Chng

11

Be tram tch Malay-Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

1. Gii thieu Be Malay - Tho Chu nam vnh Thai Lan, pha ong la vung bien Tay Nam Viet Nam, pha ong Bac la vung bien Campuchia, pha Tay Bac va Tay la vung bien Thai Lan va pha Tay Nam la vung bien Malaysia (Hnh 11.1). Ve cau truc, be

Hnh 11.1. Them luc a Tay Nam Viet Nam trong khung canh vnh Thai Lan (Theo tai lieu cua Fina Exp.Minh Hai,1992; Phung S Tai, 2001)

359

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

co dang keo dai theo hng tay bac - ong nam, tiep giap vi be Pattani pha Tay Bac, be Penyu pha Nam va be Tay Natuna pha ong Nam, con pha ong la i nang Khorat-Natuna. Chieu day tang tram tch cua be co the at en 14 km [22]. Them luc a Tay Nam Viet Nam (TLTN) la vung ra ong Bac cua be Malay - Tho Chu, keo dai theo hng TB - N vi dien tch khoang 100.000 km , chiem xap x
2

do dau kh vung vnh Thai Lan. Song cac hoat ong nghien cu, tm kiem tham do dau kh phan TLTN c trien khai muon hn so vi cac vung chung quanh. T nam1973 cong tac tm kiem bat au bang khao sat 1.790 km tuyen a vat ly cua Mandrel vi mang li 50km x 50km; nam 1980 tau a vat ly Lien Xo (cu) a khao sat 1.780 km tuyen a chan khu vc vi mang li 65 km x 65 km. Nam 1988 tau a vat ly Vien sy Gubkin a khao sat 4.000 km tuyen a chan, t va trong lc thanh tau vi mang li 20km x 30km va 30km x 40km tren dien tch 58.000 km2. T nam 1990 nha thau FINA a tien hanh khao sat 11.076 km tuyen a chan (VF-90) tren phan ln dien tch thuoc TLTN (gom 8 lo 46, 47, 48, 50, 51, 53, 54, 55) nham anh gia tong quan trien vong dau kh cua vung nay e la chon cac lo ky hp ong PSC. Tren c s o nam 1991 PETROFINA a ky hp ong chia san pham (PSC) vi PETROVIETNAM tren cac lo 46, 50, 51. FINA a khao sat bo sung 4.000 km tuyen a chan 2D (VF92) va 466 km2 a chan 3D. Sau o PETROFINA a tm kiem tham do tren cac lo noi tren, trong o co nhieu gieng phat hien dau kh. Cong ty Unocal (My) a ky hp ong PSC vi Tong cong ty Dau Kh Viet Nam cac lo B (1996) va lo 48/95 (1998). Unocal a khao sat 4.663 km tuyen a chan 2D vi mang li chi tiet 0. 5 km x 0. 5 km va 1.264 km2 a chan 3D. Nam 1997 cong ty nay a tien hanh khoan tham do 2 gieng B-KQ-1X va B-KL-1X, trong o gieng BKL-1X a phat hien kh cong nghiep va a chuyen sang giai oan tham lng cho lo nay. Nam 1999 Unocal a ky hp ong PSC
360

31% tong dien tch vung bien chung, bao gom cac lo 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 46, 48/95, 50, 51, B, 52/97. ay bien hien ai cua vung TLTN khong vt qua 50 - 70m nc, tram tch ay c hnh thanh chu yeu do song bien va tac ong cua dong thuy trieu, cac vat lieu tram tch phu sa a t song khong ang ke ; khu vc Ha Tien - Phu Quoc qua trnh thanh tao ay bien con chu anh hng cua qua trnh phong hoa hoa hoc. Ve pha N co mot so vnh nho kha sau am thang vao b tao nen vung chm xuong khu vc ca song. Ve pha TB b vung vnh ac trng bi cac dai a ngam, a hnh kha phc tap, ton tai nhieu bai san ho, ac biet la vung cac ao Phu Quoc va Tho Chu. Be Malay - Tho Chu la be tram tch co tiem nang dau kh ln trong khu vc. T rat sm ay a co cac hoat ong tm kiem tham do va khai thac dau kh va hien nay la vung kha hap dan cac nha au t nc ngoai vao lnh vc nay nay. 2. Lch s nghien cu, tm kiem tham do va khai thac dau kh Ngay t thap ky 60 cac cong ty dau kh quoc te ln nh Total, Mobil, Esso, Unocal,... a quan tam au t tm kiem tham

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.2. Lc o mat cat ngang qua Them luc a Tay Nam Viet Nam (Theo tai lieu cua Fina Exp.Minh Hai,1992; Phung S Tai,2001)

lo 52/97 va a tien hanh khao sat 1.813 km2 a chan 3D. Nam 2000 Unocal a khoan tham do phat hien kh cau tao Ac Quy, Ca Voi va nam 2004 phat hien kh cau tao Vang en. PM-3 la vung thoa thuan thng mai gia Viet Nam va Malaysia (CAA). Tai ay nha thau IPC sau o la Lundin a tien hanh tham do va a phat hien hang loat cac cau tao cha dau kh nh Bunga Kekwa, Bunga Raya, Bunga Orkid. . . Trong o mo dau kh Bunga Kekwa - Cai Nc a a vao khai thac t nam 1997. en nay a a them 2 mo na vao khai thac la Bunga Raya va Bunga Seroja. 3. ac iem cau kien tao 3.1. Phan tang cau truc Cau truc a chat be Malay - Tho Chu co ac iem chung cua cac be tram tch
361

Viet Nam la co hai tang chnh: Trc e Tam va e Tam [20,25,26]. Tang cau truc trc e Tam (Hnh 11.2) c thanh tao bi nhieu pha khac nhau trong thi ky trc Rift b uon nep va phan d manh bi cac he thong t gay vi cac hng khac nhau, co thanh phan thach hoc khong ong nhat va co tuoi khac nhau cac be tram tch [2, 3, 5]. Tang nay bao gom toan bo phc he mong co ket, bien tnh carbonat, a phun trao, xam nhap co tuoi Paleozoi, Mesozoi. Phc he nay lo ra va quan sat thay cac ao va vung ven ra Tay Nam Bo. Trong cac gieng khoan do cong ty Fina (lo 46, 50, 51) va Unocal (lo B, 48/95, 52) thc hien mi ch gap a mong trc e Tam tai mot so khu vc cac i nang cao thuoc ra B - B cua be. a mong gap tai ay chu yeu la cac a bien chat mc o

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

thap thuoc tng a phien luc, a phylit, phien sericit xen ke cat bot ket dang quarzit (46-CN-1X, 46-KL. 1X, B-KQ. 1X) co the thuoc loat Khorat tuoi Mesozoi. a voi tuoi t Carbon muon en Jura a c phat hien trong gieng khoan Bunga Raya (lo PM-3). Tuy nhien, nghien cu a chat khu vc Ha Tien va cac ao trong vung cho phep d oan tuoi cua a voi va luc nguyen la Paleozoi va Mesozoi. be Malay - Tho Chu a mong chu yeu la cac a luc nguyen bien chat mc o thap, a voi tuoi t Carbon muon en Jura [5]. Tang mong trc e Tam c anh dau bang tap a chan SHB va nhan biet c bi cac ac trng trng song a chan yeu hoac khong co phan xa, hon on khong phan d hoac phan d kem [4]. Tang cau truc e Tam la tang tram tch Paleogen - Neogen - Q, phu trc tiep len tang mong tuoi trc e Tam, hnh thanh va phat trien cung qua trnh thanh tao be e Tam t Oligocen en hien ai. Tram tch e Tam trong be Malay - Tho Chu chu yeu la luc nguyen co ni day 9 - 14 km. Trong o phan TLTN co chieu day tram tch e Tam ln nhat khoang 4.000 m. Tram tch Oligocen gom chu yeu la set ket xen ke vi nhng lp mong bot ket, cat ket va cac lp than, oi cho co cac lp a carbonat mau trang, cng chac. Tram tch Miocen bao gom chu yeu la set ket xam xanh, xam sang xen ke cac lp cat ket hat mn xen ke t than. Tram tch Pliocen phan bo rong khap trong be va co chieu day tng oi on nh, phu bat chnh hp theo kieu ke ap, ta ay, cat cut tren tram tch Miocen, co thanh phan thach hoc gom set, bot xam, xam xanh mem deo xen
362

cac lp cat b ri, chu yeu hat nho, oi cho hat trung, tho. Da vao ac iem cau truc va lch s phat trien cua cac phc he a chat, tang cau truc nay co the phan chia ra cac phu tang cau truc: Oligocen, Miocen va Pliocen - e T. 3.2. Cac yeu to cau truc va kien tao 3.2.1. Cac n v cau truc Cung vi cac be tram tch chnh Vnh Thai Lan nh them Khme va trung Pattani (Petroconsultant 1988), be Malay - Tho Chu c hnh thanh do qua trnh tach gian keo toac di anh hng cua t gay Three Pagodas. He thong t gay cua be pha Bac chu yeu co hng kinh tuyen, con pha Nam chu yeu la hng TB - N vi cac cau truc chnh: n nghieng B, n nghieng TN, a hao B, a luy Trung tam va a hao Trung tam. TLTN la ni gap nhau cua trung Pattani co hng cau truc bac - nam va be Malay - Tho Chu co hng TB - N. V the, ac iem cau truc a chat va tiem nang dau kh ay b chi phoi va khong che bi s hnh thanh va phat trien cua cac be tren. Ra ong Bac be Malay - Tho Chu co the c chia thanh cac n v cau truc sau (Hnh 11.3): n nghieng bnh on Tay Bac bao gom dien tch cac lo A, phan pha ong lo 50. n nghieng bnh on c gii han bi hang loat cac t gay thuan theo dang bac thang co hng BTB - NN. ay cac nep uon c hnh thanh do cac hoat ong xoan lien quan en chuyen ong be mat t gay cang gian chnh. khu vc nay, ac biet la lo A, ton tai cac khoi nang co. o la he qua

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.3. S o cac yeu to cau truc mong e Tam be Malay-Tho Chu. (Theo tai lieu cua Fina Exp.Minh Hai,1992; Phung S Tai,2001)

cua qua trnh san bang va bao mon vi mc o khac nhau, co tnh cuc bo cac tram tch va mong ket tinh trc e Tam. n nghieng phan d ong Bac la dai keo dai t lo 51 en lo 46, giap vi vung chong lan gia Viet Nam - Thai Lan - Malaysia va Viet Nam - Malaysia; ay n nghieng phan d ong Bac c thay the bi cac rift va n nghieng cach biet. Cac t gay hng TB - N co lien quan en pha tach gian chnh Oligocen cua be va cac t gay hng - T co lien quan en cac hoat ong yeu dan cua mong trong thi ky nen ep vao cuoi Creta muon. Nhng t gay nay c tai hoat ong trong thi ky cang gian noi lc va tach gian Oligocen. i phan d a hao - a luy BTB NN: Tai ay a luy hng BTB - NN c kep gia hai a hao vi chieu day
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tram tch Kainozoi at t 6 en 7 km. Phan pha Tay, khoi nang mong tiep giap vi a hao pha Tay. Khoi nang nay c hnh thanh do qua trnh boc mon, phan d cac thanh tao trc e Tam co goc cam ln. Be Malay - Tho Chu tiep tuc phat trien phan pha Tay, do mong sut bac ve pha Tay. Tat ca cac n v cau truc trnh bay tren cung c the hien ro net tren bnh o cau tao cac tang Mong e Tam, Oligocen va Miocen (Hnh11.4; 11.5; 11.6). 3.2.2. ac iem t gay He thong t gay cua be Malay - Tho Chu hnh thanh va chu s chi phoi cua cac he thong t gay trt bang khu vc chnh co hng tay bac - ong nam la: He thong t gay Hinge. He thong t gay Three Pagoda. Cac i pha huy chnh hng bac nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 11.4. Bnh o cau tao tang mong e Tam (Theo tai lieu cua Phung S Tai,2001)

