19 Chuong15

Chng
15
Cac be tram tch trc Kainozoi va tai nguyen dau kh
Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam
1. Gii thieu Cung nh mot so khoang san khac cua Viet Nam, dau kh trong mot so thanh tao Trc Kainozoi a c phat hien t au the ky 20. Song do nhieu ieu kien va hoan canh khac nhau, cac oi tng nay a khong c chu y tham do. Cuoi the ky 20, nh nhieu phat hien mo dau kh trong cac tang cha mong cua cac be tram tch khac nhau, cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi a tr thanh oi tng hap dan ve tiem nang dau kh va c quan tam nhieu hn Viet Nam hien nay. 2. Tham do va phat hien dau kh trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi Viet Nam Cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi khong nhng ch lo tren be mat thach quyen thuoc phan at lien, cac ao, ma con b chon vui thanh mong cua hau het cac be tram tch khac nhau ca tren at lien va ngoai khi Viet Nam. Mot so cac thanh tao nay a co cac bieu hien dau kh, trong o a phat hien c nhieu tang cha hydrocarbon quan trong co tuoi Paleozoi va Mesozoi (Hnh 15.1). Phan ln cac tang cha lo tren mat ch bieu hien cac san phan bien oi cua dau kh o la asphalt va a phien chay. Cac bieu hien nay phan bo rat rong trong cac
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thanh tao Trc Kainozoi cua Viet Nam, song t c chu y tham do do gia tr kinh te thap. Cac iem lo dau long hay quanh trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi c phat hien tren at lien Viet Nam rat han che nh vung Nui Lch (Yen Bai) va am Th Nai (Quy Nhn). Tuy vay, trong mong cua cac be tram tch e Tam khac nhau (ca tren at lien va ngoai khi Viet Nam cung nh nhieu vung lan can) a phat hien c nhieu tang cha dau Trc Kainozoi quan trong. Cac bieu hien kh (chu yeu la kh metan) trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi kha pho bien tren at lien Viet Nam, ac biet la trong cac be tram tch cha than Trias. Phat hien, tham do va anh gia cac bieu hien cua he thong dau kh trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi co nhng mc o, quan iem va ket qua khac nhau qua cac giai oan nghien cu a chat Viet Nam. 2.1. Phat hien dau kh Trc Kainozoi thi ky lap ban o a chat trc nam 1960 Cac bieu hien dau kh trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi a c phat hien kha sm (1910) tren at lien Viet Nam tai vung Nui Lch (Yen Bai) t nhng ngay khi au cua cong tac khao sat va lap ban o a
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam
1-4 - Mong Pre-Cz cua cac be e Tam gom: 1-granitoid Mz mong be Cu Long; 2-granitoid Mz va a khac cua cac be Nam Con Sn; 3-tram tch Pz, t magma Mz mong a dang be Song Hong; 4-tram tch Pz, t Mz va magma mong them Tay Nam. 5-14 - Kh va condensat Pre-Cz: Ia (5-9) metan trong be than Trias, 5-phai song a, 6-trai song a, 7-Tay Thai Nguyen, 8-Quang Ninh, 9-Nong Sn; Ib (10-12) trong cac be Mz, 10-Vieng Chan, 11-Savannakhet, 12Khorat; Ic (13-14) mo, 13-carbonat Pz Nam Phong, 14-cat ket Mz. 15-21 - Dau Pre-Cz: IIa trong carbonat Pz, 15-vung nui Lch (Yen Bai), 16-mong ong Bac va 17-mong Nam be Song Hong; IIb mo trong carbonat Pz, 18-mong be Tay Loi Chau, 19-mong be Chumphon; IIc mo trong granitoid Mz, 20-mong be Cu Long, 21-mong ai Hung. 22-25 - Cac iem lo asphalt va phien chay Pre-Cz (III): 22-trong carbonat Mz vung Sn La; 23-trong carbonat Pz ao Cat Ba; 24-trong cat ket thng (Mz) suoi vung Mng Pha Lan; 25- trong cat ket Mz2 ao Phu Quoc. Hnh 15.1. V tr phan bo cac bieu hien va phat hien dau kh Trc Kainozoi cua Viet Nam va ke can
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Anh 15.1. Dau vet con lai cua mot so cac hao, ho khai thac asphalt trong cac nam 1952-1956 tai thung lung ban Sai Lng - huyen Mai Sn (chng 1.000 kg asphalt c 5-10 kg dau)
chat (Durandin 1914, 1915). Vai nam sau o a tien hanh khoan 1 gieng tham do va phat hien c cac than cat, cac thau knh a voi Devon b nt ne hang hoc co cha dau, song v quy mo qua nho nen a b gac lai (Dusault 1921). Trong cac nam 1950 1952, asphalt trong cac thanh tao Mesozoi thuoc Tay Bac a c phat hien va khai thac e phuc vu nhu cau a phng (anh 15.1). 2.2. Tham do dau kh Trc Kainozoi theo phng phap truyen thong sau nam 1960 Tm kiem va tham do dau kh theo phng phap truyen thong a c tien hanh cung vi cong trnh tong hp ve a chat dau kh au tien Viet Nam (Kitovani, 1964). Tham do dau kh c tien hanh theo quy hoach trong o cac oi tng Trc Kainozoi thuoc mien Bac Viet Nam c xep sau mien vong Ha Noi (MVHN). Be Mesozoi An Chau a c tien hanh tm kiem, tham do theo phng phap
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truyen thong hng vao cac oi tng cau tao thuoc cac tap tram tch Mesozoi lap ay be. Do o cac gieng khoan tham do ch dng lai trong cac oi tng tao be ma khong khoan ti mong Paleozoi. Ket qua tm kiem, tham do be trong suot thap ky 70 cua the ky 20 cha phat hien c cac bieu hien dau kh, trong khi o cac san pham bien oi cua hydrocarbon di dang asphalt va a phien chay phan tan pho bien va co ni kha tap trung trong cac a phien voi Paleozoi thuoc mien Bac Viet Nam va Nam Trung Quoc. Cac iem lo dau va asphalt trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi vung Yen Bai, Sn La, Quy Nhn a c ieu tra va anh gia lai trong nhieu nam cuoi the ky 20 (1973 - 1982) cho thay chung co qui mo nho (Le Thanh va nnk. 1997 [5]). Tuy vay hang loat cac dien lo khac cua cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi cha asphalt, phien chay, bitum thuoc nhieu khu vc ong Bac, Viet Bac va nhieu ni khac cha c tham do va anh gia. Trong khi o nhieu dien phan bo
Anh 15.2. Hang khai thac asphalt (a phng goi la a dau) trong a voi Permi-Trias Sn La nam ven ng t ban Na-Tong en uy-ban Nhan dan xa Mng Tung huyen Mng Lay - Sn La (P.T. ien, 12-2000)
asphalt do cac cong trnh xay dng va lam ng mi lo ra Sn La ang b khai thac thu cong mot cach t do (anh 15.2). Mot so phat hien than va huyen trong cac thanh tao Mesozoi (Theo ket qua nghien cu bao t phan: asphalt Sai Lng, than To Pan co tuoi e Tam) co nhieu dau hieu lien quan vi dau kh va asphalt. Mo than dnh - t To Pan (Sn La), cha than chay rat nhanh, t tro, mui khet nha ng, toa nhiet rat cao giong vi asphalt Mng Tung (Sn La). Than huyen trong he tang tram tch Mesozoi ao Phu Quoc co ty le asphalt cao vi vet vach mau nau va khi bat chay eu cho mui nha ng. Ngoai cac bieu hien dau va asphalt, tren at lien Viet Nam con co nhieu cac bieu hien kh metan trong cac be tram tch cha than Trias thuoc nhieu khu vc nh Quang Ninh, Thai Nguyen, ien Bien, Sn La, Hoa Bnh, Nong Sn va nhieu ni khac (Hnh 15.1). Do chu trong viec khai thac than nen nguon kh nay a b lang ph ngay
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mot them tram trong (T.N. Toan 2003). 2.3. Tm kiem, tham do cac oi tng Trc Kainozoi theo phan tch be va play Phat hien cac tch tu va mo dau kh ln trong cac tang cha mong Trc Kainozoi cua nhieu be tram tch e Tam khac nhau thuoc Viet Nam va mot so vung lan can trong nhieu nam gan ay khong nhng ch co gia tr kinh te rat ln ma con thuc ay manh viec van dung cac phng phap phan tch be va anh gia play Phan tch be a khoi phuc lai nhng ieu kien ong lc hnh thanh, phat trien, trng thanh, gia coi va bien dang cua cac be Trc-Kainozoi. ieu nay a the hien trong anh gia cac be Mesozoi Khorat va phat hien mo kh Nam Phong (1987). Phan tch be giup cho viec anh gia lai tiem nang dau kh Trc Kainozoi cua Nam Viet Nam va Thai Lan co them nhieu thong tin oi sanh mi (1995 - 1997) gia cac mo dau
trong cac tang cha mong Trc Kainozoi nh carbonat (NangNuan) va granitoid (Rang ong, Bach Ho). anh gia play a thc s c ap dung khi phan tch be Meso - Tethys Song a (2002 - 2003). 3. Khai quat khung cau truc cua cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi Viet Nam Cac n v thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi lo tren at lien rat a dang, phc tap v chung lien quan vi nhieu he thong cau truc khac nhau va a trai qua nhieu thi ky tien hoa ke tiep nhau. Hau het cac ac iem ban au cua cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi a b bien oi va ch e lai mot so dau vet vi mc o bao ton khac nhau tren bnh o cau truc hien trang trong khu vc. Hien ton tai rat nhieu mo hnh cau truc, kien tao khac nhau ve cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi thuoc phan lanh tho Viet Nam (T.V. Tr va nnk. 1978, P.C. Tien va nnk. 1989, N.X. Bao va nnk. 1990, N.X. Tung, T.V. Tr va nnk. 1992, L.D. Bach va nnk. 1996 v.v...). e dng lai nhng net c ban cua cac be Trc-Kainozoi, khong nhng ch da tren c s mot so ac iem thanh phan cua cac thanh tao nay ma can hieu ro qui luat phan bo, tien hoa cua chung trong moi lien ket toan khu vc ong Nam A. Bnh o cau truc hien trang the hien ro ong Nam A la ni gap g cua cac ai dng (Thai Bnh Dng va An o Dng) va cac ai luc (Au - A va An - Uc). Phan tch mo hnh hien trang, khung cau truc Trc Kainozoi cua Viet Nam thuoc 4 mien chnh nh sau (Hnh 15.2): Mien cau truc uon nep va lp phu nen Bac Bo;
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Mien cau truc khoi luc a ong Dng; Mien cau truc a kinh tuyen Shan Thai ; Mien cau truc b chon vui di Bien ong. Tuy vay, cac n v thanh he - cau truc
Trc Kainozoi con lien quan vi nhieu qua trnh phat trien kien tao do lch trnh tien hoa cua cac mang Au - A, luc a Gondwana, cac ai dng Tethys, cac be noi luc khac nhau. Tren c s phan tch cac yeu to (tieu ch) cau truc va thanh phan (thanh he - cau truc), moi mien cau truc eu co nhng ac iem rieng ve quy luat phan i va ac iem cua cac to hp thanh phan cua vo thach quyen trong tng i (Hnh 15.3). 3.1. Mien cau truc uon nep va vung phu nen Trc Kainozoi Bac Bo (I) ay la he thong cau truc co nhieu ten goi khac nhau nh mien cau truc vo luc a Viet - Trung (chng 4) hay nen Viet - Hoa thuoc chuan nen Dng T (Tran Van Tr va nnk. 1977) v.v... Mien cau truc nay la phan noi tiep ve pha Nam cua cac i thanh he cau truc ong - Nam Trung Quoc. Pha Tay - Nam tiep giap vi mien cau truc khoi luc a ong Dng theo t gay khau Song Ma; pha Tay tiep giap vi mien cau truc a kinh tuyen Shan Thai theo t gay trt bang ien Bien - Lai Chau - Uttaradit. Phan ln cac i cau truc uon nep cua mien nay eu co dang tuyen. Cac i uon nep co nhat cua mien nay la a khien Proterozoi b bien chat rat manh thuoc i Song Hong. Cac khoi uon nep a khien Proterozoi - Cambri di thuoc i Nam Co va Song Chay b bien chat va.
Ch dan
I.
Mien cau truc uon nep va lp phu nen Bac Bo: Ia - i uon nep Tay Bac; Ib - i uon nep - bien chat a khien Song Hong - Song Chay - Phu Ng; Ic - i uon nep a khien Duyen hai ong Bac; Id - Lp phu nen Viet Bac ra Nam nen Dng T. II. Mien cau truc a khoi ong Dng: IIa - i uon nep dang khoi Trng Sn; IIb - a khoi co Kon Tum; IIc - i cung ao - nui la co Tay Nam Kon Tum; IId - Cung va cham xam nhap - phun trao Mesozoi muon a Lat; IIe - i bien ho sot Mesozoi Khorat - Savanakhet; IIf - i cau truc PaleozoiMesozoi Tay Nam. III. Mien cau truc a kinh tuyen Shan-Thai: IIIa - i uon nep Mng Te va be Mesozoi Phong Sa Ly; Cac i khac khong co trong Viet Nam. IV. Mien cau truc Trc Kainozoi b chon vui di them luc a Viet Nam va cac khoi luc a sot Hoang Sa va Trng Sa: IVa - Mong trem tch Pz-Mz vnh Bac Bo; IVb - Mong tram tch Pz va magma Mz Bac Trung Bo; IVc - Cung magma Mz mong them Nam Trung Bo va ong Nam Bo; IVd - Mong tram tch va tram tch nui la Pz-Mz them luc a Tay Nam. Cac i cau truc Trc Kainozoi khac lan can khong thuoc Viet Nam nh Himalaya - V, xem trong chng 4. Hnh 15.2. S o cac mien cau truc chnh tren at lien Viet Nam lien quan vi khu vc ong Nam A (Theo Bunopas, Vella 1992 va s o a chat ong A cua Tsuchida va Wakita, 1999)
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1 - Lp phu tram tch N2-Q ven b, bien; 10 - i xam nhap - nui la Mz2 do va cham; 2 - Lp vo ai dng E3-N1 ay Bien ong; 11 - Cac be Mz co than T3n-r - metan; 3 - Mong granitoid Mz cua be Cu Long; 12 - Cac be tram tch - phun trao axit Mz; 4 - Mong magma Mz, t cac a Pz khac; 13 - ai nui la gia - trc cung Pz3-Mz; 5 - Mong Pre-Cz cua Trng Sa Hoang Sa; 14 - Nem tang trng turbidit - flysh Mz; 6 - Mong tram tch Pz-Mz cua nhieu be; 15 - Be Meso-Tethys Song a va Qinghai; 7 - Mong Pz-Mz a dang be Song Hong; 16 - Paleo - Tethys, va Tethys nong Pz2-3; 8 - Be trc nui Mz2 vun tho mau nau-o; 17 - Cac i uon nep Caledoni (S3 - D1); 9 - Magma nhieu pha tao nui Mz2 Tu Le; 18 - Cac khoi lo luc a nguyen khai Ar-Pr. a danh va s phan bo cua cac bieu hien va phat hien dau kh Trc Kainozoi xem hnh 15.1. Hnh 15.3. Cac i thanh he - cau truc va bieu hien dau kh Pre-Cz cua Viet Nam va ke can (Tong hp t cac ban o a chat Campuchia, Lao va Viet Nam, P.C.Tien va nnk. 1989; ban o a chat Thai Lan cua S.Bunopas, P.Vella, 1992; ban o a chat Trung Quoc cua Ma Lifang va nnk., 1996 va nhieu tai lieu khac)
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Cac thanh tao magma mafic, sieu - mafic (ophiolit) kieu vo ai dng co va tram tch bien Paleozoi sm - gia (Paleo - Tethys) eu b bien dang t bien chat thap en bien chat manh do uon nep Caledoni, trong o co cac ai uon nep dang tuyen thuoc cac i Song Ma, Co To - Tan Mai. Cac lp phu nen Paleozoi gia - tren phan bo bnh on trong cac bien nen Tethys nong vi chieu day va dien phan bo on nh ac biet trong vung Viet Bac (Bac Sn). Song t cuoi Permi va ac biet trong Mesozoi sm, cac hoat ong kien tao - magma a bien cai mien cau truc nay thanh nhieu i khac nhau gom: i uon nep dang tuyen Tay Bac (Tay Nam Bac Bo); cac i uon nep - a khien Paleozoi va nen Viet Bac; cac cau truc noi luc Mesozoi ong Bac Bac Bo. a. i uon nep dang tuyen Tay Bac (Ia) i uon nep nay la phan keo dai ve pha ong - Nam cua i Quinghai - Xizang - Tay Van Nam ti Lai Chau - Ninh Bnh theo hng TB - N ra bien (Nam vnh Bac Bo, Hnh 15.2 va 15.3). Pha Tay Nam i uon nep Tay Bac tiep giap vi cac khoi Trng Sn (Mesozoit Viet - Lao) qua t gay khau Song Ma; pha Tay tiep giap vi i Mng Te qua t gay ien Bien - Lai Chau; pha ong Bac tiep giap vi vung nen va a khien Viet Hoa qua he thong t gay Song Hong. ay la i thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi phc tap va a dang nhat trong khu vc. Cac thanh tao kieu Paleo - Tethys va nen Tethys nong phan bo tren cac i nang ra Tay Nam va ong Bac; con trong Trung tam lai phan bo rong rai cac thanh tao phun trao mafic va tram tch bien khi carbonat va carbonat - luc nguyen Permi - Trias. ay la ac trng tieu
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bieu cua he thong cau truc Mesozoi ch ton tai trong i Song a - Ninh Bnh. S pho bien rong rai cua cac phc he magma mafic va cac tap tram tch bien khi Mesozoi sm ch ro s ton tai cua mot nhanh ai dng mi c hnh thanh vao cuoi Permi au Trias va phat trien cc ai trong Trias sm gia, noi lien vi Meso - Tethys rong hn Tay Nam Trung Quoc, sang Tay Nam A va Nam Au. Tuy vay, Meso - Tethys Song a la nhanh ai dng hep hnh thanh trong Permi - Trias do tach gian ay be sau cung Tethys nong hau - Hercyni, phat trien chu yeu trong Trias sm - gia va ket thuc vao cuoi Trias muon do chu anh hng cua uon nep Indosini va cac chuyen ong tao nui Mesozoi muon. Nhieu tac gia khac cho rang Meso - Tethys Song a nay la mot tach gian (rift) noi luc (chng 4). Uon nep Indosini a tac ong manh len toan bo cac thanh tao t Carni tr ve trc va hnh thanh i uon nep doc ng co truc keo dai hng TB - N doc theo song a qua Ninh Bnh ra bien. ac iem nay cho thay cuoi Trias a co s hoi tu cua cac khoi luc a ong Dng di ong t pha Tay - Nam ti va cham vi mang luc a ket chac Viet Hoa pha ong Bac, trong o ai uon nep Tay Bac la i thuc troi khi Meso - Tethys Song a b tieu bien. Pha tao nui Mesozoi muon the hien ro nhat trong i Tu Le thuoc Tay Bac vi cac thanh tao molas mau o trc nui (foreland) va cac phc he phun traoxam nhap magma a pha mang tnh kiem cao. Tao nui Mesozoi muon a ket cau lai dien mao cua Bac Bo va Trng Sn, hnh thanh cac khoi, cac i nang tng phan vi cac be noi luc va cac trung trc - nui. Tieu bieu nhat la s thu hep Meso - Tethys
Anh 15.3. Hem song a tai Pa Vinh - Sn La bieu th he thong t gay nghch Song a gay ra. Phan canh nang chm pha Bac t gay la a voi Anisi he tang ong Giao (T2a g). Phan canh sut la cac tap phien voi-set va phien set-voi Ladini he tang Nam Tham (T2l nt) ang b chuc chm va tieu bien cham t t di gam t gay.
Song a va hnh thanh day nui Phang Xi Pang cao nhat ong Dng tren canh troi t gay nghch Song a (anh 15.3). b. Vung nen va cac i uon nep Caledoni kieu a khien ong Bac (Ib, Ic, Id) ay la vung phu nen Paleozoi gia tren Viet Bac (Id) phan bo rong, on nh va nam ke goi tren cac i a khien bien chat - uon nep Proterozoi va Paleozoi di - gia thuoc cac i Song Hong - Song Chay (Ib) va i Co To, Tan Mai (Ic). i Co To - Tan Mai la phan keo dai cua i Caledoni Cathaysia ong Nam Trung Quoc - Ic (Hnh 15.2, 15.3). Cau truc uon nep Caledoni ch that ien hnh trong vung duyen hai Quang Ninh noi lien vi ai uon nep Caledoni Cathaysia. Thanh tao tieu bieu cho i la cac tap tram tch va tram tch nui la dang flys tuoi Ordovic muon - Silur he tang Tan Mai/Co To. Cac thanh tao nay phan bo thanh cac dai keo dai hng tay nam ti ong bac qua
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Tan Mai va nhieu ao ngoai bien trong o co quan ao Co To. Chung eu co cau truc phan nhp dang flys b bien chat va uon nep doc ng. Cac tap phu nen goi chm len cac i uon nep a khien neu tren. Chung phan bo rong trong cac vung Viet Bac, vnh Bai T Long va Ha Long vi chieu day on nh (1.000 - 1.500m) co thanh phan chu yeu la tram tch carbonat Tethys nong tuoi Paleozoi gia - muon. Tren ao Cat Ba lo ra rat nhieu a voi Paleozoi muon cha cac dai vat chat hu c b than hoa, tng t nh a phien chay Devon cua Hoa Nam. He thong cau truc nen - a khien ong Bac b cac hoat ong va magma Mesozoi lam bien dang va bien cai thanh cac i nang Paleozoi va cac be noi luc Mesozoi An Chau va Song Hien. Cac pha uon nep Indosini va tao nui Mesozoi muon tuy co anh hng en cac cau truc cua ong Bac nhng yeu hn so vi Tay Bac va Trng Sn.
3.2. Mien cau truc khoi luc a Trc Kainozoi ong Dng (II) Mien cau truc khoi luc a ong Dng con c goi la mien cau truc vo luc a ong Dng trong chng 4. Mien cau truc nay tiep giap ve pha ong - Bac vi mien cau truc Bac Bo qua t gay khau Song Ma, ve pha Tay vi mien cau truc Sibumasu qua t gay Lai Chau - ien Bien - Uttaradit, ve pha Tay - Nam vi vnh Thai Lan vi he thong t gay Three - Pagoda, ve pha ong vi mien cau truc b chon vui di bien ong qua t gay a kinh tuyen 1090. ay la mien cau truc kha rong ln chiem toan bo dien Trung va Nam ong Dng nh i Trng Sn, a khoi co Kon Tum va dien kha ln cua nen Sunda (Sundaland). ay la ba he thong co cac n v thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi khac biet nhau, nhng eu chu tac ong chung cua chuyen ong nang - sut dang khoi tang Indosini. V vay, cau truc dang khoi la ac trng tieu bieu cua mien cau truc nay; song, s phan d gia cac i trong mien nay c phan biet ro qua cac ac trng ve thanh he - cau truc cua chung (Hnh 15.2 va 15.3). a. i cau truc dang khoi Indosini Trng Sn (IIa) i nay phan bo gia cac he thong t gay sau Song Ma va Tam Ky. Pha Bac va ong Bac tiep giap vi he thong cau truc Bac Bo doc theo t gay Song Ma. Pha Nam va Tay Nam giap vi a khoi co Kon Tum qua t gay Tam Ky. Pha Tay tiep giap vi he thong cau truc a kinh tuyen Shan Thai co ranh gii la t gay Uttaradit. Pha ong b chon vui di cac be Kainozoi
