كهربائيات السيارة

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e-mail:pcdc@palnet.com
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Conductors: WKu* u*
UN s UO WOzUdNJ UMA UIU `L w u* w
s?? b?? p??K? ? 9 U??N? _ p?? b??N? d?H? U?N?{d?F? b?M? W?u?N??
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w? U?L?
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dO_ b* w dJ qJA
r qJA
Insulators: WUF u*
bF p UN wzUdNJ UO d0 `L w u* w
s UdJ UI WuF v R U2 d UdJ UN

dH UN{dF bM UN UO UI WuF v RO d v
e w b VA) UD* Ue u e) q bN
dO_ b* w qJA
U?L?
c? U?N??O?
d WOdJ b w _ u*
qJA w
Semi conductors: u* U
qu t
WKu* u* 5 wzUdNJ UOK UNOKu W lI u w

u?J? Y?O? d( W vK UNOKu bLF WUF u*
W? U?U? U?N??O?K?u? e? o?K?D?* dHB W bM WU
uOUd' Silicon uJKO UuO u* c d
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W?O?L? w? WOdJ dzb w b Germanium
qJA w UL
c UNO
d Wb( UOuuMJ w dO
qJA
WOzUdNJ rOUH* UOU

The Current: wzUdNJ UO uNH
d? d?O?Q? X?% d? v? W?D?I? s? d pK qu w d( UdJ s qO tQ d? F
UL UO Ud UdE pUM bN'
oD WdEM c VU v Vu* s UO Ud WdE
w? U?L?
w??D? U?O? vL UO tLE w
wD UO Ud U&
qJA
qJA
U?NO WOdJ b w oD w UdJ WdE

Vu* v VU s UO d
qJA w UL
wdJ UO Ud U&

qJA
UL 5u v wzUdNJ UO rIM wzUdNJ UO u

bN' d
dL* UO
Direct Current: (DC dL* UO .

UL
XU U& w UdJ d tO WLOI U& XU UO u
r qJA w `{u u
se
qJA
:Alternating Current (AC) d* UO .

s Vu* v VU s dLU WLOI U& dOG UO u
UO b dU dO? G d b vL VU v Vu*
Hz edO d? WLO mK lUB* UM* w U w d*
r qJAU `{u u UL
qJA
Current Intensity A UO b

WOU w qu lDI w d9 w UMA WOL
u
d?O??_ w WUO b I e?d?U? t ed b
l? w?u?? vK dO qu UO b UOI A
r qJA w UL
qL(
qJA
bN' UOI
bN
:Potential DifferenceVbN' d
edU t ed WOzUdN
w 5DI 5 wzUdNJ jGC du
qOu wzUdNJ bN' u XuH XuH w tUO bV
qu bN' d UOI b Ub WUI w dO b Wb UO
qJA w UL
qL( bB* l u vK dOLuH UN
qJA
: Power W bI
X?u? b?I? b?N? d? d?O?Q? X?% q?u? w? dO b bI UO d UbM W&UM bI w
W uU t edb
Resistance R WOzUdNJ W
UI*
WO d1 qu WUI tQ dF
U UI wzUdNJ UO d* qu* WFU2 bI w
Xu b tOd vK bN' d uJ UbM dO b bI UO
WOU W F V p
V
R
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qu* W
UI
wK U vK wzUdNJ qu* WUI bLF

W?u? U?U q?u?* W?U?I? e q?u?* u?
w?U?? q?JA q1 tu l Ud V?U?M? qu* WUI

qJAU UL
.t U* UO vK qu* u U dOU
qJA
UOJ UUM qu* WUI VUM qu* lDI WU

lDI WU ULK
t qu* lDI WU l
qJAU UL
XUI XK qu*
qJA
WUI w ULK WOuM WUI* V WHK< u* WOKu WUI sJ1 qu* U u

d? W bM 3 W?F?DI WU d t?u? q?u? W?O vK U* s WOMO
edU UN ed d w UNUO b uOOK
W? U?L?K
t d( W l U?d? q?u?* WUI VUM q?u* d W
w? W?b??* u* w U?O?K? p? d?N?E? U?O d* tUI be qu* d

UO
qL(
:(Load)wzUdNJ qL(
U?N?M? U?J? b? v?K? u?J? sJ1 WOzUdNJ W UDK pKN* u
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w??( q?L?( wzUdNJ U q WOzUdNJ Wd( WUI*

dNB
UH
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qJA q1
UOK u wu vK
TC UB*
WuH* WOzUdNJ b
DF UNze b uJ w WOzUdNJ b w
UO bB
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dzb w lD V wC s UB*
q?J?A? w? U?L?

wzUdNJ UO UNO d1 YO uBH
U??B?* u?J? U??H?* q?B? r?? UbMF r?
DF
qJA
WuH dz
uBI* WOzUdNJ b
WUD
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nK 5DIM 5U 5 bN' d uJ WU( c w
qB dO qu
d? t?M? ZM U2 wzUdNJ UO w dO