Hnh 11.5.Bnh o ang sau noc Oligocen (Theo tai lieu cua Phung S Tai,2001)

Hnh 11.6. Bnh o ang sau noc Miocen (Theo tai lieu cua Phung S Tai,2001)

c xac nh bi cac he t gay: He thong t gay Bergading-Kapal. He thong t gay Dulang He thong t gay Laba-Mesah Ve pha ra Bac cua be, he thong t gay Dulang va Laba-Mesah chuyen sang hng tay bac - ong nam va tao nen mot loat cac trung hep kieu keo toac (Hnh 11.7). khu vc TLTN he thong t gay chu yeu la t gay thuan co phng B - N, TB - N. Ngoai ra con co mot so t gay
364

theo phng a v tuyen. Chnh cac he thong t gay nay a tao nen kieu cau truc sut bac nghieng ve pha trung tam be va hnh thanh cac a hao va ban a hao xen ke nhau. Cac t gay phng B - N la t gay thuan, xuyen cat t mong vi bien do dch chuyen t vai chuc met en hang nghn met. Chung hoat ong va phat trien en cuoi thi ky Miocen, tham ch co t gay hoat ong en tan Pliocen. Hoat ong

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.7. Cac he thong t gay chnh cua be Malay-Tho Chu (Theo tai lieu cua Fina Exp. Minh Hai, 1992; Phung S Tai, 2001)

cua he thong t gay B - N lam cho n nghieng co s sut bac ve pha Tay va hnh thanh mot loat nep loi, lom xen ke nhau theo phng t gay. Cac t gay co phng a v tuyen va a kinh tuyen c phat hien chu yeu cac lo 45, 46, 51. Cac t gay tren dien tch cac lo 45 51 hoat ong manh me t mong cho en het thi ky Miocen, mot so tham ch phat trien en tan Pliocen. 3.3. Lch s phat trien a chat Lch s a chat e Tam be Malay Tho Chu nam trong tien trnh phat trien a
365

chat chung cua cac be tram tch khu vc ong Nam A va Viet Nam, co the c chia thanh cac giai oan chnh: Giai oan tao rift Eocen (?) - Oligocen. Hoat ong kien tao chu yeu tac ong manh me en khu vc nghien cu la qua trnh tach gian noi luc (Intra-Cratonic rifting [21]) hay con goi la giai oan ong tao rift tao nen cac bon tram tch e Tam chu yeu be Malay - Tho Chu va trung Pattani. Qua trnh tach gian Eocen (?) - Oligocen xay ra doc theo i cau truc Trias co, dan en viec hnh thanh hang loat cac t gay

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 11.8. S o lch s phat trien a chat be Malay-Tho Chu (Theo tai lieu cua Fina Exp. Minh Hai, 1992; Phung S Tai, 2001)

thuan co hng B - N phan Bac vnh Thai Lan va t gay co hng TB - N be Malay - Tho Chu. Ban au qua trnh tram tch b ngan cach bi cac ban graben (half graben), sau o tram tch la cac thanh tao luc nguyen co tng luc a - am ho, tam giac chau va bien ven b lap ay cac be phu m rong, bao gom chu yeu la cat set, cac tap boi tch (fluviolacustrine), tram tch dong xoay (braided streams); tram tch co nhat la Oligocen. Do cac t gay phat trien t mong trc Kainozoi, nen cac thanh tao Oligocen thng b phan d, chia cat mat a
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hnh co thanh cac i nang ha khong eu cua mong trc Kainozoi tao ra mot hnh thai kien truc het sc phc tap (Hnh 11.8). Vao cuoi Oligocen do chuyen ong nang len, qua trnh tram tch b gian oan va boc mon. S kien nay c anh dau bi bat chnh hp cuoi Oligocen au Miocen sm. Giai oan sau tao rift Miocen - e T Miocen sm bat au bang pha lun chm, oan vong - bien tien, ay chnh la giai oan ac trng cho pha chuyen tiep t ong tao rift en sau tao rift [21,22].

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Vao Miocen gia tiep tuc thi ky lun chm cua be ma nguyen nhan chu yeu la do co rut nhiet cua thach quyen. Hoat ong giao thoa kien tao do s thay oi hng hut chm cua mang An o theo hng B va chuyen ong cua mang Uc len pha Bac vao cuoi Miocen gia - au Miocen muon co the la nguyen nhan cua chuyen ong nang len va dan ti viec hnh thanh bat chnh hp Miocen gia. Tren c s ket qua nh tuoi cua tap basalt lien quan ti bat chnh hp chnh be Phisanulok, tuoi cua bat chnh hp tren la 10. 4 trieu/nam (Legendre va nnk,1988). Thi ky t cuoi Miocen muon en hien tai la pha cuoi cung cua tien trnh phat trien be, o la s tiep tuc cua giai oan sau tao rift. Vao Pliocen - e T, qua trnh sut lun cham dan va on nh, bien tien rong khap, manh me, con be, cac a hao va cac phu be lan can trong cung vnh Thai Lan c lien thong vi nhau. Lp phu tram tch hau nh nam ngang, khong b tac ong ln bi cac hoat ong t gay hay nep uon va tao nen hnh thai cau truc hien tai cua khu vc nay [4]. 4. a tang va moi trng tram tch 4.1. a tang tram tch a tang tram tch e Tam (Hnh 11.9) a c nhieu tac gia/c quan nghien cu (Fina 1992-1999, o Bat, Phan Huy Quynh va n. n. k. 1992-2001. . . ), song cong trnh nghien cu gan ay cua Vien Dau Kh Viet Nam [4] a tong hp co he thong a tang e Tam cua khu vc nay. Chi tiet ve a tang be Malay - Tho Chu co the xem
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chng 6 cua sach nay. Noi dung c ban ve a tang co the tom tat nh trong bang 11.1. PALEOGEN Oligocen He tang Kim Long phu bat chnh hp len mong Trc e Tam co tuoi va thanh phan khac nhau. Cac tram tch cua he tang nay thng phan bo chu yeu trong cac a hao va sn cua cac cau tao va c phan cach bi cac t gay co hng B - TN va BN vi chieu day thay oi t 500 - 1.000 m. Mat cat cua he tang gom chu yeu la set ket xen ke vi nhng lp mong bot ket, cat ket va cac lp than, oi cho co cac lp a carbonat mau trang, ran chac dang vi hat. Tai mot so khu vc nang cao (Lo 51, 46) trong phan di cua lat cat ty le cat ket vi kch thc hat tang nhieu so vi cac khu vc khac. Phan ln tram tch cua he tang c thanh tao trong ieu kien moi trng ong bang chau tho en ho am lay va phan tren cua mat cat co chu anh hng cua cac yeu to bien. Set ket mau xam, xam luc, xam en, xam nau hoac nau toi gan ket trung bnh en tot, phan lp day en dang khoi, nhieu ni co cha voi, pyrit, vat chat hu c cha than hoac xen ke cac lp than mau en en nau en. Thanh phan khoang vat set chu yeu la kaolinit va hydromica cung mot lng nho clorit. Tap a set giau vat chat hu c co cha than c xem nh la tang sinh dau va oi cho no cung ong vai tro la cac tang chan mang tnh chat a phng. Cat ket chu yeu hat nho en trung bnh, oi khi hat tho hoac san ket mau xam nhat He tang Kim Long (E3 kl)

 TAM NEOGEN Miocen Minh Hi N13 Pliocen Bin ng ? N2 B

Trc

PALEOGEN

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Ngc Hin N11 m Di N12 Kim Long E3 bin cht Quarzit,st St kt xm nu,-ct kt-bt St kt xm xanh,nu,ct kt bt kt bin kt nu,pht tm-Ct kt- kt, than phn di st dng khi cht, bt phin st nu xm-Than kt bin cht St kt xm sng,ct bt xen k cc va than mng St kt Ct kt

a tng B dy (mt) Du/Kh

T u i a cht

Pleistocen- Q

Tam

Oligocen

50500

5001000

9001500

3901200

1501000

en xam nau. Hat vun ban goc canh en

tot, gan ket bi xi mang giau carbonat (gom

vun thay oi t kem en trung bnh tot hoac

ban tron canh, o la chon mai tron cua hat

Mi tr- ng trm t ch

Bang 11.1. ac iem a tang be Malay-Tho Chu (Theo so lieu cua Fina Exp. Minh Hai, 1992; o Bat va Phung S Tai, 2001)

368
Ammonia Trochamina N8 (N9-14)* N9-N13 (N9-14)* N16-N18 (N16-N19)* NN6-NN9 NN10-NN11 NN12-NN15 F.Meridionalis F.Levipoli F.Meridionalis Stenoclaena Anthoceris-porites F.Meridionalis

m h

ng bng ven bin

ng bng, chu th bin nng Bin nng, ng bng chu th ng bng ven bin Bin m

Bin thm

F oram

(N2-N4)*

(N6-N8)*

N19N21

Nanno

i csinh

NN4 (NN2NN4)*

B T PH
Dacrydium

F.Trilobata Magnastriatites

F.Levipoli Echiperispo ri -tes Magnast

SHB

ca dolomit va calcit), set va thach anh. Xi

phan chnh la thach anh (trong mot so gieng

mang thach anh kha phat trien trong cac a

cat ket o sau > 3.300 m. Cat ket co thanh

ML-TC5

ML-TC4

ML-TC3

ML-TC2

ML-TC1

VPI

T5

T4

T3

T2

T6

T1

T p a chn

T7 F E D H I J

FINA VPI

ESSO

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.9. Cot a tang tong hp be Malay-Tho Chu (Tong hp theo LML, 1998; Petronas, 1999; Gilmont, 2001 va Truongson JOC, 2003)