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thuoc ra Tay Bien ong. Cau truc ac trng cua i nay la cac khoi uon nep kieu a khien Paleozoi di - gia tng oi gan ang thc phan bo rong rai; con lp phu nen Tethys nong phan bo han che do anh hng cua cac hoat ong Hercyni. Cac hoat ong kien tao Hercyni va Indosini a anh hng ro lien quan vi s hnh thanh cac i dang khoi nang va sut xen ke nhau. Phan nang do Hercyni gom co i Paleozoi Song Ca, khoi nang Proterozoi - Paleozoi Phu Hoat, i nang Paleozoi Bnh - Tr Thien. Phan sut chu yeu la cac be Mesozoi Sam Na - Hoanh Sn. Toan bo cac khoi cau truc nang va sut nay eu c tiep tuc nang cao thanh day cac khoi nang Trng Sn do pha tao nui Indosini. Cac cau truc lom hau - Indosini rat han che gom be Nong Sn, be ho bien sot Khorat - Savanakhet phan bo doc theo ong va Tay day Trng Sn va co the phan thanh hai phu i ong va Tay TrngSn (IIa): Phu i ong Trng Sn la phan cau truc dang khoi nang troi chiem u the. Khong ch cac khoi nang Proterozoi Cambri Phu Hoat, khoi nang Paleozoi Song Ca va cac khoi Paleozoi Bnh - Tr - Thien ma ca cac khoi sut nh be Trias Sam Na - Hoanh Sn va be Trias - Jura Nong Sn eu c nang cao thanh day nui ong Trng Sn. Phu i Tay Trng Sn la phan ha thap tng oi so vi cac khoi pha ong bao gom cac khoi mong Paleozoi va cac tap tram tch ho bien sot cha thach cao va muoi mo Mesozoi muon Khorat - Savanakhet. Trong o thuoc lanh tho Viet Nam ch co ra ong cua be tram tch nay.
b. i a khoi co Kon Tum (IIb) i thuoc ra ong Bac cua Sundaland chu yeu gom phc he sieu bien chat Kannack tuoi Arkei, cac he tang bien chat manh Proterozoi va nhieu phc he xam nhap axit, axit - kiem va trung tnh co tuoi t Archeozoi ti Kainozoi lo tren a khoi co nay. Trong khi o ch co mot vai dien nho cac thanh tao tram tch vun xen trong cac tap phun trao trung tnh va axit Paleozoi Mesozoi tren phan Tay Nam cua khoi. Cac ac trng nay cho thay a khoi co thng xuyen b nang cao trong ca Paleozoi va Mesozoi. ay la khoi luc a co ien hnh, trong o khong co dau vet cua vo ai dng co Trc-Kainozoi. Trong Kainozoi, a khoi co nay a b he thong t gay Song Ba pha v tao a hao hep keo dai theo hng t tay bac xuong ong nam roi nhap vao be Phu Khanh. c. i cung ao - nui la Paleozoi muon - Mesozoi sm Tay Nam Play Cu (IIc) i gom cac thanh tao tram tch vun, carbonat va phun trao andesite Carbon - Permi va ryolit Trias. Cac thanh tao carbonat Tethys nong trc cung thng pha tron lan cac thanh tao luc nguyen nem tang trng dang nhp va cac thanh tao cung nui la andesit va ryolit. Toan bo cau truc he cung ao - nui la nay hnh thanh ni hoi tu cua Tethys nong vi a khoi Kon Tum vao cuoi Paleozoi - au Mesozoi. Phan chnh cua i nay thuoc Nam Lao va ong - Bac Campuchia. d. i cung va cham xam nhap - phun trao Mesozoi muon a Lat (IId) i phan bo rong vi dien khac nhau tren at lien va ngoai khi Nam Trung Bo
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va ong Nam Bo. Thanh phan chu yeu cua i la cac khoi xam nhap (pluton) granitoid (diorit - granodiorit - granit) va cac a phun trao tng ng (andesit - dacit - ryolit) tuoi Mesozoi muon. Cac tap tram tch phan bo rat han che thng la mot vai lp vun xen kep hnh thanh trong cac ho nui la hau Indosini. ay co the la dau vet cua cung magma tao nui Mesozoi muon do va cham cua cac khoi luc a sau khi Tethys a tieu bien hoan toan. e. Be tram tch ho - bien sot Mesozoi muon Khorat - Savanakhet (IIe) ay la phan thanh he - cau truc tan d cua Tethys sau khi b hut chm di luc a Bac ong Dng. Cac tap tram tch Mesozoi muon ac trng tieu bieu cua be ke goi tren mong vi cac kieu vo thach quyen khac nhau. Ra ong - Bac be nam ke goi tren mong thuoc i cau truc Trng Sn thuoc luc a Au - A. Ra Tay Nam be ke goi tren mong trong o co phc he sieu bien chat Arkei, thanh he bien chat cao Proterozoi kieu luc a co Gondwana va mot so thanh tao cung ao - nui la Paleozoi - Mesozoi sm. Phan chnh cua be la tram tch luc nguyen, thach cao va muoi mo Mesozoi muon phan bo rat rong trong vung Savanakhet (Lao) va Khorat (Thai Lan). Trat t thay the theo a tang t di len cua cac tap Mesozoi muon gom tram tch vun phan tap, phan lp day, set xam luc (chu yeu montmorilonit) phan lp xen lp mong hay thau knh dolomit (mong), lp thach cao (day) va tren cung la muoi mo halit va silvil. ieu nay chng to rang chung c tch tu t nguon nc bien do ai dng sot lai va b boc hi, can kiet dan.
f. i cau truc Paleozoi - Mesozoi ra Tay Nam (IIf) i phan bo doc theo i b va bien nong Kien Giang t Rach Gia en Ha Tien va cac ao trong o co ao Phu Quoc va cac ao thuoc phan ong Nam Campuchia. Phan b phu trong at lien (Tay Nam Bo) chu yeu la cac thanh tao Paleozoi vi cac a phien va carbonat, con ngoai bien nong chu yeu la cac thanh tao Mesozoi. ay co the la phan pha trong cua he thong cung ao, trong o co vung trc cung (fore arc) vi cac lp phu tram tch va tram tch - nui la Paleozoi muon va Mesozoi sm bien nong ven ra. Cac lp phu nay gom cac tap tram tch luc nguyen, luc nguyen silic, carbonat, andesit, ryolit va tuf lo thanh cac dien nho ri rac thuoc Tay Nam Bo va cac ao trong vnh Thai Lan. Phan di cua mat cat chu yeu la cac tap luc nguyen va nui la axit Paleozoi sm - gia va carbonat Permi - Trias bien nong. Phan gia cua mat cat chu yeu la tram tch luc nguyen tng bien nong ven b tuoi Mesozoi sm. Tren cung la cac tap tram tch vun a luc a va luc a Mesozoi muon. Phan ln cac tap tram tch ra ong Bac nen Sunda eu b anh hng cua cung xam nhap - phun trao Mesozoi muon. 3.3. i Mng Te thuoc mien cau truc a kinh tuyen Sibumasu (III) i Mng Te - IIIa, ve cau truc a chat, keo dai theo hng kinh tuyen t Nam Trung Hoa ti Thng Lao. i Mng Te la mot phan nho ra ong - Bac mien uon nep a kinh tuyen Sibumasu noi vung Thng Lao pha Nam va i uon nep Gandise - Nyainqentanglha pha Bac va
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Tay Bac (Hnh 15.2, 15.3). Trong chng 4 mien uon nep nay c goi la a khu Shan Thai thuoc mien cau truc Sibumasu. Tuy vay, i Mng Te cung chu anh hng yeu cua cac chuyen ong Indosini. Co ngi cho i Mng Te nam trong mien cau truc vo luc a ong Dng. Cac thanh tao Tien - Indosini bieu th cho i trc cung vi cau truc tng t vung Sundaland (Hnh 15.3). Con cac thanh tao hau Indosini chu yeu phat trien theo s khong che cua ai uon nep a kinh tuyen Sibumasu Trong i Mng Te cha phat hien c cac thanh tao Tien - Cambri (thuoc yeu to tieu bieu cua luc a Gondwana), trong khi o yeu to nay eu co trong cac i uon nep Sibumasu va Gandise - Nyainqentanglha. Cau truc ac trng cua i Mng Te la be tram tch vun tho Mesozoi muon Mng Nhe - Phong Sa Ly vi hng chu ao a kinh tuyen. Cac tram tch nay ke goi tren mong gom cac thanh tao nen Tethys nong va khien uon nep Paleozoi. Pha Tay cua mien cau truc Sibumasu la he thong cau truc cung tang trng b thuc troi uon nep Kainozoi Himalaya (IV). 3.4. Mien cau truc Trc Kainozoi b chon vui di Bien ong (V) Dien rong ln ngoai khi Viet Nam, hau het cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi hoac b chon vui va tr thanh mong cua cac be tram tch Kainozoi tren cac them luc a hien tai; hoac b chia cat thanh cac khoi hay vi mang roi b xo ay, di chuyen khoi truc tach gian ve cac ra va tr thanh cac vi luc a sot nh: Hoang Sa va Trng Sa gia Bien ong Viet Nam (Hnh 15.3). ac iem ien hnh cua mien cau truc Trc
Kainozoi nay lai do cac hoat ong a ong lc trong Kainozoi sm gay ra. V vay, ay la phan mong quan trong cua he thong cau truc ra Tay Thai Bnh Dng. Mien cau truc nay co the trung vi mien cac cau truc luc a sot do qua trnh ai dng hoa Bien ong va cac ra mien cau truc vo ai dng Bien ong trong chng 4. ay la mien cau truc Trc Kainozoi rong ln va phc tap do lien quan vi nhieu he thong cau truc khac nhau, nhng c co ket va gan lai vi nhau vao cuoi Mesozoi do tao nui muon. Sau o, cac hoat ong tan kien tao, ac biet la qua trnh tach gian Oligocen a pha v he thong cau truc nay thanh nhieu khoi, trong o co nhng khoi b ay troi dat khoi Trung tam gian ay, co khoi b sut sau va c lap ay bi cac tram tch Kainozoi. Cac ket qua phan tch mot so gieng khoan dau kh cho thay s phan bo cua cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi trong mong cua mot so be e Tam thuoc them luc a Viet Nam rat a dang va co the lien quan vi nhieu he thong cau truc khac nhau (bang 15.1). Tren c s phan tch cac yeu to thanh he - cau truc cua cac vung lan can va cac ket qua khoan a chat co the phan mien cau truc Trc Kainozoi b chon vui di Bien ong thanh mot so n v nh sau (Hnh 15.3): a. Khoi vi luc a ngam Hoang Sa Macclesfield Khoi vi luc a nay phan bo tren ra Bac Trung tam tach gian Bien ong. ay co the la mot phan cua ra ong Nam luc a Au - A. Mot so ket qua khoan tren vung quan ao Hoang Sa cho thay co cac thanh tao nh gneis, a phien ket tinh amphibol - biotit Proterozoi giong vung ao Hai Nam
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va vung Nui Goi, mot so cac thanh tao Paleozoi va Mesozoi khac lai tieu bieu cho ra ong Nam luc a Au - A. Nh vay khoi tieu luc a Hoang Sa co the la mot khoi vo luc a c tach khoi luc a Au - A vao au Kainozoi do cac he thong t gay tach trt gay ra. Phu tren cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi thuoc khoi vi luc a nay chu yeu la cac tram tch vun va mot t am tieu Neogen va e T. b. Khoi vi luc a ngam Trng Sa Reed bank Khoi phan bo tren ra ong Nam truc tach gian Bien ong. Mot so cac ket qua khoan dau kh trong vung nay a phat hien c cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi co kieu vo luc a c co ket vao Mesozoi (bang 15.1). Cac thanh tao nay tng t cac thanh tao tieu bieu cua i cung xam nhap - phun trao Mesozoi muon a Lat. Do vay, ay co the la mot khoi vi luc a c tach ra khoi luc a ong Dng va troi dat ve pha ong Nam do gian ay Bien ong. Tuy nhien, mot so mat cat a chan ven ao va mot so khoan cong trnh tren cac ao a phat hien c cac a basalt lai cho thay ay la vo luc a a b thoai hoa thanh kieu vo trung gian hay chuyen tiep. c. Mong Trc Kainozoi vung them luc a Bac Bo ay la cac thanh tao lien quan vi nhieu i cau truc Trc Kainozoi khac nhau. Them luc a ong Bac Bac Bo nh a biet la phan noi tiep cua i uon nep a khien Caledoni vung Co To hoac co ni la phan noi tiep cua lp phu nen Tethys nong Paleozoi gia - muon nh Bac vnh Bac Bo, cac thanh tao Mesozoi vung Trung tam va
a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam Bang 15.1. Cac gieng khoan phat hien mong Trc Kainozoi thuoc mot so be e Tam TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Vung hay Lo va Cau tao Hai Phong Hai Hau (k.nc) T.P. Nam nh PhuC - HngYen Lo 106 - Yen T Lo 104 - Qua Vai Lo 112 - Anh Vu Khoan / o sau phat hien thanh tao mong - m K.14/483,00-851,30 K.54/237-ay K.15/149,60-165,00 K.104/3940,00-4114,92 106-YT-1X/1617,0-ay 104-QV-1X/920,00-1050,0 112-AV-1X/1743-1780,0 112-BT-1X/3935-4111,0 115-A-1X/3491-3538,0 02-C-1X/4092,0-4483,0 Thanh tao va tuoi a tang Carbonat - Pz Gneis-phien Pr Phien-gneis Pr Rhyolit - T Carbonat Pz Carbonat Pz Carbonat - Mz Carb.-Phien Pz Carbonat Pz Trachit-Mz Granitoid - Mz2 Granitoid - Mz2 Mo dau ln Mo dau ln Mo dau ln Granitoid - Mz2 Granitoid - Mz2 Granitoid - Mz2 Granitoid - Mz2 Andesit- Mz2 Granitoid - Mz2 Granitoid - Mz2 Magma - Mz Phun trao Mz Rhyo-dacit Mz Dacit-andesit Mz Granitoid Mz Phun trao Mz Granitoid Mz Granitoid Mz Ryo-Dacit Mz Vun nau-o Mz Nang ra them ong Tr. Sa Phat hien dau Vung them luc a - bien nong ong, ong Nam i nang Con Sn hay mong be Nam Con Sn Mo dau nho Them luc a ong Nam Trung Bo va ong Nam Bo hay mong cua be Cu Long Them Bac Trung Bo hay phu be Phat hien dau Hue - a Nang Phat hien dau ong bang va vnh Bac Bo hay phan Tay Bac be Song Hong Bieu hien dau kh Ghi chu
Ca song Thai Bnh B10-STB-1X/
Lo 104 - Qua Nhan 104-QN-1X/2047,60-2102,6 Granitoid - Mz
10 Lo 112 - Bach Tr 11 Lo 115 - Tri Ton 13 Lo 02 - Sa phia 14 Bach Ho - Lo 09 16 S T - Lo 15 17 Tam ao - Lo 16 18 u u - Lo 17 19 Nho - Lo 17 20 Lo 04 21 Lo 05 - ai Hung 22 Hng Dng Bac 23 Lo 10 - Bach Ma 24 Lo 11 - Rong Bay 25 Lo 12 - Ma 26 Lo 12 - NCS 27 Lo 12 - NCS 28 Lo 20 Ph. Hoang 29 Lo 21 - Song 30 Tay NCS 31 T Chnh 32 Q. ao Trng Sa
12 Lo 01 Hong Ngoc 01-RB-1X/2683,0-3108,0
09-BH-2X/3191-3261 v.v... Granitoid - Mz2 15-G-1X/2975,0-2977,0 16-TD-1X/3269,0-3289,0 17-DD-1X/2328,0-2399 17-N-1X/2654,0-3159,0 04-A-1X2419,0-2462,0 05-DH-1X/3352,0-3362,0 10-BM-1X/1913,0-1961,0 11-RB-1X/3932,0-3941,0 12-B-1X/3914,0-3998,0 12-C-1X/3612,0-3657,0 12-D-1X/1584,0-1640,0 20-PH-1X/3452,0-3985,0 21-S-1X/4361,0-4401,0 28-A-1X/1494,0-1594,0 PV-94-1X Sampaguita-1X
15 Rang ong - Lo 15 15-C-1X/3276-3290,0
06-HDB-1X/3941,0-3991,0 Magma - Mz
cac thanh tao carbonat Trias va magma axit, axit - kiem vung Nam vnh Bac Bo. Nhieu khoan tren phan Bac be Song Hong a phat hien c cac thanh tao mong TrcKainozoi; trong o khoan B10 - STB - 1X a phat hien c dau trong mong carbonat Paleozoi nt ne va hang hoc.
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d. Mong Trc Kainozoi vung them Bac Trung Bo Vung them Bac Trung Bo pho bien la cac thanh tao tram tch Paleozoi gia muon thuoc Tethys nong va cac a magma axit Mesozoi kieu khoi nang Indosini. Mot so gieng khoan dau kh thuoc phan Nam be
Song Hong a phat hien c cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi tng t cac thanh tao tieu bieu cho phu i cau truc ong Trng Sn. Trong o gieng khoan 112 - BT - 1X a phat hien c dau trong a carbonat Paleozoi muon b nt ne va hang hoc. e. Mong Trc Kainozoi vung them Nam Trung Bo va ong Nam Bo Cac vung them Nam Trung Bo va ong Nam Bo chu yeu gap cac thanh tao kieu cung xam nhap - phun trao trung tnh en axit Mesozoi muon thuoc kieu va cham luc a. Phan ln cac khoi nho cao mong Trc Kainozoi cua cac be Phu Khanh, Cu Long va Nam Con Sn eu lien quan vi cac khoi xam nhap granitoid Mesozoi. S hnh thanh cac a hao, a luy tren ra ong Nam i cau truc khoi nang a Lat con lien quan vi qua trnh xo huc cua cac khoi luc a do cac hoat ong sau tao nui (post - orogenic) chu yeu do tach gian Oligocen. f. Mong Trc Kainozoi vung them luc a Tay Nam Bo Mong cua vung nay thng la cac tram tch bien tnh, tram tch bien d Paleozoi va Mesozoi kieu Sundaland, chung lo tren nhieu ao thuoc vung bien Kien Giang va ra ong Bac vnh Thai Lan. Mot so khoan dau kh trong vnh Thai Lan a gap c mong carbonat Paleozoi va cac tram tch vun Mesozoi, trong o cac khoi nho mong a voi Permi cau tao Nang Nuan a cha dau thng mai. 4. a tang, tram tch, magma va bien chat Trc Kainozoi Cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi rat a dang ve thanh phan va phan bo rong khap
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trong at lien va them luc a Viet Nam. Cac thanh tao bien chat manh hay tai ket tinh chu yeu lien quan vi cac khoi Tien Cambri (Pre - \), trong o ien hnh la a khoi Kon Tum va i Song Hong hau nh khong con dau vet nguon goc ban au. Cac thanh tao Paleozoi sm - gia thng ch b bien chat trung bnh va thap co the khoi phuc c ieu kien hnh thanh chung. Cac thanh tao Paleozoi gia - muon chu yeu la cac tram tch bien nong bnh on cung vi nhieu phc he magma khac nhau. Cac thanh tao Mesozoi rat a dang ve thanh phan va tng vi xu the luc a hoa nhanh vao cuoi Mesozoi (Hnh 15.4, 15.5 va 15.6). 4.1. Cac thanh tao bien chat cao va vo thach quyen Tien - Cambri (AR - PR) Cac thanh tao bien chat manh hay bien chat tai ket tinh thng ch lo trong dien cac khoi co Tien - Cambri nh a khoi Kon Tum, i Song Hong - Phang Xi Pang va mot so dien nho tren cac oi - nui sot nh vung nui Goi - Nam nh. Trong o, ch co a khoi co Kon Tum la co cac phc he magma Archeozoi tiem nhap. Chung hau nh ch co cac a bien chat cao c phan thanh cac he tang nh bang 15.2: - Cac thanh tao Archeozoi (AR) gom chu yeu la granulit, gneis, khondrit tng granulit phc he Kannack (AR kn) va charnockit (12), granit biotit (13). Chung Tum va kha giong vi cac phc he tieu bieu cua luc a co Gondwana. - Cac thanh tao Proterozoi (PR) gom chu yeu la cac a bien chat tng amphibolit, amphibolit - disten phan bo cac xam nhap gabronorit (11), enderbit -
lo chu yeu trong pham vi a khoi co Kon
Chu thch: Cac ky hieu cua cac phc he xam nhap va phun trao magma, tuoi a chat dung theo quy nh cua cuc a chat Viet Nam soan theo quy c Quoc te trc nam 2000. *Tuoi a chat theo nien bieu c quy nh t ai hoi a chat The gii 1996 Beijing hieu cac phc he xam nhap theo thanh phan va tuoi quy c Quoc te hien hanh. Hnh 15.4. Ban o a chat thu nho t Geological Map of Vietnam 1/1.500.000 ESCAP cong bo -1990 va s o cac i cau truc Trc Kainozoi vi cac thanh tao a chat tren at lien Viet Nam
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Chu thch: 0Cac phc he bien chat ket tinh dau vet vo thach quyen nguyen khai 0-1 - Song Chay, Song Hong, Hoang Lien Sn, Nam Co, Song Ma; 0-2 - Bu Khang; 0-3 - Kon Tum. I-III - Cac khoi nho co a hnh mong Trc Kainozoi b chon vui di ay cac be ngoai khi: I-Luc nguyen va carbonat Paleo-Tethys; II-Carbonat Tethys nong; III-Granitoid tien-Indosini; IV-Granitoid cung va cham hau-Indosini. ACac be tch tu he cung ao va nen Sunda phan Nam: A1-2 - Ven ra; A2-3 - Tethys nong; A4-a Trc-cung; A4-b - Sau-cung; Av - Cac cung nui la. BCac be tch tu Bac Bo va Trng Sn: B1 - Cac be Paleo-Tethys tien-Caledoni gom a-ong Bac, b-Tay Bac; c-Trng Sn; B1-2 - Cac be hau-Caledoni va tien-Varisc gom a-Bac Bo; b-Trng Sn; B2 - Cac be bien nen Tethys nong gom a-Bac Bo; b-Trng Sn; B3 - Cac be chuyen tiep saunen tien-Indosini gom a-Meso-Tethys Song a - Ninh Bnh; b-An Chau; c-Song Hien; d-Sam Na - Hoanh Sn; B4 - Cac be luc nguyen cha than hau-Indosini gom a-Quang Ninh; b-Bac Thai; c-Song a; d-Nong Sn; B5 - Cac be vun tho molas mau o trc nui (do tao nui Mz2) gom a-nh Lap; bYen Chau; c-Mu Gia; d-Mng Nhe - Phong Sa Ly; Bv - Cung nui la Tu Le. UCac pha uon nep va nang troi: U-0 - Nang uon nep Tien-Cambri; U-1 - Nang uon nep Caledoni; U-2 - Nang uon nep varisc (Hercyni sm); U-3 - Nang uon nep Hercyni chnh; U-4 - Nang uon nep sat trc-Nori hay Indosini (tao nui Mesozoi sm); U-5 - Tao nui muon va co ket luc a Mesozoi muon. XY - Cac phc he granitoid chnh lo tren at lien va cac ao: 1x - Cac phc he cung hoi tu tien-Indosini trong at lien Sunda; 1y - Cac phc he cung va cham hau-Indosini trong at lien Sunda; 2x - Cac phc he cung hoi tu tien-Indosini trong at lien Bac Bo: 2y - Cac phc he cung tao nui, co ket luc a hau-Indosini trong at lien Bac Bo. Hnh 15.5. Cac i thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi tren at lien va mong cac be tram tch ngoai khi (Theo cac tai lieu ban o a chat va cac phat hien dau kh cua Viet Nam co en nam 2003) 471
Hnh 15.6. S o phan bo cac be va n v thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi trong at lien Viet Nam, cac bieu hien phat hien dau kh trong cac thanh tao nay va trong mong mot so be ngoai khi (Theo ban o a chat va cac ket qua tham do dau kh cua Petrovietnam en het 2003)
472
Bang 15.2. Cac thanh tao bien chat cao Trc Cambri chnh va pho bien Viet Nam va ke can (Tong hp tren c s cac ban o a chat do Cuc a chat Viet Nam xuat ban)
Tui a cht Nam B Thi k a cht Triu nm Ty ng Cambri