UIb V U2
b wd 5 wzUdN
U9 b YO qu* w WOU
qJA
uL* vB _ b( v UO v UO u bM b qBH dNB WOzUdNJ b w V

d
qL( l wu vK dNB* c qu U9 b WU bM b WUL vK qLF t
WOzUdNJ U
UI*
b hzUB rOI WOzUdN
UUI b eK WOdJ WOzUdNJ b qL oOI
.b c qL VUM
uU
c? u?UI u uU UCF UNCF vK WOzUdNJ b w WUI* UO bN' rO bLF
u? w?U?*_ r?U?F? v? uUI c VM WOzUdNJ bu jd w W F `{u
s?J?1 W?U?I?* l? U?O??J? b?B?* b?N l Ud UUM qu w U* UO VUM t vK hM
WOU WUF*U WO{u
I dO UO
UO bN' d WUI*
R WUI*
Xu bN' R WUI* V bN' I UOK ed
t F c `{u r wU qJA
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qJA
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U?O b V UB* WUI bI Xu bN vK qLF UO UB

UB* w U*
WUI* bN' UO uU V
dO UO
d* UO w U DC dL* UO WU w oD uU U WOzUdNJ b UU bM
UFu* u; WO( WOzUdNJ b qb q
vK oDM tQ
U
UI* UJ u
UUI* rI b WOzUdN
UO qL WdF UUI UN WHK UJU UUI* lMB
WLOI dOG* WU UUI* UL 5OOz 5u v
: Fixed Resistors WLOI WU U

UI*
WUI* r vK UNLO VJ UNOd q bN' d dOG dOG WU WLO UN w UUI* w
UUI* v UNFM U* UI UUI* c rI u dU dO qJA U dU qJA
wK UL
WOzUA WOJK WOud
l? U?N?b? V?U?M?? Y?O? WHK rO UU WOudJ WUI* lMB W?O?udJ UUI*
U? u* udJ s Ze s UUI* c lMB UNO V
d w WOzUdNJ b
UOuD uJ U uKD* qJAU U* VB UH pOdO u q WKu dO
q?J?A WOU) _U UNKOu sJ1 v bF0 WUI* Ud d d(U nH& r
WOudJ WUI* `{u r wU
ud
WI
WUNM UD
WOU) WODG
wbF qu
WU* / uD
bI WUI* bI
pOdO
qJA
p?K? s? U?H b s lMB W?O?J?K UUI*

q?J?A? w? `{u u UL
eF qOJA qO vK
WOJK WUI
q?J?O?M? p?zU?? s? p?K?? u? lMB r?

qJA
q?U?F? W?F?H?d* WOuM UNUI V dJ

WID vDG jO; ju dOQ s WUI* UuJ WU u WLOI iHM* d( UNUI
XKH qd s WDK wUe D s WO
r wU qJA V p
YO s tU WOzUAG UUI* tA WOzUAG UUI*
W?I?? b?? sJ WOudJ UUI* wU) qJA
.U?N?M? W?H?KJ vK W d
w WObF WID udJ
U??A? G? w?? u?? W????? U??U?I?* c? b?u??
d?b?B?I? b?O??
w?b?F?* b?O??
_ U?A wudJ
uOdJ qJOM wbF* UAG
wU qJA w UL
WOzUdNJ dzb w WU WUILK ed
qJA
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(Variable Resistors):WLOI dOG* UUI*

UNLO dOOG sJ1 dOG* UUILK U UHK ud eN w uBU rJ ÒUH dF
v dH s rO vK uB( UNDu sJ1 dOG UUI UM UNOUH db WuN
W dOG* WUILK cJ v dH s
oeM* dD
WUI* U
Y?U?? d?D? U WOKJ WUI* wUN 1 Ud d

d? b? l? d?O?G?? W?U?I? v?K? W?? s? uB( sJLO
r wU qJA w `{u u UL
WUI*
l?M? d?D? W?U u s lMB W?U?) U?UI*
WUI* d
b? w? W?M?O?F? W?O?K?L? UIOD rz WUM WU
qJA
WUF UUI* qL s UNKL nK WOdJ

UUI* c s
q?J?A? U?N??U?I dOG WUI w u???d?O WUI
w? b?? UN{UH d( W UHU uLK
f??L?
U?N?b? sJ1 UL
d( U UH s WUL(
w? b?d??? W?b eN w rJ w d( Wb
WUI
Uu UNM bud( W UO eN
NTC VU d qUF UUI
W UU VU d( qUF* WUI* WLO hIM
5? q?JA .U?N?O? w?zU?d?NJ UO d s W&UM d(
d
qJA
.WUI* d( W 5 W F
PTC Vu d qUF WUI
WUI
U??O? ? d? s? W?&U?M? d?( W? U?H?U? U?N??L?O? e?

