PHN PHI NGUN LC D N

PGS.TS. Phm Vn Hng

N DUNG CA CHNG
Biu ph ti ngun lc v iu chnh u ngun lc Phn phi ngun lc cho d n bng phng php u tin Phng php d ton ngn sch K hoch chi ph cc tiu

Biu ph ti ngun lc
Biu ph ti ngun lc phn nh s lng tng loi ngun lc cn thit theo k hoch tin hin ti cho mt thi k nht nh cho tng cng vic hoc ton b vng i d n.

Cng dng ca biu ph ti ngun lc

Trnh by bng hnh nh nhu cu cao thp khc nhau v mt loi ngun lc no trong tng giai on L c s lp k hoch sn xut, cung ng nguyn vt liu, my mc thit b cho d n L c s cc nh qun l iu phi, b tr ngun lc khan him theo yu cu tin d n

Phng php xy dng biu ph ti ngun lc

Bc 1: Xy dng s PERT Bc 2: Lp biu PERT iu chnh Bc 3: V s ph ti ngun lc

V d: V s ph ti ngun lc cho d n vi cc thng tin sau

Cng vic A B C Cng vic trc B Thi gian (ngy) 5 6 4 S lao ng (ngi) 1 1 1

D E F K G H

A D A D E E

7 3 5 7 3 2

1 1 1 1 1 1

V s PERT
D(7)
2 A(5) 3 K(7)

E(3)
4 G(3)

F(5)

H(2)

I(6) B(6) 5 C(4) 7

Biu ph ti ngun lc
S L

A 0 5

D 10 12

E 15

I 18 24 Thi gian

Gii thch
ng gng l: ADEGI ht 24 ngy thc hin d n theo ng tin ht 24 ngy th cn phi c 2 lp trnh vin lm vic trong khong thi gian t khi bt u n ht ngy th 5; t ngy 13-15 v ngy 19. T ngy th 6 n ht ngy th 10 v ngy 16, 17 cn 3 ngi. Cn t ngy 11-12 v t 20-24 ch cn 1 ngi.

Biu iu chnh u ngun lc

iu chnh u ngun lc l phng php ti thiu ha mc khc bit v cu ngun lc gia cc thi k bng cch iu chuyn ngun lc gia cc cng vic trong phm vi thi gian d tr cho php nhng khng lm thay i thi im kt thc d n

Tc dng ca phng php iu chnh ngun lc

Sau iu chnh, nhu cu ngun lc tng i n nh nn d n c th gim thiu mc d tr vt t hng ha lin quan v gim chi ph nhn cng. To iu kin cho cc nh qun l d n ch ng t mua nguyn vt liu phc v sn xut vo cc thi im c nh , nh k C th p dng chnh sch qun l d tr linh hot kp thi trong qun l d n.

V d: C mt d n vi 3 cng vic, thi gian v s lao ng cn thit thc hin cc cng vic nh sau Cng vic Cng vic trc Thi gian (ngy) 2 3 5 Yu cu lao ng (ngi) 2 2 4

A B C

Yu cu: Xy dng biu ph ti v thc hin iu chnh u ngun lc p ng yu cu ch c 6 lao ng, lm vic thng xuyn trong sut vng i d n ?

S PERT iu chnh
Cng vic
A 3 B 2 C C

Thi gian

Biu ph ti ngun lc
Lao ng

A(2,2)
6 B(2,3) C

4
C(4,5) Thi gian

Biu ph ti ngun lc
T biu ph ti NL trn s thy rng s lao ng cn nhiu nht l 8 ngi trong 2 ngy u, thp nht l 4 ngi trong 2 ngy cui. qun l c hiu qu, cc nh qun l d n mong mun n nh quy m lao ng v gim mc chnh lch nhu cu lao ng gia cc thi k. Yu cu ny c th thc hin bng cch iu chnh u ngun lc. Nu cng vic B chm 2 ngy, ta v c s iu chnh ngun lc nh sau.

S iu chnh u ngun lc
Lao ng 6

A(2,2)
4 C(4,5)

B(2,3)

Thi gian

Phn phi ngun lc cho d n bng phng php u tin

Phn phi ngun lc bng phng php u tin l mt trong nhng phng php phn phi ngun lc trong iu kin hn ch v ngun lc. Phng php ny s dng ng gng v qu trnh phn tch tnh hnh s dng tng loi ngun lc trong tng thi k. Phng php ny la chn cc cng vic v phn phi ngun lc hn ch cho chng trn c s cc ngun tc u tin nht nh.