NEOPROTEROZOI PR3
57020
Trung B Nam Bc
Ty
Bc B ng
Nm C: P C: B Khng: Phin*, Sng Chy: Phin*, Phin*, Phin*, quarzit, hoa, hoa quarzit quarzit quarzit (Sa Pa)
Sng Tranh: gneis, amphibolit v phin kt tinh Sng Hng: plagiogneis, phin kt tinh, quarzit, amphibol-biotit, canxiphia, amphibolit,
80020
Trc-Cambri - AR
PROTEROZOI - PR
MESOPROTEROZOI PR2
165050
**
2500100
ARKHEI AR
Chu thch: H-t: He tang; Ph-he: Phc he ** Trong pham vi Nam Bo tuy cha phat hien c cac thanh tao bien chat ket tinh Proterozoi, song pha Tay Nam (Pailin) va ong Bac (Pokham) thuoc Campuchia eu co dien lo vi cac thanh tao bien chat ket tinh Proterozoi gom: gneis, amphibolit va a phien ket tinh (theo Phan C Tien va nnk. 1989 - Ban o a chat Campuchia, Lao va Viet Nam 1/1.000.000 - Cuc CVN xuat ban). Chung tng t cac thanh tao Tien-Cambri thuoc luc a Gondwana phan bo Thai Lan.
chu yeu trong a khoi Kon Tum vi cac thanh tao gneis, phien ket tinh, migmatit, t a hoa, amphibolit, quarzit he tang Dak Mi (PR1 dm), gneis, amphibolit, phien mica, migmatit he tang Song Tranh (PR1
- 2
Xi Pang vi cac thanh tao plagiogneis, phien biotit, silimanit, migmatit, canxiphia, amphibolit he tang Song Hong (PR sh) va gneis, phien biotit, phien graphit, migmatit, a hoa, quarzit, amphibolit he tang Sinh Quyen (PR1 - 2 sq). Ngoai cac he tang a bien
473
st)
va ai bien chat sau Song Hong - Phang
Ph-h: Kannack: granulit, gneis, khondrit
H-t Sinh Quyn: phin kt tinh, amphibolit, gneis, quarzit, hoa
H-t Dak-mi: gneis, phin kt tinh, amphibolit, hoa, migmatit, quarzit,
PALEO-PROTEROZOI PR1
chat cao, con co cac phc he xam nhap t mafic (2 - t) en axit (2 - 2 - nhieu) va
1 2 3
rai, a dang va la cac tram tch bien khi. Phan Bac a khoi co Kon Tum, cac thanh tao Paleozoi phan bo trong nhieu dien, lo rong rai vi thanh phan a dang va thuoc nhieu i tng bien khi khac nhau. Phan Tay Nam a khoi co nay, cac thanh tao Paleozoi lo han che trong mot vai dien nho co thanh phan n ieu thuoc cac tram tch Tethys nong Paleozoi gia - muon (bang 15.3). a. Cac thanh tao Paleozoi sm - gia (Pz1-2) phan Bac Viet Nam Cac thanh tao tram tch Paleozoi sm co thanh phan chu yeu la carbonat, carbonat - luc nguyen va luc nguyen - silic theo xu the mc nc bien dang cao dan ti ngap lut cc ai vao cuoi Cambri au Ordovic (Hnh 15.5). Trong cac tram tch nay phat hien c nhieu nhom hoa a bien nh Bo Ba Thuy (Trilobita), But a (Grapstolite), Tay Cuon (Brachiopoda) va cac tao (Algae) mafic (31) Paleozoi sm thuoc cac phc he Nui Na, Pac Nam, Sop San, Bo Xing, Xieng Kho, Na Mong, An Sn, Hiep c phan bo va lo doc theo song Ma, vung Ha Giang va Tay a Nang - Tam Ky. He tang (metabasalt), a voi, phien silic, phien set va a vun. He tang Ha Giang (\1 - 2 hg) co Song Ma (\1 - 2 sm) chu yeu gom phien luc co. Cac the xam nhap sieu - mafic (31) va
cho thay cac khoi luc a nay a c co ket t cac kieu vo luc a (chu yeu) va ai dng (th yeu). 4.2. Cac thanh tao bien chat Sini (PR3 - \1) va xam nhap granitoid tre Phan ln cac dien lo nho cua cac thanh - \1) thng lien quan vi cac khoi granit co tuoi khac nhau nh cac khoi Song Chay, Bu Khang, Po Ko. He tang Nam Co (PR3 mica - sericit, quarzit, t a hoa, amphibolit. tao Proterozoi muon - Cambri sm (PR3
granit - kiem (o24 - t) lo tren cac i nay
\1 nc) lo trong i Song Ma gom a phien Phan Tay Bac tiep xuc vi phc he granitoid khoi granit Mng Lat (45). He tang Bu ien Bien (42), con mut ong Nam bao
Khang (PR3 - \1 bk) chu yeu la a phien mica - sericit va quarzit, phan bo bao quanh dien lo cac khoi granit Bu Khang (33) va
(PR3 - \1 pk) gom chu yeu la a phien mica thuoc sn Tay Nam a khoi co Kon Tum.
granosyenit Phu Hoat (|61). He tang Po Ko
sericit, a hoa va quarzit vi cac dien lo nho Mot oi ni he tang tiep xuc vi cac khoi granitoid tre khac nhau (42 - |43 - |61). He tang Sa Pa (PR3 - \1 sp) gom chu yeu la a hoa - dolomit, phien sericit, quarzit vi cac dien lo hep vung Sa Pa va tiep giap phc he granosyenit Yen Sun (|61). He tang Song Chay (PR3 - \1 sc) gom chu yeu la phien mica - sericit va quarzit phan bo ra Nam khoi granit Song Chay (33). 4.3. Tram tch bien m va tnh a dang cua cac phc he magma Paleozoi Cac thanh tao Paleozoi phan bo rong
474
dien lo rong trong cac vung Ha Giang va Tuyen Quang vi thanh phan chnh la a voi, a phien, quarzit va a phien luc (meta - basalt). He tang Cam ng (\1 - 2 cd) lo thanh mot dai hep keo dai theo hng TB - N t Cam ng qua Sa Pa sang Trung Quoc vi thanh phan chu yeu la phien voi - mica cha apatit. He tang A Vng (\ O1 av) lo thanh dien rong tren ra Bac va
thanh cac dien nho, lo trong Trung tam va
Bang 15.3. Cac thanh tao tram tch va tram tch - nui la Paleozoi chu yeu Viet Nam va ke can (Tong hp tren c s cac ban o a chat do Cuc a chat Viet Nam xuat ban)
Tui a cht Cc thi k Trias - T 245,0
Lc nguyn - ni la andesit
Nam B Ty ng Nam
Nam B Bc Ty
Bc B ng
Triu nm
mun
PERMI-P
sm 290,0 mun
Carbonat khi-lp n nh
Carbonat v t vn
Phun tro mafic carbonat Carbonat - bauxit
CARBON - C
Bc Sn - Antracolitic - Uralo-Permi: vi sinh vt, trng c, khi ng nht; phn b rng vi chiu dy kh n nh 10001500m kiu bin nn Tethys nng
gia sm 362,50 mun

H tng Nam Du: ch yu phin silic, ct kt, tuf vn ni la axit
vi, vi st giu vt cht hu c xm en, phn lp mng (0,1-0,3m). vi, vi silic phn di, vn di. Phin vi c asphalt-than nu-en
DEVON - D
gia
Phin st vi, phin v ctbt kt

Ch yu ct kt dy i ni c t tuf rhyolit
PZ
Ch yu l phin vi, st vi, lp xen vn Phin st, ct kt, vn th y Vn, vn th, cui kt c s
sm
O Z
408,50
SILUA - S
mun sm 439,0 mun
ORDOVIC - O
gia sm 510,0 mun
carbonate, vi vn, vi-silic, phin st vi
gia
sm 570,0 Proterozoi-PR
Cc thnh to Trc-Paleozoi hay Tin-Cambri
475
Phin lc vn (meta-basalt, metaandesit), phin silic,
vi hoa ho tng phn, phin vi, phin st vi, t phin lc (basalt)
CAMBRI - ?
Phin lc nguyn, phin silic, ct kt dng quarzit
Nhp xen k ct kt tuf - silic v t vn th
Phin vi, vi st, phin lc (metaanesit)
Phn nhp xen k vi v lc nguyn
Tay Bac a khoi co Kon Tum, gom cac a phien sericit, phien silic xen cac lp a luc (meta - basalt, meta - andesit, - dacit) va t a voi hoa hoa. a tang Paleozoi chu yeu la cac thanh tao tram tch phan nhp va nhp dang flys - 3 ) thuoc cac phc he Tra Bong, Mng
3 4
andesit va tuf co cau truc nhp dang flys. Ca qua vung Phu Hoat vi thanh tao dang nhp flys cua phien set, cat - bot ket dang quarzit, andesit dacit va tuf. He tang Long ai (O3 - S ld) lo doc theo song Long ai thuoc Bnh - Tr - Thien vi thanh tao nhp He tang Song Ca (O3 - S sc) lo theo song
vi cac phc he magma trung tnh, axit (32
flys cua andesit, phien silic, t phien voi, phien set. He tang ai Giang (S dg) gom tram tch phan nhp luc nguyen - carbonat co dien phan bo gan lien va phu chnh hp tren he tang Long ai doc song ai Giang thuoc i Trng Sn. He tang Huoi Nh/ Tay Trang (S - D hn/tt) phan bo Bac i Trng Sn vi thanh phan chu yeu la cac tap tram tch luc nguyen phien set - sericit, cat dang quarzit phan nhp dang flys. He tang Pia Phng (S - D pp) phan bo vung Lo Gam vi thanh phan chu yeu gom phien sericit, phien silic, phien set - voi xen ryolit. He tang Xuan Sn (S - D xs) phan bo vung Kien An i ong Bac vi thanh phan chu yeu gom cat ket, cat - bot ket, phien set va cac lp kep set voi va a voi. Gia Paleozoi, Paleo - Tethys b ket thuc tren mot so dien nh Bu Khang, Chieng Khng, Mng Het, Song Chay va ac biet la ra ong Bac t Tan Mai - Co To sang i uon nep Cathaysia ong Nam Trung Quoc do uon nep cuoi Silur sat trc Devon (Caledoni). Xen gia cac khoi nang Caledoni la cac dien tch tu Tethys nong nhng khong co cac thanh tao vo ai dng tren mot so dien rong Bac ong Dng trong gan suot Paleozoi gia - muon. b. Cac thanh tao Paleozoi gia - muon (Pz2-3) vi u the tram tch bien nong Cac thanh tao Paleozoi gia - muon bao gom chu yeu la cac tram tch bien nong vi
476
Het, Bu Khang, ai Loc, Song Chay va
kiem (o3 ) phc he Piama. He tang Suoi soc dai, phien silic xen quarzit phu chm
Mai (\ - O1 sm) gom chu yeu la phien phylit
tren he tang Bu Khang ( Phu Hoat) va b granit (33) tiem nhap vai ni. He tang ong ngoai he tang Song Ma vi thanh phan chu Sn (\ - O1 s) lo thanh cac dai keo dai bao yeu la a voi va chuyen dan len tren la a voi xen luc nguyen mn dang nhp. He tang ha lu song a vi thanh phan chu yeu la a phien phylit soc - dai xen quarzit. He tang Chang Pun va Than Sa (\ - O1 cp/ts) lo tren nhieu dien rong thuoc Ha Giang, Cao Bang va Thai Nguyen gom a voi xen phien phylit va quarzit. He tang Na Mo (O nm) gom cat - bot ket, phien set vi cac lp xen a voi phan bo han che trong vung Bac Thai. He tang Co To/Tan Mai (O3 - S ct) lo tren i Duyen hai (ca tren b va cac ao ngoai bien Quang Ninh). He tang gom phien set xen cat - bot ket, cat ket tufogen phan nhp flys. He tang Phu Ng (O3 - S pn) co dien lo hnh canh cung t bien gii Ha Giang ve Bac Thai gom phien set, phien silic xen cat - bot ket, tuf ryolit va co tang Pa Ham (O3 - S ph) lo thanh cac dai nhieu khoi magma tiem nhap (44, 45). He Ben Khe (\ - O1 bk) lo tren dien rong vung
doc theo gia trung lu song a va thng lu song Ma gom a voi, phien set, quarzit,
mat cat bien tien t Devon len Carbon Permi theo s thay the dan t luc nguyen len carbonat. Cac tram tch nay phan bo kha rong rai tren ca phan Bac va Nam ong Dng. Tuy nhien, van co s khac nhau ln gia cac thanh tao lo tren phan Bac va Nam a khoi co Kon Tum (bang 15.3). Phan Bac chu yeu la tram tch bien nong sau cung, con phan Nam chu yeu la cac thanh tao trc cung. Cac thanh tao tram tch lo tren phan Bac gom chu yeu la tram tch bien nong, trong o phan di thng la cac tap phan nhp luc nguyen - carbonat phu khong chnh hp tren cac tram tch Ordovic muon - Silur sm. Tram tch Devon sm chu yeu la vun tho co cuoi ket c s nh cac he tang o Sn (D1 s), Si Ka (D1 sk), Tan Lam (D1 tl). phan chu yeu la phien set en xen set voi, thau knh a voi nh cac he tang Song Mua (D1 sm), Rao Chan (D1 rc), Dng ong (D1
-2
tang Mia Le (D2 ml), Huoi Loi/Ban Giang (D2 hl/bg), Lo Sn (D2 - 3 ls), Nam Can (D2
-3
Toc Tac (D3 tt), Ban Cai (D3 bc), ong Tho
nc), Quy at (D2 - 3 q), Cu Bai (D2 - 3 cb),
(D3 t), Cat Ba (D3 cb). Mot so tap phien
voi thng co xen cac dai phien chay va asphalt. Bien thoai nho trong i Trng Sn qua tap a vun tho mong he tang La Khe (C1 lk). Tuy vay, ngay sau o la thi ky ngap lut cc ai tren dien rong khap Viet Nam vi cac thanh tao carbonat khoi lp day bnh on, ong nhat thuoc loat Bac Sn (C - P) bao quanh hau het cac khoi nang Caledoni va mot so cac khoi granitoid (35)
thuoc cac phc he Trng Sn, Mng Lat, Loa Sn, Pou Khe va Huoi Kut. Cuoi Permi, bien thoai do cac khoi nang Hercyni va ch con co he tang ong ang (P2 ) phan bo gom cac a vun hay bauxit thuoc phan c s va a voi, voi set phan tren. ay cung la mot phan tien than cua cac be Mesozoi. Tai khu vc Tay Nam Bac Bo va Thanh Hoa, he tang Cam Thuy (P2 - T1 ct) gom chu mot so tap a voi day. Phan Tay Nam Viet Nam, khong lo ro cac thanh tao Paleozoi sm, trong khi o mat cat Paleozoi gia gom chu yeu la luc nguyen - carbonat, luc nguyen - nui la axit - phien silic. Con mat cat Paleozoi tren gom chu yeu la cac a vun, vun - nui la va carbonat. Cac thanh tao nay eu thuoc cac vung bien nong t b bien oi va hau nh khong co cac xam nhap magma Paleozoi i kem. Chung co ac iem nh vung cung ao vi vung trc cung Tay Nam Bo va cung ao nui la ong Nam Bo va Tay Kon Tum. He tang Nam Du (Pz2 nd) lo tren cac ao
477
Con tram tch Devon sm - gia co thanh
theo dien nho ri rac ong Bac, Viet Bac
d).
Trong Paleozoi muon, cac thanh tao
carbonat chiem ty le rat ln va nhieu ni co xen ca a phien chay va asphalt hay a voi co bitum. Chung phan bo rong rai va the hien nhieu pha ngap lut chnh Bac Viet Nam. Cac tap a voi dang khoi, lp day kha on nh cha nhieu hoa a bien nong nh San Ho (Coral), Tay Cuon (Brachiopoda), Trung Lo (Foraminifera). o la thi ky bien nen kieu Tethys nong bao trum khap Bac ong Dng - Nam Trung Quoc va ch con sot lai mot so ao ri rac do lien quan vi cac khoi nang granit (33) Caledoni Song cat Tethys nong gom chu yeu la luc nguyen mn va carbonat tuoi evon nh cac he Chay va Bu Khang. Phan di cua cac mat
yeu la a phun trao basalt, spilit xen vi
them luc a Tay Nam trong Sundaland vi thanh phan chu yeu gom phien set, phien silic, cat ket, ryolit va tuf. Thanh tao cung ao nui la (D - C) phan bo tren phan Nam ong Dng co thanh phan chu yeu la luc nguyen va luc nguyen - nui la ryolit, tuf tng t he tang Nam Du (Pz2). He thong cung ao va vung trc cung con tiep tuc phat trien trong ca Paleozoi muon va au Mesozoi. He tang Daklin (C3 - P dk) lo rai rac trong cac dien nho Nam ong Dng vi thanh phan phien set, set - silic xen a voi, andesit va tuf kieu thanh tao cung nui la. He tang Ha Tien (P ht) phan bo theo dien ri rac ven bien Kien Giang t chua Hang ti Ha Tien keo dai sang Campuchia co thanh phan chu yeu la a voi, voi - set lp day on nh. He tang Ta Thiet (P2 - T1 tt) lo trong mot so dien nho vung thng nguon song Sai Gon vi thanh phan a voi - silic, voi - set di, a voi xam hong, a voi xam tro tren. Rieng khu vc Mng Te co mot so ac iem gan gui vi Sundaland hn la Bac Bo. He tang Nam Ci (Pz2 nc) lo tren phan Bac i Mng Te thuoc he thong cau truc Shan Thai vi thanh phan chu yeu gom phien set - sericit, quarzit, phien set - voi, lp mong a voi. 4.4. M rong va tang cng cac thanh tao vo luc a trong Mesozoi (Mz) Khac han vi Paleozoi, cac thanh tao tram tch va vun nui la Mesozoi thng bien oi rat nhanh ve thanh phan, tng a vi dien phan bo nho - hep va co xu the luc a hoa nhanh theo thi gian (bang 15.4).
478
a. Cac thanh tao tram tch va magma trong Mesozoi sm thuoc Tay Bac Bo (Song a - Ninh Bnh) bao gom ca cac tram tch carbonat, carbonat - luc nguyen va luc nguyen cha cac hoa a Chan Ru bien m i kem vi cac a phun trao mafic rat pho bien, cac ai xam nhap phc he Ba V va Ban Xang. He tang Cam ong Bac Thanh Hoa co thanh phan chu Thuy (P2 - T1 ct) phan bo rong Tay Bac va sieu - mafic (41) va mafic (41) thuoc cac Cac thanh tao Mesozoi sm (Mz1)
yeu la basalt, spilit, cac the nho diabas va cac lp xen phien set, silic, a voi. He tang basalt, spilit xen t phien set - voi phan bo he tang nay cung vi cac phc he sieu mafic va mafic Ba V, Ban Xang xac minh cho s hnh thanh lp vo mi do tach gian sau Hercyni. Be Meso - Tethys hep (P.T. ien va nnk. 2003) c m rong trong Trias gia tch tu tram tch carbonat bien khi day. He tang ong Giao (T2a g) phan vi thanh phan chu yeu la carbonat, a voi phan lp mong (phan thap cua mat cat) a khoi va lp day (phan cao), oi ni cha asphalt, than chay nhanh va bitum. He tang bo rong trong i Song a va Ninh Bnh vi thanh phan phien voi, phien voi - set, phien set - voi va xen t luc nguyen oi ni co basalt. He tang Nam Mu va Song Boi (T2 - 3 nm/sb) pho bien i Song a va Ninh Bnh vi cac tap phien set xen ke cat - bot ket xam en cha chan ru bien, vung Pac Ma co a voi am tieu nau o. ai dng Nam Tham va Mng Trai (T2 nt/mt) phan bo rong trong i Song a va Ninh Bnh Vien Nan (T1 vn) co thanh phan chu yeu la
rong trong vung Hoa Bnh va Ha Tay. Cac
Bang 15.4. Cac thanh tao tram tch va tram tch nui la Mesozoi chu yeu Viet Nam va ke can (Tong hp tren c s cac Ban o a chat do Cuc a Chat Viet Nam xuat ban)
Tui a cht Cc thi k Tr. Nm Nam B Ty ng
H-t Ph Quc: Ch yu ct kt, ct-cui, ct-bt kt t st cha huyn v asphalt.
Trung B Nam Bc
Bc B Ty ng
Paleoxen
H-t M Gi: Vn th (ct kt, cui kt, t bt st kt) mu - molas
65,0
mun
CRETA - K
Phun tro ryolit phn b rng ri xen rt t vn ct, bt kt
145,6
mun
H-t Du Ting: Vn nhiu thn cy silic ho
Lao Bo: Lc nguyn, vn t vi, phin st vi.
H-t Bn n: Phin st en, phin ct-bt t vi, giu vt cht hu c
Mng Nh: Vn nu, t macn
JURA - J
Vn v phun tro axt
H Ci: Vn, t macn Hn Gai
sm
208,0
E
Nng Sn
T Thit: Carbonat v t lc nguyn
Sui Bng
mun
Lc nguyn cha than v antraxxite Vi m tiu Phin st vi

