Chng

13

Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

1. Gii thieu Quan ao Trng Sa (QTS) nam pha ong Nam cua bien ong Viet Nam. Vung nghien cu c khong che bi v tuyen 6030 12000 Bac va trong khoang kinh tuyen t 111030 ti 117020 ong (hnh 13.1). Dien tch khu vc nghien cu khoang 190.000 km2 gom cac ao noi, ao ngam, cac bai a ngam nam trai dai theo hnh elip co truc chnh theo hng ong bac tay nam c bao quanh bi vung nc co chieu sau khac nhau. ao gan nhat cach b bien Viet Nam khoang 425 km [8]. Ve a hnh ay bien, khu vc QTS co ac trng la mot mien nui ngam, o sau nc bien thay oi t vai tram met ti hang 2000-3000m, 3000m-4000m va ti tren 4000m. S phan chia i nay la cac thong tin quan trong e la chon cong nghe khi tien hanh cong tac tham do dau kh. Theo so lieu quan trac kh tng va thuy van tren QTS va mot so tram quan trac khac tren bien ong cho thay QTS nam trong vung kh hau gio mua xch ao, t bien oi theo mua. Nhiet o trung bnh trong nam khoang 28 C, cao nhat la vao
0

Hnh 13.1. Ban o vung nghien cu

Do co v tr het sc quan trong tren ng hang hai gia Thai Bnh Dng va An o Dng nen khu vc QTS la oi tng nghien cu cua nhieu nha nghien cu trong va ngoai nc ve khao sat a hnh ay bien, kh tng thuy van, cung nh ve tai nguyen hai san, a chat va tai nguyen khoang san tren mat... nhng con t nghien cu ve tm kiem, tham do dau kh.
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thang 5 va thang 10. o am khong kh tng oi cao quanh nam (82%). QTS co hai mua gio ro ret la gio Tay Nam vao mua he va gio ong Bac vao mua ong. QTS thng co nhieu dong bao ln.

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

2. Lch s tm kiem tham do Do v tr a ly quan trong trong khu vc bien ong, va do tam quan trong ve cac nguon li tai nguyen, khoang san nen ngay t thi hau Le (1471-1490?) a o ve ban o tai khu vc QTS va khu vc quan ao Hoang Sa (QHS). i chua Nguyen va sau nay la Nha Nguyen (1802-1945) a tong ket cac t lieu ve vung QTS va QHS vi ten goi la ai Trung Sa [8]. Tren ban o Viet Nam xuat ban vao nam 1938 toan bo QTS co ten goi Van Ly Trng Sa, tach khoi khu vc QHS pha Bac. Vao nam 1927 ngi Phap a tien hanh khao sat nghien cu ve cac ran san ho, tai nguyen photphat va tiep sau o la cac cuoc khao sat cua tau De Lanessan, Alunde, Astrolate v. v. . Nam 1931 Phap khi cong xay dng en bien tai ao Song T Tay, nam 1938 Phap xay dng ai kh tng va tram vo tuyen tai ao Ba Bnh [8] T nam 1954 ti au thang 4 nam 1975 chnh quyen Sai Gon thc hien quyen quan ly oi vi khu vc quan ao Trng Sa. Cac khao sat ve tho nhng, at ai au tien c chnh quyen Sai Gon tien hanh vao nam 1973 tai ao Nam Yet. Sau ngay tai thong nhat at nc (30 thang 4 nam 1975), khao sat nghien cu a chat au tien c tien hanh vao nam 1976. Cac nha a chat Nguyen nh Uy, o Tuyet, Hoang Hu Quy va nnk a tien hanh khao sat cac ao noi khu vc QTS. Thang 5 nam 1984, Nguyen Bieu va nnk a tien hanh khao sat, anh gia tiem nang khoang san tren mot vai ao noi khu vc QTS. Nam 1989 Vien Hai dng hoc Nha Trang tien hanh nhieu t khao sat, nghien cu cac ran san ho va nguon li thuy san
422 Hnh 13.2. S o cac tuyen a chan

tai mot so ao. T sau nam 1989 lien tiep co cac oan cua Vien Khoa hoc Viet Nam, Vien Khao sat va Thiet ke Giao thong ra khao sat khu vc nay [2, 7]. Cac khao sat lien quan ti nguon tai nguyen dau kh bat au t nam 1967-1968 do hai tau RUTH ANN va SANTA MARIA cua ALPINE Geophysical Corporation of Nortwood thc hien cho Naval Oceano Graphic Office vi khoi lng 20.000 km tuyen a chan co o t, co tuyen cat qua khu vc QTS (Hnh 13.2)[8]. T thang 3 nam 1968 ti 26 thang 8 nam 1968 tau R/V. F.V. HUNT cua Marine Acoustical Service of Maiami a khao sat 8.900 km tuyen a chan co o t Bien ong. Ngoai ra con khao sat t hang khong (e an MAGNET). Cac ket qua khao sat, minh giai cac tuyen khu vc ong vai tro het sc quan trong gop phan nhn nhan cac ac iem ve cau truc, chieu day lp phu tram tch e Tam cung nh a hnh mong co trc e Tam (Hnh 13.5, 13.6) khu vc QTS. Trong nhieu nam qua Bui Cong Que va cac cong s a co nhieu cong trnh nghien cu, tong hp cac ket qua o t, trong lc, cac cong trnh tren chu yeu lien quan ti cau truc sau lp vo trai at. T nam 1976-1984 cac cong ty nh