Cc nguyn tc u tin ph bin

Cng vic phi thc hin trc cn c u tin trc u tin cho cng vic c nhiu cng vic gng theo sau u tin cng vic c s cng vic theo sau nhiu nht (khng ch cng vic gng) u tin cho nhng cng vic cn thi gian thc hin ngn nht u tin cho cng vic c thi gian d tr ti thiu u tin cho nhng cng vic i hi mc ngun lc ln nht (vi gi nh cng vic quan trng hn thng i hi ngun lc dnh cho n nhiu hn)

u tin phn phi mt ngun lc hn ch

Bc 1: Bt u t ngy u tin thc hin d n, phn phi ngun lc khan him cho ti a cng vic phi thc hin trong ch n nhng iu kin rng buc v mi quan h gia cc cng vic ca d n. Sau tip tc phn phi cho n ngy th 2, th 3. cho n khi mi cng vic u c phn phi ngun lc.

u tin phn phi mt ngun lc hn ch (tip)

Bc 2: Khi nhiu cng vic cng cnh tranh nhau mt loi ngun lc th c th u tin cho nhng cng vic c thi gian d tr t nht trc. Bc 3: Nu c th iu chnh k hoch thc hin cc cng vic khng gng tp trung ngun lc cho cc cng vic gng.

V d: Phn phi mt ngun lc hn ch

C mt d n vi cng vic, thi gian v s lao ng thc hin tng cng vic nh s di. Nhim v ca nh qun l d n l b tr 6 lao ng thc hin d n lm sao hon thnh d n ng tin trong iu kin phi s lao ng theo yu cu tng cng vic mi thc hin c cng vic .

S PERT ca d n
B(2,5)

A(5,1) D(6,3) E(3,3)

C(4,2)

Phn phi ngun lc p dng phng php u tin c th phn phi ngun lc nh sau
Bt u t ngy u tin, b tr lao ng cho cng vic A trc v s bt u ca cc cng vic khc ph thuc vo vic A phi hon thnh. C 3 cng vic tin hnh ng thi l B,C,D. u tin B trc v B nm trn ng gng. Gia C v D, u tin cho C trc v cng vic C cn 4 lao ng, D cn 6 lao ng trong khi s lao ng cn li sau khi phn phi cho B l 4 ngi. u tin D trc E v D phi hon thnh trc cng vic E

Phn phi hai ngun lc cho d n

Bc 1: V s PERT Bc 2: Lp bng vi cu trc ct u tin lit k tt c cc cng vic theo th t tng dn ca vic nh s th t cc s kin. Ct tip theo l thi gian thc hin tng cng vic, s lng tng loi ngun lc cn thit. Cc ct cn li c u ct ghi trnh t thi gian thc hin d n t thp n cao, phn cui ct ghi tng s ngun lc cn cho tng ngy.

V d: C 1 d n vi 7 cng vic v 2 loi lao ng A v B. Mi lao

ng cho php ti a l 6 ngi. Vic b tr lao ng phi tha mn iu kin: mun thc hin c mt cng vic no trong mi ngy cn phi c s lao ng tng loi theo yu cu. Thi gian thc hin s ko di hn 4 ngy so vi k hoch ban u (15 so vi 11).

2 A(2,1,2)

C(3,4,3) 4 D(5,6,3) F(3,2,1) 6 G(1,4,2)

1 B(2,2,4)

3
E(4,2,5)

Bng phn phi ng thi hai ngun lc cho d n (x l khng ngun lc)
CV 1-2 2-4 1-3 3-5 2-5 5-6 4-6 TG 2 3 4 4 3 2 1 L A 2 1 3 4 2 2 2 2 5 6 1 4 3 2 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x 2 2 2 2 L B 1 2 1 2 2 1 3 4 2 2 3 4 2 2 x x x x 4 2 x x 4 2 x x 4 2 x x 4 2 x x 4 2 x x 5 6 5 6 5 6 1 4 3 2 1 4 3 2 3 4 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

TL DA
TL B

4
3

4
3

5
6

5
6

3
4

4
2

4
2

4
2

4
2

4
2

5
6

5
6

5
6

4
6

4
6

D ton ngn sch

D ton ngn sch d n l k hoch phn phi ngun qu cho cc hot ng ca d n nhm m bo thc hin tt mc tiu chi ph, cht lng v tin d n.

Cng dng ca d ton ngn sch d n

C th ha k hoch v mc tiu ca d n nh gi chi ph d tnh ca d n trc khi hin thc ha cng vic Xc nh c chi ph cho tng cng vic v tng chi ph d ton ca d n L c s ch o, qun l tin v chi ph d n

Cc phng php d ton ngn sch

Phng php lp d ton ngn sch t cao xung thp Phng php lp d ton ngn sch t di ln Phng php lp d ton theo khon mc chi ph

Phng php lp d ton ngn sch t cao xung thp

Trn c s chin lc di hn, yu cu ca nhim v v s liu qu kh ca cc d n tng t, cc nh qun l cp cao hoch nh vic s dng ngn sch chung ca n v. H c tnh ton b chi ph chung cng nh chi ph cho cc nhm cng vic ln ca d n. Sau cc thng s ny s c chuyn xung cho cc nh qun l cp thp hn. Cc nh qun l cp thp tip tc tnh ton chi ph cho tng cng vic c th lin quan. Qu trnh d tnh chi ph c tip tc cho n cp qun l cp thp nht.