Honh Sn - Sm Na: ryolit, tuf v vn Lc nguyn Meso-Tethys Sng
Lc nguyn vn xm-nu
nh Lp: Vn nu An Chu: lc nguyn S-Hin: vn - ryolit
Phun tro andesitdacit v tuf vi cc lp xen vn kt phn b rng ri
Vng T L: h tng Ngi Thia v Vn Chn gm vn ni la a pha, nhiu thnh phn phc tp
- MZ
gia
TRIAS - T
Phin vi xen t phin st Carbonat lp - khi c asphalt - than chy nhanh v bitum
sm
gia
245,0
Phun tro mafic kiu Ryolit, tuf, vn v i dng xen carbonat bin m
Permi
nay lien ket vi i Quinghai - Xizang Tay Van Nam va rong hn nhieu so vi cac i Song a va Ninh Bnh hien nay. Trong khi o ong Bac (An Chau), Viet Bac (Song Hien) va Trng Sn (Hoanh Sn) bao gom chu yeu la cac tram
479
tch vun bien ra thoai hoa, a luc a en luc a thng cha t hoa a (trong o hoa a loai nc ngot u the), thng i kem cac a phun trao - xam nhap axit kieu vo (T1 ls) phan bo tren vai dien nho gan Lang luc a ( 42, 43, 45). He tang Lang Sn
Vn th mu din hp
H-t Yn Chu: Vn th mu - molas
sm
Sn (Viet Bac) vi thanh phan chu yeu la phien set xen cat ket dang nhp. He tang la ryolit, ryolit - dacit va tuf. He tang Na Song Hien (T1 - 2 sh) co thanh phan chu yeu
phan chu yeu la andesit, t dacit, ryo - dacit xen t set - voi kieu cung ao nui la. He vun phan di va xen t luc nguyen tren. tang Hon Nghe (T2 hn) gom chu yeu a voi i Mng Te cung ton tai cac trung tch tu hau - Hercyni trong Trias vi cac thanh tao bien sot can luc a. He tang Lai thuoc i Mng Te vi thanh phan luc nguyen mn co voi phan phien co the tach thanh tam a lat mong (a lp). b. Cac thanh tao tram tch va magma trong Mesozoi muon ch co cac thanh tao tram tch vun va rat hiem hoa a trong o chu yeu la vun tho kieu molas cung vi cac thanh tao magma axit va kiem kieu vo luc a canh cac khoi nang tao nui. Tuy vay thanh phan va s phan bo cua cac thanh tao nay rat a dang va phc tap do s phan cach a phng rat cuoi - soi - cat - ket phan lp xien mau o nau va mot so lp mong thau knh set - bot, set - voi. He tang Tam Lang (J tl) co thanh phan chu yeu la ryolit, tuf vi oi lp kep bot ket, set ket mau o - nau. Phan ln cac thanh tao tram tch vun tho mau o kieu molas phan bo trong cac vung trc nui phat trien tren canh sut Tay Nam t gay nghch Song a. He tang Yen gom chu yeu vun tho mau o oi ni co thach cao. He tang O Liu (K2 ol) phan bo trung tam be An Chau vi thanh phan vun tho mau o dang molas trc nui. Trong khi o cac thanh tao phun trao va xam nhap a pha mang tnh kiem (54, 61, 61, 61, 64) lai phan bo rong rai trong cung tao nui Chau (K2 yc) lo doc song a (Tay Bac) khac nhau. He tang Ha Coi (J1 - 2 hc) gom Trong Mesozoi muon (Mz2), hau nh Chau (T2 - 3 lc) phan bo doc theo song a
Khuat (T2 nk) co thanh phan chu yeu la luc set - voi. He tang ong Trau va Quy Lang (T2 t/ql) co thanh phan chu yeu la ryolit,
3
nguyen cat - bot ket, phien set va t lp kep
tuf xen t a vun. He tang Mau Sn (T2 -
ms) co thanh phan cat ket chiem u the
xen t lp mong set - bot ket. Sau pha uon nep, tao nui sm sat trc Nori (Indosini), dien mao ong Dng thay oi rat manh. Phan Bac hnh thanh cac trung ven ra tao than. He tang Hon Gai (T3 hg) gom tram tch luc nguyen cha than antraxit va cha kh metan. He tang Van Lang (T3 vl) gom
cac tap luc nguyen cha than antraxit va
co thanh phan luc nguyen u the, t set voi, cac va than mong bien chat trung bnh. He tang ong o (T3 ) co thanh phan chu set than va va than - set mong. He tang Nong Sn (T3 ns) gom chu yeu san - ram ket, cat - bot ket, phien set, set - than va cac va than m - antraxit mong. Phan Nam, Tay Nam ong Dng trong o co ca at lien Nam Bo, Tay Nam Trung Bo va vnh Thai Lan thng phan bo cac thanh tao tram tch bien nong vung trc cung, cac phun trao trung - tnh va axit kieu cung ao - nui la a c phat trien t Paleozoi muon. He tang Ta Thiet (T1 tt) nguyen phan tren. He tang Mang Giang (T1 andesit xen t voi - set kieu cung ao nui la. He tang Chau Thi (T1 - 2 ct) co thanh
480
-2
than coc - m. He tang Suoi Bang (T3 sb)
yeu san - ram ket, cat - bot ket, phien set,
gom chu yeu a voi vun di, xen t luc mg) co thanh phan chu yeu la ryo - dacit,
Tu Le va Phang Xi Pang tren canh chm Bac song a. He tang Van Chan (J3 - K vc) co thanh phan tieu bieu la ryolit porphyr, trachyt, tuf, cat ket tufogen cung nui la. ryolit porphyr, trachyt, comendit, tuf cung vi a nui la hay a mach kiem (minet), comendit. Trong i cau truc Trng Sn phan bo rat han che cac thanh tao va neu ch co mot so tram tch vun tho mau o va phun trao ryolit. He tang Tho Lam (J1 - 2 tl) gom cuoi - soi - cat - bot ket, phien set t lp kep set - voi mau nau o luc a. He tang Mng Hinh (J mh) chu yeu la a phun trao ryolit va tuf xen vi mot so cac tram tch vun tho mau o - nau. He tang Mu Gia mau o dang molas trc - nui. (K2 mg) co thanh phan chu yeu la vun tho Trong cac vung thuoc Sundaland, Mng Te thng phan bo cac phc he tram tch ho nc man kieu bien chet (Hnh xam nhap - phun trao axit (5 , 6 ) va
3 1
phan bo trong vung Tay Nam Mng Te vi thanh phan chu yeu cat ket, bot ket, set ket mau o cha t muoi. He tang ong Hen (K2 h) phan bo t Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien thuoc be Savanakhet va doc bien gii Tay Nam Mng Te co thanh phan chu yeu luc nguyen mau o co thach cao va oi ni co rong trong i a Lat va con co ten la he tang n Dng bao gom chu yeu ryolit, dacit va ryo-dacit, tuf va xen t lp vun kieu cung nui la va cham. 5. Phan loai va he thong cac be Trc Kainozoi thuoc Viet Nam ac iem thanh phan va s phan bo cua cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi cho thay a ton tai nhieu kieu be khac nhau trong cac giai oan tien hoa cua vo thach quyen tren at lien va ngoai khi Viet Nam. Chung cung the hien ro cac be nay rat a dang va phat trien phc tap (Hnh 15.4, 15.5 va 15.6). Tren c s ac iem va s phan bo cua cac i thanh he - cau truc, co the phan thanh mot so cac be vi cac giai oan hnh thanh, phat trien, trng thanh hay bien dang cac be nay thuoc a phan Viet Nam va ke can cung vi cac bieu hien dau kh cua chung. 5.1. Hnh thanh va tien hoa cua cac be Paleo-Tethys va Tethys nong Paleozoi Nam Co, Bu Khang, Po Ko, Sa Pa, Song Chay cung vi cac phc he xam nhap mafic Proterozoi va sieu - mafic, mafic Paleozoi sm (21 - 31 - 31) a cho thay cac be thuoc Paleo - Tethys xuat hien kha sm t cuoi Cac he tang co tuoi Sini (PR3 - \1sp) nh muoi mo. He tang a Pren (K2 p) phan bo
He tang Ngoi Thia (K2 nt) gom chu yeu
15.3). He tang Ban on (J1 - 2 b) thuoc va ximang voi, set - voi, phien set, bot - cat
vung Sundaland gom cat - bot ket co vun ket mau xam en tng ho bien sot ven ra. He tang Nam Po (J1 - 2 np) phan bo Nam i Mng Te, t gap i Song a co thanh phan chu yeu la cat - bot ket, set - bot ket mau o kieu ho bien sot. He tang Ca To (J3 - K ct) phan bo trong i a Lat vi thanh phan tieu bieu la andesit, t dacit, tuf va cuoi ket, cat ket kieu cung nui la noi luc. He tang Phu Quoc (J3 - K pq) phan bo tren ao Phu Quoc, Tho Chu va Campuchia vi thanh phan chu yeu la cat ket, bot ket va t set ket nau o, oi ni cha huyen va asphalt. He tang Pu Den Dinh (J3 - K pd)
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Hnh 15.7. S hnh thanh va phat trien cua Paleo-Tethys Bac ong Dng trong Paleozoi sm (Mo hnh tren c s phan bo cua cac thanh he a chat Paleozoi lo tren at lien)
Proterozoi. Cac be nay co le c ke tha mot phan t cac be thuoc Proto - Tethys. Song, trong suot Paleozoi a khoi co Kon Tum luon the hien nh khoi tieu luc a nam gia ai dng Tethys luon b bien ong. Cac thanh tao Paleozoi sm - gia (Pz1 - 2) minh chng cho s ton tai cua Paleo nay. Trong khi o cac thanh tao Paleozoi gia - muon (Pz2 - 3) lai phan anh s ton tai cua cac be bien nen sau cung Tethys nong thuoc phan ong Bac va cac be trong he thong trc va gia cung thuoc phan Tay Nam tieu luc a Kon Tum (Hnh 15.7). a. He thong cac be Paleo - Tethys trong Paleozoi sm - gia Thanh phan va s phan bo cua cac thanh tao Paleozoi cho thay be ai dng Paleo - Tethys ch xuat hien va ton tai rong tren phan Bac a khoi Kon Tum. Tuy vay do trai qua nhieu thi ky bien oi kien tao nen he thong be nay b bien dang manh me va ch con lai cac dau vet cua mot so giai
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oan tien hoa. S sinh thanh va phat trien be Paleo - Tethys Bac ong Dng c xac minh qua s phan bo rong cua cac thanh tao xam nhap sieu - mafic va mafic Paleozoi sm (31 - 31) cung vi cac phun trao mafic, cac tram tch luc nguyen - silic, carbonat bien m thuoc cac he tang Song Ma (\1 - 2 cd), A Vng (\ - O1 av) phu trai khp
- Tethys bao phan ong Bac tieu luc a co
sm), Ha Giang (\1 - 2 hg), Cam ng (\1