.WUI* d( W 5 W F qJA 5 wzUdNJ
d
qJA
(VDR) bNK WFU uUH WUI

U?N?d b vK dR* bN' U l WUI* c WLO qI
U?H? s? W?O?zU?d?N?J bF* WU U w U?U? b?
wzUdNJ bN' w TUH*
TUH UH b bMF u vK b w WUI* c qu

dJM TUH* bN' s e
h9 uUH WUI qI UN' wd 5 bNK
qJA w UL
tb
dNBL qLF WOud WOJK WUI
qJA
WO
d WOU
ULb_ UF UuK Ud UM WOJK WUI* U w
v?K? U?K dNB b v WUI* c s dI* b(UO U& bM

sJ1 qDF bM wzUdNJ UO d lDIM qBHM WKu
UNLO WUI b WOudJ WUI* U w U WKu U( U
d% WUI* c qDF UbM l s q UNb s q
5KJA w UL
p qDF bF bb WUI0 UNb sJ1
5OU
uOM* nU
U
UI* u UE
qJA
u WOD ud WOzUAG WOudJ WUI* WLO s dF

qJA w 5 UL
WUI* r vK u Wd lD
w UH
qJA
dC
dL UHUC*
wHM
V wUU
Vd UUI* u b' w `{u UL
UNOK `KDB WMOF WLO u qJ bu
u_
wC w iO U wHM dC dH wUId dL wM u
U? U?H? b? dAF nUC* YU jdA b WUILK wU r d wU jdA
wU b' w UL
WdEM WUI* WLO w t uL* UH W bO ld jdA
j?d?A? u? w?U?? j?d?A? v?_ WIK(jdA w UNu w WUI* WLO U

UUH W UOd wC ld wUId YU
5 WUI* r vK Wub* u Wd v dEMU q(

bF qUI jdA u
dH bF qUI u wU jdA u
nUC* qUI wUId YU jdA u
UH W UI wC ld jdA u
5 UO s b UNCF VU U l{u
uKO
WUI* WLO

uKO
x
WLOIK vK_ b(

WLOIK v_ b(
uKO
x
U
UI* nK
dNBMO UNd W UH v R U2 t uL* b( s UNO U* UO Ue WO WUI* nK
UA
r b ` WUI* nK s ZM WOudJ WUI* XH WOJK WUILK uJ* pK
d? b? q?B? b? s? W?c?G? bB qB bF dO bU UNLO UOI WUI* qD
W?U?I?* W?L?O? l?H?d? YO dJ* ULF WO WLOI dOG vL d qD UM WUI*
b?I? _U? W?L?O?I? Y?O? s UHu* fH UN dQ WHU WUI* b V UbM d%
uU uBI
U
UI* qOu
w W dD UUI* qOu sJ1
w?u? vK WKB R1,R2,R3 U?U?I W q?JA 5 w?u?? vK qOu
W?U?I?* W?b l WKB WOU WUI* WUN WOU WUI* Wb l WKB v_ WUI* WUN
w UO d YO UOK b U wu w bu t qJA s k WU
R3,R2,R1 U?U?I?L?K wu vK V3,V2,V1 b?N? d? p? s? Z?M UUI* lOL
uU oOD RT WOKJ WUI* I c w U* UO V bB* bN d U

R1
R2
R3
V
R
V I x R
YO
qJA
V3+V2+V1 V
R3 x I + R2 x I + R1 x I = RT x I
R3 +R2+R1= RT
UUIL cN d uLL U wu vK WKB UUIL WOKJ WUIL
WOKJ WUI* V wu vK UUI* XK
q(
RT =R1 +R2 +R3 WU WUI* WOU WUI* v_ WUI* WOKJ WUI*
65 30 20 15 WOKJ WUI*
d U
U wU qJA w UL
wu vK 30 15 10 UUI* XK
V Xu 12 b w U* bN'
WOKJ WUI*
UO b
tUI q
wd 5 bN' d
WUI q
w U* UO WH u wKJ UO U wu vK Wuu UUI* U0 q(
U WUI* R UO I bN' d V YO R X I V uU oOD
R1+R2+R3 WOKJ WUI*
301510
55
WUI* bN' d UO b
12
I
dO 0.21
55
R x I V bN' d
R1 x I V1
10 x 0.21
Xu2.1
UUI* uL U WOKJ WUI* WIdD fHM UUI* w U bN' d V
RT = R1+R2+R3+..+RN.
u vK qOu
qJA w dNE YO u vK ÒUB* UUD UUI* qOu WOHO
qJA `{u
vK WKB* UUI* d 5 bN' d uJ WU( c w u vK tuu UUI
d? U?? b?B?* w?d? 5? b?N' d U bB* wd 5 bN' d uJ YO U??U u
WU( c w UO U V3V2V1V R3,R2,R1 UUI* s q
wd 5 bN'
w?K?J UO uL uJ UNO d1 w WUI* vK UNM q
WLO bLF I3,I2,I1 U?O v dHO
UUI* vK UO u WU WHK tLO UN WUI q
XU bN' d k U
UNLO V q
I3+I2+I1I
uU oOD
V
RT
V
R2
R3
R1
RT
qJA
1
R3
R2
R1
RT
cN qJA w UL
bB* wd l UNCF d s UUI* qu u w
uJO Xu bB* bN' UU WUI q
vK bN' d uJ
a.......... WOU WUI* bN v_ WUI* bN bB* bN
`{u UL
u b U w UO w WOzUdNJ W UDU WOzUdNJ UL WcG
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bI
rJ
f UI
wOUMGdN
nK
qJA
qL( v
bu WK
ÒB u' u dz l{
Ue
pO
UM
tKu* u* s
oze
bb(
UM
tUF u* s
rFM V
tu l Ud qu* WUI e