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

AMOCO (My), SALEN (Thuy ien) a khoan 07 gieng tai khu vc bai Co Rong (Reed Bank). Nam 1993, trong e an hp tac gia trng ai hoc Tong hp Ha Noi va ai hoc Paris VI, tau Atlante (Phap) a thc hien chuyen khao sat Ponaga vi viec o trong lc, t va thu no a chan nong ket hp lay mau tang mat vung bien mien Trung va ong Nam. Nam 1993 Petrovietnam cung a tien hanh khao sat a chan 2D khu vc T Chnh - Vung May, Vung May- a Lat. Gan ay nhieu tai lieu t hang khong, trong lc ve tinh a cho thay bc tranh toan canh khu vc QTS va Bien ong tuy rang ty le nho [13]. Nam 1993, Vien Dau kh a hoan thanh cong trnh nghien cu ac iem a chat va tiem nang dau kh vung QTS (Nguyen Hiep, Nguyen Giao, Tran Ngoc Toan, Ha Quoc Quan va nnk). 3. ac iem cau truc - kien tao 3.1. Cac trng a vat ly trong khu vc Quan ao Trng Sa (QTS) Theo [8 va 11] tren khu vc QTS d thng trong lc Bouguer bien oi t 100 mgal en 170 mgal. Ranh gii pha Tay Bac ni giap gii gia vung QTS vi trung nc sau Bien ong ac trng bi dai gradient trong lc cao trung vi he t gay hng ong bac. Pha ong Nam quan ao Trng Sa la mot dai d thng dng co bien o ln hn 50 mgal keo dai theo hng ong bac trung vi mang nc sau Palawan. Trong vung phat hien mot loat cac d thng co hng ong - ong bac,
423 Hnh 13.4. Ban o d thng t Ta vung QTS theo [8] Hnh 13.3. S o d thng trong lc Bouguer a phng vung QTS (Z=30km) theo [8]

kinh tuyen va tay bac - ong nam. Nhng ro nhat la hng ong bac tay nam va kinh tuyen (Hnh 13.3). D thng khu vc co bien o ln phan anh s dang cao cua mat Moho the hien vo ai dng trung nc sau Bien ong. Con khu vc QTS, d thng trong lc khu vc phan anh lp vo luc a chuyen tiep. D thng trong lc a phng dng va am nhn chung phan anh s nho cao cua mong cac be tram tch hoac a magma va sut lun cua mong be tram tch. Trng d thng t trong khu vc kha phan d va phc tap, co bien o t 100 nT en 200 nT, hnh dang khong eu, hng chu yeu la ong - ong bac va tay bac -

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 13.5. Ket qua giai thch mat cat a chan theo cac tuyen ngang, theo [8]

ong nam. khu vc trung nc sau Bien ong, d thng t co bien o kha ln, en 300 400 nT (Hnh 13.4). D thng t nhn chung phan anh ac tnh cua cac khoi a magma xam nhap va phun trao. Theo [8] tai khu vc QTS co 4 phc tap a chan (seismic megasequences) (Hnh 13.5, 13.6, 13.7, 13.9, 13.10). Phc tap a chan TS-1 ac trng bi song phan xa bien o trung bnh, tan so cao, o lien tuc tot, phan lp song song, van toc lp khoang 1.600 2.900 m/s. Chung phat trien rong theo kieu onlap, ac trng cho tram tch set bien va a bun (mudstone)
424

bien sau co tuoi Pliocen - e T. Phc tap a chan TS-2, song phan xa co bien o ln, tan so trung bnh, o lien tuc kha tot, xen cac khoang phan xa bien o thang, tan so cao, o lien tuc kem, van toc lp khoang 3.100 4.000 m/s, ac trng cho cac tram tch carbonat bien nong xen ke a bun bien sau co tuoi Miocen gia muon. Phc tap a chan TS-3, song phan xa co bien o thay oi t yeu en trung bnh oi khi manh, tan so thap, trung bnh, o lien tuc kem, van toc lp khoang 3.900 4.500 m/s ac trng cho tram tch ong tach gian co tuoi Paleogen Miocen sm.

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 13.6. Ket qua giai thch mat cat a chan theo cac tuyen doc, theo [8]

Phc tap a chan TS-4 ac trng bi phan xa hon loan, ngoan ngoeo (wormy), tan so thap, bien o kha ln, phan anh cac tram tch trc tach gian, co tuoi Paleocen va mong trc e Tam. Cac song phan xa manh vi van toc lp ln (3.500 6.200 m/s) lien quan en cac am tieu san ho (atoll). Cac song phan xa rat manh trung vi cac d thng t va trong lc co the lien quan en cac khoi a magma. Gia cac phc tap a chan TS-2, TS-3, va TS-4 eu quan sat thay cac bat chnh hp.

