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25% .
(Quartiles): 50 25 75

.
s

Analyze
Descriptive Statistics
Frequencies
A
N
V
M

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2
5
OK
Continue
Quartiles
Statistics..
7


Explore..

Descriptive statistics

Dependent List
Factor List
OK

Statistics..
Continue

% 10 () 2

Analyze

Percentiles

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1
2
5
7
9
9
5

0
5
0
5
0
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0
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(Standard Deviation):
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.


(Standard score):

.
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Descriptives

Descriptive statistics

( ) Variables
Save standardized values as variables

OK

Analyze

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Compute
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Transform

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OK


Into different variables

Recode

Transform

Output variable
change
Label

Old & New Values

( ) Old value New value Add

OK

Continue



Old value Range


1 though 1.49
New value 1

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String
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Automatic recode

Transform
OK

 )(Boxplot

.
.
25 75
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.
.
:
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Descriptive statistics

Plots..

Factor Level Together

Explore..

Dependent List
Factor List
Continue

OK

Resistance

Analyze

229
180
133
259
210
252
188
258
186
273
181

0
N=

148

141

Summaries of separate variables

Simple

Bar..

Graphs

Bars Represent

Define
50000

Category Axis

40000

30000

OK

20000

10000

ASSETS81
WA

PA
TX

OH
OK

NC
NY

MI
MO

DE
IL

CA
CT

STATE

Mean

ASSETS87

ind8187


1. (Nominal Scale):
.
.
.
2. ( ) (Ordinal Scale):

3. :
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.
4. :
.
.
.


(Dependent):
.
(Independent):
.
(Moderating):
.
A
B
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.
(Intervening):
.

.
If condition is satisfied
If

Data

Select Cases

Gender =2 2

Continue

OK

 excelspss
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File type
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Range
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Templates

Data

Value labels

 )(Validity


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.

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.




.
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.

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Scale

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Statistics
Scale if item deleted


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.

.

.


.
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( ) .
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1. Health 2.Finance 3.Lack of basic services
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7.Miscellaneous

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prob1
prob2
prob3
prob4
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prob1 3 prob2 5 .
prob3 prob4 .


3. :
Define Sets..

Multiple response

Analyze

( ) Prob1, prob2, prob3, prob4

Variables in Set
Categories

Range 1 7

( ) prob Name
Label
Add

Close


4. :

Ok

Frequencies

Multiple Response

Analyze

:

. Missing values :
Exclude cases listwise within categories

 T
One Sample T test

.
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100 .

( )100 .
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Compare Means

Test Variable
Test Value
OK

Analyze

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Paired Sample T Test

Paired Variables

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Independent-sample T test
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Compare Means

Analyze

Test Variable
Grouping variable
Define Groups

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OK

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Compare Means

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Dependent List Curent Salary

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Bonferroni
Continue

OK



( ).


1. Q-Q:
(
) .
.
Normal Q-Q Plot of Current Salary
3

Q-Q..

Graphs

-1

Variables

-2

-3

OK

100000 120000 140000

80000

60000

40000

20000

-20000

Obs erved Value

2. :
.

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Normality plots with test

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 ) (Skewness
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.
.

.


.

t
.
Levenes Test .

. .
.
.
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Equal variances not assumed.


Independent samples T test

Compare Means

Analyze

Test Variable
Grouping Variables

OK

 ( )
Factorial ANOVA

.

(
Factor ) .

.


.

1 2 ( )
.


.

 60
6 10
.
A3
A3B1

A1
A2

A1B1 A2B1

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A3B2

A1B2 A2B2

B2


Estimated Marginal Means of Current Salary
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000

Gender

30000
20000

Female

10000

Male
8

12

14

15

16

17

Educational Level (years )

Non-estimable means are not plotted

18

19

20

21

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.
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General Linear Model

Analyze

Univariate
Dependent Variable
Fixed Factors
Plots Horizontal Axis Separate Lines
Separate Plots Add Continue .

OK

 )(MANOVA
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MNOVA
Analyze

General linear Model

Multivariate

Dependent Variables
Fixed factors
Plots..
Separate Lines Horizontal Axis
Add

Continue

OK


H :
C hi-square test
H0:
a

(
)
.

.

.

.



.


.

.

(
).


1. .
.
2. 20%
5 .
Minimum expected frequency
.


Analyze

Descriptive Statistics

Crosstabs..

