaceprofileismandatory.Theprofilesospecifiedisgivenwithrefer encetooneormoreoftheroughnesscomparators:RugotestNo.3,KeaneTatorComparator,ortheISO Comparator.Forpreviouslypaintedsurfacesthemethodanddegreeofpreparatorycleaningisgeneral lyindicated. APPLICATION CONDITIONS:Ifclimaticorotherlimits,beyondwhatisdictatedbynormalgoodpaint ingpractice,applytotheuseofaparticularqualityofpaint,thisisindicatedunderthisheading.Asa general rule, paint should never be applied under adverse weather conditions. Even if the weather seemsfitforpaintingtherewillbecondensationifthetemperatureofthesubstrateisatorbelowthe dewpoint(thetemperatureatwhichtheatmospherichumiditycondenses,e.g.asdew).Tocompensate for fluctuations the temperature of the surface should be at least a few degrees above the dew point during painting and drying. 3C/5F is often quoted as safe. Beware of ice on the surface at tempera turesbelowthefreezingpoint. In confined spaces it may be necessary to remove solvent vapours or water vapours by providing an adequateamountoffreshairconstantlyduringapplicationanddrying,bothforreasonsofsafetyand health,andtoassistevaporation.Keepthepainttemperate(roomtemperature)whenapplyingduring winter.Ifnot,thepaintwillrequireexcessivethinningleadingtoanincreasedriskofsagging.Viscosity inanypaintwillincreaseifthetemperaturedecreases. PRECEDING COAT: Recommendations of some preceding paint(s) known to be compatible with the product. No limitation is implied. Other compatible products may be specified depending on the pur pose.preparation. SUBSEQUENTCOAT:Recommendationsofsomesubsequentpaint(s)knowntobecompatiblewiththe product. No limitation is implied. Other compatible products may be specified depending on the pur pose. REMARKS:Underthisheadingotherrelevantdataorinformationareincluded.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
SAFETY:Underthisheadinggeneralsafetyprecautionswhenhandlingorworkingwiththeproductare given.Packingsareprovidedwithapplicablesafetylabelswhichshouldbeobserved.Inaddition,Ma terialSafetyDataSheets,nationalorlocalsafetyregulationsshouldalwaysbefollowed. Note: The product data sheets are subject to change without notice and automatically void five years fromissue. Additionalnotesanddefinitionsofsomeexpressionsmaybeusedintheproductdatasheets: Surfacecleaning* Lowpressurewatercleaning:upto340bar/5000psi

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Highpressurewatercleaning:340680bar/500010.000psi Highpressurewaterjetting:6801700bar/10.00025.000psi Ultrahighpressurewaterjetting:above1700bar/25.000psi *Asdefinedin"JointSurfacePreparationStandardNACENo.5/SSPCSP12,1995". Note:Wetabrasiveblastingmaybeperformedwithloworhighpressurefreshwatertowhicharelative smallamountofabrasivesisintroduced,andinsomecasesinhibitorsareaddedtopreventflashrusting (however, as a general rule it is recommended not to use inhibitors when cleaning areas to be im mersedduringservice.Surplusofinhibitorsmayleadtoosmoticblistering).Ablastprimerisapaint usedforshorttermprotectionofanewlyblastcleanedsteelsurfaceofanassembledstructureinorder toeasetheworkingprocedures.Inthiscontextblastprimersareoftenregardedanintegralpartofthe surface preparation. A holding primer is a paint used to prolong (hold) the protective lifetime of a shopprimertillthespecifiedpaintsystempropercanbeapplied.Toapplyamistcoatorflashcoatisa twostepapplicationprocedureusedtominimizepoppingwhenpaintingonaporoussubstrate.Atfirst, oneortwospraypassesareappliedverythintoexpeltheairfromthepores.Assoonasthisthincoat hasflashedoff,thefilmisbuiltuptothespecifiedfilmthickness.Atiecoatisalayerofpaintwhichim provestheadhesionbetweencoatingsofdifferentgenerictypes,egto"bridge"betweenconventional andadvancedcoatings,orbetweenepoxyandphysicallydryingpaints.Asealercoatisalayerofpaint whichisusedtosealoff(filltheporesof)poroussurfaces.Whenpaintismentionedtoberesistantto spillagesandsplashesofcertainchemicalsitisunderstoodtobelimitedinbothareaandtime.Thespilt chemicalmustberemovedassoonaspossibleandnotremainonthesurfacemorethan12days.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes

ANNEX
ISO 85011 Pictorial Standards of Cleanliness ISO 85011 is a pictorial standard relating to sur face cleanliness, amongst other methods, though abrasive blasting. The original condition of steelsurfacespriortoblastingaredepictedinvariousstagesofcorrosionasfollows:

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GRADEA

GRADEB

GRADEC

GRADED

GradeASteelsurfacelargelycoveredwithadheringmillscalebutlittle,ifanyrust.GradeBSteelsur facewhichhasbeguntorustandfromwhichthemillscalehasbeguntoflake. GradeCSteelsurfaceon whichthemillscalehasrutedawayorfromwhichitcanbescraped,butwithslightpittingvisibleun dernormalvision.GradeDSteelsurfaceonwhichthemillscalehasrustedawayandonwhichgeneral pittingisvisibleundernormalvision.

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PaintGuide:Standards,Glossary,SurfacePreparationandNotes
Blastcleaning to Sa Standards Blast cleaning to ISO 85011 Sa standards is a commonly used specificationwithpictorialandwrittenguidelinesasfollows:

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SA1

SA2

SA2

SA3

1 Light blastcleaning Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbefreefromvisible Sa oil,greaseanddirt.Andfrompoorlyadheringmillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter. Sa 2 Thorough blastcleaning When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free from visibleoil,greaseanddirtandfrommostofthemillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter.Any residualcontaminationshallbefirmlyadhering. 2 Very thorough blastcleaning When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be free Sa fromvisibleoil,greaseanddirtandfrommillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter.Anyremain ingtracesofcontaminationshallshowonlyasslightstainsintheformofspotsorstripes. Sa 3 Blastcleaning to visually clean steel Whenviewedwithoutmagnification,thesurfaceshallbe freefromvisibleoil,greaseanddirtandfrommillscale,rust,paintcoatingsandforeignmatter.Itshall haveauniformmetalliccolour.

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