3.2. Cac n v cau truc chnh Trong [8] cac tac gia a xac lap c trong khu vc QTS mot so be tram tch Meso-Kainozoi. Trong [11] cac tac gia xem toan bo khu vc nghien cu la a khoi QTS, c phan thanh cac khoi kien truc Trng Sa (Spratly Dangerous Grounds), Bai Co Rong (Reed Bank), Calamina (Bac Palawan Mindovo) va Luconia. Trong cac khoi nay lai dc phan thanh cac trung va i nang v..v.. Tren c s cac tai lieu hien co, khu vc QTS va vung phu can co the phan thanh

Hnh 13.7. Trch oan mat cat a chan iem sau chung, theo [8]

Hnh 13.8. Nui ngam trung Tay Nam Trng Sa, theo [8]

425

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Hnh 13.9. Mat cat a chan TC-93-42

Hnh 13.10. Mat cat a chan TC-93-48

3 i: Tay Nam trung nc sau Bien ong, Trng Sa va trung Borneo-Palawan (Hnh 13.11). i Tay Nam trung nc sau Bien ong gii han pha Tay Bac la t gay Nam Con Sn, pha ong Nam la t gay Tay Trng Sa. ay la vung sut lun sau cua ay bien theo phng tay nam - ong bac, co vo ai dng. canh ong Nam cua i nay (tc la canh Tay Bac cua he t gay Tay Trng Sa) sut lun theo kieu dang bac, cac cho thap co cac nui ngam la cac a magma nho cao, tram tch e Tam khong day, giam
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dan ve pha trung sau. i Trng Sa: Ranh gii pha Bac la he t gay Tay Trng Sa, gii han pha Nam la trung Borneo Palawan. i nay co the phan thanh hai phu i: phu i Tay Trng Sa va phu i ong Trng Sa ma ranh gii la t gay F2 (gan trung vi kinh tuyen 1140). S khac nhau cho hng cau truc t tay nam - ong bac phu i Tay Trng Sa chuyen thanh a kinh tuyen, kinh tuyen ( phu i ong Trng Sa). Trong phu i Tay Trng Sa, phan Bac anh hng bi kien tao cang gian, tao

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 13.11. S o cau truc kien tao vung QTS

thanh mot loat cac ban a hao vi cac tram tch ong tach gian kha day, ngan cach bi cac t gay oi lap thuan (antithetic normal faults). Mot so t gay tai hoat ong cat qua ca tram tch Neogen - e T. ay cac trung a Lat, a Ch Thap, Trng Sa, chieu day tram tch e Tam co the ti 4-5 km. phan Nam cua phu i Tay Trng Sa co a hnh ay bien o sau 1.500 2.000m tng oi phang. Tram tch sau tach gian nhn chung la bang phang, ch oi ni, gan vi cac khoi nho cao a magma la co bien dang. Do chu anh hng cua kien tao nen ep nen trong vung co cac nep loi co. noc cac uon nep loi nay thay ro s bao mon di phc tap a chan TS-3, chng to qua trnh bnh nguyen hoa (planation), lam gian oan qua trnh tram ong thi
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ky Paleogen, va khu vc nay tr thanh nguon cung cap vat lieu cho trung Borneo Palawan. ay co trung An Bang va xa hn ve pha Tay la trung Vung May. Tram tch e Tam trung An Bang co the ti 34km. Gia phan Bac va Nam cua phu i Tay Trng Sa la mot g nang lien quan en khoi nho cac a magma. Phu i ong Trng Sa chu anh hng ro net cua cac t gay hng kinh tuyen, mac du cung co mot so t gay hng tay bac - ong nam. Tai ay co trung Nam Yet (trung Sn Ca theo [11]) nam trai theo phng a kinh tuyen t cac ao Song T ong, Song T Tay pha Bac qua cac ao Sn Ca, Nam Yet, Sinh Ton pha Nam. Be day tram tch e Tam co the ti 4km. pha Nam trung Nam Yet la trung Tien N (Bai Kieu Nga theo [8]), co phng a

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

kinh tuyen. Ranh gii gia chung la mot g nang. Nam ve pha ong cua g nang nay la co trung Bnh Nguyen - Suoi Ngoc co phng a kinh tuyen. Chieu day tram tch e Tam khoang 2 km. Ve pha ong Bac co trung Bai Co Rong ma ay cac gieng khoan a gap a bien chat tuoi Creta o sau 4 km. Tram tch e Tam co be day t 1km en 4km, gom 3 phan, phan di la tap cat ket, set ket, cuoi san ket va a voi co tuoi Paleocen muon Eocen; phan gia la cac thanh tao set, bot ket tuoi Miocen sm nam phu bat chnh hp tren phan di, phan tren la tap hp a carbonat day kieu bien khi c thanh tao lien tuc t Miocen Muon en hien ai. Trong cac trung e Tam a phat hien cac nguon dau kh [11]. - Trung Borneo - Palawan. ay la trung hep, ay bien co o sau tren 3.000m tng oi bnh on, keo dai theo hng ong bac - tay nam en 500 km. Trung tam trung, tram tch Neogen - e T nam gan song song va lien tuc , nhng ben di chung cac tang phan xa lien quan en cac tram tch Miocen sm - Paleogen lai cam doc, o lien tuc kem en hon loan va thng b cat pha ong Nam tiep giap vi vung chm nghch (overthrust) Borneo Palawan. 3.3. ac iem he thong t gay Theo [8] tren c s cac tai lieu a vat ly hien co, tai khu vc QTS co hai he thong t gay sau: He thong t gay co phng ong bac - tay nam (t gay Tay Trng Sa va t gay Nam Con Sn). t gay Tay Trng Sa ong thi la ranh gii pha Bac QTS. t gay Tay Trng Sa
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phat trien t ong Bac bai Co Rong ti pha Tay ao Trng Sa va i sau vao them luc a Viet Nam. t gay Nam Con Sn nam pha Nam dai nang Con Sn co chieu dai hn 1.000 km (Hnh 13.11). Cac t gay nay the hien ro tren cac ban o t, trong lc bang cac dai d thng tuyen tnh (lineament). He thong t gay co phng gan nh Bac - Nam. ay la cac t gay trt ngang (F1, F2, F3, F4) b phan cat thanh cac oan khac nhau. Theo [11] ngoai hai he thong t gay tren con co cac t gay hng TB - N song hnh anh khong c ro net. 3.4. Lch s phat trien a chat khu vc QTS Co the noi s hnh thanh va phat trien cac be tram tch e Tam them luc a Viet Nam noi rieng va cac vung xung quanh khu vc Bien ong noi chung la do s tac ong cua cac mang ln: mang Au -A pha Bac dch chuyen ve pha ong; mang An-Uc pha Tay, Tay Nam dch chuyen ve pha Bac-Tay Bac; mang Thai Bnh Dng pha ong. Nhom be Trng Sa nam canh ong cua gian ay Bien ong, trong i ra thu ong cua i phan ly. Chung eu co giai oan tao rift cung vi gian ay Bien ong va co cau truc dang ban a hao, sau o b qua trnh gian ay Bien ong ay trt ve pha ong Nam va c phu bi tram tch bien. Lch s phat trien nhom be Trng Sa c khai quat trong ba giai oan chnh: a. Giai oan trc tao rift Xay ra cach ay 50-60 trieu nam. Con co the goi la giai oan pha v cac khoi