369

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

khoan lo B, 48/95 va lo 52). phan di cua he tang xuat hien cac lp cat ket thach anh tng oi sach va n khoang vi ty le thach anh oi khi vt qua 80%), felspat va manh a (nhieu manh a phun trao, bien chat va carbonat). Phan loai a cat ket chu yeu thuoc loai litharenit va litharenit felspat, t lithic arkos hoac sublitharenit. a b bien oi th sinh t giai oan catagen sm (cho cac a nam o sau <2.700 m) en catagen muon cho cac a nam sau hn 3.350 m. Phan ln cat ket cua he tang c coi la cac tang cha san pham thuoc loai trung bnh - tot. Hoa a co sinh ngheo nan nen mc o tin cay cua tuoi Oligocen cua he tang can phai nghien cu them. NEOGEN Miocen di Mat cat cua he tang gom chu yeu la set ket, set cha t voi, set cha than, cac lp than xen ke cac lp mong bot ket, cat ket. oi khi co cac lp a voi dang vi hat hoac a voi cha nhieu manh vun luc nguyen mau trang, xam trang cng chac. Set ket mau xam luc, xam en ti xam nau, oi khi o nau, gan ket trung bnh - kem, phan lp rat day hoac dang khoi co nhieu ni cha t thanh phan carbonat (dolomit va calcit), cac manh vun than hoac xen ke cac lp than mau en hoac en pht nau, don va cng. Cac va than tang len nhieu ca ve be day va so lng va so vi tram tch cua he tang Kim Long nam di. Ngoai kaolinit va hydromica la thanh phan khoang vat chnh, con co mot lng ang ke cua nhom khoang vat lp hon hp hydromica/montmorilonit. Tap a set day xen ke nhieu lp than co
370

kha nang chan c cac va dau kh ma a phat hien c trong mot so gieng khoan (B-KL, 46-PT v.v... ). Ngoai ra, a set cua he tang thng kha giau vat chat hu c (VCHC) nen a c xac nh la mot tang co kha nang sinh, chu yeu la sinh kh va condensat. Cat ket mau xam nhat en xam luc hoac xam nau, phan nhieu hat nho en trung, hiem khi hat tho hoac san ket. Hat vun ban goc canh en tron canh, o la chon mai tron cua hat vun thay oi t trung bnh en rat tot. Trong mot so lp cat ket co cha glauconit, hoa a foraminifera va ong vat bien. Ximang giau carbonat, set va mot lng t thach anh. Cat ket chu yeu thuoc loai litharenit va litharenit felspat, t lithic arkos gan giong vi cat cua he tang Ngoc Hien. a cua he tang mi b bien oi th sinh mc o catagen sm en au giai oan catagen muon vi cac tram tch nam sau hn 2.800 m (khu vc lo B). Cat ket cua he tang c xac nh la cac tang cha tot ti rat tot vi o rong 15 30% va o tham thng vt qua 100 mD. Tuoi cua he tang c o Bat xep vao Miocen sm tren c s cac tap hp co sinh NN2 va NN4. Tram tch cua he tang Ngoc Hien c thanh tao trong moi trng am lay, tam giac chau xen cac pha bien nong ven b. Miocen gia Tram tch cua he tang chu yeu la cac lp cat ket xam sang, hat nho en trung bnh, xen cac lp set ket xam trang, xam xanh cung mot vai lp than xen ke. Ngoai ra oi khi co xen ca nhng lp mong dolomit hoac a voi vi hat cha cac manh vun luc nguyen He tang am Di (N12 d)

He tang Ngoc Hien (N11 nh)

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

mau xam trang en nau vang. Set ket mau xam sang, xam oliu, xam xanh ti xam nau gan ket yeu. a phan lp day hoac dang khoi. Thanh phan chnh la kaolinit va hydromica cung mot lng ang ke hon hp hydromica/ montmorilonit. Cac tap a set day nay la mot tang chan co chat lng tot, chan c cac va cha dau kh cua he tang Ngoc Hien a c phat hien trong kha nhieu gieng khoan trong vung. Cat ket mau xam nhat en xam trang, xam pht nau gan ket yeu en trung bnh vi o rong va o tham phan nhieu thuoc loai tot en rat tot. Cat ket chu yeu thuoc loai litharenit va litharenit felspat vi thanh phan khong phan biet nhieu so vi cac tang cat ket cua cac he tang nam di. Ty le cat/set thng trung bnh en cao. Cat co xu the tho dan len pha tren la chu yeu. a cua he tang mi b bien oi th sinh mc o catagen sm vi ac tnh set ket va cat ket gan ket yeu vi xi mang set hoac gan ket trung bnh vi xi mang carbonat. Tram tch phat trien trong toan khu vc vi be day thay oi 300 - 1.200 m. Tuoi cua cac tram tch thuoc he tang c xac nh bang tap hp co sinh thuoc phc he N9, N12, NN7 va NN9. He tang am Di c hnh thanh trong moi trng tam giac chau chu nhieu anh hng cua bien nong ven b. Miocen tren Tram tch cua he tang Minh Hai gom nhieu set/set ket xam sang, xam oliu, xam xanh ti xam nau, mem, b xen ke mot ty le t hn cac lp bot/bot ket va cat/cat ket (cat gap nhieu trong cac khoan 51-MH-1X, 46-DD-1X). Cat ket mau xam nhat en
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xam trang, xam pht nau gan ket yeu hoac con b ri, phan ln la cat ket hat nho oi cho hat trung en tho, ban goc canh en ban tron canh, o la chon trung bnh en tot. Tram tch thng cha phong phu hoa a bien (ac biet la Foraminifera), oi khi co cha glauconit. Cac lp mong dolomit va a voi vi hat oi khi cung co mat. Set cha than va cac va than nau thng xuat hien chu yeu phan di cua mat cat. Ty le cat/set thap, cat thng co xu the hat tho hng len tren. Tram tch cua he tang nay c thanh tao trong moi trng bien nong chu nhieu anh hng cua nguon luc a. Trong tram tch cua he tang a phat hien thay cac hoa thach bao t phan hoa, Foraminifera va Nannoplankton thuoc cac i N16-N18, NN10-NN11, xac nh tuoi Miocen muon cho tram tch he tang Minh Hai. He tang phu khong chnh hp len he tang am Di. Pliocen e T Tram tch cua he tang c ac trng bi set, bot mau xam, xam xanh mem deo xen cac lp cat b ri, chu yeu hat nho, oi cho hat trung, tho ban goc canh, ban tron canh, chon loc tot cha nhieu hoa a ong vat bien thuoc cac i N19-N21 va N12N15. Chung phu bat chnh hp tren tram tch he tang Minh Hai. Tram tch he tang Bien ong phan bo rong khap trong be va co chieu day tng oi on nh 400 - 600 m. 4.2. Moi trng tram tch Tng moi trng tram tch Oligocen Cac tram tch Oligocen phat trien khong rong rai khu vc nay (Hnh 11.10), nguon He tang Bien ong (N2 - Q b)

He tang Minh Hai (N13 mh)

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

cung cap vat lieu chu yeu t cac khoi mong nho cao, mot phan co the t song Mekong co (?). Cac thanh tao tam giac chau c hnh thanh ngay t giai oan nay, cac non boi tch va cac doi cat co xen lan bot ket, set ket phan ong bang chau tho khong ngap nc (upper delta plain). Tram tch am ho phan bo cac lo 46, mot phan lo 51, phan ln lo A, lo B. Mot t cac tram tch long song doc theo cac lo 51, A, B. cac thanh tao nay la tang cha tot nhat trong tram tch Oligocen. Cac lp bot ket, set va cat ket hat mn di dang quat song (fluvial fan) ngap nc (lower delta) ch phan bo chu yeu lo A, B va mot dai hep lo 46, 51. Cac thanh tao nay ch co kha nang cha trung bnh. Cac tap set ong vai tro tang sinh la chnh. Cac lp set, macn, bot ket va t cat ket hat mn, xen trong o co cac lp a voi cha nhieu foraminifera (gieng khoan 50-CM-1X, 46NC-1X) a ch ra moi trng am lay ven bien ien hnh. Cac thanh tao nay phan bo hep cac lo 50, 51 va mot phan lo 46. Tng moi trng tram tch Miocen Tram tch Miocen c thanh tao trong giai oan sau rift. Vao Miocen sm bat au bien tien rong khap, ong thi tram tch mang tnh tam giac chau ien hnh, dien phan bo cua cac tram tch nay (he tang Ngoc Hien) cung rong hn so vi thi ky Oligocen ch bo hep trong cac ho sut. Cac kieu tram tch boi tch, lu tch, kenh cat, cac tap than c thanh tao trong ieu kien ong bang chau tho, am lay, phan bo theo mot dai suot t lo 49, 50, 51, mot phan lo B va lo 46. Cac a nay phan lp day, dien phan bo rong va la tang cha san pham tot khu vc nghien cu.
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Khac vi tram tch Miocen di, cac thanh tao Miocen gia (he tang am Di) phan bo rong rai trong be, ngoai nhng tram tch luc nguyen, oi ni con co nhng lp mong dolomit hoac a voi vi hat cha manh a luc nguyen mau xam trang en vang (46-NH, 46-KM). Cac tram tch Miocen gia c thanh tao chu yeu trong ieu kien moi trng tam giac chau ngap nc ven b bien chu anh hng rat manh hoac xen ke nhieu giai oan bien nong ven b. Cac tram tch Miocen tren phan bo rong rai gom set, set ket xen ke (vi mot ty le t hn) cac lp bot - bot ket va cat - cat ket c thanh tao trong moi trng bien nong chu anh hng cua nguon luc a. 5. Cac tch tu Hydrocarbon 5.1. ac iem cac loai dau Ket qua phan tch cac mau dau thu nhan c t cac gieng khoan be Malay - Tho Chu cho thay co the chia ra 3 nhom dau tng ng vi cac ac trng a hoa cua chung bao gom: nhom dau nguon goc luc a, nhom dau nguon goc am ho, va nhom dau hon hp. Trong o nhom dau nguon goc luc a thung xuat hien trong cac a cha thuoc nhom E ti H va chu yeu phan bo phan trung tam be. phan them luc a Viet Nam thuoc be Malay - Tho Chu cha gap nhom nay, nen di ay ch neu ac iem nhom dau nguon goc am ho va nhom hon hp. Nhom dau nguon goc am ho Nhom dau nay xuat hien trong cac tang cha L, K, J tham ch ca trong tap I va phan bo trong cac vung Nam, ra ong va ra

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.10. S o moi trng tram tch va phan bo a cha be Malay-Tho Chu

Tay be Malay - Tho Chu. ay la khu vc co cac tang sinh nam trong ca so tao dau, cac khu vc khac hau het a qua ngng hoac cha trng thanh (Hnh 11.11). ac trng cua dau nhom nay la t trong dau bien oi trong dai rat rong con cac ac trng a hoa nhn chung t bien oi. Dau bien oi t dang dau co ham lng parafin cao (khu vc mo Bunga Kekwa) cho ti condensat (mo Parma). S thay oi nay co the do mc trng thanh cac tang sinh dau khac nhau va cung co the la do cac bien oi (nh cracking) sau qua trnh tch tu dau kh. c hnh thanh t cung tang sinh nen cac dau co ac iem a hoa gan tng t nhau nh co t so Pr/Ph thap (2,0 - 3,0) va t so Pr/nC17 khong cao (0,3 - 0,5). ay la ac trng cua moi trng tram tch khong b oxy hoa. Phan bo dau vet sinh hoc c ac trng bi Tm/ Ts thap, C29Ts va diahopan co chat lng cao. Cac ch th cua thc vat bac cao nh
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bicadinan va oleanan rat hiem hoac vang mat. Gia C27 va C29 steran nhn chung co s can bang, trong khi o C4-methyl steran kha pho bien nhng ham lng khong cao. Thanh phan tricyclic terpan gan nh vang mat hoac co ham lng khong ang ke. Cac ac trng a hoa tren cua dau tap J va K cung vi s lien ket rat ro cua cac dau vet sinh hoc vi a sinh tap K cho thay dau nhom nay co chung nguon goc va co the tin rang tang sinh set am ho K phan bo rong rai va la mot tang sinh rat co hieu qua. Dau kh sinh ra t tang nay co mat trong cac va cha tap I va K cung nh cac tap cha nam cao hn. Nhom dau nguon goc hon hp Trong mot so khu vc nh PM3-CAA, thanh phan dau cua cac tap H, I, J va K rat bien oi ve t trong va thanh phan phan t. Dau bien oi t condensat (o API cao) ti dau co ham lng parafin trung bnh. S