tFDI WU l UOJ qu* WUI WLO e
td W UH l UOJ qu* WuI e
dUM WHK< WOOUMG* UD _
wK U d
WKu* u*
WUF u*
wzUdNJ UO
bN' d
WOzUdNJ WUI*
wzUdNJ qL(
wzUdN
bB qL s WuJ WDO WOzUdN
dz r
uBI WuH WOzUdNJ dzb uJ nO
rdU d
WOzUdNJ UUI* u d

WOzUdNJ UFu* u d

vMLO bO bU V wzUdN
nK w wOUMG* U: wzUdNJ UO U& b
WOzUdNJ b w d* b r v d

wUU
UNM q
WLO wu vK WKB UUI UNO WOzUdN
r uU V
b V Xu bN' d uJ YO WU WOU v_
WUI q
w U* UO
v?_ w?U??U?
U?NM q
WLO u vK WKB UUI UN WOzUdN
r
b WLO V Xu bB* s bN' d uJ YO WU WOU
WUI q
w U* UO
wu vK WOU WUI* l WKB UNO v_ WUI* W

d WOzUdN
r
bN d WOU v_ u vK UUI l UKB UUI* UU
UUI* c s q
w U* UO b V Xu bB*
wu vK B sKFu UN WOzUdN

r
WHK rO l{ WHK UUI lu qd UN WOzUdN

r
bu
UO U
UM* dL*
UM* dL* UO U

UHJ* UFu* UUI* q WOU_ WOzUdNJ b UuJ W WIU bu w U?O?? v?K? uB( d UB* WOu vK dF rO bu c w UO UB UHK*
UM* dL* UO wu
bu b
tUU UB tu dL* UO uNH vK dF
WOzUdNJ b UU( udO UuU
b
tUb tu bOu d UM* UO vK dF
Direct Current dL* UO
UdJ d YO se d l 5U tU& tLO

vI c UO t Q
dL* UO dF
se l dL* UO jd w W

F qJA 5 Wd fHMU& fH XU U& w b
d
dL* UO
bN'
+
o
se
qJ
qJA b tMJ WOKLF UO( w qOK
qJA dL* UO b dL* UO Ub
W?O?K?L? w? t?b??? W?U?{ d?L UO UO eN lOL qLF YO UO w wOz
dL UO v UM* UO qu r YO UK
dL* UO UB
W?O?zU?d?N?J? e?N?? b?L?_ U?O?? w? U?U?D?? q?L?F??? Y?O? b?L_ UUD -
UH_ UF WOdJ
dL* UO bu bU WOzU dN W

U v WO d( W
UD qu% rdL* UO bu
U?O?? U?& b?O?u? v?K? qLF YO ub bu* bU p .uI bOu
WOUMB UdJ b w u{u* c W r UM* w qLF* UM*
b?L??F? q?u?* WUI WLO
WIU bu w pF dW?O?zU?d?NJ b w tOuH u
w dO UbM WOuH w u qB pc quLK U* u WFDI WU u vK
UOzUdN
bB qJA 5 bB* s WU) tOuH fH UL qB pc qu*
w?UU tUI ULK V2 UNLO
uJ qL( v qB UbM V1 UbI tOu ZM
WOU W
F s WOuH u U sJ1 WOuH u
X X
YO
A UO
bB
qL
UO
V1
dL
V2
q?u?L?K? W?O?u?M? W?UI*

mm2/m
wzUdN
m qu* u
qu lDI WU
mm2
qJ
U
U S 15 m tu 1.5 mm2 WFDI WU UM s pK w 10A tb UO d1
mm2/m0.0178 UMK tOuM WUI* 12V bB* bN
Wu* t tOuH w uN V
X X
=
I.78V 15 X 0.0178 X 10
15
1483 178 tOuH uNK Wu* WM
12
WOzUdNJ b UU j qJA WIU bu w pF ddL* UO UU
s?J? W?D?O?? b? u?J? UbM WUI q wd 5 tOuH bN' d UO U WOHO
udO UuU
UNM bK WOzUdNJ rOI UU( WHK 5u
UMN bIF b uJ UbM
U
qJA w UL VOd vK 463 UNO R1 R2, R3, UUI* XK
wQ U V
bK WOKJ WUI*
R2 WUI* w U* UO WLO