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

mong co a co ket, co tuoi trc e Tam. Vao cuoi Creta cac khoi mong co trc e Tam gom khu vc QTS nam gan them Phan Rang, bnh nguyen Phu Yen von a co ket vi nhau hnh thanh mot them co rong ln va noi lien vi them co Sunda pha Nam bien ong Viet Nam b giap v tao nen cac i mong co a hnh go ghe, b phan cat bi cac i nang sut, a phng. b. Giai oan ong tao rift Vao Paleocen- au Eocen, do va cham gia mang An o va mang Au-A, s hut chm mang An o di ra Nam luc a Au-A dan en qua trnh tach gian cac khoi mong tao thanh cac be tram tch e Tam trong khu vc bien ong, trong o co khu vc QTS. Vao cuoi Eocen au Oligocen cac be tram tch nh noi tren tiep tuc c m rong. Truc tach gian khu vc co phng ong bac - tay nam hau nh trung hp vi truc phat trien cua cac be tram tch. Qua trnh tach gian, hnh thanh cac be tram tch gan lien vi s hnh thanh va phat trien cua cac t gay sau trong o co cac t gay Tay Trng Sa, Nam Con Sn cung vi cac hoat ong magma xam nhap va phun trao rong khap. Vao gia Eocen xay ra s gian ay Bien ong. Pha gian ay ghi nhan ro nhat vao Oligocen theo hng bac nam, xo ay nhom be Trng Sa ve pha ong Nam, trt theo t gay 109 K va dan ti s
O

Hong, song Cu Long, ma ch t cac song suoi nho ton tai ngan ngui trong cac vung nang a phng, loai vat lieu t cac khoi nho ngam ke can dan en s thanh tao tram tch trong ieu kien en bu thieu. Mot ac trng na cua khu vc QTS la che o bien nong tham ch bien sau c xac lap rat sm dan ti viec hnh thanh cac tram tch vun tho chu yeu trong ieu kien nang lng thap. Giai oan ong tao rift tai khu vc QTS keo dai ti cuoi Miocen sm. c. Giai oan sau tao rift Trong pham vi TLVN ay la thi ky phat trien va lien thong gia cac be tram tch e Tam, cac hoat ong kien tao a suy yeu dan, chu che o lun chm t t, nhng lien tuc, bang chng la s thanh tao cac am tieu san ho co tuoi t Miocen gia ti Pliocen- e T, cac am tieu nay ac biet phat trien tren cac khoi nang co, qua nhieu thi ky. Con tai cac trung sau (Bac ao Trng Sa, Nam QTS) hnh thanh cac tng bien nong ti bien sau vi cac tram tch vun tho giau hoa a sinh vat. 4. a tang - tram tch Tren c s tai lieu gieng khoan PV-942X be T Chnh - Vung May va gieng khoan Sampaguita-1 Bac Palawan, cac tai lieu a chat, a vat ly hien co, chung toi xay dng cot a tang tong hp khu vc QTS (Hnh 13.12). Di ay la mo ta cac phan v a tang c d kien co mat trong vung. 4.1. Mong trc e Tam QTS la khu vc co ac iem a chat het sc ac biet. T cac mat cat a chan
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hnh thanh he thong t gay gan nh co phng bac nam (F1, F2, F3, F4) tai khu vc QTS. Khac vi be Cu Long, Song Hong va Nam Con Sn, tai cac be tram tch khu vc QTS hau nh khong nhan c lng vat lieu tram tch (phu sa) t cac song co bat nguon t luc a nh song