-2
tren cac thanh tao Tien - Cambri. Giai oan
phat trien m rong tre cua Paleo - Tethys keo dai gan suot Cambri. Be Paleo - Tethys m rong do tach gian t Trung tam a hao (Song Ma va Ha Tuyen) ve cac pha ra cung vi tch tu ca cac tram tch bien sau set - silic, carbonat - silic Cambri. Cac ra cua Paleo - Tethys b chan lai va b hut chm di a khoi Kon Tum khi o con rat xa ve pha Nam va khoi luc a co Vu Han (ong Bac Trung Quoc) ve pha Bac. S co mat cua cac tap phun trao basalt andesit - dacit trong he tang A Vng xac minh cho s ton tai cua he cung ao - nui
la do hoi tu gia Paleo - Tethys va a a khoi Kon Tum (Hnh 15.7). Ngoai cac thanh tao magma trung tnh, axit kieu cung ao A Vng con co cac phc he xam nhap sieu - mafic va mafic (31 - 31) do vo ai dng sot lai trong i hut chm Tam Ky thuoc Nam Trng Sn. Trong khi o, ca a khoi Kon Tum va ong Nam Bo a b ay len cao va ton tai nh vung nen luc a (craton) hoan toan vang mat cac thanh tao vo ai dng va tram tch bien. Giai oan trng thanh: Tieu bieu cho giai oan nay co hang loat cac tram tch phan nhp carbonat - luc nguyen mn, luc nguyen - nui la dang flys tuoi Ordovic sm), ong Sn (\ - O1 s), Ben Khe (\ nm), Co To (O3 - S ct), Phu Ng (O3 - S sc), Long ai (O3 - S l),... S hut chm cua O1 bk), Chang Pun (\ - O1 cp), Na Mo (O - Silua thuoc cac he tang Suoi Mai (\ - O1
Paleozoi c the hien qua cac phc he xam i uon nep Caledoni. Cac khoi xam nhap nay a tao thanh nhieu khoi nang Caledoni trong be nh Bu Khang, Hoang Lien Sn, Song Chay. i bien dang sau rong hn ca la ai uon nep tao nui Caledoni Tan Mai - Co To va Cathaysia. Tren cac ra Paleo - Tethys a hoan toan b tieu bien. Ch cac phan lom tan d sau bien dang thuoc Trung tam va tr thanh bien ra Tethys nong hau - Caledoni (post-Caledonian). b. He thong cac be bien ra Tethys trong Paleozoi gia - muon Sau uon nep Caledoni, Tethys ch con tan d di dang cac be bien ra nong xen gia cac i nang - uon nep Caledoni. Cac be bien ra Tethys nong sau cung phan bo tren phan Bac, ong Bac cac i nang a khoi co Kon Tum va ai uon nep nang troi do cac khoi nho cao Caledoni Trng Sn. Cac be trc va gia cung phan bo trong cac dien Tay Nam cua cac i nang nay. Cac be bien ra sau cung Tethys nong phan bo trai rong va kha eu tren dien nen Viet - Trung va b gii han ve pha ong Bac bi i nep loi Caledoni Tan Mai - Co To - Cathaysia. Mong ra be la cac thanh tao trc uon nep Caledoni tuoi t Proterozoi en Paleozoi sm - gia (PR - PZ1 - 2) khong i nang ranh - gii ra nh Trng Sn, Co To, Tan Mai ma con la nhieu khoi Trung tam nh Bu Khang, Mng Lat, Song Ma, Nam Co, Sa Pa, Song Chay, Ha Tuyen, Phu Ng. Xen gia cac khoi nho cao la cac be tch tu cac tram tch t vun tho ven ra en luc nguyen va cacrbonat bien khi nong.
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nhap axit, axit - kiem (32 - 33 - o34) va cac
pn), Pa Ham (O3 - S ph), Song Ca (O3 - S
ra Nam Paleo - Tethys nay di a khoi Kon Tum a hnh thanh day cac ao nui la trc cung vi he tang Long ai va he tang ai Giang. Trong khi o ra hut chm ong Bac lai pho bien cac thanh tao nem tang trng (accretion) dang flys luc nguyen silic - vun nui la he tang Co To/Tan Mai va Phu Ng. Giai oan gia coi va bien dang be Paleo - Tethys Bac Bo di tac ong u the hoan toan cua qua trnh don ep do hoi tu va tr thanh be bien ra - sau cung. Cac dien tch tu tram tch b thu hep dan va hnh thanh cac tram tch luc nguyen chiem u the nh cac he tang ai Giang (S g), Huoi Nh/Tay Trang (S - D hn/tt), Pia Phng (S - D pp), Xuan Sn (S - D xs). Pha bien oi nghch ao va nang cao manh au tien trong
nhng troi cao thanh cac a khien tren cac
Thi ky tai sinh ban au vao Devon sm (D1) co s phan d ro rang gia cac trung ven ra troi tnh a phng vi cac tch tu vun tho, luc nguyen va luc nguyen t carbonat thuoc cac he tang o Sn, Si Ka, Song Mua, Tan Lam, Rao Chan. Thi ky tai sinh phat trien do s nang cao tng oi mc bien dan en s ngap lut tren dien rong hn va tch tu cac tram tch luc nguyen va luc nguyen - carbonat bien khi nong Ta Khoa (D1 - 2 tk), Mia Le (D2 ml), Huoi Loi/ ngap lut chnh (major flooding) a keo dai thuoc cac he tang Dng ong (D1 - 2 d),
trng va t carbonat thuoc he tang Nam Ci (Pz2 nc) trong i Mng Te hien tai. Be trc cung nay c hnh thanh do s hoi tu cua Paleo - Tethys b hut chm di a khoi Kon Tum va cac khoi nang Caledonid Trng Sn (Hnh 15.2 va 15.3). c. He thong be bien nong thi ky ngap lut cc ai Paleozoi muon Cac be bien nong thi ky ngap lut cc ai la thi ky tiep tuc giai oan tan d cua Tethys nong sau Varisc va van ton tai s khac nhau gia hai kieu be Tethys phan bo tren dien ong Bac va Tay Nam cung ao Trng Sn - a khoi Kon Tum. Cac thanh tao carbonat Carbon - Permi co thanh phan n ieu cau tao dang khoi (phan lp day), ong nhat phan bo bnh on va trai eu tren nhieu dien rong ln cua Bac ong Dng va Nam Trung Quoc. Phan Nam, Tay Nam ong Dng hay vung Sundaland chu yeu la cac thanh tao trc va cung ao. Be bien nen Tethys nong bnh on sau cung Bac ong Dng c lot ay bi cac tram tch vun, luc nguyen mn, set - than, silic va voi tng ven ra, bien nong Carbon sm (C1) thuoc he tang La Khe (C1 lk) phan bo han che trong vung Trng Sn. Ngoai ra, canh cac khoi nang Variscid khac trong be cung hnh thanh cac tap tram tch voi - set Carbon sm rat giau vat chat hu c en nay a b than va asphalt hoa manh nh he tang Cat Ba (D3 - C1 cb). ac trng ai keo dai hn 100 trieu nam (C2 - P1) la s tch tu cac tram tch carbonat (voi) thuan nhat bien nong kieu nen (platform) vi o day on nh va khong qua 1500m tren dien rong cua Tethys nong sau cung ong Bac ong Dng vi loat Bac Sn (C2 - P1 bs).
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Ban Giang (D2 hl/bg). Tiep theo la thi ky
giai oan phat trien be Tethys nong nay t Devon gia ti Devon muon vi s tch tu tram tch carbonat lp day (nen) thuoc nc), Cu Bai (D2 - 3 cb), Toc Tac (D3 tt), Ban -3 phu ngap trong phan Trung tam va lan ti ra cac cung ao tch tu tram tch luc nguyen mn he tang Quy at (D2 - 3 q), ong Tho Carbon (Hercyni sm), mot so ni trong be Tethys nong thuoc Bac ong Dng cung b troi cao thanh mot so khoi nang nh Ta Khoa, o Sn, Kien An. Cac be trc cung (fore - arc basin) Tay Nam Viet Nam ket noi vi Tethys suot trong Paleozoi gia - muon va tiep sang ca au Mesozoi. Tuy vay tren ra Tay Nam khoi a khoi Kon Tum hau nh chi co mot vai dau hieu cua cac thanh tao bien ra va cung ao nui la he tang Nam Du (Pz2 nd). Trong khi o cac thanh tao trc cung lien ket vi Paleo - Tethys phan bo ro trong he thong cau truc Shan Thai nh cac thanh tao luc nguyen mn, silic kieu nem tang (D3 t). Do anh hng cua uon nep sat trc cac he tang Lo Sn (D2 - 3 ls), Nam Can (D2
Cai (D3 bc), Cat Ba (D3 - C1 cb). Bien nong
chnh va noi bat trong thi ky ngap lut cc
Do tac ong hut chm cua Paleo - Tethys Tay Nam i nen Suna trong pha kien tao Hercyni (P), be sau cung cung b troi cao va ket thuc bien Tethys nong tren dien Bac ong Dng vao au Permi muon va sau o hnh thanh cac be Messozoi mi. - Be trc cung (fore-arc basin) Tay Nam ong Dng trong Paleozoi muon (Pz3) van the hien nh vung ang b hut chm dan di luc a va cac ao ong Bac ong Dng. Vung trc cung nay ch con sot lai mot so thanh tao carbonat he tang Ha Tien (P ht), nem tang trng he tang Ta Thiet (P2 - T1 tt), cung nui la he tang Dak Lin (C3 - Pdk). Cung vi s hoi tu bien mat dan cua Tethys di Sundaland, be trc cung tiep tuc thu hep va thoai hoa thanh ho bien chet trong Mesozoi. 5.2. He thong dau kh cua cac be Paleozoi tren at lien Hau het cac be Paleozoi eu b bien cai manh me do cac hoat ong kien tao va magma Mesozoi tiep theo sau. Do o he thong dau kh a c hnh thanh trong Paleozoi cung b bien dang manh me. Cac tap tram tch giau vat chat hu c eu b bien chat vt qua giai oan trng thanh va khong con kha nang san sinh hydrocarbon. Cac bay thng b pha huy va tai tao hoac b chon vui trong mong cua cac be tram tch Mesozoi va Kainozoi. Mot so trng hp ac biet, cac thanh tao Paleozoi co the tao thanh cac bay co a hnh trong mong cua cac be nay nh a phat hien c Nui Lch (Yen Bai), mo kh Nam Phong (Khorat) v.v...
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5.3. S phat trien phc tap va s ton tai a dang cua cac be Mesozoi S bien oi nhanh ve thanh phan va cau truc phan bo cua cac thanh tao Mesozoi lo tren at lien Viet Nam cho thay cac be Mesozoi thng co kch c nho, chu ky ton tai ngan, be b thoai hoa va chuyen oi nhanh. Phan ln cac be Mesozoi sm thuoc dien Bac ong Dng eu phat trien t cuoi Permi do ke tha thu ong tren phan cau truc lom sau cung hau - Hercyni. S hnh thanh cac be chu yeu do tach gian trong cac i thuoc vung nen sau cung. Phan nhieu cac be nay c sinh thanh tren i cang gian thu ong do cac t gay ra nh be Sam Na - Hoanh Sn, be Song Hien, be An Chau. Ranh gii cua be thng la he thong t gay sau, thng kem phun trao axit: ryolit, dacit. Cac khoi sut (canh sut) la Trung tam be; con cac khoi nang (canh troi) thng la i cau truc Paleozoi lo ra mong cua be. Tuy nhien be Song a - Ninh Bnh (Meso - Tethys Song a - MTS) lai bieu hien s hnh thanh trong Trung tam tach gian chu ong do phun trao va xam nhap magma mafic gay gian ay (spreading) be (Hnh 15.8). Tren phan Nam ong Dng (vung Sundaland), hau het cac be Mesozoi eu ke tha t cac be trc cung ton tai t Paleozoi muon va cung b thoai hoa nang cao nhanh chong vao cuoi Trias. Hau het cac be Mesozoi sm thuoc ong Dng eu b ket thuc bi pha uon nep tao nui sat trc - Nori (chuyen ong Indosini pho bien trong khu vc nay, Hnh 15.9). Sau pha uon nep tao nui Indosini, hang loat cac trung (lom) xen gia cac khoi nang tr thanh cac be ven ra (paralic) tch tu cac tram tch luc nguyen rat giau vat chat hu
Hnh 15.8. Mo phong s hnh thanh cac cau truc Mesozoi sm do tng tac cua thach quyen (Mo hnh tren c s phan bo cua cac thanh tao Paleozoi-Mesozoi lo tren at lien)
c thc vat tren can sau o tr thanh cac be than Nori - Reti va co tiem nang sinh kh ln nh nhom cac be than Quang Ninh (Hon Gai), Thai Nguyen (Van Lang), ien Bien va Song a (Suoi Bang) va Nong Sn. Hau het cac be nay eu b bien dang hoac b ket thuc vao au Mesozoi muon. Cac be than thuoc he thong nhom be Song a nh be Quynh Nhai, Suoi Bang v.v... eu ket thuc vao au Jura. Rieng be Nong Sn con tiep tuc phat trien trong au Jura va tch tu cac tram tch vun mau o. Cac nhom be khac nh ien Bien, Thai Nguyen, Quang Ninh b bien dang thanh cac trung luc a ho kn Mng Nhe, nh Lap, Ha Coi tch tu cac tram tch vun tho mau o Mesozoi muon. Cuoi Mesozoi do b hut chm va tieu bien dan cua Tethys pha Tay Nam di luc a Au - A tao cho s tiep can cua Sundaland vi cac khoi luc a Bac ong Dng hnh thanh cac cung nang troi tao nui va cac khoi xam nhap axit - kiem, cac cung magma a pha luc a nh Tu Le, cac trung trc nui Yen Chau va Moc Chau, cac trung gia cung di dang cac ho sot
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nh Khe Sanh - Lao Bao - Savanakhet, Konpongsom - Phu Quoc - Tho Chu v.v... Hau het cac trung nay c lap ay bi cac tram tch vun tho mau o kieu molas trc nui. Trong be Savanakhet con cha cac tap day muoi mo va thach cao. Nhn chung, s tiep can cua manh Sundaland cuoi Mesozoi a don cac khoi luc a Indosini va cham (collision) nhau e hnh thanh cac khoi nui cao nh Phang Xi Pang, cac day nui khoi tang nh Mau Sn, cung magma Tu Le, cac trung trc nui v.v.. (Hnh 15.11 va 15.12). 6. Mot so be Trc Kainozoi co bieu hien ve tiem nang dau kh Hau het cac be Trc Kainozoi eu co nhng dau hieu bieu hien cac thuoc tnh cua he thong dau kh vi mc o tiem nang khac nhau. Song v do nhieu qua trnh a ong lc, cac tac ong bien chat, cac hoat ong magma tre a lam thay oi c ban he thong dau kh ban au cua moi be. Cac thuoc tnh play dau kh c anh gia tren c s phan tch be va cac san pham do hydrocarbon Trc Kainozoi b pha huy nh phien chay,
Hnh 15.9. Ban o phan bo cac be Mesozoi chnh thuoc phan at lien Viet Nam va ke can (Tren nen Geologic Map of Southeast Asia do Geologic Data Systems lap 1998)
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asphalt, kh metan hien con phan bo xen ke rai rac trong cac thanh tao nay. Tuy vay, cac be Paleozoi b bien dang kha manh do vay cac thuoc tnh play dau kh ch c anh gia trong trng hp thuoc mong cua cac be Mesozoi co dau hieu cua he thong dau kh ro rang (Hnh 15.10). 6.1. Phan tch be va he thong dau kh cua Meso - Tethys Song a (Tay Bac Viet Nam) Meso - Tethys Song a (MTS) la he thong cac cau truc Mesozoi rat ac biet phan bo keo dai gia hai he thong t gay Song Hong va Song Ma va la phan tiep theo i Quinghai - Xizang - Tay Van Nam (Trung Quoc) xuong pha ong Nam ti phan Nam vnh Bac Bo (Hnh 15.13). MTS khong ch gom cac n v thanh he - cau truc Mesozoi sm khac biet vi tat ca cac khu vc khac ma con la khu vc co nhieu bieu hien ve dau tho, asphalt, kh trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi a c phat hien sm nhat Viet Nam. a. Cau truc va s tien hoa cua Meso Tethys Song a Tieu bieu cho MTS la cac cau truc Mesozoi sm thuoc cac i Song a va Ninh Bnh. ac iem tien hoa tieu bieu cho khu vc Tay Bac la chu ky ton tai t khi phat sinh, phat trien, en khi trng thanh va ket thuc MTS lien quan vi chu ky ton tai be bat au do tach gian Permi muon - Trias sm, c phat trien, m rong va trng thanh do gian ay be trong Trias, sau o b ket thuc do uon nep Indosini (Hnh 15.14). Mong trc tao be vi cac he thong cau truc Trc - Mesozoi khac nhau Mong Proterozoi - Paleozoi trc tao be
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thng c lo tren cac i ra ong Bac (Phang Xi Pang) va Tay Nam (Nam Co va Song Ma). Ngoai ra mong Devon con c lo thanh khoi nho mong chnh gia Trung tam be vi cac ten goi nh nep loi Ta Khoa hay ca so Ta Khoa hoac vet seo Song a . Ranh gii gia mong va noi be hoac la cac t gay ra nh Phang Xi Pang, Tuan Giao hoac la mat bat chnh hp ay be gan noc Paleozoi tren vung Ta Khoa. Tuy vay phan chnh cua be thng ke goi trc tiep tren vo ai dng (lp basalt) Permi va Trias sm. i thanh he - cau truc Phang Xi Pang lo mong Proterozoi - Paleozoi ra Bac ong Bac vi cac thanh he bien chat ket tinh dau vet cua cac ai dng co Proto - Tethys va Paleo - Tethys c gii han bi cac he thong t gay Song Hong va Hoang Lien Sn. i thanh he cau truc Nam Co va Song Ma lo mong Proterozoi - Paleozoi ra Tay Nam vi cac thanh tao ca bien chat ket tinh Baikali va tram tch nui la cua Paleo - Tethys trong o co thanh he ophiolit dau vet cua day song nui ngam ai dng do tach gian Paleozoi sm. i nep loi Trung tam hay ca so Ta Khoa lo mong Devon vi cac thanh tao tram tch bien nong la dau vet bien ra sau cung Tethys nong b co ket cuoi Paleozoi. He thong cau truc va cac giai oan phat trien ong tao be (syn - MTS) ac iem noi bat va ac trng nhat cua Meso - Tethys Song a la he thong cac i thanh he - cau truc Permi muon - Trias (P2-T). Thanh phan va s phan bo, thay the theo khong gian va thi gian cua chung tieu bieu cho chu ky ton tai cua be ai dng
1. Vun xam Co Phuc (E3-N1 cp); 2. Vun tho mau o Yen Chau (K2yc); 3. Phun trao ryolit, dacit, tuf va comendit Ngoi Thia (K2 nt); 4. Phun trao a pha dacit, andesit va orthophyr Van Chan (J3-K vc); 5. Phien vun, voi set, phien voi Suoi Bang (T3n-r sb), Song Boi (T3sb), Nam Tham (T2-3nt), Mng Trai (T2lmt); 6. Carbonat ong Giao (T2a g); 7. Phun trao mafic Cam Thuy va Vien Nan (T1 ct-vn); 8. Mong Pz; 9. Bien chat cao PR; 10. Granitoid Mz2 eo May va Yensun; 11. Granitoid Pz Caledoni-Varisc. PT--03 Hnh 15.10. S o phan bo mot so thanh tao chnh vung ong Bac Sn La va Tay Nam Yen Bai (Theo Ban o a chat Campuchia, Lao va Viet Nam ty le 1/1.000.000 cua Phan C Tien va nnk., 1989 va Geological Map of Vietnam 1/1.500.000 ESCAP cong bo -1990)
1. Nui la (a) xam nhap (b) Mz2; 2. Vun mau o (a) va ryolit (b) K2; 3. Bien tnh (a), phun trao a pha (b) J3-K; 4. Thanh tao Mz1 (a) va Pz (b) b ep ca nat; 5. Phien voi set (a), voi (b) T2; 6. Phun trao mafic T1 va a voi P2-T1 (b) b nen ep; 7. phun trao mafic T1 (a) va thanh tao mong Pz -Pr (b); 8. Chuyen dch. Hnh 15.11. Mo hnh tng tac (va cham) cua cac khoi luc a Tay Bac trong Mesozoi muon.
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1-2: 3-4:
5: 6-8:
9: 10: 11-15:
16-17: A-F
Cac i thanh he - cau truc bien chat cao lien quan vi cac khoi a khien co: 1 - He tang Sinh Quyen (Pr1sq) va Song Hong (Pr sh); 2 - He tang Nam Co (Pr3-E1nc) va Song Chay (Pr3-E1sc) trong cac i cau truc khien uon nep Caledoni. Cac i thanh he - cau truc tram tch bien tnh va magma lien quan vi chu ky ton tai cua Paleo-Tethys: 3 - Cac phien luc (metabasalt), phien set-silic, phylit (aspit), carbonate he tang Song Ma (E1-2sm), Ha Giang (E1-2hg), Cam Dng (E1-2cd), Ben Khe (E-O1bk) kem cac khoi mafic, sieu-mafic nho giai oan hnh thanh va phat trien (tre); 4 - Cac thanh tao nhp-flys luc nguyen - carbonat, luc nguyen - nui la he tang Pa Ham (O3-Sph), Phu Ng (O3-Spn) cac giai oan trng thanh, gia coi (thoai hoa ai dng). Cac thanh tao tng oi bnh on kieu nen Tethys nong sau uon nep Caledoni vi tram tch luc nguyen - carbonat khoi-lp he tang Song Mua (D1sm), Ta Khoa (D1-2tk), Ban Cai (D3bc) Bac Sn (C2-P1bs). Cac i thanh he - cau truc do chu ky ton tai cua Meso-Tethys Song a (MTS): 6 - Basaltcarbonat-silic bien - ai dng, he tang Cam Thuy (P2-T1ct), Vien Nan (T1vn); 7 - Carbonat he tang ong Giao (T2adg) giai oan phat trien m rong ngap lut cc ai; 8 - Phan nhp carbonat - luc nguyen he tang Nam Tham (T2-lnt), Mng Trai (T2-lmt), Nam Mu (T2-3nm), Song Boi (T2sb) giai oan trng thanh va gia coi cua MTS. 3 Cac tram tch ven ra giau vat chat hu c tao than thuoc he tang Suoi Bang (T3n-rsb) trong cac trung sau uon nep Indosini thuoc dai cac be than doc theo song a, Hoa Bnh va vung ien Bien. Cac thanh tao phun trao ryolit, tuf xen t vun luc nguyen he tang ong Trau va Quy Lang (T2dt/ql) tieu bieu cho cac cung nui la ra cac trung noi luc (intracraton) Sam Na va Hoanh Sn. Cac i thanh-he - cau truc trc nui do nang tao nui Mesozoi muon sau-Indosini: 11 - Luc nguyen mau o Nam Po (J1-2np); 12 - Nui la a pha Van Chan (J3-Kvc); 13 - Molas mau o Yen Chau (K2yc); 14 - Ryolit, trachyt, a mach kiem vun nui la Ngoi Thia (K2nt); 15 - Vun nui la kiem trachyt-nephelin Pu Tra (E1-2pt). Cac cau truc Kainozoi kieu ra Tay Thai Bnh Dng: 16 - trong at lien; 17 - Ngoai bien; 18; Cac he thong t gay chnh. Granit-granosyenit phc he eo May - Yensun, nang tao nui Creta-Eocen; B - Granitoid phc he Pia Bioc, uon nep tao nui Indosini; C - Peridotit, gabrro, diabas phc he Ba V, Ban Xang kieu Meso-Tethys sau-Hercyni; D - Granitoid phc he ien Bien do uon nep Hercyni; E Granit cac phc he Song Chay va Bu Khang do uon nep Caledoni; F - Granitogneis vi cac phc he Ban Ngam, Xom Giau, Posen lien quan vi cac khoi luc a co Proterozoi.
Hnh 15.12. S o phan bo hien trang cac i thanh he - cau truc chnh thuoc Tay Bac - Viet Nam (mo phong tren nen ban o a chat VietNam 1/1.500.000 cua ESCAP xuat ban 1990)
490
Hnh 15.13. Mo hnh a chat va he thong dau kh cua Meso-Tethys Song a va cac vung ke can (chu giai xem hnh 15.12)
Manti
Manti
Hnh 15.14. Mat cat the hien giai oan hnh thanh (tren) va phat trien (di) be Meso-Tethys Song a
qua ay u cac giai oan t khi phat sinh, phat trien (tre), trng thanh ve ket thuc (Hnh 15.14). ay be la cac thanh tao basalt kieu vo
491
ai dng va tram tch carbonat bien khi xa b Permi tren - Trias di thuoc he tang Cam Thuy va Vien Nan thng kem cac xam nhap - phun trao sieu - mafic (41) va
Ban Xang. Cac thanh tao nay xac minh ro s hnh thanh vo ai dng mi do tach gian tren ay bien sau cung t cuoi Permi va trong suot Trias sm. Be m rong vi s pho bien cac thanh tao carbonat Trias gia he tang ong Giao - T2a g the hien s phat trien be hay ai cua be Meso - Tethys Song a vi cac tram tch bien khi xa b. ieu nay cung chng to be tch tu khi o rong hn nhieu lan trang thai ton tai hien nay. Be tch tu tram tch carbonat Trias co the chiem dien rong va keo dai ve pha Tay Bac ti vung Tay Van Nam sang ong Nam Au. S can bang gia cang gian trong Trung tam va don ep tren cac i ra cua be c giai oan tre . ay la thi ky ngap lut cc
mafic (41) thuoc cac phc he Ba V va
chng minh bi cac tap tram tch phan nhp carbonat - luc nguyen cuoi Trias gia - au Trias muon thuoc cac he tang Nam Mu, Nam Tham va Song Boi va ca a voi am tieu nau o Pac Ma. ay la giai oan trng thanh , tiep sau na la bat au thoai hoa cua bien, sau o b ket thuc do uon nep sat trc Nori (Indosini). Cac cau truc tng phan va bien dang sau tao be (post - MTS) Pha uon nep Indosini a bien cai sau sac be Meso - Tethys Song a t khung canh bien nong thanh cac i uon nep vi cac nep loi tao nui sm b bao mon xen cac trung nho ven ra tch tu cac tram tch luc nguyen rat giau vat chat hu c thuoc he tang Suoi Bang. Cac cau truc tng phan
Cam ng
Hnh 15.15. Mo hnh the hien cac tch tu dau trong thanh tao carbonat Devon vung Nui Lch (Yen bai)
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do Indosini van theo hng truc cua MTS, trong o cac khoi a voi Trias uon nep doc ng chay doc theo cac t gay nghch nh t gay Song a. Canh Tay Nam b chuc chui di canh nang chm ong Bac doc theo cac he thong t gay nghch a thu hep nhanh va manh MTS (Hnh 15.11). Cac hoat ong magma tao nui Mesozoi muon (hau - Indosini) tiep tuc lam phc tap them a hnh luc a va thu hep them dien phan bo cua cac thanh he ong tao be MTS, ong thi tiep tuc phan d manh va lam tng phan them cac i nang chm nghch Tu Le - Phang Xi Pang pha ong Bac va cac trung trc nui pha Tay Nam t gay nghch Song a nh trung Yen Chau va Moc Chau. Hau het cac day va nh nui cao eu la khoi xam nhap axit va kiem Creta - Paleocen (54, 61, 63, 64) thuoc nhieu phc he nh Phu Sa Phn, eo May va Yesun, Nam Xe, Tam ng, trong khi o cac trung trc cung nui la va trc nui chu yeu la cac a vun nui la tng phun no va cac tram tch vun tho mau o molas thuoc cac he tang Van Chan, Ngoi Thia va Yen Chau. b. He thong dau kh cua Meso - Tethys Song a Nhieu ket qua nghien cu cho thay cac thanh tao cua MTS co tiem nang dau kh cao. Tuy vay pha tao nui va hoat ong magma Mesozoi muon - Kainozoi a gay nen nhieu bien oi phc tap va rui ro oi vi he thong dau kh nay. Tren c s phan tch be cung vi cac ket qua xac nh cac ch tieu thuoc he thong dau kh cho thay ac iem va s phan bo cua cac dang tiem nang va cac oi tng dau kh trong khu vc MTS rat a dang va phc tap.
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Tiem nang sinh Trc Kainozoi cua Meso - Tethys Song a Cac ket qua phan tch va nghien cu cho thay a ton tai hai loai tang sinh khac nhau trong khu vc Tay Bac, trong o phan ln a vt qua giai oan trng thanh hay ch con kha nang sinh kh. Cac tap set - voi va a voi xam nau, xam en Trias gia - muon xen trong cac he tang ong Giao va Nam Tham thng co tong carbon hu c ngheo va trung bnh (TOC ~ 0,3 - 2,2% Wt). Trong khi o cac tap set than va than xen trong he tang Suoi Bang thng thuoc loai giau va rat giau (TOC ~ 1 - 70% Wt). Tuy vay cac ch tieu khac cua ca hai loai nay eu thap, trong o ch tieu hydrogen thng nho (S1 ~ 0,17 - 68,55 mg/g; S2 ~ 1,45 - 76,77 mg/g; HI ~ 9 - 551 mgHC/g TOC) va Tmax thay oi (Tmax ~ 430 - 465oC). Cac tram tch set - than va than he tang Suoi Bang co tiem nang sinh kh lien quan vi thc vat tren can la chnh, con tiem nang sinh dau chu yeu do cac bao t phan ch chiem ty phan nho di 3%. Cac tram tch set - voi va a voi xam - en Anisi he tang ong Giao va Ladini he tang Nam Tham co tiem nang sinh dau la chnh, song mot so san pham a b huy hoai. Tuy nhien, cac tap set voi Trias gia co nhieu bieu hien a co thi ky sinh dau tot va neu cac san pham do chung tao ra c bao ton trong cac bay co van co the la nguon tiem nang ln cua khu vc. Tiem nang cha Trc Kainozoi cua Meso - Tethys Song a Nhieu bieu hien thc te ch ro s ton tai nhieu tang cha cua khu vc Tay Bac, trong o co a voi Devon nt ne va hang