R1WUI* w WJKN* bI
q(
Reg sJ R2R1 5UILK WUJ* WUI*
1 1
1
=
R2 R1 Reg
1 1
1
=
6
3 Reg
1
2+1
=
Reg
6
tH u
2 = Reg
R3 + Reg= RT
6 4 + 2 = R
T
(IT)bK wKJ UO
12 = V = I
t
6
R2
Xu 8 = 2 X4 = R3 X I= VR3
S u vK Uuu R2 R1 _
Xu 4 = 8 - 12 = V R2= V R1
4
VR2
= I R2
6
R2
R1 WUI* w WJKN* bI
2
2
V R1
8
P R1
21.33 =
=
3
R1
dO 0. 67 =
WOzUdNJ b w UNUIOD udO 5u

bbF d bF ULNF{ bI WOzUdNJ b UU( Ub UuU
udO rUF l{
WOzUdNJ b UU( l qJA Ub UL U s
U WOzUdN w U WDI v WKb UO uL UO uU _ udO
uU
dH U UNM tU) WDI v WKb UOK d' uL: UNM WU) UO uL
qJA vK uUI UMI u 0 I
I5 I4 I3 I2 I1
M
dH = I5 - I4 - I3 I2 I 1
bN' d uU wU udO
uU
WFb uIK d' uL: vK hM uUI UIOD bF u
U?O? q? d?{ q?U?( d??' u?L?: U?? W?I?K?G? w WOzUdNJ
UN d1 w WUI*U
R.I
=V
M
qJA vK uUI c UMI u

I.R3 + I.R2 + I.R1= V
WOzUdNJ b vK udO
5u UIOD
qJ
V?? U??U? t? f? U?F?* U?& u?J? ULMO Uu uJ YO U& UO V 5uI oOD bM
UU( w QD ZM U& bb% w QD _ pc oO

qJA U
U
q?JA w wQ UL UK 2 1 U?OKb ULNUI Xu 6 12 U?LN UUD
b UO V 5 UNLO
WOU WUI l
q(
W?D?IM s d YO UO U& b b w d b
U?O S qJA v dEMU

b vK wU udO 5u
oD d d v v v
M M
R .I
I.R3+I.R2+I.R1 =
V2 -V1
I.5 I2 I1 =
612
8 I =
dO 0.75 =
U
qJA w WMO* b d s d q w U* UO V udO 5u
bU
1 b vK udO uU
oD

R I
I 3= I1 YO 4I16I3 2I1
410
1 .... 6I3 6I1
14
2 b vK wU udO uU
oD
R I
6I3 I2 + 2I2
8 4
2 6I3 - 3I2
12
WDIM vK _ udO uU
oD
I3 + I2 = I1
3 I3 - I1 = I2
2 WUF* w uF
6 I3 -(I3 -I1 3
12
6I3 3I3 3I1
12
9I3 3I1
12
4 . 1 5UF* q
6I3 + 6I1 = 14
9I3 - 3I1 = 12 6I3 + 6I1 = 14
-2 w WUF* wd dC 18I3 + 6I1 - = 24
A 1.58 = I 3 38 24I3
A 0 .75 = I1 1 WUF* w uF I1 U
dH* U& fJ t wMF U2 A 0. 83 = I2 3 WUF* w uF I2 U
d WIdD q(
5uN0 5UF vK qB pc qJ UO d vK WIdD c bLF
1 b vK wU udO uU
oD
2I 1 + I2 I1 6 + 4I1 = 4 10
1 6 I2 - 12I1 = 14
2 b vK wU udO uU
oD
I2+2I2 + I1 - I2 6 = 8 - 4 2 9 I2 + 6I1 - = 12 5UF* q
6 I2 - 12I1 = 14 1
9 I + 6I - = 12 - 2
2
6 I2 - 12I1 = 14
18 I2 12I1- = 24 dH* U& fJ t wMF U2 A 083 12I2 10 A 075 1 WUF* w uF I1 U
A 1.58 = -0.83 - 075 I2 -I1 I3 t d c j_ dH w
wK U b wU qJA w R
b d s d q w UO
4 WUI* wd 5 WOuH
b WIO
6 WUI* w WJKN* W
UD
UM* UO
U WDu* tLO
uJ UM qJA se l tLO
dOG c UO tQ UM* UOU bBI
dH
UM* UO bOu