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

(Hnh 13.7, 13.8, 13.9) cho thay mong co trc e Tam la cac khoi nho, sut, go ghe, co a hnh phc tap, hien nam cac chieu sau rat khac nhau. Tai cac trung sau, phu bat chnh hp tren mong la cac tram tch Paleogen, nhieu ni la cac am tieu san ho co tuoi thay oi t Oligocen ti Pliocen, oi khi lai lo ra tren ay bien. Thanh phan a mong bao gom: a bien v, bien chat: gap tai cac khoan Sampaguita-1, chieu sau 4.000m [8] pha ong Bac QTS gom cat ket, bot ket, set xen ke nhau, b bien chat, tuoi Creta. Qua ve pha Nam be Nam Con Sn tai khoan Cipta-1X cung a gap a bien chat vi thanh phan la a vun tho cat ket, bot ket va set. Tai khu vc QHS (ao Phu Lam) mong trc e Tam la a bien chat granit gneis, migmatit (tai chieu sau 1.251met )[8] co tuoi tien Cambri. a magma: gom ca hai the la xam nhap va phun trao. Trong mot so mat cat a chan cac than magma noi cao, tao thanh cac nui ngam, hoac lo ra trong nc bien hien tai. Trong khu vc QTS hien cha co khoan gap a magma, nhng tai gieng khoan PV-94-2X be T ChnhVung May, t chieu sau 2.820-3.330 met (ay khoan) a gap a phun trao nui la axit, chu yeu la ryolit xen mot lng nho tuf- ryolit va mot vai lp andesit. Qua ve pha Bac tai khoan 122-CM-1X lo 121 a gap a mong la a phun trao. Magma xam nhap a gap tai khoan 115-A-1X chieu sau 3.498-3.538 m. Tuoi cua cac thanh tao magma chu yeu co hn Creta sm nhng khong loai tr cac the phun trao co tuoi tre hn.
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a carbonat: a carbonat vi cac mach calcit a gap tai Bac Palawan c thanh tao trong moi trng bien nong (Hnh 13.8). Qua ve pha Bac tai lo 112 (112-BT-RD-1X) a gap a mong la a voi cng chac mau xam en tuoi Devon. Vi cac ket qua neu tren va lien ket vi cac tai lieu khu vc, cac thanh tao mong tai khu vc QTS se khac nhau ve thanh phan va tuoi.

4.2. Lp phu tram tch e Tam Hien tai cha co nh danh a tang nao cho lp phu tram tch e Tam khu vc QTS. Tren c s tong hp cac ket qua hien co, co the d bao cac phan v a tang tai khu vc QTS va cac ac trng tram tch nh sau: a. Tram tch tuoi Paleocen (E1) Hien tram tch Paleocen a gap tai gieng khoan Sampaguita-1 Bac Palawan (pha ong Bac QTS), gom a carbonat, cac thanh tao vun tho nh cuoi ket, cat ket hat mn ti trung xen ke set bot ket va mot vai va than, c thanh tao trong moi trng luc a, lap ay cac trung a phng, tuoi c xac nh tren c s cac dang bao t phan hoa Retritiporite (P1, P2, P5. P6). Co the d oan cac tram tch Paleocen se co mat rong rai tai cac trung sau, ni lp phu e Tam day tren 6 km. b. Tram tch tuoi Eocen (E2) a gap tai gieng khoan Sampaguita-1 gom cac tram tch vun tho set bot ket xen cat ket. Toan bo cac tram tch Paleocen c thanh tao trong cac ho trung gia nui trong ieu kien luc a ngan ngui, sau ay nhanh chong chuyen sang moi trng chuyen tiep

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

Hnh 13.12. Cot a tang tong hp khu vc QTS

ti bien nong ngoai vao cuoi Eocen. Tai mot vai i nang cua mong co trc e Tam co the co mat cac am tieu san ho phu ngay tren a mong. ac trng nay hoan toan khac vi be Cu Long, nhng co nhieu s tng ong vi khu vc mien Trung Viet Nam. Hoa thach nh tuoi da vao s co mat cua cac bao t phan hoa Retritiporite (P6, P9, P10, P12, P15, P17). c. Tram tch tuoi Oligocen (E3) Gap tai cac gieng khoan khu vc bai Co Rong, PV-94-2X be T Chnh Vung May bao gom ca tram tch vun tho cat, bot, set ket mau xam. xam xanh xen ke va a carbonat dang am tieu. Cac tram tch Oligocen c thanh tao trong moi trng bien ven b ti bien nong. Ngoai ra con co the co mat carbonat dang them tai cac
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trung sau. Hoa a ac trng cho tram tch Oligocen la Fl. Trilobata. d. Tram tch tuoi Miocen (N1) ca hai khu vc Bai Co Rong, Bac Palawan va T ChnhVung May a gap ay u cac tram tch tuoi Miocen. Tai Bac Palawan cac tram tch Miocen gom set ket, bot ket, xen mot so va cat va a voi. Khu vc T Chnh tram tch Miocen di gom cat ket hat nho cha glauconit, chuyen dan len Miocen gia la a voi am tieu va a voi dang nen, mau trang, trang xam, thanh phan a voi gom cac manh sinh vat, calcit. Manh sinh vat a dang ve chung loai nh textularia sp. Ammonia sp. Lepidocyclina sp, san ho, tao va tay cuon [4]. Tuoi Miocen c xac nh bang s co mat cua bao t phan hoa Fl. Levipoli. Cac am tieu san