Columns Rows

Chi-square

Statistics

phi and cramers v

Kendalls tau
Cells
continue

OK

continue

Unstandardised Total Expected Observed

 (
)

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Phi Cramers V
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Analyze
Nonparametric Test
Chi-Square..
Test Variable List
All Categories Equall
OK



( ) .
.
.

.

.


Non-Parametric Tests


.

.
.

.
.


Non-Parametric Tests
Sign t
.
Wilcoxon .
Mann-Whitney t
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Kruskal-Wallis
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Runs
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. K
Analyze

OK

Nonparametric Tests

Friedman

K Related Samples

Test vaiables

e
a

a
n

Friedman Test




.
.
Binomial

Nonparametric Tests

Test Variable list

Analyze
OK

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5

a
N

b
U

c
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Analyze

Descriptive Statistics

Statistics
Correlations

Crosstab..

Continue

OK


Bivariate..

Correlate

Analyze

Variables
:
1. :
2. :
3. :
OK

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 )(Partial Correlation


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Zero-order correlations .
Correlate..

Partial..

Analyze

Variables
Controlling for
Zero-order correlations Options

OK




.

.
.

.
.
.

 ( )

.
( )+1 (
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.



.

140000

120000

100000

r
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80000
C
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60000
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4
4
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40000
S
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.
N
4
4
20000

*
C

0
0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

Beginning Salary

Simple

Define

Scatter..

Graphs

Y X

OK


Linear..

Regression

Dependent
Independent

Enter Stepwise

OK

Analyze

b
u

E
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q
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1
2
1
5

a
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Employee data .


1. (Independence).
2.
(Normality).
3.
(Constant Variance).
4.
(Linearity).
5.
(Multicolinearity).
.




) (residuals .


.
Dependent

Indepndents

Plots..

Regression

Analyze

* ZRESID Y
* ZPRED X
Normal Probability Plot
OK

Continue

) (

Normal P-P Plot of Regression Standa

Dependent Variable: Current Salary
1.00

a
o
.75
d
i
i
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f
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Expected Cum Prob

a
L
.50

Normality plot with tests

Explore

Plots

.25

0.00
0.00

.25

.50

Obs erved Cum Prob

.75

1.00




)(Residuals
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Scatterplot

Dependent Variable: Current Salary

.

-2
-4
8

-2

Regress ion Standardized Predicted Value





.


.

Target variable

Compute..

Numeric expresion

OK

Transform


.

.
Log Tan
.
: Y=a+bLog x
Current Salary

Graphs

Scatter..

Define

Matrix

Matrix variables

Employ ment Category

Educational Lev el (y

Prev ious Ex perience

Beginning Salary

OK



. 1
.


.
( )/1
.
)(multicolinear
.
1
.

) (
Analyze

Regression

Dependent
Indepndents

Colinearity diagnostic
Normal Probability Plot

Statistics..
Continue

OK

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8
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Variance Information FunctionVIF = 1/Tolerance


)(Goodness of fit of the model
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.
R2 1
.

.
Multiple R
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.





.

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).
05/

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.


)(H0: 1= 2= 3 = 0

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2
0
8
5
0
P
1
7
7
0
0
(
m

a
D

(
).



(
) . :
Current Salary = 1.34 Beginning salary + 5930.28 Employment Category
-19.03 Previous Experience+ 601.30 Educational Level- 3068.27

Beta
.

62
27 .
.


Regression Analysis for Interactive Effects
) (Age
) (Moderator SR = +DP+ e
.
R Square .
Age( )
) (Dummy . Age
) (1) (2 ( )3
Recode
:
Age2

0
0
1

1
2
3

Age1

0
1
0

1
2
3

 ()
Compute :
DP*Age1
DP*Age2
:
SR = +1DP+2Age1+3Age2+4Age1*DP+5Age2*DP+e

.
.
R Square R Square (
) Age
.

 ()

) (Dummy .
:
SR= +1DP+2RO+3LS+4EH+5EF+e
Compute :
DP*Age, RO*Age, LS*Age, EH*Age, EF*Age

.
) (R Square Change>0
Age .

 ()

.
Beta

R Square
Change

R Square
Age*DP
Age*RO
Age*LS
Age*EH
Age*EF

 )(Factor analysis

.

.
.

.
.

.

 )(Factor analysis


Fi = WijXj
:
(
)



.


:
( )1973 100 200
300 500
1000 .
10 20
.

KMO .
KMO
. )(Kaiser, 1977
KMO 9/ 8/
7/ 6/ 5/
.


:


.

()Bartletts test of sphericity .