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

kh ln cung a c phat hien nh Jerneh, Lawit, Duyong, Gajah, Suriya, Seligi, Bong Kot, Tonkoon, Pilong, v.v.... cac lo thuoc them luc a Viet Nam, cac va kh c phat hien hau nh trong toan bo lat cat t tap E, F, H, I, J ti K. T pha Nam len ti pha Bac be cac va kh co xu the nam trong cac a tang tre va nong hn. Cac so lieu a hoa cho thay kh thien nhien be Malay - Tho Chu co nguon
Hnh 11.11. ac trng biomarker ien hnh cua dau am ho va luc a (theo Petronas, 1999)

goc ca t sinh vat (biogenic) va do nhiet (thermogenic) (Curry, 1992; Waples va nnk. 1995; McCaffrey va nnk., 1998, Petronas, 1999). Do tnh linh ong cao nen hau het kh phat hien tai cac mo eu la kh hon hp. Kh sinh vat vi thanh phan chu yeu la metan hnh thanh do vi khuan phan huy vat chat hu c tang nong nhiet o di 75oC, chung khong ong vai tro quan trong ve mat tr lng. Cac kh hydrocarbon do nhiet hnh thanh nhiet o cao hn t cac vat chat hu c hoac phan oan dau mo co t trc. Cac nghien cu cho thay cac kh sinh ra t cac vat chat hu c trng thanh vi he so phan xa vitrinit bien oi t 0,7% ti hn 2,0%. Theo cac nghien cu a hoa kh hydrocarbon be Malay - Tho Chu co the c chia lam 2 nhom kh hydrocarbon theo thanh phan, ac iem ong v phong xa va nhom kh khong hydrocarbon. Nhom kh kho Nhom kh nay phan bo chu yeu tai khu vc trung tam be (Hnh 11.12), chu yeu trong cac tang cha H va tre hn. Chung co gia tr ong v phong xa cua metan va etan kha ln (Hnh 11.13) ac trng cho kh co mc o trng thanh cao. ac trng nay cung the hien dau vet cua than, chng
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bien oi nay co the xuat hien t cac vung khac nhau cua mo, tham ch trong cung mot gieng khoan. Cac ac trng a hoa cho thay dau co nguon goc luc a, the hien so lng rat ln cac dau vet (maker) thc vat bac cao nh oleanan va bicadinan, cho ti nguon goc am ho the hien bi vang mat hoac co t cac vat lieu thc vat bac cao va so lng tng oi ln C27 steran. Nh vay, co the noi rang cac tang sinh co nguon goc khac nhau nam gan hoac xen ke nhau a hnh thanh dau hon hp. Mat khac cung co the dau co nguon goc am ho t di sau a dch chuyen thang ng theo cac he thong t gay va hoa tron vi dau nguon goc luc a sinh ra tai cho. 5.2. ac iem cac loai kh t nhien Ngoai cac mo dau, be Malay - Tho Chu con co rat nhieu cac mo kh ln nho a va ang khai thac cung nh se c phat trien trong tng lai. Trong vung them luc a Viet Nam mot loat cac mo kh co tr lng ang ke a c phat hien nh Kim Long, Ac Quy, Ca Voi va cac mo khu vc PM3-CAA. Khu vc thuoc Malaysia va Thai Lan mot loat mo

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

to kh nhom nay c sinh ra t s pha v kerogen than nam nhiet o rat cao. Ngoai ra, cac kh con c hnh thanh do qua trnh phan oan cac san pham dau hnh thanh trc o, cac kh nay sau o dch chuyen thang ng theo cac he thong t gay len cac tang cha nam nong hn. Nhn chung cac kh nhom nay thng co ham lng condensat thap va ham lng kh CO2 kha cao. Nhom kh am Nhom kh nay chu yeu phan bo ra be (Hnh 11.14) trong toan lat cat t Oligocen - Miocen gia (E ti L). Cac kh nay co ac trng la thanh phan va gia tr ong v phong xa metan va etan bien oi trong dai kha rong (Hnh 11.15). ieu nay chng to co s hoa tron kh t cac tang sinh cung nh mc o trng thanh rat khac nhau. Thanh phan cua cac kh nay bao gom ca kh sinh vat, kh kho va kh am vi t le bien oi nhng nhn chung co ham lng kh am tng oi cao. Cac thanh phan nang hnh thanh chu yeu t tang sinh set am ho sau o dch chuyen ti cac va cha theo phng ngang vi khoang cach tng oi ngan. Cac thanh phan nhe co the chu yeu c tao ra t cac tang sinh song chau tho nam nong hoac la san pham cua qua trnh phan oan cac san pham dau kh hnh thanh di sau (tap J va co hn) va dch chuyen len tren, do vay trong cac va cha kh nay co ham lng CO2 cung co xu the cao hn. Nhom kh khong hydrocarbon Cac kh khong hydrocarbon be Malay (N2), sunfua lu huynh (H2S), v. v. Trong o - Tho Chu bao gom kh carbonic (CO2), Nit
Hnh 11.13. S thay oi cua ong v C cua metan (CH4) (trai) va etan (C2H6) (phai) theo o sau be Malay-Tho Chu. ong v C metan ch ro tach biet cua kh sinh vat, kh kho va kh am. (theo Petronas, 1999) Hnh 11.12. Vung phan bo chu yeu cua nhom kh kho va nhom kh hon hp

thay oi trong pham vi rat rong, t vai % cho ti tren 80% (mo Tapi) tong the tch kh. Ham lng CO2 thay oi theo tng khu vc khac nhau, thong thng cao hn khu vc trung tam va pha Bac be (Hnh co qui luat bien oi kha ac biet phu thuoc 11.14). Theo o sau ham lng CO2 cung

CO2 co the tch ln nhat. Ham lmg kh

vao phan bo ap suat va cha, thap phan tren lat cat va tang dan theo o sau. Ham lng CO2 tang rat ot bien gan noc tang d thng ap suat cao (Hnh 11.15).

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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 11.14. Ban o phan bo ty phan tng oi cua CO2 va HC be Malay-Tho Chu (tong hp so lieu t Petronas, 1999; Unocal, TruongsonJOC, 2003)

Hnh 11.15. Quan he ham lng CO2 va ap suat va theo o sau. S tang ot bien ham lng CO2 tren vung chuyen tiep cho thay co s ro r cua tang chan noc (Gilmont, 2001)

Cac so lieu quan sat cho thay ham rong thng cao hn cac than cha nho hep (Gilmont, 2001). Hien tng nay c ly giai la do cac than cha ln thng b nhieu cac t gay sau ln cat qua hn la cac than cha nho, cac t gay nay la cac kenh dan kh CO2 dch chuyen t di sau len. Hau het CO2 phat hien c cac gieng lng CO2 trong cac than cha phan bo

ap thoa ang va can phai co cac nghien cu bo sung. Cac kh khong hydrocarbon khac nh Malay - Tho Chu. phan them luc a Viet Nam cac kh nay a phat hien c tai khu vc mo Kim Long, Ac Quy, Ca Voi, PM3CAA cung nh mot so gieng khoan khac, tuy nhien ham lng cua chung nho va anh hng cua chung nhn chung la khong ang ke. 6. He thong dau kh 6.1. ac iem tang sinh Be Malay - Tho Chu noi chung co hai tang sinh phan bo rat rong: Tang sinh am ho Oligocen - Miocen di va tang sinh than/set voi song chau tho Miocen gia - muon. Ket qua phan tch Rock - Eval (RE) cho thay mau trong tap tram tch Oligocen va Miocen di hau het co tong ham lng carbon hu c (TOC) ln hn 0,5%Wt. Gia tr Tmax > 435oC chu yeu ri vao mau co tuoi Oligocen.
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H2S, N2, v. v. cung a c phat hien be

khoan eu co nguon goc hon hp. Hai dang gia gia tr ong v carbon va ham lng the phan biet kha ro nguon goc hu c va CO2 co the phan biet bang o th quan he

CO2 t cac va kh co CO2 (Hnh 11.16). Co

khong hu c cua CO2 qua phan bo tren. Kh CO2 co nguon goc khong hu c, gia tr ong v thng ln hn -7,5. Cac kh nay phat hien uc tai cac gieng khoan vung nguon goc hu c co gia tr ong v bien oi t -12,5 ti -25 va t khi nho hn 5%mol cua tong thanh phan kh. Tho Chu tng oi ro tuy nhien s phan bo CO2 theo a tang van cha co c li giai Phan bo kh CO2 theo dien be Malay trung tam be tai cac tch tu kh ln. CO2

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

trng am ho. Cac dang hydrocarbon co cac t so trung gian hau nh ai dien cho hydrocarbon hon hp c tao ra t cac a sinh tram ong trong ca hai moi trng tren. Tuy nhien cung can phai lu y rang co nhng trng hp can phai xem xet rat can than, v du cac hydrocarbon vi t so Ph/Pr cao co the c sinh thanh t cac vat chat hu c luc a (terrigenous) ngoai sinh (allocthonous) c van chuyen vao moi trng am ho (Sladen, 1997). Ngc lai
Hnh 11.16. Quan he ham lng CO2 va gia tr ong v 13 CO2. (Tong hp t so lieu cua Gilmont, 2001; Petronas, 1999 va Glover, 1998)

hydrocarbon co t so Ph/Pr thap co the sinh ra t vat chat hu c t tao co trong cac ho nho trong moi trng song. Hnh 11.17 the hien t so Pristan/Phytan cua tat ca cac dang hydrocarbon co mat be Malay - Tho Chu (Gilmont, 2001). ay, hau nh cac iem so lieu nam chu yeu trong vung cua a sinh song chau tho, ch co mot so iem ri vao vung a sinh am ho. Cac so lieu chng to rang be nay rat nhieu tram tch thc vat bac cao lang ong trong cac am ho. Tang a sinh am ho (Oligocen-Miocen sm) a sinh am ho cua be Malay - Tho Chu chu yeu nam vung trung tam be va o sau kha ln. Chung bat au c hnh thanh trong cac am ho co, phan bo cac ban a hao, c phat trien m rong dan khi ca be b lun chm nhanh. Dien phan bo cua cac he thong ho nay cha c lam ro nhng luon gan lien vi cac giai oan thuy trieu thap va cao (low and high stands) trong thi gian hnh thanh cac tap K, L va M (Petronas, 1999) va tao ra cac tap set phan bo kha rong (Hnh 11.18). Nhn chung, tram tch am ho chu yeu la set, cac va than co ton tai nhng khong pho bien va ong gop khong ang ke vao
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Cac tang a sinh phan anh kha ro lch s phat trien cua be vi s chuyen dan t am ho, song - chau tho ti bien m. Cac tang a sinh tren a c chng minh t cac gieng khoan tren dien tch thuoc Viet Nam cung nh cac nc trong khu vc nh Malaysia va Thai Lan. Co the noi tang a sinh song chau tho la tang sinh kh, kh condensat chu yeu. Trong khi o tang sinh am ho la tang sinh dau chu yeu, tuy nhien phan ln dien tch khu vc cac lo pha Tay thuoc Viet Nam tang sinh nay hau nh nam trong vung qua ngng trng thanh (post-mature-Gilmont, 2001). Viec xac nh nguon goc moi trng tram tch cac tang a sinh co the da tren t so Pristan/Phytan cua cac hydrocarbon thong qua xac nh dang vat chat hu c co trong a sinh. (Hunt,1996). Cac hydrocarbon co t so Ph/Pr<0,5% va t so Pr/Ph>3 nhn chung sinh ra t vat chat hu c tram tch trong moi trng song ti song - chau tho. Cac hydrocarbon co t so Ph/ Pr>0,5% va t so Pr/Ph<3 thong thng sinh ra t vat chat hu c tram tch trong moi