hoc cha dau vung nui Lch (Yen Bai), a carbonat Trias hang hoc, nt ne cha asphalt vung Nam Un va Sai Lng (Sn La). Mot so cac tap a vun, cac a ket tinh khac cung co bieu hien cua a cha nh cat ket Mesozoi, cat ket dang quarzit Devon, song s phan bo o rong thng khong on nh va co nhieu rui ro do c cau bay. Cat va cat - bot ket Mesozoi vi dien phan bo nho, chiem 45 - 85% mot so he tang Nam Po va Yen Chau, song thng b xi mang hoa (calcit hoa) khong eu; co ni o rong hat kem khong qua 1%, co ni o rong trung bnh va tot ti 10 - 15%. Tang cha chnh cua MTS la a voi va voi - dolomit Permi - Trias chiem ti 45 85% khoi lng cac he tang Yen Duyet va ong Giao vi o rong do nt ne, hang hoc, dolomit va stylolit hoa at ti 3 - 12% va co cho con cao hn. Tuy vay chung phu thuoc vao cac i ca nat va karst hoa. Cac thanh tao ket tinh (granitoid plagiogneis) trong mong trc - MTS phan bo canh cac t gay thng co o rong nt ne khong qua 10%, song eu phi lo tren be mat va b cac vat lieu tha sinh hay nhiet dch lap ay nen kha nang cha co nhieu rui ro va cha co phat hien xac minh. Cac kieu tang chan, c cau va tiem nang cac bay cha cua MTS Do hang loat cac bien dang pha huy trt - cat, t gay nen cac tang chan khu vc rat han che va nhieu rui ro. Do vay cac bay cha dau kh cung co rui ro do cac pha huy nay gay ra. Tuy vay trong khu vc cung ton tai mot so cac bay va a c xac minh. Lp phu tram tch tre phan bo tren mot so ra nh ong Bac va ong Nam ch hnh
494
thanh c mot so tang chan a phng tren cac ra nay. Nhieu khoi nho cao mong Trc Kainozoi c chon vui di cac lp phu nay va hnh thanh cac bay hon hp khoi nho co a hnh b chon vui. Loai bay nay a c xac minh bi cac tch tu dau vung Nui Lch va co nhieu tiem nang trong cac ra ong Bac ni tiep giap vi mien vong Ha Noi (Hnh 15.15). Cac lp phu tram tch Mesozoi thng b cac t gay phan cat thanh dien khong on nh nen ch co tiem nang chan a phng. Bay hon hp do cac khoi nho nt ne, hang hoc vi tang sinh va lp phu set voi he tang Nam Tham/Mng Trai, Nam Mu/Song Boi, set than he tang Suoi Bang pho bien rong va co tiem nang ln ac biet trong vung Sn La, Quynh Nhai, Suoi Bang, Tan Lac. Nhieu dien lo cong trnh khai ao ong Bac Sn La a phat hien nhieu bay nut ket va co nhieu asphalt va than chay nhanh. Cac bay cau truc do pha uon nep Caledoni phan bo chu yeu trong i Phang Xi Pang, Song Ma; song thng lo tren mat va b pha huy manh me, o bao ton kem. Bay do uon nep sat Trc - Nori phan bo rong trong MTS, noi bat la ong Tuan Giao, Tay Nam Bac Yen, ong Yen Chau, Bac Moc Chau va Kim Boi. Thi gian, di c, o bao ton cac yeu to bay trong MTS rat phc tap va kho xac nh do nhieu bien oi a ong lc manh me va chong chat lien tuc ti hien nay. Phan ln cac uon nep xay ra trc Nori, trong o pha uon nep Indosini co tac ong manh me nhat en s hnh thanh he thong cac nep loi va nep lom xen nhau trong MTS. ay mong carbonat he tang ong Giao (T2a g)
1 - Tram tch ay bien; 2 - Boi tch Q thuoc cac ong bang ven bien; 3 - Tram tch vun E3-N cha than nau vung Na Dng - Rinh Chua va cha asphalt vung ong Ho; 4-6: Vun va nui la kieu molas trc nui: 4 - Vun tho mau o K; 5 - Vun nui la J3-K; 6 - Vun nau o J1-2. 7 - Luc nguyen cha than va metan T3n-r hau-Indosini; 8-11: Thanh tao a luc a be Mesozoi An Chau: 8 - Ryolit, tuf va vun tho J; 9 - Vun tho T3c; 10 - Phien luc nguyen mn T2-3; 11 - Phun trao axit T kieu Song Hien. 12-14: Thanh tao Paleozoi mong be An Chau: 12 - Carbonat lp day kieu nen Tethys nong Pz2-3; 13 - Phien set-sericit va phien voi D; 14 - Phien dang flys b uon nep 03-S. 15 - Granitoid Mz2 khoi Mong Cai; 16 - Truc cau tao loi; 17 - Truc nep lom; 18 - Bieu hien kh va gieng khoan tham do. Hnh 15.16. Bnh o phan bo cac i thanh he - cau truc thuoc be Mesozoi An-Chau va cac vung ke can (theo nen a chat 1/1.500.000 - ESCAP-1990 va ban o cau truc An-Chau cua N.Q. Hap va nnk.1974).
la thi ky tot nhat v bay c hnh thanh trc khi vat chat hu c trng thanh va di chuyen khoi a me. Tuy vay cac bien oi ong lc Mesozoi muon va Kainozoi a pha huy mot phan va lam di c cac san pham a c tch tu trong bay ti ni khac trong o co phan b thoat mat len tren mat co phan b pha huy thanh asphalt. Cac tch tu c bao ton chu yeu la cac dien c chon vui di cac tap tram tch luc nguyen tuoi Mesozoi muon phan bo trong cac trung doc theo trung va ha lu phai song a.
495
Mot so cac dang oi tng tiem nang dau kh (play) cua MTS Tren c s mo hnh a chat tien hoa va cac thuoc tnh cua he thong dau kh, khu vc MTS va cac vung ke can co the ton tai mot so cac play Trc Kainozoi khac nhau. oi tng tiem nang (play) carbonat Trias phan bo rong trong i Trung tam be MTS theo lu vc trung va ha lu phai song a en Ninh Bnh. Cac tang cha carbonat nt ne, hang hoc he tang ong Giao nhieu ni c ke ap vi he tang Nam Tham va Suoi Bang co tiem nang sinh ln trong pha
muon theo c cau bay khoi nho va cac chm nghch. Hien tai cac tap a dau van ang c khai thac thu cong va kh metan van b thoat mat trong qua trnh khai thac than. Cac oi tng Trc Kainozoi ra Tay Nam mien vong Ha Noi t Yen Bai, Phu Tho, Sn Tay qua Ha ong ti Phu Ly va Nam nh vi tang cha chu yeu la cac khoi g), plagiogneis nt ne (PR sh), cac tang Trias (T2l mt, T3n - r sb), tang chan set voi sinh e Tam (E3 - N1), set voi va set than Trias va lp phu Kainozoi theo c cau bay cac khoi mong nho cao b chon vui. Dien cua tng oi tng tuy nho, song phan bo rai rac nhieu vung cha c tham do va co the lien quan vi ca mien vong Ha Noi. Dang tiem nang vun Mesozoi be Phong Sa Ly vung Nam Po (Mng Te) vi tang c trung bnh, trng thanh pha muon, tang a phng theo c cau bay a tang. Dang tiem nang nay phan bo chu yeu trong cac vung thuoc Thng Lao be Phong Sa Ly, nhng cha co phat hien xac minh. Dang tiem nang Paleozoi - Mesozoi cau truc Sam - Na phan bo Nam huyen Song Ma ti ong Nam ien Bien vi tang sinh trung bnh thap kerogen loai 3 thuoc he tang Suoi Bang, a cha ryolit nt ne, hang hoc he tang ong Trau - Quy Lang va cat ket dang quarzit Nam Ci o rong nt ne nho; lp phu va tang chan kem nen trien vong thap. Do cau truc a chat rat phc tap, cac bien dang tre manh me nen tiem nang dau kh co nhieu rui ro va cung nhieu tiem an bat ng. Chac rang trong tng lai van con
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nhieu c hoi phat hien bat ng trong nhieu vung cua MTS. 6.2. He thong cau truc va tiem nang dau kh cua be Mesozoi An Chau Be Mesozoi An Chau (MAC) la i sut lun thuoc Trung tam ong Bac Bac Bo va c keo dai ve pha ong Bac noi tiep vi be Mesozoi Shiwan - Dashan (Trung Quoc). Be MAC a c tham do dau kh trong thap ky 70 thuoc the ky 20 vi nhieu gieng khoan tham do tren cac cau tao Bac Chu, Lng Ma, Giao Lien (Hnh 15.16). Theo phng phap truyen thong, cac gieng khoan nay a dng lai trong lp phu Mesozoi va cha co cac phat hien san pham. Trong khi, tai be Shiwan - Dazhan a co nhng phat hien dau kh ca trong mong Paleozoi lan lp phu tram tch Mesozoi. a. Khung cau truc chnh cua be Mesozoi An Chau Be Mesozoi An Chau c khong che bi cac he thong t gay ra tiep giap vi cac i nang bao quanh. Pha Tay Bac, be An Chau tiep giap vi i nang nen Paleozoi Bac Thai. Phan ong va ong Nam be ke goi len i uon nep Caledoni Tan Mai, Co To. Pha Nam be ke goi len i nang nen Paleozoi muon va b phu mot phan bi cac tram tch tre thuoc mien vong Kainozoi Ha Noi (Hnh 15.16). Cac i thanh he - cau truc mong trc tao be An Chau (pre - MAC) Cac i lo mong bao quanh cho thay be Mesozoi An Chau hau nh ch ke goi tren cac i thanh he - cau truc Paleozoi. Phan tch cau truc cho thay mong phan Tay, Tay Nam va Tay Bac hau nh ch co lp phu nen Paleozoi muon thuoc cac he
nho mong carbonat nt ne hang hoc (T2a
sinh set - than, than (T3n - r sb) vat chat hu
cha cat - bot - san ket (J1 - 2 np), tang chan
tang Pia Phng, Si Ka, Mia Le va loat Bac Sn. Ranh gii gia i lo mong trc tao be (pre - MAC) va phan noi be Mesozoi An Chau la he thong t gay ra Song Hoa chay theo hng ng 1A qua ong Mo en Lang Sn. Mong phan ong chu yeu la cac thanh tao luc nguyen, luc nguyen - silic dang flys tuoi Ordovic - Silur he tang Co To va Tan va phan Trung tam be MAC la he thong t gay canh cung ra Bac Giang - Tan Mai. Cac thanh tao mong luc nguyen mn va carbonat Paleozoi muon thng kha giau vat chat hu c a trai qua ngng trng thanh. Trong mot so tang a voi nt ne va hang hoc cung a phat hien c cac phan lp mong phien chay va asphalt. He thong tram tch va cac giai oan phat trien ong tao be (syn - MAC) ac iem tieu bieu cua be Mesozoi An Chau la he thong cac thanh he tram tch luc nguyen Trias a luc a phan bo trong cau truc sut lun tren nen c co ket cuoi Paleozoi. Thanh phan va s phan bo, thay the theo khong gian va thi gian cua chung tieu bieu cho chu ky ton tai cua be tram tch noi luc ke tha t cac trung bien sot sau nen. Cac mat cat tram tch cua be the hien qua trnh luc a hoa vi s hnh thanh be tren cac trung bien sot vao au Trias chuyen dan len cac tram tch a luc a cuoi Trias va sau cung la cac tram tch luc a vun tho mau o Jura - Creta. Cac tram tch vun - nui la Trias phan bo tren cac i ra be, con cac tram tch vun tho luc a Jura - Creta phan bo han che trong dien thu hep thuoc trung tam be (Hnh 5.17). Be c hnh thanh doc theo he
497
thong t gay ra ong khoi nang Hercyni Viet Bac doc theo song Hoa (ong Mo i Lang Sn) vi tram tch carbonat vun va luc nguyen, luc nguyen - voi, luc nguyen - silic tng bien sot a luc a thuoc he tang ong ang va Lang Sn (T1 ls). Gia cac i nang Hercyni Viet Bac (khoi Bac Sn) va cac i sut Mesozoi An Chau la he thong cac t gay ra cung vi cac a vun, ryolit, dacit va tuf he tang Song Hien. He thong cac t gay ra a gii han dien phan bo cua be rong nhat ngay t khi bat au hnh thanh . Be noi luc nay nhanh chong trng thanh vao gia Trias va tch tu cac tram tch luc nguyen t mn en tho vi xu the ha thap mc nc va luc a hoa nhanh vi cac he tang Na Khuat (T2 nk) va Mau Sn (T3c ms). Dien phan bo cua cac he tang nay a b thu hep hn vao pha Trung tam be. S phat trien cua be thc chat la s nang cao dan cua cac i nang ven ra chu yeu do cac cung nui la. Nhng bien oi, bien dang va cau truc tng phan sau tao be (post - MAC) Do anh hng yeu cua pha uon nep Indosini, Trung tam be MAC van ton tai trung tan d tiep tuc tch tu tram tch luc nguyen giau vat chat hu c thuoc he tang Van Lang (T3n - r vl). Tuy vay tren cac ra a hnh thanh cac khoi nang tao nui nh Bnh Lieu, Mau Sn. Ngoai he tang Van Lang (T3n - r vl), trong trung tan d thuoc Trung tam be MAC con tiep tuc tch tu cac tram tch vun tho mau o Jura - Creta kieu molas gia nui he tang Ha Coi (J1 - 2 hc), he tang nh Lap va O lin (J3 - K).
Mai (O3 - S1 ct). Ranh gii cua i lo mong
b. He thong dau kh Trc Kainozoi trong be Mesozoi An Chau Nhng ket qua tham do dau kh trong be trc ay va mot so phan tch mi trong be An Chau cua Viet Nam gan ay cho thay nhng bieu hien ang lu y cua he thong dau kh va co the ton tai mot so oi tng tiem nang (Hnh 15.17). Cac tram tch co bieu hien tiem nang sinh trong be Mesozoi An Chau Mot so ket qua phan tch cho thay trong be MAC va cac vung lan can ton tai mot so tang tram tch giau vat chat hu c nhng eu qua ngng trng thanh hay ch con kha nang sinh thanh kh kho. Cac tram tch set voi va a voi mau xam en thng phan bo trong cac i Paleozoi ra be An Chau; con cac tram tch set va set than thng tap trung trong be An Chau va cac be than lan can. Cac a phien set voi Devon thng c Trung Quoc coi la tien e a tang tram tch dau kh quan trong cua vung Hoa Nam. Trong pham v ong Bac va Viet Bac, cac tram tch set voi va voi set Devon he tang Dng ong va Cat Ba thng co tong carbon hu c trung bnh en cao (TOC ~ 0,4 - 4,5%wt), song cac ch tieu ve hydrogen (S1, S2, HI) lai thap va nhiet o cc ai cao (Tmax ~ 650 - 670oC). Cac tram tch nay co the trng thanh va a sinh dau vao cuoi Paleozoi. Cac san phan cua chung a di chuyen va co the a c a vao bay ngay sau o va en nay mot phan a b bien oi, va pha huy thanh cac a phien chay, asphalt va than khi lo len tren mat nh ao Cat Ba va nhieu vung thuoc Viet Bac.
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Cac tap set, set than Nori - Reti xen trong he tang Hon Gai, Van Lang phan bo rong trong vung Quang Ninh va Trung tam be An Chau thng co tong carbon hu c cao (TOC ~ 0,9 - 35%wt), song cac ch tieu ve hydrogen (S1, S2, HI) va nhiet o Tmax lai cho thay tiem nang sinh thap v a vt ngng trng thanh hay co the ch con kha nang sinh kh kho. Tuy nhien, vao au Mesozoi muon, cac tram tch nay co the con trong thi ky trng thanh vi kha nang sinh kh va condensat la chnh v nguon vat chat hu c chu yeu la thc vat tren can. Cac san pham c sinh thanh co the c tch tu trong cac bay kieu khoi nho mong trc - Mesozoi nh a c phat hien trong mo Nam Phong (ong Thai Lan) va nhieu bieu hien thuoc Nam Trung Quoc. Tiem nang va cac loai a cha Trc Kainozoi cua be An Chau T cac ket qua tham do trc ay cung mot so khao cu va phan tch mi cho thay tiem nang cha cua be Mesozoi An Chau gom ca cac tram tch vun Mesozoi va carbonat Paleozoi. Trong so nay, cac thanh tao carbonat Paleozoi nt ne, hang hoc phan bo trong mong co tiem nang cha troi noi hn cac a vun Mesozoi phan bo trong be. Theo ac trng cau truc, cac tram tch carbonat Paleozoi co kha nang phan bo rong trong mong thuoc phan Tay Bac va Tay Nam be. Cac khoi mong carbonat nt ne va hang hoc lo trong i Paleozoi Bac Thai thuoc pha ngoai ra Tay Bac be An Chau thng co o rong nt ne va hang hoc phan bo phc tap vi o rong rat khac nhau (0,5 - 12%). Cac tang carbonat Devon thuoc he tang Mia Le (D2 - 3 ml) thng co o
rong nt ne va hang hoc tot hn cac a voi dang khoi ong nhat loat Bac Sn (C2 - P1 bs). Mot so iem lo a voi Devon mau en thng cha cac vat chat hu c hoa than va asphalt. ay co the la cac san pham do pha huy hay bien oi, bien chat cua dau kh. Nguon hydrocarbon co the a c nap vao cac tang cha nay t cuoi Paleozoi va au Mesozoi. Cac tram tch vun co tiem nang cha vi mc o khac nhau phan bo rong va la bo phan chnh tao thanh be An Chau. Tuy vay cac ket qua tham do trc ay cho thay tiem nang cha cua chung thap. Cac tram tch vun Trias phan bo tren dien rong toan be thng b nen chat, a b metagen catagen manh va xi mang hoa nen o rong ch at t 5% en 11% (trung bnh va nho) nk) va Mau Sn (T3c ms). Con cat ket Jura -3 bnh va kha (9 - 15%), nhng dien phan bo han che va thng t c chon vui hay che chan. Tiem nang chan va lp phu tram tch tre cua be An Chau Cung nh khu vc Tay Bac, tiem nang chan trong he thong dau kh Trc Kainozoi cua be An Chau khong ln. Cac lp phu tram tch Mesozoi co tiem nang chan dau kh trong be An Chau bieu hien han che va chu yeu la cac tap phien set, set voi, set than xen trong cac tap cat ket Trias cua cac he tang Na Khuat (T2 - 3 nk) va Mau Sn (T3c ms). Tuy cac tap set nh cat ket thuoc cac he tang Na Khuat (T2
a phng. Tuy nhien toan bo cac tap tram tch Mesozoi trong be eu a b bien oi metagen va catagen manh tao thanh tang phu day co kha nang chan tot cho mong trc - Mesozoi. Cac tap set, set than thuoc lp phu tram tch e Tam vung Na Dng va Rinh Chua co kha nang chan trung bnh, song dien phan bo hep va o day nho, o nen chat yeu nen khong tao c tiem nang chan cho be Mesozoi An Chau. Cac loai bay, tiem nang va s phan bo cua bay Kha nhieu cau tao hnh thanh do uon nep Indosini a c phat hien trong be An Chau (Hnh 15.18). Tuy vay, cac bay khoi nho mong b chon vui lai cha c quan tam trong cac giai oan tham do trc ay. Cong tac tham do tuy mi ch tap trung vao lp phu Mesozoi, nhng cung a phat hien mot so cau tao va c coi la co trien vong dau kh. Bay khoi nho co a hnh do cac khoi mong carbonat Paleozoi b chon vui di ay be Mesozoi co the la oi tng quan trong hn ca. ay la cac khoi carbonat Paleozoi nho cao trong cau truc mat mong va b chon vui di ay cac tap Mesozoi. Phan ra Tay Bac cua be Mesozoi An Chau co the ton tai nhieu bay khoi nho cao mong b chon vui vi tang cha la carbonat Paleozoi b nt ne va hang hoc tng t nh mo kh Nam Phong trong mong ra Tay be Khorat. ac iem cau truc be An Chau cung cho thay cac bay nay phan bo rong, gap nhieu tren ra Tay Bac be. Cac bay dang vom a c phat hien tren cac cau tao thuoc cac nep loi Bac Chu, Lng Ma, Giao Yen, Voi Te, An Lac,
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he tang Ha Coi (J1 - 2 hc) co o rong trung
nay b bien oi nen ep lam tang kha nang chan cua chung, song o day mong va b cac bien dang t gay chia cat nen tiem nang chan tng tap thap va ch mang tnh
Hnh 15.17. He thong a chat va dau kh cua be Mesozoi An Chau
a) Mat cat A-B theo hng Tay-Bac xuong ong-Nam
b) Mat cat C-D theo hng Tay-Nam len ong-Bac Hnh 15.18. Mat cat thanh he cau truc be Mesozoi An-Chau vi d oan s phat trien mong be t cac ra
Dng Hu, Ba Voi, Na Ca, eo Gia, Khau Hng, Khau Khuc, Na Mo, Mau Sn, Ban Chung... (Hnh 15.16). ay la cac cau tao c hnh thanh do uon nep sat trc - Nori (Indosini) va phan bo kha pho bien trong
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be. c. oi tng tiem nang (play) dau kh Trc - Kainozo trong be Cac ac iem ve he thong dau kh
trong be An Chau va cac ket qua tham do dau kh cua mot so be Mesozoi tng t thuoc Nam Trung Quoc va ong Bac Thai Lan cho thay co the ton tai mot so dang oi tng tiem nang dau kh chnh trong be can c quan tam. Play khoi nho cao mong carbonat Paleozoi co a hnh b chon vui di ay phan Tay Nam va Tay Bac be c cau thanh bi tang sinh la cac tap set, set - voi, set - than Trias nam ke ap vao cac khoi mong nho cao a voi Paleozoi b nt ne va hang hoc va c bao phu bi tap tram tch bien tnh Mesozoi theo cac bay khoi nho mong co a hnh b chon vui. Dang oi tng tiem nang nay phan bo trong mong phan Tay va Tay Bac be An Chau t t gay Song - hoa ti Trung tam be. Theo cac thong tin a chat mi va cac bieu hien thuoc cac vung lan can, oi tng nay c d bao la co trien vong nhat cua be An Chau, song cha co khoan tham do xac minh. Play vun Trias vi tang sinh set, set than Trias xen ke cac tap cha cat ket Trias co o rong trung bnh va nho theo cac bay cau tao vom nep loi. Dang oi tng nay phan bo tng oi rong khap trong toan be vi nhieu cau tao loi nh a neu tren (Hnh 15.16). o rui ro chu yeu cua oi tng nay co the la tang chan, chat lng tang cha va o khep kn cua cac bay cau tao. Do vay, mot so cau tao tuy a co khoan, nhng cha co phat hien san pham. D bao vung trien vong cao co the la khu vc Trung tam be vi cau tao Ban Chung.
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6.3. He thong cau truc va dau kh Trc Kainozoi Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien la mot phan cua i cau truc Trng Sn trong o co dai tram tch Mesozoi sat bien gii Viet - Lao. ay la phan ra ong be Khorat ke goi len i lo mong Paleozoi thuoc he thong cau truc chnh cua Trng Sn. Be tram tch Mesozoi Khorat co dien rong ln t ong Thai Lan, qua Lao ti Viet Nam. Trong be a co mot so phat hien dau kh trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi (Hnh 15.19). Tren phan ong Bac cua be, Thai Lan a phat hien c mo kh Nam Phong trong a carbonat Permi nt ne va hang hoc thuoc mong phan Tay be Mesozoi muon Khorat. Nguon hydrocarbon cung cap cho mo c coi la t cac loai a me set, set than Trias va set voi Paleozoi. Trong Trung tam be Khorat a co nhieu gieng khoan tham do va phat hien c nhieu tch tu kh va condensat trong cat ket Mesozoi. Phan be thuoc Lao (Savannakhet, Vien Chan, Pakse) cung a c tham do va nhieu gieng khoan cung co nhng phat hien tng t. Tuy nhien, be Khorat van cha co cac phat hien nao at gia tr thng mai ngoai tr mo Nam Phong. Rat nhieu iem lo aspahlt trong cat ket thng (Creta) a phat hien c theo suoi Mng Pha Lan cat ng 9 (Khe Sanh i ong Hen) t gia the ky 20 (Hnh 15.1). oi tng mong carbonat Paleozoi cha c chu y tham do va cha co cac phat hien thng mai. Phan ra Tay be (phan thuoc Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien Viet Nam) tuy co nhieu tien e a chat thuan li ca trong mong Paleozoi va lp phu noi be Mesozoi giong ra Tay be Khorat, song cha co cac cong trnh tm kiem, tham do
1-4: Loat Khorat Jura-Creta gom he tang Mekong (1), Champon (2), Bangfal (3), Salavan (4); 5-8: Loat Thakhet Trias-Paleozoi gom cac he tang Phanang (5), Mahaxai (6), Phoudin Poungke (7), Nasalak (8); 9: Granitoid Mesozoi; 10: Granitoid Paleozoi; 11: Basalt Pliocen va e T; 12: Cac gieng khoan tham do va cac bieu hien kh-condensat. Hnh 15.19. Khung a chat Tay Bnh-Tr-Thien va mot so cac bieu hien kh trong be Khorat-Savanakhet. (tong hp co bo sung t 3 ban o tham do dau kh be Khorat-Savanakhet cua Vu Tru va nnk. 2003).
dau kh (Hnh 15.19). a. Cac i thanh he - cau truc chnh cua phan Tay Trng Sn He thong thanh he - cau truc Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien bao gom cac lp phu thuoc ra ong be Mesozoi Khorat va i thanh he - cau truc mong Paleozoi Tay Trng Sn (Hnh 15.20). Phan mong pha ong be chu yeu la i thanh he - cau truc Paleozoi Trng Sn va cac yeu to khoi luc a ong Dng co trc uon nep Indosini. Phan chnh va ac trng cua be Khorat la mat cat tram tch vun cha thach cao va muoi mo tuoi Mesozoi muon. ay la phan vung vnh lom sau vao at lien thuoc ra hai khoi luc a khi chung va cham nhau va e lai cac trung ho bien sot lai gia hai khoi luc a, trong o co cac tram tch thuoc cac i
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trc cung b don lai cung phan nc ai dng con sot lai sau khi Tethys b bien mat (Hnh 15.21). Mong trc tao be a dang va phc tap Tay Trng Sn Khung a chat khu vc cho thay mong cua be Mesozoi Khorat - Savanakhet rat a dang va phc tap va c lo tren cac i cau truc thuoc hai he thong khac nhau. Mong cua be ve pha ong Bac la cac n v thanh he - cau truc i Trng Sn; con mong phan Nam va Tay Nam la cac n v thanh he - cau truc he thong nen Sunda va i uon nep Shan Thai. Trong pham vi Viet Nam, mong Paleozoi lo ra kha rong rai thuoc hai i thanh he cau truc chnh la khien uon nep Caledoni vi cac thanh tao Paleo - Tethys va lp phu
1 - Tram tch ay bien va bai boi ven bien; 2 - Basalt Q-N2 va tram tch vun Q-N2; 3 - Tram tch e-tam phu be Hue ngoai khi va tram tch vun mau o ho boc hi cha thach cao - muoi mo Creta trong at lien; 4 - Tram tch ho vun tuoi Jura muon - Creta va tram tch vun mn bien sot ven ra Jura sm-gia; 5 - Cac tram tch cha than Trias muon kieu he tang Nong Sn va cac thanh tao phun trao ryolit xen vi tuf va cac a vun khac tuoi Trias gia-sm; 6 - a voi dang khoi lp day ong nhat Permi sm - Carbon gia loat Bac Sn va a phien voi-set en Carbon he tang La Khe; 7 - Cac tram tch phien voi, phien set-voi, phien set, vun Devon muon-gia va a luc nguyen Devon gia-sm; 8 - Cac thanh tao dang nhp luc nguyen - carbonat, luc nguyen, luc nguyen - nui la trung tnh Silur-Ordovic thuoc cac he tang Song Ca, Long ai, ai Giang va cac meta-basalt xen vi tram tch set-voi-silic kieu aspit Ordovic-Cambri he tang A Vng kieu tach gian ai dng; 9 - Cac phc he xam nhap granitoid kieu Indosini (Trias muon) va cac granitoid kieu Caledoni (trc Devon) thuoc cac khoi Bac Trng Sn. Hnh 15.20. Ban o a chat Tay Bnh-Tr-Thien va mot so cac bieu hien kh trong be Khorat-Savanakhet (trch t ban o a chat Cambodia-Laos-Vietnam 1/1000.000 cua P.C.Tien va nnk, 1989)
nen vi cac thanh tao Tethys nong. Cac thanh tao Paleo - Tethys tao thanh khien uon nep Caledoni phan bo bao quanh ong be Khorat - Savannakhet vi cac he tang A ai (O3 - S ld), ai Giang (S dg). Vng (\ - O1 av), Song Ca (O3 - S sc), Long Cau truc nen hau - Caledoni chu yeu la