(

).
) (Identity matrix
1 .

K
A
4

B
A
0
S
d
5
0 S


(Correlation matrix):
.

.

) (Identity .
1 .

.
.
00001
00010
00100
01000
10000

 ()

(Factor Extraction):
.
.
.
) (Eigenvalue .

.
.
1 1
( n ) .
pct of
var . ( )1960
1.


) (Factor matrix
.

) (Communality .
1 .
.
1
F1
F2
F3
.

V1
a11
a12
a13
.
V2
a21
a22
a23
. .
.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
.
.
.
Vn
an1
an2
an3
.
.

 ()
(Rotation):
.
.
)(Communality
. 1 .

1
.

Varimax

.
.


) (Orthogonal
)(Oblique.

.
.


.

.
.
.
.



.

.

.


(Santos & Clegg, 1999).


F1
F1

F2

F2

u
m
s
g
o
a
e
f
d
n
i
S
n
v
q
g

%
m
%
u
m
%
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m
o
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l
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a
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l
o
a
f
t
l
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e
o
a
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r
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a
t
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r
%
o
a
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n
i
%
a
t
l
n
%
m
c
a
l
n
c
1
0
5
0
0
2
0
6
0
6
0
2
0
6
6
3
9
9
2
2
6
3
5
5
5
0
8
5
9
5
0
0
5
9
6
5
3
1
0
4
3
2
9
9
5
4
7
2
7
9
4
1
1
6
4
4
9
9
3
1
3
7
4
2
7
1
5
7
2
3
7
3
5
3
7
2
5
7
9
8
0
0
3
7
9
8
0
1
7
0
6
2
3
3
7
5
7
0
8
6
9
9
9
5
9
8
1
0
5
2
0
1
1
4
2
2
1
2
0
3
5
1
3
4
0
5
1
4
6
6
1
1
5
7
7
8
1
6
3
0
9
1
7
1
7
6
1
8
1
2
8
1
9
8
8
5
2
0
6
7
2
2
1
1
2
4
2
2
6
4
8
2
3
8
2
0
2
4
8
6
6
2
5
1
9
5
2
6
9
5
0
2
7
8
0
0
2
8
6
8
8
2
9
0
3
2
3
0
5
8
0
E
x

t r

Scree Plot

.


( )



.

0
29

27

25

23

21

19

17

15

13

11

Com ponent Num ber


:
.

.
:
.

.
( )
(
) .

a
p
o

m p o n e
1
2
3
4
5
Q
2 9
2
Q
2 8
2
7
Q
2 7
3
1
Q
1 9
2
Q
2 3
2
Q
2 0
0
Q
2 1
3
Q
2 6
0
0
Q
3 0
1
0
4
Q
1 4
0
Q
1 8
5
Q
1 6
9
Q
1 3
5
Q
1 7
8
5
Q
1 0
9 7
Q
2 4
9
0
3
Q
1 1
6 7
Q
6
4 3
Q
1 5
1 9
Q
4
8
8
7
5
Q
3
7 4
Q
1 2
1
0
8
Q
5
3
4
Q
8
7 1
Q
7
2
6
Q
2 2
1
0
0
Q
9
7
2
Q
7
31
Q
1
12
Q
9
6
72 5

5
.
( )

.

E
x
tr
a
R
o t a
a
.
R
o t a


1
6/75
.
1
1
1 n
.


.


( ) .



.

.

.


Analyze

Factor..

Data reduction

Descriptives

Variables

KMO and Bartletts test of sphericity

Continue
Options

Varimax

Rotation

Sorted by size

Continue
Continue

Extraction
Scree plot

Supress absolute values less than

OK

Continue

.35

 )(Cluster analysis
.

.

.

.

( ) .

:
.
:

( ).

( ).

.
:
. k-means
.


)(cases
:

.
.


.



.
:
.


:

.
:
.


Hierarchical cluster Analysis

Classify

Analyze

Variables

Label Cases by

Plots..
Dendrogram

Continue

OK





(
).




.

.
.

Dendogram
.
n
. . ..
. 2 .. .

 )(Path analysis

) (causal models.

.
.

.

.

( ) Beta
.


: X Y Y X
.
: X Y
X Z Z Y .
: X Y )(Spurious
Z X Y.
:
) (exogenious

.



.
.
.

.
.



:

:
( )
.
.
(Time order):
.


knowledge

value

performance

error

satisfaction

Example 4
Conventional linear regression
Job performance of farm managers
(Model Specification)