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

gia thiet rang hydrocarbon c sinh ra t cac set am ho nam sau hn. Cac mau lu the lay gieng KL-1X cho thay hau het chung ri vao vung song - chau tho tc la cac a sinh cha rat nhieu vat chat hu c thc vat luc a va lam cho t so Pr/Ph lech ra khoi vung phan bo thc s tram tch am ho (Hnh 11.17). Cac tang sinh nam sau hn nh M va L co rat t gieng khoan bat gap, tuy nhien vi
Hnh 11.17. Ty so Pristan/Phytan cua chat lu be Malay-Tho Chu ( Gilmont, 2001)

qua trnh sinh thanh hydrocarbon. TOC cua tang sinh nay tap trung trong dai t nho 0, 50% cho ti hn 2% trong lng, oi khi gia tr TOC rat cao cung bat gap nhng khong pho bien. Hnh 11.19 cho thay ac trng cua set tap K, la tap set co vai tro quan trong va giau vat chat hu c sinh dau nhat trong be Malay - Tho Chu. o th cho thay ch co mot so iem so lieu ri vao vung phan bo kerogen loai I, vung c xem la co nguon goc am ho. Mat khac, vung ra be luon co cac quat delta hoac delta ho (lacustrine delta) phat trien ve pha trung tam cua be (Gilmont, 2001). Trong moi trng nay he thc vat rat phat trien, do vay se co rat nhieu vat chat hu c nguon goc luc a c tram ong trong cac he thong ho. Ket qua la e lai dau tch a hoa lien quan en vat chat hu c thc vat luc a trong cac hydrocarbon sinh thanh t set am ho. ieu nay c chng minh rat ro khu vc mo kh Kim Long.
ay cac a sinh cha than song chau

(a)

(b)
Hnh 11.18. Ban o phan bo tang sinh I (a) va K (b) be Malay-Tho Chu (Tong hp t so lieu cua Petronas, 1999; Gilmont, 2001; Truongson JOC, 2003; Unocal, 2004)

tho Miocen cha trng thanh va ch co the

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Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.19. Quan he Ch so hydrogen va Tmax (oC) cua tang a sinh K (tong hp t so lieu Petronas,1999 va VPI)

cac so lieu hien co co the chung cung co tiem nang sinh dau (Hnh 11.20, Petronas, 1999). Tom lai, tiem nang sinh cua cac tap tram tch K va L la rat ln. Chat lng cua cac a sinh co xu the tang dan ve pha trung tam be va ay la tang sinh dau chu yeu cua be Malay - Tho Chu. Tang a sinh song - chau tho (Miocen gia va muon) T Miocen muon, moi trng tram tch song - chau tho bat au phat trien va dan ong vai tro quan trong be Malay - Tho Chu. Tai lieu a hoa a ch ra rang cac tang sinh song - chau tho phat trien manh trong thi ky hnh thanh cac tang I cho ti E. Tuy nhien tang E hau nh cha nam trong ngng trng thanh dau kh (Hnh 11.21) nen khong phai la tang sinh co hieu qua. Trong so cac tang sinh khac, tang sinh I ong vai tro quan trong hn ca, tang sinh nay phat trien manh t khu vc Arthit (Thai Lan) cho ti pha Nam be, tao thanh dai song song ng b co, ni co ieu kien thuan li cho viec hnh thanh cac va than,
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Hnh 11.20. Quan he Ch so S2 va tong lng carbon hu c TOC (wt%) cua tang a sinh K va M be Malay-Tho Chu (tong hp t so lieu Petronas (1999) va VPI)

set than, set va set voi (Gilmont, 2001; Petronas, 1999). Be day cua tang sinh I kha ln, co the day tren 40m va na so o la cac va than. Vat chat hu c cua tang sinh nay la cac vat lieu nguon goc luc a chiem u the. Cac a sinh thuoc tang I c chon vui o sau kha ln nen trong nhieu vung cua be, chung a trng thanh va sinh thanh dau kh. Trong vung trung tam hau het tang sinh I a nam trong ca so tao kh ch co vien bao quanh be la nam trong ca so tao dau (Hnh 11.22). S thang giang cua moi trng tram tch va s phan bo khong gian khac nhau dan en s khac biet kha ro ve chat lng tang sinh cung nh s phan bo dau vet sinh hoc. Hnh 11.23 tom lc tnh chat cua a sinh nhom I da tren quan he gia ch so HI vi Tmax. TOC cua a sinh bien oi trong pham vi kha rong t nho hn 0,50 wt% (set sach) cho ti hn 80 %wt (than sach). Cac a sinh ngheo (TOC < 1. 00 wt%) thng la

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 11.21. S o mat cat the hien ranh gii trng thanh va hng dch chuyen dau kh khu vc Bac (a) va trung tam (b) be Malay-Tho Chu (theo Gilmont, 2001)

cac kerogen hon hp tng ng vi kerogen loai III chiem u the va sinh kh la chu yeu. Cac a sinh giau vat chat hu c thng co ham lng kerogen loai I, sinh dau cao nhng chung cung cha ca cac keorogen loai II va III. Cac phan bo dau vet sinh hoc cua nhom tang sinh I cho thay chung co nguon goc thc vat bac cao do co cac ac iem a hoa rat ac trng nh co t so Tm/Ts cao, C29 steran chiem u the va rat giau oleanan cung nh bicadinan. Trong nhieu mau thuoc nhom I, ac biet khu vc Nam va ong Nam be Malay - Tho Chu, cac phan bo dau vet sinh hoc cho thay co s hien dien cua tao thuoc moi trng am ho vi cac ac iem co mat cua
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Hnh 11.22. Ban o trng thanh be Malay-Tho Chu cho noc tang I (a) va ay tang set K (b) (tong hp t Glover, 1998, Gilmont, 2001; Petromas, 1999, Unocal 2004)

C27 steran, so lng oleanan va bicadinan cung nh t so Tm/Ts thap. S suat hien tao cung vi than va set than cho thay chung tram ong trong moi trng am ho hnh thanh doc theo b bien. S co mat cua vat chat hu c tao lam tang ang ke kha nang sinh dau cua tang sinh nay. Nhn chung tang sinh nay kha nang sinh kh va kh condensat cao hn khu vc Bac be, con khu vc pha Nam va ong Nam tang sinh nay ngoai kha nang sinh kh chung con sinh ra mot lng dau ang ke. 6.2. ac iem tang cha

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Abdul Kadir (1995) va Nik Ramli (1988) cho thay a cha nhom K chu yeu gom cac than cat kenh rach long song xep chong nhau co tnh lien tuc kha tot va phan bo tng oi rong. Be day to hp cac than cat bien oi t 5 - 15m, cac than cat rieng le day khoang 5 - 6m va c xen kep bi cac tram tch cua ong bang ngap lut, hoat ong thuy trieu va b bien ra ngoai (lower shoreface).
Hnh 11.23. Quan he ch so hydrogen va Tmax (oC) cua tang sinh I. (tong hp t so lieu Petronas, 1999 va VPI)

Cac than cha nhom J hnh thanh vao thi ky chuyen tiep co tnh khu vc t moi trng am ho sang moi trng bien. a cha nhom nay cha ti hn 40% tr lng dau kh cua toan be (Petronas, 1999). Ve pha Bac be (Lo B&48, 52/97 va khu vc Arthit (Thai Lan) a cha bao gom cac than cat hat tho xep chong hnh thanh trong moi trng long song a dong hoac lap ay cac kenh phan cat trong thung lung (incised canyon), chung co t phan cha cao (high net to gross) va phan bo kha rong co the de dang lien ket gia cac gieng khoan (Unocal, 2003). Chuyen dan ve pha ong Nam va Nam be (lo PM-3, PM-9), cac a cha gom cac tap cat t day 3 - 15m hnh thanh trong moi trng bien oi t song, ong bang ca song ti tram tch bien nong b anh hng cua thuy trieu (LML, 1998; Ramlee va nnk, 1996). Phan gia cua nhom J, cac than cat co chat lng tot hn c hnh thanh tai cac vung ca song va vung thuy trieu hoat ong manh (Ramlee va nnk, 1996). Phan tren va di lat cat nhom J a cha co chat lng kem hn hnh thanh trong moi trng co nang lng thuy trieu yeu en trung bnh. Trong khu vc nay, cac tap cat phan di nhom J c Yap (1996) minh giai la cac tap cat cua doi
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a cha be Malay - Tho Chu dau kh c phat hien trong a cha cat ket nhom D ti M co tuoi Miocen ti Oligocen. Trong vung them luc a Viet Nam, dau kh chu yeu c phat hien trong a cat ket thuoc nhom E ti K hnh thanh trong moi trng bien oi t luc a en bien (Hnh 11.9). Cat ket nhom L (Oligocen muon). Phan di lat cat bao gom cac tap cat ket co o chon loc trung bnh, o hat t mn en trung bnh co be day t 6 - 12m, cang len tren cac va cat mong dan vi be day 3 - 6m va xen kep vi cac va set ket. Cac va cat ket cua nhom nay hnh thanh trong moi trng song di dang cac doi li liem (point bar) va lap ay kenh rach (channel sands) nam xen ke vi cac tram tch ong bang ngap lut (flood plain) (LML, 1998). Cat ket nhom K - J (Miocen sm) bao gom cac tap cat cua tram tch mat trc chau tho (delta front) bien lui (prograding) co cac tap set va lp than mong xen kep. Cac nghien cu cua Unocal (2003), LML (1998), Asiah Mohd Salih, Mohd Fauzi

