1

By

Dr. Attaullah Shah


Swedish College of Engineering and Technology
Wah Cantt.
CE-401
Reinforced Concrete Design-II


Course Outline:
Analysis & design of axially loaded columns, Eccentrically
loaded columns by USD
Analysis & design of strip footing for wall, spread footings
for columns and combined footings by USD.
Design of retaining wall.
Introduction to limit states.
Detailing of reinforcement.
Introduction to design of staircases and water tanks.
Columns subjected to eccentric loadings


Eccentric Compression



Interaction diagrams of combined bending and compression



Behavior under Combined Bending
and Axial Loads
Interaction Diagram Between Axial Load and Moment
( Failure Envelope )
Concrete crushes
before steel yields
Steel yields before concrete
crushes
Any combination of P and M outside the envelope will cause failure.
Note:
Behavior under Combined Bending and
Axial Loads
Axial Load and Moment Interaction Diagram General
Behavior under Combined
Bending and Axial Loads
Resultant Forces action at Centroid
( h/2 in this case )
s2
positive is
n compressio
c s1 n
T C C P + =

Moment about geometric center
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
.
|

\
|
=
2
*
2 2
*
2
*
2 s2 c 1 s1 n
h
d T
a h
C d
h
C M
Columns in Pure Tension
Section is completely cracked (no concrete
axial capacity)
Uniform Strain
y
c >
( )
=
=
N
1 i
i
s y tension n
A f P
Columns
Strength Reduction Factor, | (ACI Code 9.3.2)
Axial tension, and axial tension with flexure.
| = 0.9
Axial compression and axial compression with
flexure.
Members with spiral reinforcement confirming
to 10.9.3 | = 0.70
Other reinforced members | = 0.65
(a)
(b)
Columns
Except for low values of axial compression, | may be
increased as follows:
when and reinforcement is symmetric
and

d
s
= distance from extreme tension fiber to centroid of
tension reinforcement.
Then | may be increased linearly to 0.9 as |P
n

decreases from 0.10f
c
A
g
to zero.
psi 000 , 60
y
s f
( )
70 . 0
s
>

'

h
d d h
Column
Columns
Commentary:
Other sections:
| may be increased linearly to 0.9 as the
strain c
s
increase in the tension steel. |P
b

Design for Combined Bending and
Axial Load (Short Column)
Design - select cross-section and reinforcement
to resist axial load and moment.
Design for Combined Bending and
Axial Load (Short Column)
Column Types
Spiral Column - more efficient for e/h < 0.1,
but forming and spiral expensive
Tied Column - Bars in four faces used when
e/h < 0.2 and for biaxial bending

1)
2)
General Procedure
The interaction diagram for a column is
constructed using a series of values for P
n
and
M
n
. The plot shows the outside envelope of the
problem.
General Procedure for
Construction of ID
Compute P
0
and determine maximum P
n
in compression
Select a c value (multiple values)
Calculate the stress in the steel components.
Calculate the forces in the steel and
concrete,C
c
, C
s1
and T
s
.
Determine P
n
value.
Compute the M
n
about the center.
Compute moment arm,e = M
n
/ P
n
.
General Procedure for
Construction of ID
Repeat with series of c values (10) to obtain a series of values.
Obtain the maximum tension value.
Plot P
n
verse M
n
.
Determine |P
n
and |M
n
.
Find the maximum compression level.
Find the | will vary linearly from 0.65 to 0.9
for the strain values
The tension component will be | = 0.9
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Consider an square column (20 in x 20 in.) with 8 #10
( = 0.0254) and f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi. Draw the
interaction diagram.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in
2
) and f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi
( )
( )
2 2
st
2
2
g
2
st
2
g
8 1.27 in 10.16 in
20 in. 400 in
10.16 in
0.0254
400 in
A
A
A
A

= =
= =
= = =
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Given 8 # 10 (1.27 in
2
) and f
c
= 4 ksi and f
y
= 60 ksi
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
0 c g st y st
2 2
2
0.85
0.85 4 ksi 400 in 10.16 in
60 ksi 10.16 in
1935 k
P f A A f A = +
=
+
=
( )
n 0
0.8 1935 k 1548 k
P rP =
= =
[ Point 1 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, c
b
.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine where the balance point, c
b
. Using similar
triangles, where d = 20 in. 2.5 in. = 17.5 in., one can
find c
b
b
b
b
17.5 in.
0.003 0.003 0.00207
0.003
17.5 in.
0.003 0.00207
10.36 in.
c
c
c
=
+
| |
=
|
+
\ .
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the strain of the steel

( )
( )
b
s1 cu
b
b
s2 cu
b
2.5 in. 10.36 in. 2.5 in.
0.003
10.36 in.
0.00228
10 in. 10.36 in. 10 in.
0.003
10.36 in.
0.000104
c
c
c
c
c c
c c
| |

| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
| |

| |
= =
|
|
\ .
\ .
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Determine the stress in the steel

( )
( )
s1 s s1
s2 s s1
29000 ksi 0.00228
66 ksi 60 ksi compression
29000 ksi 0.000104
3.02 ksi compression
f E
f E
c
c
= =
=
= =
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

( )( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
c c 1
s1 s1 s1 c
2
2
s2
0.85
0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 10.36 in.
598.8 k
0.85
3 1.27 in 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
215.6 k
2 1.27 in 3.02 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
0.97 k neglect
C f b c
C A f f
C
| =
=
=
=
=
=
=
= :
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