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

ho rat phat trien trong Miocen va Pliocen trong khu vc QTS, Nam va ong Nam be Nam Con Sn. ieu nay phan anh trong suot lch s phat trien a chat QTS luon la vung noi cao, cac bai a ngam co hnh hai tng t nh hien nay. e. He tang Bien ong gom cac thanh tao vun tho cat, bot, set xen ke. Cac loai a tram tch ke tren a gap tat ca cac gieng khoan thuoc them luc a Viet Nam. Ngoai a vun tho con co carbonat dang am tieu va dang them. Tram tch Pliocen-e T c thanh tao trong moi trng bien nong, bien sau ti bien tham. Trong cac tram tch vun tho ang quan tam nhat la cac tap cat b ri ti gan ket yeu co the la cac tang cha vi san pham chu yeu la kh nh a gap trung tam be Song Hong, hoac Brunei ngay ra pha Nam khu vc QTS. 4.3. Vai net ve ac iem co a ly-tng a Nhng ac trng co a ly-tng a cho hai thi ky Eocen, Oligocen va Miocen sm khu vc QTS c mo ta di ay tren c s so sanh vi cac ac trng co a ly tng a toan bo cac be tram tch e Tam them luc a Viet Nam va khu vc Bien ong. a. Mong trc e Tam va vung cung cap vat lieu tram tch Mong cua nhom be tram tch QTS nam trong vung chuyen tiep. Vao cuoi Creta, mong trc e Tam tai khu vc QTS la cac bai ngam, bai can, i nho nho. Tai cac trung sau ve pha Tay Bac, Nam va Tay Nam quan ao Trng Sa mong co a hnh go ghe bao gom cac khoi nang, ho sut, b
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phan cat phc tap. Trong bnh o khu vc ong Nam A, vung nghien cu nam rat xa mien luc a co bao gom khoi luc a ong Dng, dai nang co Con Sn, Khorat - Natuna. Do vay nguon cung cap vat lieu chu yeu mang tnh tai cho, chnh ngay t cac khoi nang mong ke can. Mang song suoi co ln hau nh khong ton tai. b. Thi ky Paleogen (Eocen, Oligocen) - Miocen sm Cac trung thuoc khu vc nghien cu (sau nay la cac be tram tch) c hnh thanh t Paleocen au Eocen sau khi hnh thanh be tram tch rong ln Song Hong va Phu Khanh pha Bac. Moi trng luc a thuan tuy xay ra ngan ngui vi s thanh tao cac tram tch vun tho cuoi ket, cat, bot ket thuoc cac tng sn tch, lu tch va tng song, sau ay c nhanh chong thay the bang ieu kien bien nong (Hnh 3.12), vi viec hnh thanh cac tap set, cat hat mn, oi ni la a carbonat. Cac tram tch c hnh thanh trong ieu kien en bu thieu. Hau nh khong ton tai che o am ho khu vc QTS. c. Thi ky Miocen gia - muon Vao thi ky nay tr cac khoi nang con cac trung a lien thong vi nhau. Tai khu vc nghien cu tram tch vun tho cat, bot set chu yeu c thanh tao trong moi trng t bien nong ti bien sau (Hnh 13.12). Qua trnh sut lun xay ra t t, lien tuc dan ti s thanh tao cac am tieu san ho tai cac i nang ngam tai QTS. Cac am tieu san ho nay co lch s phat trien lau dai, hnh thanh tai cac vung noi cao hoac b phi tren be mat, co tnh chat di dng rat tot.

Tuoi Pliocen - e T (N2 - Q b), bao

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

5. He thong dau kh 5.1. ac trng tang a me Khu vc quan ao Trng Sa co the co mat cac tap set nh sau: Cac tap set, bot ket co tuoi Paleogen (Eocen, Oligocen) ve pha Tay Nam QTS, tai gieng khoan PV-94-2X tren i nang T Chnh a gap a set, set ket mau xam en tuoi Oligocen, so sanh bnh o cau truc va ac iem a chat khu vc, d oan tai cac trung sau thuoc khu vc QTS (Bac ao Trng Sa, Nam QTS) se gap cac tram tch tuoi Paleogen (Oligocen), theo tuyen mat cat 10-10, 11-11, 12-12 (Hnh 13.5, 13.6) cac tram tch Paleogen eu rat sau. Hien khong co tai lieu phan tch a hoa oi vi cac tap set nay nhng tai gieng khoan PV-94-2X, cac so lieu phan tch mau a hoa cho thay ay la cac tang set ngheo vat chat hu c (VCHC). Tong ham lng carbon hu c (TOC) thay oi t 0,4-1,04 %wt, chu yeu la cac gia tr <0, 5 %wt, thuoc loai ngheo. So sanh vi cac khu vc lan can tai be Nam Con Sn: 0, 42-8, 1 %wt, cac gia tr TOC cao la cac va than hoac set than. Kerogen chu yeu thuoc loai III. T so sanh tren co the d oan rang set, bot ket tuoi Paleogen khu vc QTS la cac tang co ham lng VCHC t ngheo ti trung bnh, neu co kha nang sinh san pham th chu yeu la sinh kh. Cac tap set ket, bot ket co tuoi Miocen sm co the d oan tai cac trung sau quanh vung ao noi, bai ngam la cac tang sinh ngheo. Cac ket qua phan tch a hoa cua a set, bot ket cung tuoi tai gieng khoan PV-94-2X cho thay, tong ham lng carbon hu c thng nho hn 0, 5%wt, thuoc loai
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ngheo VCHC. Ch so HI (Hydrocacbon Index) hau nh nho hn 50mgHC/gTOC, kerogen thuoc loai III, chng to kha nang sinh ngheo nan [4], ch co kha nang sinh kh. So sanh cac be lan can co ieu kien a chat tng t nh Nam Con Sn: 0,16 -0,53 %wt [1] ta thay co ac iem tng t la cac tang set ngheo VCHC, kha nang sinh ngheo. Cac tang set, bot tuoi Paleogen, Miocen sm co chieu day thay oi t 5-15 met [8] ca biet ti 50 met. Hien tai cha co the anh gia mc o phan bo cua cac tap set nay nhng vi nhng ch tieu nh trnh bay tren va phu hp vi ac iem moi trng thanh tao tram tch la hau nh vang mat cac moi trng am ho, vung vnh tai khu vc QTS va ay la ly do chnh lam cho cac tang set ngheo ve VCHC. 5.2. ac iem cac tang cha a. a mong trc e Tam a magma: a magma ch co the la tang cha dau kh khi b phong hoa, nt ne. ac iem tren hau nh rat t kha nang ton tai khu vc QTS do cac i nho mong luon b ngap nc, khong chu tac ong phong hoa manh me cua moi trng (kh hau). Mat khac do hoat ong kien tao chu yeu la tach gian va lien tuc lun chm, t cac hoat ong nen ep nen kho co kha nang hnh thanh cac i nt ne, phong hoa. Vai tro tang cha cua a magma ch co the ton tai oi vi mot vai the phun trao nh ryolit, andesit. a carbonat: kho co the la tang cha dau kh v hau het a co tuoi rat co, b bien v, bien chat, ran chac, o rong va nhat la o tham rat thap (gieng khoan 112-BT-