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

cat (bar) thuy trieu nam theo hng TTB - N song song vi b bien co. Cac tap cat co dang tho dan len tren va b sinh vat lam bien oi manh (bioturbated), phu len chung la cac tap cat ket cha glauconit hat tho sach va o chon loc tot. Cac tng a cat b bien (shore face) va doi cat (bar) chuyen dan sang tng a set bun vung vnh, am pha va bai thoat trieu (tidal flat theo Goh va nnk, 1982 & 1983). Mot so tac gia khac nh Nik Ramli, 1986 Noor Azim Ibrahim va Mazlan Madon, 1990 con cho rang cac than cha la cac tap cat b bien va cac tram tch them hnh thanh trong moi trng anh hng cua song va bao vi tac ong phu cua hoat ong thuy trieu. Cat ket nhom I: Khu vc pha Bac be (Lo B&48, 52/97 co the chia nhom I ra hai phan, phan tren la cac tap cat song khong lien tuc cua moi trng song uon khuc (meadering), phan di a cha co tnh lien tuc tot hn c hnh thanh trong moi trng song a dong. Ve pha ong Nam, a cha nhom I co s bien oi nhe va cung gom hai phan, phan di la cac tap tram tch long song a dong. Phan tren cac va cat tho dan ve noc va c hnh thanh trong moi trng ong bang ven bien thap (lower coastal plain) vi s xen kep cua cac va than mong cung nh set va bot ket cua moi trng tien chau tho (prodelta theo LML, 1998). Cat ket nhom E, F&H (Miocen gia): nhn chung cac tap cat cua nhom E, F va H c minh giai la cac tap cat song cua vung song uon khuc khong co tnh lien tuc (Unocal 2002). Khu vc lo PM3 CAA cac a cha con c hnh thanh trong moi trng co s thang giang manh thay oi
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t ong bang ven bien thap ti ven bien (marginal marine) do vay cac tram tch tho dan ve noc vi t phan bot va set ket chiem u the va co cac va than mong xen kep (LML, 1998). Cac a cha khac Tren c s cac ket qua tham do va khai thac oi tng a mong nt ne phong hoa tai be Cu Long, a mong tai be Malay - Tho Chu cung c xem xet nh la oi tng tm kiem tham do mi. Tuy nhien, cho ti nay trong vung them luc a Viet Nam mot so gieng a khoan vao mong va a gap a phien bien chat (46-NC-1X), a quartzit (46-KM-1X) va a voi chat st (hai gieng khoan vung PM-3 CAA) nhng cha thay co bieu hien dau kh trong oi tng nay. Chat lng a cha Co rat nhieu cong trnh nghien cu anh gia chat lng a cha be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu. Cac nghien cu eu cho rang cac yeu to chnh khong che chat lng a cha la qua trnh chon vui tao a (burial diagenesis), moi trng tram tch, cau truc a cha va cac khoang vat th sinh (Chu, 1992; Hill va nnk, 1992; Nik Ramli, 1997, 1988b; Trevana, 1998; Noor va nnk., 1990; Khalid Ngah, 1990b; Mazlan Madon, 1994 va Gilmont va nnk., 2001). Qua trnh nen ep tao a la yeu to quan trong nhat quyet nh chat lng a cha be Malay - Tho Chu. phan them thuoc Viet Nam qua trnh bien oi a dien ra rat nhanh do co tac ong cua gradient nhiet cao a lam giam ang ke chat lng a cha theo chieu sau (Hnh 11.24), ac biet la cat ket hat mn (Gilmont, 2001). o

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

sau tren 2.100m qua trnh bien oi xay ra t t va nhn chung a cha co chat lng tot (o rong co the vt qua 27%). Cac hien tng bien oi i nong chu yeu la qua trnh nen ep c hoc, lang ong khoang vat set clorit, carbonat, thach anh va kaolinit trong cac lo rong a. o sau ln hn (ti 2.600m tng ng nhiet o 130 - 140oC) cac khoang vat feldspar de b phan huy, cac tinh the thach anh phat trien manh va kaolinit tr thanh rat pho bien (Trevena, 1998) Khi nhiet o len ti 150 - 170oC (khoang di 3.100m), cac khoang vat thach anh phat trien rat manh trong cac lo hong ket hp vi cac khoang vat set ilit dang si lap ay cac hong dan (pore throats) lam giam ang ke o tham cua a, ac biet cac tng a hat mn (Hnh 11.25). Cac tai lieu co c cho thay o rong giam rat nhanh trong khoang o sau 1.500 ti 3.000m. Tuy nhien, o rong ln hn 10% van co the gap o sau di 3.000m trong cac a cat ket hat tho (Gilmont, 2001). Ngoai yeu to bien oi tao a, moi trng tram tch, yeu to khong che chu yeu o hat cua cac than

cha, co vai tro ln nhat oi vi chat lng a cha. Nhn chung, cac tng a hnh thanh trong moi trng co nang lng cao nh cat b bien do bao, ca song, song a dong, co xu the tot hn cac tng a trong vung co nang lng thap nh cat vung b bien ra ngoai (lower shoreface) cho ti noi them (inner shelf), vung ong bang ngap lut... (Petronas, 1999). Quan he thong ke o tham theo chieu sau va tng tram tch (Hnh 11.26) cho thay o sau nho hn 1.500m o tham khong phu thuoc vao moi trng tram tch do cac a cha cha b anh hng cua qua trnh tao a (Gilmont, 2001). o sau ln hn qua trnh tao a co anh hng tang dan va s khong che cua o hat tr nen quyet nh trong viec bao ton o tham. Ti o sau 2.250m, dai o tham oi vi tng ong bang tam giac chau nho hn 1mD va khoang 500mD oi vi tng ong bang ven bien cao khoang o sau tren 3.000m hau het cac a co o tham nho hn 1mD. o chon loc va o hat cung co anh hng nhat nh en chat lng a cha. a cat ket cang sach va tho th a cha thng co

Hnh 11.24. o rong va o tham cua a cha cat ket giam nhanh theo o sau ( Gilmont 2001)

Hnh 11.25. a cha cat o hat mn b lap ay bi dickit (C-9), ilit dang si (G-2, B-5) va ximang thach anh (H-4) co o tham khong ang ke (B-KL1X)

383

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

xu the tot hn. Cac a cha thuoc nhom L K hau het lang ong trong moi trng song a dong, co o hat rat tho va co the ca cuoi ket, trong khi o cac a cha tre hn co xu the o hat mn hn. Cat hat mn co o tham kem khong phu thuoc vao tuoi tram tch. Cuoi ket kha nang tham cha cung khong tot. Cac a cha khu vc Bac be Malay Tho Chu co moi quan he o tham va o hat co the tom lc nh Hnh 11.27. Nh tren a e cap, cac bien oi tao a hoa hoc (chemical diagenesis) kha pho bien khu vc be Malay - Tho Chu, nhng nhn chung chung ch ong vai tro th yeu oi vi chat lng a cha va chu yeu mang tnh cuc bo a phng (Mazlan Madon, 1994; EPIC, 1994) do thanh phan khoang vat chnh cua a cha la silic (Si02) chiem u the, con cac khoang vat t sinh ch chiem khoang 0 - 25% (trung bnh khoang 5%) the tch a. Tuy nhien, cac khoang vat set th sinh lai co anh hng kha tieu cc oi vi chat lng a cha. Cac nghien cu cua Hill va nnk. (1992) cho thay set kaolinit, vi kch thc bien oi, rat pho bien be Malay - Tho Chu. Kaolinit kch thc ln thng xuat hien trong cat ket song, trong khi o
Hnh 11.27. Quan he o tham va o o hat cua a cha cat, cat hat mn co o tham kem khong phu thuoc vao tuoi tram tch. Cuoi ket kha nang tham cha rat kem (Theo Trevena, 2000)

cat ket nguon goc bien thng xuat hien kaolinit kch thc nho hn. S dch chuyen cua set kaolinit co the lam thu hep khe dan va gay ra sut giam lu lng khi khai thac dau kh. Set ilit t sinh cung kha pho bien trong cat ket va thay oi theo chieu sau va nhiet o va cha. Ngoai cac khoang vat set tren, trong a cha con phan bo mot so cac khoang vat co cha sat nh siderit va pyrit bien chat. Qua trnh hnh thanh va s thay the cac a bi cac khoang vat nay cung lam giam o rong nguyen sinh va anh hng en o tham cua a cha, tuy nhien cac tac ong nay ch mang tnh cuc bo a phng (LML, 1998). 6.3. ac iem tang chan Cac thanh tao chan gi dau kh trong khu vc co the c chia thanh 2 loai [22]. Cac tang chan hat mn la cac tap set bien tuoi Oligocen, Miocen va Pliocen - Q: Tang chan I: ay la cac tap set Pliocen - e T co chieu day hang tram met, ong vai tro tang chan khu vc cho toan vung. Ham lng set on nh,

Hnh 11.26. Quan he o tham va o rong phan chia theo tng a (Theo Gilmont, 2001)

khoang 85 - 90%, o hat chu yeu nho hn 0,001 mm. Khoang vat chu yeu la
384

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

montmorilonit va th yeu la hydromica. Xen ke trong cac tang set la cac lp bot ket mong co ac tnh trng n cao. Tang chan II la cac tap set ay Miocen di. Cac tap nay phan bo khong lien tuc, ong vai tro tang chan a phng cho cac tang san pham ben di. Chieu day cua tang nay khoang 25 - 60 m. Ham lng set dao ong t 75 - 85%, o hat nho hn 0,001 mm. Khoang vat chu yeu la montmorilonit, ngoai ra con co hydromica va kaolinit. Tang chan III la cac tap set trong tang Oligocen, co be day ln 50 - 200m va kha on nh va ong vai tro tang chan khu vc. Ham lng set cao 80 - 90%, khoang vat chu yeu la montmorilonit va to hp hydromica - montmorilonit, o hat 0,001 - 0,003. Man chan kien tao: Che o kien tao cua khu vc co anh hng va chi phoi manh me ti s tch tu va bao ton dau kh. Cac he thong t gay la man chan kien tao het sc quan trong. Hau het cac bay khep kn 3 chieu eu c chan bi cac t gay, ac biet la oi vi canh nang cac t gay. 6.4. Di chuyen va nap bay Be Malay - Tho Chu ton tai cac tang sinh am ho va song - chau tho. Cac tang sinh nay c chon vui trong be tram tch co che o dong nhiet rat cao vung trung tam va Bac be nhng giam dan ve pha ra be. Gradient nhiet bien oi t 3oC/100m vung ra nhng co the len ti hn 6oC/100m tai khu vc trung tam cua be (Hnh 11.28). Mot so ni doc truc cua be, a c ghi nhan c gia tr dong nhiet ti 105mWm (Petronas, 1999).
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Vi che o nhiet cao nh vay cac tang sinh, tr tang sinh E (ch co mot so vung nam trong ngng trng thanh), hau het a nam trong cuoi ngng hoac qua ngng trng thanh. ieu nay a c chng minh t cac tai lieu phan xa vitrinit, mau bao t phan va nhiet o Tmax. Tuy nhien, mot so vung gia tr phan xa vitrinit theo mo hnh o trng thanh thap hn so vi d oan. ieu nay co ve khong phu hp vi che o gradient nhiet va nhiet o va. Nhng cac so lieu co c cho thay hau het cac gia tr phan xa thap hn eu tap trung vao cac mau kerogen cua set hn la cua than, nen cac gia tr nay co the chap nhan c (Petronas, 1999). Hien tng nay a c Waples (1994) ly giai bang quan iem cho rang trong thi ky Pleistocen xung nhiet a tao ra moi trng co dong nhiet cao nh thi iem hien tai, con trc o dong nhiet cua be thap hn rat nhieu. Ket qua mo phong o trng thanh cua be cho thay do phan trung tam be co gradient nhiet cao hn nen ca so sinh dau kh ay nang cao so vi phan ra. Cac mat cat

Hnh 11.28. Ban o gradient a nhiet be MalayTho Chu (Tong hp t so lieu cua Gilmont, 2001 va Petronas, 1999)