so thanh tao pho bien phan bo rong va on nh t Nam ra Bac i Trng Sn gom cac he tang Rao Chan (D1 rc), Quy at (D2 Khe (C1 lk), loat Bac Sn (C2 - P1 bs). Tren ra Tay be Khorat, cac thanh tao carbonat Paleozoi muon c xep chung vao loat Saraburi . Cac n v thanh he - cau truc trc uon nep Indosini la nhng yeu to c ban cua he thong khoi luc a ong - Dng ch tham gia vao phan mong pha ong be
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3
q), Cu Bai (D2 - 3 cb), ong Tho (D3 t), La
cac thanh tao luc nguyen mn va carbonat Tethys nong phan bo rong tren phan Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien. ay la cac thanh tao thuoc bien nen sau cung phat trien rong Bac ong Dng va Nam Trung Hoa. Mot
Hnh 15.21. S o the hien mot so cac bien co hnh thanh, phat trien, bien oi be Mesozoi Tay Tr-Thien (theo bao cao a chat va tiem nang dau kh vung Savanakhet - CHDCND Lao do Vu Tru va nnk. 2003)
Khorat - Savannakhet. Tuy vay, cac yeu to nay phan bo han che trong phan Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien, song lai pho bien trong i ra sau cung nui la Sam Na - Hoanh Sn va i be trc va gia - cung Tay Nam a khoi co Kon Tum. Cac thanh tao lien quan vi he cung ao trong mong ra ong be - P dk), Ta Thiet (P2 - T1 tt), Song Sai Gon nay thng gom cac he tang Dak Lin (C3
ong tao be Mesozoi muon con goi la loat - Khorat vi nhieu he tang khac nhau co tuoi t Jura en Creta (Bunopas and Vella 1992). Mat cat tram tch doc theo ng 9 t Khe Sanh qua Lao Bao (Viet Nam) en ong Hen, Savanakhet (Lao) co the tieu bieu cho phan ong cua be vi trat t t di len tren gom tram tch luc nguyen mau nau o (lp day) - set montmorilonit (thau knh mong) - dolomit (rat mong) - thach cao va anhydrit (rat day) - muoi mo (day). ay cung la cac mat cat cua nhieu gieng khoan vung ong Hen va Kengkok (Lao). Chung tieu bieu cho kieu bien ho kn pho bien tram tch b boc hi vao cuoi Creta. Trong pham vi Viet Nam thng ch co phan di cua mat cat nay va phan bo han che theo mot so dien keo dai doc theo bien gii Viet - Lao. Phan thap cua cac mat cat thuoc pham vi Viet Nam la tram tch Jura he
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(T1ssg), Mang Giang (T1 - 2 mg), Chau Thi (T1 - 2 ct), ong Trau/Quy Lang (T2 ql), ong o (T3 ). Tren a phan trung Lao va ong Thai Lan, cac thanh tao co tuoi tng t (Mesozoi sm) c xep chung vao loat Thakhet Lp phu tram tch bien ho boc hi Mesozoi He thong cau truc chnh trong be Khorat - Savanakhet bao gom cac phc tap
1. Lp phu Q va mot so dien Kz tren at lien; 2. Cac thanh tao K; 3. cac thanh tao J-K; 4. Cac thanh tao J; 5. Cac thanh tao T; 6. Cac thanh tao P; 7. Cac thanh tao Pz2; 8. Cac thanh tao Pz1; 9. Granit K; 10. Granitoid J-K; 11. Asphalt trong than-huyen Phu Quoc; 12. Dau trong a voi Permi mong be Chumphon va kh trong Hnh 15.22. Khung a chat va cac bieu hien, phat hien dau kh Trc Kainozoi ra Tay Nam - Viet Nam (trch t ban o a chat ong Dng P.C.Tien va nnk. 1989 va ban o tram tch cua StatOil-1994).
tang Ban on (J1 - 2 b) phan bo keo dai doc theo bien gii. Phan tren la tram tch luc nguyen cat - set - carbonat co thach cao va muoi mo tuoi Creta he tang ong Hen (K2 h) phan bo chu yeu thuoc Lao. Trong cac va nhieu phat hien kh va condensat. b. Tiem nang va he thong dau kh cua phan Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien Cac bieu hien va phat hien dau kh trong be Khorat - Savanakhet va co trong lp phu tao be Mesozoi muon va ca trong mong tien - Indosini. Cac ket qua tham do a phat hien c ca kh lan dau trong tram tch vun Mesozoi va mong carbonat Paleozoi nt ne va hang hoc. He thong dau kh va cac oi tng trien vong cua be cung
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c xac minh qua cac ket qua tham do. Tuy vay cac ket qua nay cung ch la s bo bc au trong lp phu Mesozoi, con phan mong Paleozoi cua be hau nh cha c chu trong. Cac bieu hien cua he thong dau kh trong be Khorat - Savanakhet Cac ket qua khoan tham do va phan tch mau cho thay co cac tch tu kh - condensat va cac bieu hien cu the ve cac tang sinh, cha, chan va bay dau kh trong be. Tuy cac ket qua nay phan anh chu yeu cho cac dien thuoc Trung tam va phan Tay cua be, song da vao cac so lieu nay co the d bao he thong dau kh thuoc phan ong cua be trong o ke ca Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien. Cac tram tch set, set - than Trias loat
tram tch nay thng co bieu hien asphalt
Kuchinarai giau vat chat hu c loai 3 c coi la tang a me cua mo kh Nam Phong ra Tay Bac be Khorat hau nh ch phan bo trong i cau truc Shan Thai. Trong khi o, phan ong cua be cac tram tch set, set - bot va set - voi tuoi Jura sm - gia thuoc he tang Ban on (J1 - 2 b) co cha nhieu vat chat hu c loai 2 va 3 vi tong carbon hu c t trung bnh en kha (TOC ~ 0,6 - 1,8%wt). Tuy nhien cac ch tieu khac ve hydrogen (S1, S2, HI) lai thap va thuoc vao ngng qua trng thanh hay ch con kha nang sinh kh vao pha muon. Cac tram tch nay co the tng ong vi tang sinh thuoc tap Lasmo cua he tang Salavan tuoi Jura trong cac vung Vien Chan, Savannakhet va Pakse. ay la cac tram tch luc nguyen, luc nguyen - macn am ho, vung vnh va bien sot phan bo kha rong va on nh. Do vay tiem nang sinh cua khu vc kha ln. Tnh rui ro cua tang sinh chu yeu la o trng thanh va vai ni thng b cac the xam nhap tao nui Mesozoi muon pha huy. Cac tang cha a c xac minh trong be Khorat - Savanakhet bao gom cac a carbonat Permi nt ne va hang hoc thuoc he tang Ratburi va cac tap a vun chu yeu la cat ket thuoc loat Khorat. Tang cha carbonat Permi (Ratburi) thng phan bo trong mong phan Tay be Khorat va la oi tng chnh cua mo kh Nam Phong. Con cac tap cat ket Jura loat Khorat la cac tang co bieu hien san pham kh va condensat cua cac vung Vien Chan, Savannakhet va Pakse. Cac a voi Paleozoi muon nt ne va La Khe (C1 lk), Bac Sn (C2 - P1 bs) phan bo hang hoc thuoc cac he tang Cu Bai (D2 - cb),
nang trong mong be thuoc Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien. Cac tap cat ket Jura tuy co o rong kha (9 - 13%), song kho tao c c cau bay cha do thieu cac tap chan bao phu. Cac lp phu tram tch co tiem nang chan thuoc khu vc Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien thng khong on nh va b nhieu t gay phan cat, v vay cac bay cha cung tang them mc o rui ro. Phan Trung tam be Khorat - Savanakhet co cac tang chan tot la cac tap muoi mo va thach cao day tao thanh lp phu cho cac tang cha vun. Tuy vay tren cac i ra cua be hau nh khong co lp phu nay nen rui ro ve tang chan trong cac bay tram tch ln. Tuy vay tren cac i ra nay cac khoi nho cao mong tien - Indosini lai co nhieu ieu kien hnh thanh cac bay cha khoi nho co a hnh mong b chon vui. Cac bay nay co c c che thuan li cho cac tch tu hydrocarbon t tang sinh Jura trong cac dien lom sau cua ay be vao cac khoi nho cao mong carbonat Paleozoi nt ne, hang hoc va c chan bi ca lp phu Mesozoi muon pha tren. Cac loai bay quan trong cua vung Tay Bnh - Tr Thien cung co nhieu ac trng tng t vi cac kieu bay thuoc mo kh Nam Phong tren ra Tay be Khorat. Cac vung va oi tng trien vong thuoc Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien Tren c s cac ac trng cau truc a chat cua khu vc va he thong dau kh trong vung cho thay oi tng trien vong cua khu vc Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien chu yeu trong phan mong tien - Indosini trong o tap trung vao cac khoi nho mong carbonat Paleozoi nt ne va hang hoc b chon vui di loat cac tram tch Mesozoi muon trong vung t Khe Sanh en Lao Bao. Cac bay chu
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kha rong trong mong thuoc phan ong cua be nay c d bao la cac tang cha tiem
yeu la dang khoi nho co a hnh b chon vui. Phan tch cac thong tin nay cho thay vung trien vong cao nhat la dai cau tao Tay Quang Tr va Tay Tha Thien. ay la cac dien co nhieu khoi nho mong carbonat Paleozoi c chon vui di cac tram tch loat Khorat . Con pha Tay Quang Bnh co nhieu rui ro do thieu lp phu tram tch Mesozoi muon. Tuy nhien, so vi Trung tam, vung Tay Bnh - Tr - Thien co nhieu tiem nang cua cac oi tng thuoc cac khoi mong carbonat Paleozoi nho cao. 6.4. Cau truc va tiem nang dau kh Trc Kainozoi cua Tay Nam Bo Tay Nam Bo la mot phan trong he thong cau truc thuoc Sundaland, trong o gom ca phan at lien Nam Bo giap Campuchia va vung bien Ca Mau - Kien Giang (Hnh 15.22). Cac thong tin a chat cho thay cac n v thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi mang nhieu ac trng cua he thong Shan Thai. Tuy vay ay la i chu anh hng nhieu cua vung trc cung trong he thong Tethys nong vao Paleozoi gia - muon chuyen dan sang he thong cung ao - nui la trong Mesozoi. ay la vung co nhieu cong ty tham do dau kh hoat ong va phat hien c nhieu mo dau kh chu yeu trong cac be e Tam vnh Thai Lan. Trong so nay, mo dau Nangnuan trong a voi Permi thuoc mong cua be Chumphon (Hnh 15.4). a. Vai net ve cau truc va tien hoa Trc Kainozoi vung Tay Nam Bo. Nhng ac iem chnh cua cac thanh he - cau truc vung Tay Nam Bo eu the hien he thong cac be trc cung vi mot so cac thanh tao Paleozoi va Mesozoi. S hut chm cua ai dng Tethys di luc a Au
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- A dien ra lien tuc trong suot t Paleozoi gia en Mesozoi sm va khu vc Tay Nam Bo a ton tai nh i ra hoi tu trong o co vung trc cung va i cung va cham. S hut chm dan cua Paleo - Tethys di a khoi co Kon Tum trong Paleozoi muon a hnh thanh vung trc cung. Trong vung nay co cac i tch tu cac tram tch carbonat bien khi nong he tang Ha Tien (P ht), tram tch phan nhp luc nguyen - silic kieu nem tang Ta Thiet (P2 - T1 tt); cac tram tch luc kieu cung nui la thuoc he tang Dak Lin (C3 Cung vi s hut chm va bien mat dan cua Tethys di a khoi Kon Tum va cung ao Trng Sn, toan bo khu vc Tay Nam Bo ton tai nh nhng ao noi va cac trung gia cung tch tu cac tram tch vun thuoc he tang Song Sai Gon (T1 ssg), he tang Hon Nghe (T2 hn) vi xu the bien thoai ro rang. tang trng he tang Nam Du (Pz2 nd),), he
nguyen - silic - carbonat - phun trao andesit
- P dk).
S ha thap mc bien tng oi cua vung cung ao nay chu yeu la do s tang cng them cua cac ao - nui la thuoc ra mang troi tren i Beniof vi cac he tang vun - nui la Mang Giang (T1 - 2 mg), Chau Thi (T1 - 2 b don ep vao cuoi Trias (sat trc Nori Reti), anh dau pha va cham (collision) au tien cua cac khoi luc a thuoc Gonwana vi cac vi luc a ong Dng o la pha tao nui Mesozoi sm (Indosini). Sau va cham, trong khu vc tiep tuc phat trien cac khoi nang tao nui va cac trung ke tha gia cung trong o co tch tu cac tram tch luc nguyen cha vat chat hu c (TOC - K pq). Do s va cham tiep tuc vao cuoi ~ 0,2 - 15%wt) thuoc he tang Phu Quoc (J3 ct). Sau khi Tethys tieu bien, cac ao cung
Hnh 15.23. Cac giai oan phat trien be va he thong dau kh Trc Kainozoi ra Tay Nam va ke can
Mesozoi a dan ti s co ket luc a toan ong Dng trong o co Sundaland va cung la s co ket mong cua cac be tram tch c hnh thanh sau o. b. Tiem nang va he thong dau kh Trc Kainozoi vung Tay Nam Bo Trong pham vi Tay Nam Bo, hau het cac bien co a chat Trc Kainozoi eu the hien he thong trc cung. ay la khu vc thoai hoa cac be tram tch, m rong cac cung ao, cac cung nui la va cac i don ep tang trng vo luc a. ieu nay cung phu hp vi cac bieu hien cua he thong dau kh va cac oi tng trien vong Trc Kainozoi trong khu vc (Hnh 15.23). Mot so dau hieu ve he thong dau kh Trc Kainozoi Cac ac iem thanh he - cau truc Trc Kainozoi trong khu vc Tay Nam Bo eu
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xac nhan co nhng tien e ve sinh, cha, chan va bay dau kh. Mo dau trong tang cha mong carbonat Permi b nt ne va hang hoc mo Nang Nuan thuoc be Chumphon cung la bieu hien cu the cua he thong dau kh Trc Kainozoi cua khu vc. Mot so cac tap set, set - than Mesozoi va cac tap set - voi, voi Paleozoi trong vung eu co cha lng vat chat hu c khac nhau cung vi tiem nang co the sinh thanh hydrocarbon khac nhau. Cac tap a voi va voi set mau en xen trong he tang Ha Tien (P ht) thng co tong carbon hu c trung bnh en giau (TOC ~ 0,3 - 1,1%wt), song cac ch so ve hydrogen eu thap, trong khi o nhiet o Tmax qua cao. Chung c bieu th nh tang a trai qua cac thi ky sinh thanh hydrocarbon, song en nay a qua trng thanh. Cac tap set va set - than tuoi Mesozoi trong he tang Song Sai Gon
1. Mong granitoid Trc Kainozoi (R) vi mo hnh mong cua be Cu Long thng la granit, granodiorit Mesozoi nt ne tao thanh cac khoi nho cao co cac tang sinh Oligocen ke ap; 2. Mong la a phun trao hay a mach kieu mong mo Rong (09-R-6X) thuoc be Cu Long va tang cha vun Mesozoi thuoc be Mesozoi chao Praya; 3. Cac tang cha carbonat nt ne va hang hoc kieu a voi Permi cha dau mo NangNuan thuoc be Chumphon (vnh Thai Lan); 4. Cac tang sinh Oligocen thng phan bo trong cac a hao ke ap vi cac khoi nho cao mong Trc Kainozoi kieu cac mo trong be Cu Long; 5. cac tang sinh (S) Mesozoi kieu tram tch Trias mo NamPhong (ong Thai Lan); 6. Tang sinh tram tch Jura kieu be Mesozoi Chao Praya; 7. Cac tang chan la cac tap set Mesozoi hay e-tam phu tren cac khoi cha Trc-Kainozoi; 8. Lp phu Kainozoi, R Hnh 15.24. Mo hnh tong hp cac dang tiem nang Trc Kainozoi cua Viet Nam va cac vung ke can (phong theo JTC-4 Pre-Tertiary Petroleum Plays and potential in the South of Vietnam and Thailand-1997).
(T1 ssg), Hon Nghe (T2 hn) va Phu Quoc (J3 K pq) tuy co gia tr tong carbon hu c trung bnh kha (0,6 - 1,2%wt), song v rat mong va dien phan bo qua hep nen tiem nang sinh kem. Khong nhng the, cac gia tr ve ch tieu hydrogen eu thap trong khi Tmax cao nen hien nay khong con kha nang la a me. Mot so cac tch tu mo dau va kh trong cac khoi nho cao mong Trc Kainozoi b chon vui thng co nguon a me la tram tch Oligocen trong cac a hao ke ap. Cac a cha Trc Kainozoi kha phong phu trong khu vc nh a voi nt ne va hang hoc Permi he tang Ha Tien (Pht), a vun cat ket Mesozoi he tang Phu - Quoc (J3 - K pq), cac a granitoid Mesozoi. Tuy vay ch co cac a carbonat Permi c xac
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minh co cha dau tai mo Nang Nuan thuoc be Chumphon. Cac a carbonat Permi phan bo rong tren ra Tay Nam Nam Bo va b chon vui di ay cac be e Tam trong vnh Thai Lan. ay la tang cha quan trong cua khu vc va thc te a c xac minh qua cac tch tu mo. Tch tu mo dau trong mong carbonat Permi nt ne do co tang chan la lp phu Kainozoi day gan 2000m che chan tren nh cac khoi nho cao mong b chon vui. Cung nh hang loat cac cau truc Trc Kainozoi khac, van e a chan va cac bay cha thng b pha huy do pha uon nep Indosini va pha va cham, tao nui Mesozoi muon. Do o cac bay ch ton tai trong cac khoi nho mong b chon vui di day cac be
tram tch e Tam va Mesozoi. Cac oi tng trien vong va cac vung tiem nang oi tng tiem nang dau kh Trc Kainozoi c xac minh la cac khoi nho co a hnh Trc Kainozoi c chon vui di ay cac be tram tch. Trong khu vc Tay Nam Bo co 2 dang oi tng trien vong a c xac minh qua cac vung ke can. Dang oi tng mong carbonat Paleozoi nt ne va hang hoc b chon vui di ay cua be e Tam phan bo rong trong nhieu be thuoc vnh Thai Lan. ay la oi tng a cha carbonat Permi b nt ne va hang hoc trong cac bay khoi nho cao ke ap vi cac a hao va ban a hao Oligocen co tang sinh set va set than va c bao phu bi cac tap a chan Kainozoi. Tch tu mo dau a c xac minh tai cau tao Nang Nuan thuoc be Chumphon (vnh Thai Lan). Dang oi tng tiem nang mong granitoid Mesozoi nt ne c chon vui di cac tram tch Kainozoi trong vung Kien Giang va An Giang. oi tng nay a tao thanh cac tch tu mo ln trong be Cu Long, song trong khu vc nay cha co khoan tham do e xac minh. 6.5. Tiem nang kh metan cua cac be tram tch cha than Trias Hau het cac be tram tch cha than Trias cua Viet Nam eu co bieu hien kh metan va chung cung thng gay ra cac s co ve chay, no cac mo than trong long at. La san pham ben vng nhat cua hydrocarbon nen chung ton tai kha giau trong cac vung mo than Quang Ninh, vung mo Bac Thai va vung mo trung, ha lu phai song a. Kh metan va than thng co cung nguon
510
goc t thc vat loai III co trong cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi cua Viet Nam. Do vay phan ln cac tram tch co than thng kem ca kh metan. ieu nay cung the hien trong hau het cac be tram tch cha than Trias Viet Nam. a. ac iem va s phan bo cua cac tram tch cha than Trias o Viet Nam Trong so cac thanh tao tram tch TrcKainozoi, cac be than Mesozoi cua Viet Nam thng la phan lom cua cac cau truc hau - Indosini. Hau het cac be nay eu co bieu hien kh metan vi mc o tiem nang khac nhau. Pha uon nep Indosini la yeu to ong lc dan ti s hnh thanh cac trung tao than nay. Do pha uon nep pho bien rong rai tren phan Bac Viet Nam nen cac trung tao than cung phan bo rong rai khap khu vc Bac Bo va Bac Trung Bo. Ve cau truc, hau het cac be than la cac trung ven ra cac khoi nang Indosini. Mong cua cac trung tao than tuy thuoc vao cac n v thanh he - cau truc a c hnh thanh trc uon nep. Phan ln cac be than vung Quang Ninh, An Chau, Thai Nguyen va song a ke tren mong la cac tram tch Trias (trc - Nori) va Paleozoi, con be than Nong Sn lai ke tren mong chu yeu la granitoid Palezoi va Mesozoi sm. Thanh tao luc nguyen Nori - Reti cha than bien chat va (m - coc) en manh (gay - antraxit) la tang cau truc chnh cua tat ca cac be than Trias Viet Nam. Cac mat cat tram tch luc nguyen cha than Nori - Reti nay thng co cau truc phan nhp chu ky aluvi vi ay la tap vun tho va noc la cac tap than va set than. Phan di cua mat cat, cac nhp aluvi thng co cuoi ket c s; phan gia cac mat cat mot so be
than thuoc khu vc Tay Bac thng co nhp ay u; song phan tren, hau het cac mat cat lai la nhp ban phan. Nguon cung cap vat lieu tram tch cho cac be than nay la cac i nui Indosini xung quanh cac trung nho a phng va nguon thc vat thng ang va tren can. Trong cac trung nay thng rat giau vat chat hu c trong o chu yeu la thc vat tren can va am lay co tiem nang sinh kh ln. Nguon vat chat hu c nay cung c chon vui ti cac i diagen, catagen, metagen bien oi thanh than va hydrocarbon, sau o c a vao cac tang cha cat ket nam canh cac va than. Thanh tao luc nguyen cha than Nori - Reti co vai tro ve tang sinh chnh cua he thong dau kh trong Mesozoi va cung la oi tng tiem nang (play) kh metan co gia tr nhng van cha c au t nghien cu. Lp phu sau be chu yeu la cac tap vun tho kieu molas tao nui muon ch phan bo trong mot so dien pha trc cac day nui tre, trong o co ca mot so dien cua cac be than cung b nang cao. Mot so ni lp phu nay tr thanh tang chan a phng bao ve cac tch tu kh metan trong cac bay chon vui pha di. Tuy vay phan ln cac tch tu metan c bao ton trong cac bay a tang va bay hon hp. b. Tiem nang kh metan theo cac nhom be than Trias Mac du cac be than Trias co nhng net tng ong ve cau truc va thanh he chu ao, song ve tiem nang vat chat hu c va mc o bien oi chung co nhng s khac nhau ang lu y. Nhng s khac nhau nay a dan en s khac nhau ve tiem nang cua kh hydrocarbon do chung sinh ra va bao ton trong be. Theo vung phan bo va mot
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so ac tnh tram tch cua cac be cha than Trias muon co the phan thanh mot so nhom be va tiem nang sinh va cha hydrocarbon nh sau: Nhom cac be than Trias vung Quang Ninh la khu vc co nhieu be than ln nhat va khai thac lien tuc, lau i Viet Nam. Hau het cac be than nay eu ke goi tren mong la cac thanh tao tram tch Paleozoi va Mesozoi trc Nori. Tai ay co rat nhieu cac bieu hien kh metan t cac tang cha than Nori - Reti va thng xuyen gay ra cac hien tng chay trong cac tang nay. ay cung la khu vc khai thac chu yeu than gay (antraxit) san lng hang nam khoang 10 trieu tan san pham thng mai va nhieu trieu tan than x. So vi cac be than Trias khac thuoc Viet Nam, ay la khu vc cac tang tram tch va than b bien tnh manh hn ca vi nhan than chnh la antraxit. Do tap trung vao khai thac than nen khong chu y thu cac nguon kh metan tch tu trong cac tang nay va eu e thoat mat. Phan ln nguon kh metan cha trong cac khe nt ne cua cac a vay quanh va trong chnh cac va than. Tiem nang c tnh ve kh metan trong khu vc la kha ln. Nhom cac be than Bac Thai la khu vc co cac be than tiem nang th 2, sau Quang Ninh. Phan ln cac be than trong khu vc eu ke goi tren mong khong ong nhat la cac tram tch Paleozoi va Mesozoi trc - Nori. Mot so dien thuoc Tay Bac Thai Nguyen, be ke goi tren cac khoi mong granitoid va cac cau truc Indosini. Trong cac be than nay tuy co cac bieu hien kh metan, song mc o khong pho bien nh khu vc Quang Ninh. ay cung la vung khai thac than gay va m - coc vi san lng
thng mai khoang trieu tan hang nam. Do bieu hien nguon kh khong nhieu nh vung Quang Ninh va khong c chu y trong khai thac than nen tiem nang kh metan hau nh khong c quan tam. Lien quan vi tiem nang cua than, ngoai kh metan con co the co ca cac kh khac vi tiem nang ln. Nhom cac be than thuoc Tay Bac vi nhieu trung nho keo dai theo hng uon nep Indosini (TB - N). Cac be than co tiem nang khong ln va thng phan bo trong cac vung trung va ha lu phai song a va vung ong Nam ien Bien. Hau het cac be than Tay Bac la cac trung ven ra, vung, vnh, am lay sot lai sau khi Meso - Tethys Song a b tieu bien (post - MTS). Cac thanh tao luc nguyen Nori - Reti cha than la n v thanh he - cau truc chnh cua cac be hau - Indosini trong khu vc. Cac tram tch b bien tnh trong giai oan bien sinh (metagen) vi nhan than bien chat trung bnh t than m en coc hiem khi at than gay. Chung cung la cac tang sinh chnh cho cac dang oi tng tiem nang dau kh Trc Kainozoi cua khu vc nay. Tiem nang sinh hydrocarbon cua tang nay trong Mesozoi la rat ln. Tuy vay, cho en nay chung a b that thoat nhieu do cac pha huy cuoi Mesozoi va trong Kainozoi nen tiem nang kh metan trong cac be than Tay Bac la khong ln. Be than Nong Sn phan bo tren i chuyen tiep gia phan ra Bac a khoi co Kon Tum va phan ra Nam i Trng Sn. Cac trung trong be Nong Sn thng nho va tap trung thanh 2 khu Bac, Tay Bac va Nam, ong Nam. Cac thanh tao luc nguyen cha - cau truc chnh cua be thng ke goi tren than Nori - Reti (T3n - r) la n v thanh he
mong a magma ca xam nhap va phun trao axit do tao nui sm Indosini. Lp phu chu yeu phan bo trong Trung tam be vi cac tram tch vun tho Jura. ay la vung phan bo cac be than bien chat co gia tr thng mai, nhng sau ca 3 nhom be thuoc Bac Bo. Cac bieu hien kh metan trong be Nong Sn t hn trong cac nhom be cua Bac Bo. 7. Ket luan Cho du cac thanh tao Trc Kainozoi phan bo hau nh rong khap Viet Nam. Mot so cac bieu hien kh, dau, asphalt va a phien chay lien quan vi chung a c phat hien kha sm trong cong tac tham do a chat Viet Nam. Do trai qua trai qua nhieu bien co a chat rat phc tap va lau dai nen phan ln cac san pham hydrocarbon Trc Kainozoi a b bien oi va pha huy. Chung lam tang them o rui ro khi tham do cac oi tng Trc Kainozoi nen t c au t nghien cu, tham do va anh gia trc ay. Trong tng lai ay la nhng oi tng can c quan tam ac biet; trc mat la nguon kh metan trong cac be tram tch cha than va cac dang asphalt, a phien chay bieu hien trong cac thanh tao carbonat Paleozoi va Mesozoi. Nhieu phat hien mo dau kh trong mong Trc Kainozoi cua cac be tram - tch khac nhau cua Viet Nam va cac vung lan can khong ch la s ong gop to ln ve mat kinh te ma con m ra nhng kinh nghiem, bai hoc va phng hng ln cho viec tham do dau kh trong cac be tram tch khac nhau trong o co ca cac vung them lan vung nc sau xa b. ay con la hng gi m ve tiem nang dau kh khong ch thuoc mong cac trung e Tam nho ma quan trong hn nhieu la mong
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cac be Mesozoi rong ln, rat a dang va phong phu tren at lien.
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Chng