UN d bL w bu* WDu wzUdNJ wOUMG* Y( dU U vK UM* UO bOu r
w? p?dJ od* uL bOu WD w UMOd s
uD w U UO bOu r UO
uD U UO bOu .
w??O?U?M?G? U WDu UO c bOu r
l?O?DI uI WU u q wzUdN rz
WOzUdN WF u
bu R U2 wOUMG* U:
U& bb% WOKL r WK b u* UU U: uJ YO fJF UN
vMLO bO bU
WDu bu* UO
d?O?G? v?K? b?u??* W?L?O
bLF
4
s? w? n?K?* t?

d??? c? w?OUMG* ob
W??d?? v??K? n??K? * U??H? b?? v??K? 5??F?

b bu* u
Ue b
0.01
0.02 0.03
0.04
s? d?? b? b nK s d bu* w
-2
q?J q?J?A? 5? bu buLK oOD

-4
l{ bu uD WU w bu* WOO' Wu*

W q bM wOUMG* UO q nK*
qJ
uD w UM UO bOu

w? b?u?* p?c? U?D?; w? b?u?* u?I? Y?O? W?OKLF UO( w Ub d _ UO u
wOUMG* U: l WU UHK W u vK UO c bOu WOKL bLF bOu UO
s? U?u UF WKJ?A? U?N?M? q? w? b?uO wOUMG* U: UHK* c lDI YO
UM* UO
nK* s bu* 120
YK _ nK* s dQ wU nK* s bu* uJ
5?? _ nK* Y?U?? n?K* 5 pc 120
U?C? Y?K? w?U?? nK* s dQ YU

l{ q w UHK* l{ uD WO bu s bu* Uu* qJ qJA
qJ
u_ WO w
UHK* d qOu d
Star Connection: Y WLM WId
U? U?O?( WDI vL (N b? W?D?IM W d_ qu
L2L1 U?N? e?d? WOU) uD)U vL WO

U W d_
W?K?B?? w?N? j?) W?O?u U uD UO j) UO U YO L3
su 5 WOuH
qJ
Connection: YK* WId

L1
wU nK* WUN wU nK* Wb l _ nK* WUN qu
L2
_ n?K?* W?b? l? YU nK* WUN YU nK* Wb l

W?K?O?u c w N b?U?? j t bu q?J?A? w UL
L3
qJ
W?K?B?? u?JO j) UO U j) WOu = u?D? W?Ou U

.
3 5FU su UO
b Wd UD _ b d 5 W F
W?OJOUJO bu* d Uu* b w dO dOQ b Wd UD
_ bF
b?I? t?F? U?D?
_ b? U? U??u? U?M? U?D?
_ b U b Wu bu YO b
b?u??* U?u?* b U v U2 UD
_ b YO UO bu w d_ c qLF
WOU W
F V p bu* Wd l Ud UUM bu* Uu* b VUM pc
nK* b X UD
_ b d bu WIO
b w Ucc b
2
WOU w nK* b
X UD
_ b d bu WOU w Ucc b
60
2
- U
1500 Wd bM edO 50 Ud tu bu c UM* buLK UD
_ b V
:WIO
b w
nK* b UD
_ b
X
d
60
2
1500 X UD
_ b
50
60
2
VD
4 60X2X50 UD
_ b
1500
d V WIO
t Wd tUD
b UM UO UO bu R
dL* UO s UM* UO eO1 c U

WOU UIM w dL* UO s UM* UO nK
U?? V??? p? s?e? d?0 U& WLOI XU dL* UO
bN' d
dL* UO
bN' bB WOD
U& WLOI dOG qJA tUd U& fJFO UM* UO U
q?J?A? f?J?FM UM* bN' bB wd WOD

_ se d0
se
qJ
d?O?G?? UM* bN' UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU Vu* 5
f?J?F UdNJU UM* e c UM* UO se l dLU

bu WOU w d 5L tUd U&
d?L?* UO bu UUD s dL* UO vK qB
qJ
UF UM* UO qu uI w WOdJ bOu

s WOOz uB tOK qB UM* UO U dL UO v
dAM UdNJ W d WDK bzUF UM* UO bu
UM* UO bOu WOHO UI
b? W?u?N?? p? U?M??* bN' iH ld WOOUMGdNJ u; b sJ1

v?? d???F? d v u s dL* UO qu% eN bF Ud c bI w dzU
w? U?M??* U?O?? U?L?? v? c? wOzd V u c UHJ WCHM bIF
rUF U lOL v WOzUdNJ W
UD lu qI U WLE
Waveforms UM* UO UJ /WOu* UJ_ .