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 11.21 cho thay cac tang sinh am ho cua cac tap J, K, L va M nhn chung nam trong ca so tao dau phan ln dien tch Nam, ong Nam va vung ra cua be (Hnh 11.15). Con ve pha Bac va i dan ve trung tam be, cac tang sinh t K tr xuong a qua ngng trng thanh va co the dau sinh thanh t cac tang sinh trong khu vc nay a b phan huy tao ra kh kho (Gilmont, 2001; Petronas, 1999). Dch chuyen cua dau kh ti cac bay tuy con mot vai y kien khac nhau nhng hau het cac cong trnh nghien cu eu cho rang be Malay - Tho Chu ton tai ong thi hai c che dch chuyen ngang va thang ng. Tuy tng v tr cu the ma mot trong hai c che nay ong vai tro chu ao. S dch chuyen ngang cua dau kh co the thay trong hau het a tang, trong Miocen (tap H tr len), cac tang nay a sinh va cha xen kep va lien ke nhau, sau khi sinh ra t a me dau kh ch phai dch chuyen ngang vi quang ng rat ngan ti cac tang cha (Gilmont, 2001). Do dau kh co ty trong nhe va cac he thong t gay thang ng co mat hau het cac khu vc be Malay - Tho Chu, nen co the noi dch chuyen thang ng co ve chiem u the hn trong cac cac he thong t gay nay. ien hnh la s di chuyen kh t cac tang sinh a trng thanh nam di sau (tang K) theo cac t gay va lap ay vao cac bay cua tang cha E va F trong khu vc mo Kim Long (Gilmont, 2001). mot so mo khac nh Dulang va Semangkok, s tng t ve cac ac trng a hoa cua dau tai mot so va cha tang E vi dau cua cac tang nam sau hn (I va J) (Petronas, 1999) va s ton tai cua cac he thong t gay sau i kem cac
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cau tao cua tang E trong vung, tang a me E cha trng thanh a chng minh quan iem dch chuyen thang ng va chng to dch chuyen thang ng ong vai tro quan dau kh cung la nhng bang chng ro rang trong. S co mat cua kh CO2 trong cac mo

ve s dch chuyen thang ng. Nhieu tac gia cho rang c che dch chuyen nay co le ong vai tro quan trong oi vi cac khu vc t gay phat trien nh vung Bac va trung tam be Malay - Tho Chu. oi vi cac tang sinh va cha nam sau hn nh I, J, K ti L, dau sinh thanh t a me am ho trong thi ky tao rift ti giai oan au sau tao rift (early post rift). Cac dau nay co ty trong ln hn kh nhieu lan, mat khac ty phan a cha trong cac tang tren kha ln va phu trc tiep len cac tang sinh am ho co trc nen xu the dch chuyen len tren theo phng xien ngang (up-dip lateral migration) la kha ro. Do tang sinh rat ln nen lng dau kh sinh ra nap vao bay nhieu khi ln hn the tch cua cau tao nen co the xay ra hien tng dau kh tran ra khoi bay (fill and spill) va dch chuyen ti cac cau tao nam pha tren theo kenh dan la cac than cha va/hoac cac t gay. ieu nay c minh chng qua tnh chat tng t cua dau gia cac tang trong cung mot mo hoac mot dai cac mo nh chuoi mo Tabu ti Palas (Petronas, 1999). Nh vay, s dch chuyen ngang hoac thang ng cua dau kh tai be Malay - Tho Chu luon dien ra cung nhau va khong the tach di. Dch chuyen thang ng thng mang tnh cuc bo trong cac khu vc phat trien t gay trong khi o dch chuyen ngang co pham vi anh hng ln hn. Tuy nhien khoang cach dau kh co the dch chuyen

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

ngang t tang sinh ti cac tang cha, ac biet la khu vc ra be, la bao nhieu van la cau hoi can phai c giai ap. 7. Cac play dau kh va kieu bay Cac ket qua khoan tren cac lo cua Viet Nam thuoc phan ra ong Bac be Malay - Tho Chu va cac vung lan can a chng minh s ton tai hai he thong dau kh khac nhau. He thong dau kh th nhat lien quan rat chat che vi tang sinh Oligocen vi cac play c at ten tng ng vi tuoi tang sinh va tang cha chnh bao gom Mong trc e Tam, Oligocen va Miocen. He thong dau kh th hai gan lien vi tang sinh tuoi Miocen va play Miocen. Play 1 - Mong Trc e Tam Cac a sinh chnh la cac tap set am ho tuoi Oligocen, cac vat chat giau thc vat bac cao (terrigenous plant) lang ong trong cac am ho va co ac trng ien hnh la sinh ra dau co ham lng parafin va o ong ac cao. Cac tang cha co the la cac thanh tao Trc e Tam di dang cac oi sot hoac khoi nho cao c hnh thanh do qua trnh bao mon a hnh khong ong eu. Cac tang cha co the la cac tap carbonat hoac cac tap cat ran chac nam xen kep vi cac tap set. Ngoai ra, a cha cung co the la cac khoi a nui la hoac bien chat b phong hoa nt ne manh. Tuoi va thanh phan thach hoc cua cac a Trc e Tam nay a c xac nh theo tai lieu tai mot so gieng khoan be va cac iem lo tren ao Phu Quoc. a bot ket va cat ket tai cac iem lo tren ao co tuoi Mesozoi (Creta/Jura) (Rinaldi, 1999) va co thanh phan thach hoc tng t vi cac a mong gap tai gieng Kim Quy1X. Cac a
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carbonat vnh Thai Lan hau het co tuoi Permi - Trias, chung tao thanh cac tap nam xen ke vi a tram tch khac. Play nay cha c chng minh phan dien tch thuoc them Viet Nam cung nh phan con lai cua be Malay - Tho Chu. Play 2 - Oliogcen Cac tang a sinh chnh tng t nh play 1. Cac tang cha chnh la cac tap cat cua doi cat li liem (point bar) va cat lap ay kenh rach hnh thanh trong moi trng song va nam xen ke vi cac tram tch hat mn cua ong bang ngap lut. Do cac tang nay nam phan sau cua lat cat nen kha nang cha la van e rui ro can c quan tam. Play nay a c chng minh Nam be Malay - Tho Chu (Petronas, 1999). Tuy nhien, trong phan dien tch cac lo thuoc Them luc a Viet Nam cha tm thay dau kh trong play nay. Play 3 - Miocen Cac a sinh chnh la cac tap than va/hoac set voi co tuoi Miocen sm en Miocen gia. Cac a nay sinh kh va condensat la chu yeu. Ngoai ra cac a sinh cua cac play 1,2 cung co the la nguon cung cap dau kh cho play nay. Cac a cha chnh tai vung Bac be Malay - Tho Chu la cac than cat song va song/chau tho trong Miocen di va gia; ay la oi tng tham do chu yeu cua khu vc nay. Trong vung ra be thuoc them luc a Viet Nam, dau kh a c phat hien trong play nay nh cac khu vc Kim Long, Ac Quy va PM3-CAA. Qua cac phan tch thong ke ve s khac

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

biet gia cac tch tu dau kh cung nh cac dang bay thng gap tai cac phat hien dau kh, Jardine, 1995 a ra 5 dang bay cau truc pho bien tai khu vc Bac be Malay Tho Chu nh sau: Bay dang A (Hnh 11.29a). Dau kh tch tu canh nang cua t gay thuan co hng o ve pha trung tam be (synthetic faults). Dang bay nay c hnh thanh tai nhng ni bien o dch chuyen cua t gay u e xoay cac khoi t gay (fault block) nghieng mot goc ngc vi hng o co tnh khu vc cua cac tang tram tch. Dang bay nay rat pho bien tai be Malay - Tho Chu. Bay dang B (Hnh 11.29b). Dau kh tch tu canh nang cua t gay thuan co hng o ve pha ra cua be. Dang bay nay c hnh thanh do cac a tang pha trung tam nghieng mot goc vi t gay ke ap va lam dien tch cac than cha thu hep nhng kha nang cha dau kh cua chung tang len. Co the gap dang bay nay khu vc cac mo Bunga Pakma, khu vc gieng 51-MH-1X va 50-CM-1X. Bay dang C (Hnh 11.29c). Dau kh tch tu trong cau tao khep kn 4 pha hnh thanh t nep loi tai nhng ni a tang b trt va uon cong doc theo cac he thong t gay khong che (bounding). Dang bay nay rat pho bien tai nhng lat cat co t le set chiem u the v du nh khu vc cac mo Ular, Pilong va Senja. Bay dang D (Hnh 11.29d): Dau kh tch tu trong cac bay khep kn 3 hoac 4 pha hnh thanh doc theo cac t gay thuan co hng o ve pha trung tam. Tuy nhien, cac bay nay con co the xuat hien cac canh sut cua t gay thuan co hng o ve pha ra be. Dang bay nay a c phat hien cac mo
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Bunga Kekwa, Bunga Orkid va Kim Long. Bay dang E (Hnh 11.29e): Dau kh c tch tu trong cac khoi nho cao (host block), thng keo dai doc theo cac t gay khong che va tao thanh cac cau truc dang nep loi cuon (roll-over). Dang bay nay kha pho bien tai mo Kim Long, Ac Quy va Ca Voi. Bay dang F (Hnh 11.29f): ay la dang bay co the xuat hien tai be Malay - Tho Chu. Dau kh co the c tch tu trong cac khoi mong nho cao b phong hoa nt ne, bien oi va/hoac b karst hoa. Dang bay nay cha c chng minh bang ket qua khoan. Ngoai cac dang bay thong thng lien quan en cau truc nh tren, mot dang bay a c chng minh va cung rat pho bien tai be Malay - Tho Chu, o la dang bay a tang hnh thanh t cac than cat co lien quan en hoat ong cua song ngoi, kenh rach (Hnh 11.30). Rat nhieu cac mo dau kh a c phat hien vi s ton tai cac dang bay nay nh Bunga Kekwa, Bunga Orkid, Bunga Raya, Bunga Seroja (PM3-CAA), Hoa Mai, Song oc (Lo 46), Kim Long, Ac Quy va Ca Voi (B &48/95 va 52/97). 8. Tiem nang dau kh cua be Malay Tho Chu Tiem nang dau kh them luc a Tay Nam a co nhieu tac gia quan tam nghien cu anh gia, nhat la t nhng nam 1990, con so d bao dao ong trong khoang 200 - 500 trieu tan dau quy oi. Gan ay vi nhieu phat hien dau kh trong khu vc, a co anh gia tr lng thu hoi cho cac oi tng cu the a phat hien dau kh va d bao tiem nang cho cac cau tao trien vong.