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Anh 13.1. Cat ket hat mn tuoi Oligocen? b bien oi th sinh catagen muon - metagen sm, ac trng bi cau tao nh hng va phan phien ro do b nen ep va tai ket tinh manh. Xi mang vi ty le cao gom nhieu sericit (xam vang), thach anh (mui ten) va khoang vat khong thau quang (en) lap ay toan bo lo rong; sau 2.650 m; Nicol +; x 125.

Anh 13.2. Cat ket arkos, hat nho la chon va mai tron tot; o rong (xanh) gia cac hat cao (24, 5%); o tham cao do gia cac lo rong co o lu thong rat tot. Sau 2.395 m; tuoi Miocen gia; Nicol -; x 125.

c. Tang cha carbonat tuoi e Tam Carbonat dang am tieu: cac am tieu san ho, thanh phan vun san ho la xac foram, tao, la cac tang cha tot ti rat tot, o rong ln 4-20%, khong gian rong chu yeu la rong hang hoc, rong khe nt c hnh thanh do qua trnh hoa tan cac khoang vat carbonat, hoac do qua trnh dolomit hoa (anh 13.3, 13.4 [1]). Cac am tieu san ho ac biet phat trien trong khu vc nghien cu, la cac tang cha rat tot, ac biet la cac am tieu tuoi Miocen muon, Pliocen. Carbonat them: dang va mong, phan bo hep, kha nang cha kem. 5.3. ac iem a chan Cac tac gia trong [8] cho rang tren mot so mat cat a chan co the quan sat mot so tap phan xa m ac trng cho cac tap set tng bien sau. ay co the la cac tang chan dau kh tot, ac biet cho cac va cat tuoi
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1X). b. Tang cha vun tho co tuoi e Tam a vun tho Paleogen chu yeu la cat ket hat mn, thuoc loai feldsfathic litharenit lithic arenit (anh 13.1 [1]) b bien oi th sinh t catagen muon ti metagen sm. Hien b chon vui chieu sau 3- 6 km co the la cac tang cha kem ti trung bnh. a cat ket, cat ket gan ket yeu tuoi Miocen: chu yeu la cat ket arkos, hat co o mai tron, chon loc tot (anh 13.2 [1]), c thanh tao trong moi trng bien nong, bien ven b. Co o rong cao 15-25 %, o tham tot la cac tang cha t trung bnh ti tot. Cac tang cha tot nhat trong khu vc QTS la tap cat xen ke set, bot tuoi Miocen muon ti Pliocen. ay la oi tng tham do quan trong nhat.

Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

Anh 13.3. a voi sinh vat cha nhieu foram (F) va cac manh vun luc nguyen (cac hat mau trang xam); Nen chu yeu la calcit vi hat (micrit). Mot so lo rong dang khuon uc (o) do hoa tan; tuoi Miocen muon; sau 1.160 m; Nicol -; x 125

Anh 13.4. Cac lo rong dang hang hoc va vi khe nt (xanh en) phat trien nhieu trong a voi am tieu Miocen muon do qua trnh hoa tan va dolomit hoa; Sau 1.508 m; Nicol +; x 125