wu* qJA se d0 UO bN' WLO
w dOG j/ 5 wUO r s U wu* qJA
UML
S dL* bN' UOK wu* qJA UM sJ1 rOI j s U dL* bN' UOK
U?O?? 5? W?
F vMM r bM Wd d UNH rOI bM bN' UO UUO
qO
rOI j vK qB u se l bN'
WFd* Wu* .
fJF d* c UML
WIU b fH UMb
W?U??? W?O?M? d? bM qJA WUD wK
bN' WOD
s q fJ v R u c S W
UF
qJA WUI* d UO U& WUI* wd 5
qJ
se l UO bN' s q 5 W
F vMM rd UML
u? U?L? q?JA WFd WUM Uu vK qB u

X% VU dHB j u Vu* 5 UO bN' s q rO
UM YO qJA w 5
dHB j
d?L??? U?O? W?u? vK qB u rEM qJA WUI* d UO lODI UH UMb U
w WMO* WFd* UM* UO Wu qJA YO s tA WOCM Wu* c qJA w 5 u UL WOC
WUI* w tUd U& fJF UO _ VU U& w dHB j X% b9 UNMJ qJA
wC dL UO
UH*
+3
ON
ON
+2
UH*
+1
OFF
0
OFF
se
qJ
WOO' Wu* -
cN wL b
wO UM UO u UdNJ WDK W d bu t Ue c wzUdNJ UO
U u wO' wu* qJA We VO vMM qJA YO s l seK WMU UO dOG _ r
qBH c w UA
UM* rEF* UU WOO' Uu* uJ WOzUdNJ WbMN U w UU tUB
4
2
0
180
360
540
720
-2
qJ -4
Frequency d .
v? d?H?B s beU b YO WOEK UNLOI U dOG qLA UO bNK WKUJ Wu*
v seK f UF* U& w beU b p bF dHB v uI v h

UM r vK_ b( mK
d? l WLEM uB jLM c dJ d d dHB v qB v h
UM r vK_ Ub mK
F d?(U? d?K ed Frequencyd?? b? W?O?U? w? b?u* Uu* b vL se
HZ d(U UN ed edO vL bu UI
bu WOU w 50 WOU nB w 25 qLJ 14 qJA w WMO* WOO' Wu*
U rUF rEF U w qLF* UM* UO d edO 50 U Ud S wUU
t? q? U?O?zu?A? d?? c? q UO sJ r edO 60 d? q?L?F???? b* Uu U edO 50

u?{ w?D?F? w?K?O?H UB* _ uI dO d bF t b; WLOI s d UH tU
UH v R d UH UL edO 40 v d iHM UbM 5FK WuK uB UFDI
UM* UO qI w Wb* _ WUI
Wu
WOU nB
qJ
bN' UOK WOO' Wu* UUO .
d?Q? W?O??O? W?u UI wJ WLOI w dLU dOG UO bNK WUM* WOO' Wu*
Wu*Amplitude U bb bb WHK d bu WU) rOI iF dF dC sL

UuO d _ W dD 8 qJA w 5 WOO'
Maximum Value vLEF WLOI
W?U w Vm d?_U? bN' WU w UN ed UO bN' UNGK w uBI WLOI w
W??u?* WLOI v dHB j s UI Peak Value W?c? WLOI UC vL Im U?O

Xu311 mK UdNJ W d t Ue c UM* bNK vLEF WLOI mK WU
Peak to Peak Value WLI v WLI s WLOI
d_U bN' WU w UN ed WU WLI v Wu* WLI s WOO' Wu* U s dF w
20 U qJA w WMO* WuLK WLI v WLI s U_ WLO

Ipp UO WU w Vp-p
U?? W?L?I? v? W?L?I? s? W?LOI S dHB j) WMU dUM WUM* WOO' Wu* U0 Xu
vLEF WLI X 2 WLI v WLI WLO
vLEF WLOI nF{
Average Value WDu* WLOI

n?B? b?? vK WOEK rOI s WFL cQ WKUL* UB_ UuLK rOI c U(
Wu* wHBM rOI c U b w V UMOF b vK UNLI rOI c lL$ jI u