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Mo hnh

Minh hoa

Hnh 11.29. Cac dang bay cha thng gap be Malay-Tho Chu (Jardine, 1995)

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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 11.30. Mat cat a chan the hien mot so dang bay cha be Malay-Tho Chu (nguon Unocal)

Bang 11.2. Cac cau tao a khoan co phat hien va cac cau tao co trien vong Cac cau tao a khoan va phat hien Cau tao Gieng phat hien Dau Nam Can 46-NC-1X + am Di 46-DD-1X + Ngoc Hien 46-NH-1X + Phu Tan 46-PT-1X + Cai Nc 46-CN-1X + Khanh My 46-KM-1X + Tac Van 46-TV-1X 0 Minh Hai 46-MH-1X 0 U Minh 46-UM-1X 0 + Bunga-Raya + Bunga-Kekwa + Bunga-Orkid Bunga-Pakma 0 Bunga-Seroja 0 Kim Long Ac Quy Ca Voi 49-KL-1X 0 Kh + + 0 + + 0 + + + + + + + + + Cac cau tao co trien vong Cau tao V tr Lo W1 46 W4 46 X 46 Y2 46 R1,R2,R3 51 J2 51 Vang en (D) 49/95 ai Long-Hac Long 52/97 Kim Xa (E1) 49/95 Kim S: KS1(E2) 49/95 KS2(E3) KS3((E4)

390

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 11.31. Ban o cac mo dau kh va cau tao trien vong be Malay-Tho Chu phan them luc a Viet Nam (Tong hp theo tai lieu hien co cua Tong cong ty Dau kh Viet Nam)

8.1. Tiem nang dau kh cac a trc e Tam Viet Nam hien nay dau kh chu yeu c khai thac trong a cha mong phong hoa nt ne trc e Tam be Cu Long. Do vay cung co the hy vong co the ton tai dau kh trong cac a cha trc e Tam tai be Malay - Tho Chu. Tuy nhien cho en nay tai lieu nghien cu oi tng nay rat han che nen viec anh gia d bao con so tiem nang la het sc kho khan va cha the tien hanh c.
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8.2. Tiem nang dau kh tram tch e Tam Nh a neu cac muc 6,7 cac play 2 va 3 nhn chung la co tiem nang ln nhat ve dau kh. Tuy nhien cac rui ro cung con kha cao, ac biet la ve a cha, bay, va thanh phan kh CO2 cao a c chng minh ro cung nh ca be Malay - Tho Chu noi chung. Do vung TL TN Viet Nam ch chiem mot dien tch nho canh ong Bac be Malay Tho Chu, s phan bo cac tram tch Oligocen han che trong i a hao vung BTB - NN va phan ong Nam cua n nghieng ong Bac, nen s ton tai dau kh trong Play 2 mi tai phan dien tch thuoc Viet Nam noi rieng

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Be Malay-Tho Chu

Be Malay-Tho Chu

40%

ang khai tha c La p ke hoa ch ang a nh gia 33% 4% 8% Cha a nh gia Cha pha t hie n

Tr. Tan quy dau

1%

14%

a khai tha c

350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Pl ay 2 Pl ay 3 Cha pha t hie n Pha t hie n co n la i a khai tha c

Hnh 11.32. Phan bo tr lng va tiem nang dau kh theo mc o tham do

Hnh 11.33. Phan bo tr lng va tiem nang dau kh theo play

ch c chng minh tai vung pha Nam be ma cha c chng minh tai vung them luc a Viet Nam. So vi Play 2, Play 3 co dien tch phan bo rong hn (Hnh 11.5 va 11.6) co cac tang sinh (K,I) vi ac iem sinh dau kh khac nhau. Ngoai ra co the con nguon dau kh c bo sung t cac tang sinh trong Oligocen nen no co tiem nang dau kh ang ke. Tuy nhien do v tr va ac iem cac tang sinh khu vc cac Tay Bac va ong Nam co khac nhau nen tiem nang cua chung cung khac nhau. Khu vc Tay Bac chu yeu co tiem nang kh va condensat do tang sinh K a nam ngng tao kh. Con khu vc ong Nam co tiem nang ca kh va dau, nhng vi xu the nghieng ve kh nhieu hn. Ket qua tm kiem tham do en nay cho thay be Malay - Tho Chu a phat hien hang loat cac oi tng trien vong dau kh, trong so cac oi tng a c khoan tm kiem tham do nhieu gieng co phat hien dau kh (Bang 11.2 va hnh 11.31). Nh vay, be Malay - Tho Chu dien tch thuoc them luc a Viet Nam co tiem nang cao, co the tm ra cac mo dau kh va condensat vi quy mo khac nhau. Theo cac so lieu anh gia tiem nang cua e an VITRA cung nh cac so lieu cap nhat en
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nam 2004, con so tr lng a phat hien va tiem nang thu hoi dau kh cua vung them luc a Tay Nam Viet Nam vao khoang 380 trieu tan quy dau c trnh bay hnh 11.32 va 11.33. 9. Ket luan Qua trnh hnh thanh va ac iem cau truc a chat cung nh he thong dau kh be Malay - Tho Chu b chi phoi manh me bi cac hoat ong kien tao cua khu vc lan can, ac biet la trung Pattani vnh Thai Lan. Tram tch Kainozoi co tuoi t Oligocen en hien ai vi chieu day thay oi t vai tram met en 6000 - 7000 met. Cac tap set Oligocen va Miocen sm giau vat chat hu c (t tot en rat tot), la tang sinh dau kh chnh cua khu vc, trong o tang sinh Miocen cha vat chat vat chat hu c thuoc loai III va hon hp loai III va II, co nguon goc luc a va am ho, chu yeu la sinh kh. Tang sinh Oligocen cha vat chat hu c chu yeu la loai II va hon hp gia II va III, co nguon goc tao am ho va hon hp gia am ho va luc a, co kha nang sinh dau va kh. a cha trong khu vc la cac tap cat ket tuoi Oligocen, Miocen gia va muon, c

Chng 11. Be tram tch Malay - Tho Chu va tai nguyen dau kh

hnh thanh trong moi trng chau tho ien hnh, dien phan bo hep chu yeu o sau t 3700m tr len, co chieu day mong, o rong 15 - 30 %. Tang chan la cac tap set nam xen ke cac tang cha trong Oligocen, Miocen va Pliocen - Q. He thong t gay co mot vai tro chan gi san pham rat quan trong. Cac oi tng trien vong c phat hien thuoc cac dang bay cau tao va phi cau tao, phan ln chung c hnh thanh vung ke ap t gay do hoat ong kien tao t mong en Miocen, bay lien quan en cac khoi nho cua mong. Cac cau tao co kch thc t nho en trung bnh, phan bo khong tap trung. Tong tiem nang dau kh vung them luc a Tay Nam Viet Nam d bao co the

trong khoang 380 trieu m3 quy dau, trong o a phat hien 230 trieu m3 va 150 trieu m3 tiem nang cha phat hien, thien ve tiem nang kh, nhieu ni co ham lng kh CO2 cao. Ket qua nghien cu cau truc a va tiem nang dau kh be Malay - Tho Chu cho thay con mot so van e con ton tai, can phai tiep tuc nghien cu nh: - Tiem nang dau kh cua oi tng mong trc Kainozoi. - o tin cay ranh gii a tang Oligocen. - He thong dau kh Oligocen tai vung them luc a TN Viet Nam can c chu trong tiep tuc nghien cu e anh gia tiem nang dau kh cua vung nay. - S phan bo kh CO2 trong be MalayTho Chu vung TL TN Viet Nam.

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a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

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Peninsular Malaysia. Offshore South East Asia 82, 9-12 February 1982, Singapore. 9. Hill, J. A., Soo, D. K. Y. and Verriah, T., 1992. Clay mineralogy in subsurface sandstones of Malaysia and the effects on petrophysical properties. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 32, 15-43. 10. Hunt, J. M., 1996. Petroleum geochemistry and geology. Freeman, Second Edition, 743 p. 11. Khalid Ngah, 1990b. Porosities in Pulai-II Sandstone - Implication for hydrocarbon Society of exploration Malaysia in older reservoir. Abstracts of the Geological Petroleum Geology Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, 2627 November 1990. Warta Geologi, 16, 267. 12. LML, 1998. PM-3 CAA - Field development 13. Mazlan B. Plan-Revision Hj. Madon, 3, 1994. Unpublished, 1998. Depositional and diagenetic histories of reservoir sandstones in the Jerneh Field, central Malay Basin. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 36, 31-53. 14. McCaffrey, Mohammad M. A., Abolins, Hoesni P., and Jamaal

Malaysia.

Journal

of

Petroleum Technology, June 1983,

Huizinga, B. J., 1998. Geochemical characterisation of Malay Basin oils: some insight into the effective petroleum systems. Ninth Regional Congress on Geology, Mineral and Energy

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Resources of Southeast Asia - GEOSEA `98, 17-19 August 1998, Kuala Lumpur, Programme and Abstracts, 149. 15. Nik Ramli, 1986. Depositional model of a Miocene barred wave-and stormdominated shoreface and shelf, southeastern Malay Basin, offshore West Malaysia. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 70, 34-47. 16. Nik Ramli, 1987. Petrology, diagenesis and quality of K sandstone (Pulai Formation) reservoirs in the southeastern part of the Malay Basin. Abstracts of the Geological Society of Malaysia Petroleum Geology Seminar, Kuala Lumpur, 7-8 December 1987. Warta Geologi, 13, 284. 17. Nik Ramli, 1988a. Development of a humid tropical fan-delta system: the middle Tertiary K sandstone in the southeastern Malay Basin, offshore West Malaysia. In: Nemec, W. and Steel, R. J., eds., Fan Deltas: Sedimentology and Tectonic Settings. Blackie, Glasgow, 341-353. 18. Nik Ramli, 1988b. Characteristics of J sandstone (lapis Formation) reservoirs in the southeastern part of the Malay Basin, offshore West Malaysia. 7th Offshore South East Asia Conference, Singapore, (preprint). 19. Noor Azim Ibrahim and Mazlan Madon, 1990. Depositional environments, diagenesis, and porosity of reservoir sandstones in the Malong
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Field, offshore West Malaysia. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia, 27, 27-55. 20. Phan Trung ien va nnk, 1995. S phan bo va anh gia trien vong dau kh cua cac thanh tao a chat trc Kainozoi TL Viet Nam. Bao cao e tai KT 01. 17, Chng trnh DK-TN KT. 01. Ha Noii, 1995. 21. Phung S Tai va nnk, 2001. a chat va tiem nang dau kh tram tch e Tam Them luc a Tay Nam Viet Nam, 2001. 22. Petronas, 1999. The petroleum geology and resources of Malaysia. 23. Ramlee, A. R. and Bedingfield, J. R., 1996. Mid J Group sequence stratigraphy and reservoir architecture in Block PM-9, Malay Basin PRSS Technology Forum, 12-13 September 1996, Awana Genting, Kuala Lumpur (unpublished proceedings). 24. Sladen, C., 1997. Exploring the lake basins of east and southeast Asia, pp. 50-76 in Fraser, A. J., Matthews, S. J., and Murphy, R. W., (eds. ) Petroleum Geology of Southeast Asia: Geological Society of London Special Publication No. 126, 436 p. 25. Trng Minh, Nguyen Quy Hung, 1997. ac iem phan bo va tiem nang dau kh cua cac be tram tch Kainozoi TL Viet Nam. Tuyen tap HNKH Nganh Dau Kh 20 nam xay dng va tng lai phat trien, tr. 79-91tr. Ha Noi,1997. 26. Trng Minh, 2002. Mot so van e ve

2-5

February

1988

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

tm kiem tham do Dau kh m rong Be Cu Long. Tap ch Dau Kh so 4/2002. Ha Noi, 2002. 27. Trevana, A, S., 1998. Petrography, reservoir quality, clay mineraland geothermometry, B-KL-1X, B-AQ1X wells, Block B, Offshore Vietnam. Unocal E&PT technical memorandum #

EPT-AST98 27 Aug. 1998. 28. Truongson JOC, 2003. Technical committee meeting. Unpublished, 14 August 2003, Hochiminh City. 29. Unocal, 2003. HIIP report-Kimlong, Acquy, Cavoi trends. Unpublished, Oct. 2003.

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