Cac be tram tch trc Kainozoi va tai nguyen dau kh

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

Ca song Thai Bnh B10-STB-1X/

Lo 104 - Qua Nhan 104-QN-1X/2047,60-2102,6 Granitoid - Mz

12 Lo 01 Hong Ngoc 01-RB-1X/2683,0-3108,0

15 Rang ong - Lo 15 15-C-1X/3276-3290,0

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

lo chu yeu trong pham vi a khoi co Kon

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

Tui a cht Nam B Thi k a cht Triu nm Ty ng Cambri

va ai bien chat sau Song Hong - Phang

Ph-h: Kannack: granulit, gneis, khondrit

H-t Sinh Quyn: phin kt tinh, amphibolit, gneis, quarzit, hoa

H-t Dak-mi: gneis, phin kt tinh, amphibolit, hoa, migmatit, quarzit,

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

granit - kiem (o24 - t) lo tren cac i nay

granosyenit Phu Hoat (|61). He tang Po Ko

thanh cac dien nho, lo trong Trung tam va

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

Phun tro mafic carbonat Carbonat - bauxit

gia sm 362,50 mun

Phin st vi, phin v ctbt kt

mun sm 439,0 mun

gia sm 510,0 mun

carbonate, vi vn, vi-silic, phin st vi

Cc thnh to Trc-Paleozoi hay Tin-Cambri

Phin lc vn (meta-basalt, metaandesit), phin silic,

vi hoa ho tng phn, phin vi, phin st vi, t phin lc (basalt)

Phin lc nguyn, phin silic, ct kt dng quarzit

Nhp xen k ct kt tuf - silic v t vn th

Phin vi, vi st, phin lc (metaanesit)

Phn nhp xen k vi v lc nguyn

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

vi cac phc he magma trung tnh, axit (32

Het, Bu Khang, ai Loc, Song Chay va

Mai (\ - O1 sm) gom chu yeu la phien phylit

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

nc), Quy at (D2 - 3 q), Cu Bai (D2 - 3 cb),

(D3 t), Cat Ba (D3 cb). Mot so tap phien

Con tram tch Devon sm - gia co thanh

theo dien nho ri rac ong Bac, Viet Bac

Trong Paleozoi muon, cac thanh tao

yeu la a phun trao basalt, spilit xen vi

a chat va tai nguyen dau kh Viet Nam

rong trong vung Hoa Bnh va Ha Tay. Cac

Chng 15. Cac be tram tch Kainozoi Viet Nam

Phun tro ryolit phn b rng ri xen rt t vn ct, bt kt