uL U Wu* rOI uL _ dH U WU( c w WOEK rOIK d' uL: u
WOU W
FU vLEF UNLO
Wb WOO' Wu* WDu* WLOI V%WU rOI
vLEF WLOI X 0. 637 WDu* WLOI
Iav d_U UOK WDu* WLOIK ed UL Vav d_U bNK WDu* WLOIK ed
Effective Value WUFH WLOI
WOU W
FU WOO' WuLK WUFH WLOI vDF
WKU Wu w WOEK rOI ld ju* wFOd c' Wd bU UO{U 0.707 qUF 5F
Root Mean Square : RMS UFd* ju c WLO
r WUFH WLOI vK oKD c
b?
w? d?L???* b?N?' U?O?? s? U?N??H? WLOI qUI UN_ r cN WUFH WLOI XOL bI
w Wd( bI U Wd b
WUI w bu c dL* bN' UO WLO
UN 5
q?B?? c UM* bNK WOEK WLOI uI p vK UL UM* UO bN' Ubu
bI s tH bI* jCU wDF bN' c u311 U eM* w UF UO cQ s WOK
e?M?* w? U?M?* bNK WUFH WLOI S wUU dL* bN' s Xu220 U?NODF w Wd(
Xu 220 U
WUF* b V p bM vLEF WLOI v WUFH WLOI qu% UMeK U UU
WUFH WLOI X 1.414 WUFH WLOI X 2 vLEF WLOI
vLEF WLOI X 0.707 vLEF WLOI WUFH WLOI
2
q(
WUFH WLOI X 1. 414 vLEF WLOI
220 X 1. 414
Xu 311
IRMS d_U UN edO UOK WUFH WLOI U VRMS d_U bNK WUFH WLOIK ed
WLOI c fOI UO bNK UOI eN rEF UL WOKLF UO( w Ub d _ WLOI
(Phase Angle): uD W .
d U_ w UdOG sJ1 c UM* UO bNK WOO' Uu* w W rOI
d Wu vK Wu UN dQ bI w WOzUdNJ Ub b u uDU uD

w? 5* bu*U UM* bN' bOu UU9 5KUL sbu UMb dHM uD uNH Ò{u
w?? W?d fHM bu* S Ub WOM d d bF bu* S Ub UM qJA

bu* UN U
W w d UM uJO bu* U UbM
UbI W d d% bu* dHM
U?N???M? w WOO' Wu* uI sJ1 pc WOM WE( w
U?b?I sbu* 5 b
uI sJ1 UL
UbI We bu* UNM w WOO' Wu* vK Leads bI bu*
w? 5
U?b?I? We Va b?u?* W?u vK Lags d?Q Vb b?u?* W?u UC
ULNMO uD d W sbuLK bN' wu qJA
b d U WOO Uu l 15 qJA w 5 d uD d W uNH Ò{u
Wu* S d_ Uu* UNF UIM ldL Wu* UMb uDU UNMO ULO nK ULMO
90 bI0 Wu* s dQ dHB j lDI UNS Wu* U uD w UU9 UNF WIH uJ
S? d?O W90 U?b?I? W?e? W?u?* s? d?Q?? ? Wu* uI UMMJ1 cJ W
s dQ Wu* UI c W 180 U?bI We Wu* bF dHB j lDI Wu*
Wu* l uD w UU9 f UF Wu* uI UMMJ1 UL W 180 UbI We Wu*
90
90
180
270
370
qJ
UM* UO hOK

dL* bN' bB WOD
U V p se d l U& WLOI XU dL* UO
dL UO v UM* UO qu dL* UO bu UUD s tOK qB
f?JFM UM* bN' bB wd WOD
_ qJA tUd U& fJF UM* UO
dLU dOG UM* bN' UOK WOEK WLOI UL VU Vu* 5 qJA
d 5L tUd U& fJF UdNJ W d WDK t Ue c UM* UO se l
bu WOU w
bN' d
j??/ 5?? w??U??O? r? s? U?? w?u?* q?J?A?

se d0 UO bN' WLO
w dOG
180
360
qJ
se
W? d? b?u? t? U?e? c? w?zU?d?N?J UO

cN wL b
wO UM UO u UdNJ
We VO vMM qJA YO s l seK WMU UO dOG r

5??O?D?M?G? 5??D?
5? u? u WU Wd b U nK s V d jO bu*
5IK( 5U vK UIeM udJ s UUd UNOK e wIK U wUN XK
5DI 5 wOUMG* U: w WObM W WKU WOJOUJO U b UbM
WKU WOO WUM bN Wu nK* U w bu 5OOUMG*
bu WOU w bu* Uu* b Frequency) : d
rUF rEF U w UF UO d HZ edON bu UI F d(U t ed
edO b* Uu w edO
T d?(U? U?N? e?d? b? W?u? UN
dG w WOMe dH Period): b? se
1
=T W
FU b se vDF WOU e WOUU UI
F
lu nK WUI UM* UO UuJ

WUI*
S? W??U? WUI* XU se l WU uJ dL* UO WU w WOuH S U?IU X UL
qJA w 5 u UL UC
UU uJ UNM U* UO
qJ
r? d?H?B? s? U?N??L?O

b YO UO pc wO vMM V dOG WOuH S UM* UO U
d?H?B v uF r VU U& w vLEF WLOIK qB p bF dHBK uF r vLEF WLOIK qB
U& fH w WOuH UO uJ WOKLF dJ
qJ
nK*
W?u?I vK qLF w WOOUMG W
U se uI t UO Ud bM uHK pK s U u
WOzUdNJ b w nKLK ed wc Y(U dUE c vL nK* w d c UOU dOOG
Henry dMN vL bu nKLK wc Y( qUF UI qJA w 5 u UL WOdJ_
nK* e
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