Hai oi tng mong trc e Tam va cac am tieu san ho tai QTS khong phai la cac bay tiem nang. a carbonat dang them la oi tng co tiem nang thap. 6. Tiem nang dau kh 6.1. Ket qua khoan tham do Nh a trnh bay cac phan trc, tai khu vc bai Co Rong, cac nha thau nc ngoai a khoan tong cong 7 gieng khoan tham do, trong o gieng khoan Sampaguita1, sau 4.124m, khoan nam 1976 (Salen) a co phat hien kh trong cat ket tuoi Paleogen tai chieu sau 3.150m-3.160m, con lai cac khoan khac eu kho, ac biet cac gieng khoan vao oi tng carbonat. 6.2 Cac be tram tch va phan vung trien vong Tren c s phan tch tong hp cac tai
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Miocen muon nam tai cac trung sau. Cac tram tch Miocen-Pliocen e T the hien bang cac tap phan xa manh, lien tuc, co the la cac tang set ong vai tro tang chan cho chnh cac tang cha cung tuoi. ieu rui ro ln oi vi khu vc QTS la thieu vang cac tang chan cho cac am tieu san ho, do vay loai bay am tieu nay rat t co kha nang trien vong ve mat dau kh. 5.4. Cac dang bay tiem nang T cac trnh bay tren co the thay rang dang bay tiem nang e tm kiem tham do dau kh tot nhat tai khu vc QTS la cac nep loi vi tang cha la cat ket, tang chan la set co tuoi t Miocen ti Pliocen, la cau tao nep loi cuon (rollover) va cau tao phat trien ke tha t cac khoi nho co. Mo dau Champion va Ampa cua Brunei la nhng v du gan gui nhat.

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

lieu trong lc, t, a chan va ban o ang day tram tch e Tam, cac tac gia trong [8] a phan cac vung trien vong theo th t sau: Vung u tien 1: Be An Bang, cac ao san ho. Vung u tien 2: Be Co Rong, Nam Yet, a Lat. Ket hp nhieu phng phap cho thay tong tiem nang d bao cho khu vc Trng Sa giao ong trong khoang: 3.330 - 6.680 trieu tan qui dau [8]. Neu xet tren quan iem moi trng thanh tao tram tch vi kha nang co mat tang sinh dau, kh tai khu vc QTS chung toi cho rang vung co tiem nang nhat phai la cac trung pha Nam QTS sau ay la cac trung nam pha Bac ao Trng Sa. 7. Ket luan Nhom be Trng Sa la be cang gian ra

thu ong c hnh thanh t au Eocen (?) chu anh hng cua gian ay Bien ong. ac trng bi cac tram tch co tng luc a, ven b (Eocen - Oligocen) va cac tram tch bien nong, sau t Miocen en nay. Mac du he thong dau kh con nhieu van e cha ro, ac biet la tang sinh, nhng vi lp phu tram tch e Tam day, co ni ti 6 km, hy vong ton tai cac tang sinh trong Oligocen va Miocen sm tao nguon hydrocarbon cung cap cho cac bay trong cac play mong phong hoa nt ne, cat ket Oligocen - Miocen va carbonat Miocen. Bi vay e co nh hng cong tac tham do dau kh ay trong thi gian ti can phai ay manh cong tac khao sat, nghien cu, ac biet la khoan tham do e co c s lam sang to cac van e lch s phat trien a chat, c che tao be va he thong dau kh cua nhom be Trng Sa.

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Chng 13. Nhom be tram tch Trng Sa va tai nguyen dau kh

Tai lieu tham khao 1. Hoang nh Tien, Nguyen Thuy Quynh, 2003. ac iem a hoa cua cac be tram tch them luc a Viet Nam. Tap ch Dau kh so 7/2003. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 2. Nguyen Van Bach, Nguyen Huy Phuc, 1998. Thanh phan vat chat cua a vun hnh thanh nen cac ao noi Trng Sa. Tap ch Dau kh so 7/1998. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 3. Ly Trng Phng, 1999. Mot so ket qua tham do dau kh cua Trung quoc Vnh Bac Bo. Tap ch Dau kh so 1/1999. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 4. Ngo Xuan Vinh, 2000. a chat va tiem nang dau kh i nang T Chnh, tay nam QTS tren c s nghien cu gieng khoan PV-94-2X. Tap ch Dau kh so 4+5/2000. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 5. Ly Trng Phng, 1982. a tram tch Paleogen be Nam Con Sn, moi lien quan cua chung ti tiem nang dau kh. Tap ch Dau kh so 3/1982. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 6. R. C Selley, David C. Moril, 1985. Basic concepts of petroleum geology. International Human Resources Development Corporation. 7. Nguyen Van Bach, Nguyen Tien Hai, 1987. Cac ao noi vung bien Trng Sa. Tap ch Dau kh so 3/1987. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 8. Nguyen Hiep, Tran Ngoc Toan, Ha Quoc Quan va nnk, 1993. ac iem a chat va tiem nang dau kh vung QTS. Ha Noi, 1993. 9. Ly Trng Phng, 1996. Tng, moi trng thanh tao va tiem nang dau kh a tram tch tuoi Oligocen be Cu Long. Tap ch Dau kh so 2/1996. Ha Noi, Viet Nam. 10. Ly Trng Phng, 1998. ac iem a chat va tiem nang dau kh vung pha nam be NCS. Tap ch Dau kh so 2/1998. 11. Mai Thanh Tan va nnk, 2003. Bien ong III. a chat- a vat ly bien. NXB ai hoc Quoc Gia. Ha Noi 12. Hoang Van Vng, o Chien Thang, 2003. Ve kha nang minh giai tong hp tai lieu trong lc, t nghien cu mong trc Kainozoi TL Viet Nam. Tap ch Dau kh so 3/2003. 13. Nguyen Nh Trung, Nguyen Th Thu Hng, 2003. Cau truc vo trai at khu vc bien ong theo so lieu d thng trong lc ve tich va a chan sau. Hoi ngh KHCN Vien Dau kh 25 nam xay dng & trng thanh. Ha Noi, Viet Nam.

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