Quy trnh d ton ngn sch t cao xung thp

Th t thc hin 1 Cp bc qun l Cc nh qun l cp cao Cc nh qun l chc nng Ni dung chun b ngn sch

Chun b ngn sch di hn da trn mc tiu ca t chc, cc chnh sch v nhng iu kin rng buc v ngun lc Lp ngn sch trung hn v ngn hn cho b phn chc nng ph trch

Cc nh qun l d n

Lp ngn sch hot ng cho ton b d n v cho tng cng vic c th

u v nhc im ca PP d ton ngn sch t trn xung di

u im:
Tng ngn sch d ton ph hp vi tnh hnh chung ca n v v ca d n Cc nhim v nh, ln u c xem xt trong tng quan chung

Nhc im:
Phi dung ha nhiu mc u tin C s cnh tranh v s dng ngn sch Ngn sch cp thp phi gii hn trong k hoch ca cp trn

Phng php d ton ngn sch t di ln

Theo phng php ny, ngn sch s c d ton t thp n cao, t cc b phn theo cc nhim v v k hoch tin s dng d liu chi tit sn c ca tng cp qun l, trc tin tnh ton ngn sch cho tng nhim v, tng cng vic trn c s nh mc s dng cc khon mc v n gi c duyt. Nu c s khc bit kin th tho lun, bn bc thng nht trong nhm d ton, gia cc nh qun l d n vi qun l chc nng. Tng hp kinh ph d tnh cho tng nhim v v cng vic to thnh ngn sch chung ton b d n.

Quy trnh lp d ton ngn sch t di ln

Cc bc thc hin
1

Cp bc qun l

Ni dung chun b ca tng cp

Cc nh qun l cp cao Cc nh qun l chc nng Cc nh qun l d n Cc nh qun l cp cao

Xy dng khung ngn sch, xc nh mc tiu v la chn d n Xy dng ngn sch trung hn v ngn hn cho tng b phn chc nng ph trch Xy dng ngn sch cho tng b phn, tng cng vic d n bao gm c chi ph nhn cng, nguyn vt liu Tng hp, iu chnh v ph duyt ngn sch di hn.

2a

2b

u im ca phng php ny
Nhng ngi lp ngn sch l ngi thng xuyn tip xc trc tip vi cc cng vic nn h d tnh kh chnh xc v ngun lc v chi ph cn thit. Phng php d ton ny l bin php o to cc nh qun l cp thp trong vic d ton ngn sch.

Nhc im ca phng php d ton ngn sch t di ln

Ngn sch pht trin theo tng nhim v nn phi c danh sch y cc cng vic ca d n. Trong thc t, iu ny kh t c. Cc nh qun l cp cao khng c nhiu c hi kim sot qu trnh lp ngn sch ca cp di. Cp di c xu hng lp d ton vt mc cn thit do s ct gim.

D ton ngn sch theo khon mc chi ph

y l phng php thng c p dng cho cc b phn chc nng v b phn gin tip trong ban qun l d n. Theo phng php ny, vic d ton c tin hnh trn c s thc hin nm trc v cho tng khon mc chi tiu, sau tng hp li theo tng n v hoc cc b phn khc nhau ca t chc.

D ton ngn sch theo khon mc chi ph

Khon mc Thc t nm trc k hoc h chnh lch D n A D n B

(1)
Tin lng Nguyn liu Chi ph in nc

(2)

(3)

(4)=(3)-(2)

D ton chi ph cng vic ca d n

Cn c thc hin: + Thit k d n + Phm vi d n + Ha n nguyn vt liu + K hoch chi tit + nh mc chi ph tin cng, gi my

Quy trnh thc hin lp d ton cng vic ca d n

Bc 1: Chn mt hot ng trong c cu phn tch cng vic lp d ton chi ph Bc 2: Xc nh cc tiu chun hon thin cho cng vic (k thut, kinh t) Bc 3: Xc nh nh mc tng ngun lc ph hp cho cng vic Bc 4: Tnh ton chi ph thc hin cng vic

Quy trnh thc hin lp d ton cng vic ca d n (trong trng hp hn ch v ngun lc)
Bc 1: Chn mt hot ng trong c cu phn tch cng vic lp d ton chi ph Bc 2: Xc nh cc tiu chun hon thin cho cng vic (k thut, kinh t) Bc 3: Xc nh cc ngun lc cn thit thc hin cng vic Bc 4: Xc nh nh mc tng ngun lc ph hp Bc 5: Xem xt nhng tc ng c th xy ra nu ko di thm thi gian Bc 6: Tnh ton chi ph thc hin cng vic

K hoch chi ph cc tiu

K hoch chi ph cc tiu l phng php y nhanh tin thc hin cc cng vic la chn sao cho chi ph tng thm cc tiu, do gim tng chi ph v rt ngn hp l di thi gian thc hin d n. Phng php ny s s dng s PERT tm mt k hoch iu chnh sao cho chi ph tng thm cc tiu, thi gian thc hin d n c rt ngn hp l.