( )
( )
2
s s s
n c s1 s2 s
3 1.27 in 60 ksi
228.6 k
599.8 k 215.6 k 228.6 k
585.8 k
T A f
P C C C T
= =
=
= + +
= +
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center

( )
c s1 1 s 3
2 2 2 2
0.85 10.85 in.
20 in.
599.8 k
2 2
20 in.
215.6 k 2.5 in.
2
20 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in.
2
6682.2 k-in 556.9 k-ft
h a h h
M C C d T d
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(585.6 k, 556.9 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as




6682.2 k-in
11.41 in.
585.8 k
M
e
P
= = =
[ Point 2 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Now select a series of additional points by selecting
values of c. Select c = 17.5 in. Determine the strain
of the steel. (c is at the location of the tension steel)
( )
( )
s1 cu
s1
s2 cu
s2
2.5 in. 17.5 in. 2.5 in.
0.003
17.5 in.
0.00257 74.5 ksi 60 ksi (compression)
10 in. 17.5 in. 10 in.
0.003
17.5 in.
0.00129 37.3 ksi (compression)
c
c
f
c
c
f
c c
c c

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

( )( )( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
c c 1
2
s1 s1 s1 c
2
s2
0.85 0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 17.5 in.
1012 k
0.85 3 1.27 in 60 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
216 k
2 1.27 in 37.3 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
86 k
C f b c
C A f f
C
| = =
=
= =
=
=
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

( )
( )
2
s s s
n
3 1.27 in 0 ksi
0 k
1012 k 216 k 86 k
1314 k
T A f
P
= =
=
= + +
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center

( )
c s1 1
2 2 2
0.85 17.5 in.
20 in.
1012 k
2 2
20 in.
216 k 2.5 in.
2
4213 k-in 351.1 k-ft
h a h
M C C d
| | | |
= +
| |
\ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
| |
+
|
\ .
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(1314 k, 351.1 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as


4213 k-in
3.2 in.
1314 k
M
e
P
= = =
[ Point 3 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Select c = 6 in.

Determine the strain of the steel, c =6 in.
( )
( )
s1 cu
s1
s2 cu
s2
s3 cu
2.5 in. 6 in. 2.5 in.
0.003
6 in.
0.00175 50.75 ksi (compression)
10 in. 6 in. 10 in.
0.003
6 in.
0.002 58 ksi (tension)
17.5 in. 6 in.
c
c
f
c
c
f
c
c
c c
c c
c c

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =

| | | |
= =
| |
\ . \ .
= =

| |
= =
|
\ .
( )
s3
17.5 in.
0.003
6 in.
0.00575 60 ksi (tension) f
| |
|
\ .
= =
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

( )( )( )( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
c c 1
s1 s1 s1 c
2
2
s2
0.85
0.85 4 ksi 20 in. 0.85 6 in.
346.8 k
0.85
3 1.27 in 50.75 ksi 0.85 4 ksi
180.4 k C
2 1.27 in 58 ksi
147.3 k T
C f b c
C A f f
C
| =
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the forces in the column

( )
( )
2
s s s
n
3 1.27 in 60 ksi
228.6 k
346.8 k 180.4 k 147.3 k 228.6 k
151.3 k
T A f
P
= =
=
= +
=
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Compute the moment about the center

( )
( )
( )
c s1 1 s 3
2 2 2 2
0.85 6 in.
346.8 k 10 in.
2
180.4 k 10 in. 2.5 in.
228.6 k 17.5 in. 10 in.
5651 k-in 470.9 k-ft
h a h h
M C C d T d
| | | | | |
= + +
| | |
\ . \ . \ .
| |
=
|
\ .
+
+
=
Example: Axial Load Vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
A single point from interaction diagram,
(151 k, 471 k-ft). The eccentricity of the point is
defined as



5651.2 k-in
37.35 in.
151.3 k
M
e
P
= = =
[ Point 4 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Select point of straight tension.

The maximum tension
in the column is




( )
( )
2
n s y
8 1.27 in 60 ksi
610 k
P A f = =
=
[ Point 5 ]
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Point c (in) P
n
M
n
e
1 - 1548 k 0 0
2 20 1515 k 253 k-ft 2 in
3 17.5 1314 k 351 k-ft 3.2 in
4 12.5 841 k 500 k-ft 7.13 in
5 10.36 585 k 556 k-ft 11.42 in
6 8.0 393 k 531 k-ft 16.20 in
7 6.0 151 k 471 k-ft 37.35 in
8 ~4.5 0 k 395 k-ft infinity
9 0 -610 k 0 k-ft
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Column Analysis
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
M (k-ft)
P

(
k
)
Use a series of c
values to obtain the
P
n
verses M
n
.
Example: Axial Load vs. Moment
Interaction Diagram
Column Analysis
-800
-600
-400
-200
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
0 100 200 300 400 500
|Mn (k-ft)
f
P
n

(
k
)
Max. compression
Max. tension
C
b

Location of the linearly
varying |.
ACI Design Aids for Columns

Design Example 8.3


Bar splicing in Columns

Assignment No.1: (Total Marks100 each question carries 50 marks
Design and Rectangular Column to carry dead load of 250K
live load of 350K dead load moment 150ft-K and live load
moment of 350ft-K Assume material properties.
Determine the main steel required
Determine the ties spacing
Draw final neat to the scale sketch on graph paper
Due Date: Sep,17 2012.