Mt s khi nim c lin quan

Thi gian bnh thng: l thi gian hon thnh cng vic trong nhng iu kin bnh thng, khng c nhng thay i t bin v thit b, lao ng, cc nhn t bn ngoi Chi ph bnh thng l chi ph cho mt cng vic no c thc hin trong iu kin bnh thng.

Mt s khi nim c lin quan

Thi gian y nhanh (thi gian mong mun ngn nht) l thi gian thc hin mt cng vic trong iu kin c rt ngn n mc cho php hp l (khng th rt ngn hn na) trong iu kin k thut, trnh lao ng v cc nhn t khc hin ti. Chi ph y nhanh: l chi ph thc hin cng vic gn vi thi gian y nhanh, l mc chi ph c xem l cao nht khi thi gian thc hin cng vic khng th rt ngn thm trong iu kin hin ti.

Mt s khi nim c lin quan

Thi gian tng tc (Ttt):Thi gian tng tc hay thi gian c rt ngn l hiu s gia thi gian thc hin d tnh ban u v thi gian thc hin mong mun ngn nht Ttt = Te - Tn Chi ph tng tc: Chi ph tng tc hay chi ph hon thnh trc thoi hn l chi ph phi b thm rt ngn mt n v thi gian thc hin mong mun i vi tng hot ng ca d n. n v tnh: gi tr/ 1 n v thi gian rt ngn chng hn nh triu ng/thng....

Quy trnh thc hin

Bc 1: V s PERT ca d n theo thi gian d tnh Bc 2: Xc nh thi gian thc hin mong mun ngn nht i vi tng hot ng (Tn) Bc 3: Xc nh thi gian tng tc i vi tng hot ng (Ttt) Bc 4: Xc nh chi ph tng tc ca tng hot ng (Ctt) Bc 5: Xc nh yu cu rt ngn thi gian i vi ton b d n. Bc 6: Tnh chi ph tng tc ca nhiu phng n rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n (TCP). Bc 7: Nh qun l d n quyt nh phng n c chi ph tng tc thp nht v vic m bo thi gian thc hin mong mun ngn nht. Bc 8: Kim tra li ng gng vi yu cu ca tin trnh rt ngn vn nm trong ng gng. Bc 9: Nu iu kin bc 8 khng tho mn, phi thit k li s PERT sao cho thi gian thc hin mong mun ngn nht bng thi gian thc hin theo ng gng.

V d: Mt d n c cc hot ng c th hin s PERT nh sau (thi gian l tun):

C3

A24,3 D15,3 G0

6
1

B2,2 F5,5 E5

V d (tip)
Thi gian thc hin d tnh ban u ca tng hot ng nh s : teA = 24,3 tun...... Do yu cu phi rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n, nh qun l d n xc nh cc kh nng thc t v thi gian mong mun ngn nht i vi tng hot ng ca d n nh sau: TnA = 20,3 TnD = 10,3 TnB = 2,2 TnE = 4 TnC = 2 TnF = 4,5 Bit chi ph tng tc i vi tng hot ng (triu ng/tun l) nh sau: CttA = 200 CttD=400 Ctt B= ---CttE = 100 CttC =100 CttF = 300 Yu cu rt ngn thi gian thc hin d n trc thi hn d tnh ban u l 5 tun l. Hy xc nh phng n chi ph cc tiu khi y nhanh tin 5 tun ?

Chi ph chng trnh y nhanh

tt
Hot ng

Te

Tn

Ctt Ttt

Tnh
Chi ph hon thnh trc hn

1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

2 A B C D E F G

3 24,3 2,2 3 15,3 5 5,5 0

4 20,3 2,2 2 10,3 4 4,5

5 200

6=3- 4 4 0

7 4

8=5X7 800

100 400 100 300

1 5 1 1 1 300 5 2000

Thi gian rt ngn l 5 tun ng gng l A-D-F; thi gian gng l 45,1

La chn phng n
+ Phng n 1: Rt ngn 4 tun ca A v 1 tun ca F Khi chi ph l: 800 + 300 = 1100 triu + Phng n 2: Rt ngn 5 tun ca D Khi chi ph l 2000 triu Chn phng n 1

 Chc cc bn thnh cng