' .

19
.
. 19.1
F . f ( x ) , g( x ) F [ x ] , g( x ) 0 -
, ) f ( x ) g ( x ,
] , h( x ) F [ x
) . f ( x ) = g( x ) h( x
) g( x h( x ) - ) . f ( x
) h( x ) f ( x. g( x ) -
. 19.2
] f ( x ) = x 2 2 R[ x ] x 2 R[ x .
. 19.3
F .

f ( x ) , g( x ) F [ x ] , g( x ) 0
] , h( x ) , r ( x ) F [ x

) , f ( x ) = g ( x ) h( x ) +r ( x

) .deg( r ) < deg( g

) h( x ) f ( x. g( x ) -
) r ( x ) f ( x. g( x ) -
. 19.4
7 x 3 2 x 2 + 5x 2 x 3 - . R
.

; 7 x 3 2 x 2 + 5x 2 = ( x 3) ( 7 x 2 + 19 x + 62) + 184
h( x ) = 7 x 2 + 19 x + 62
.
r ( x ) = 184

. 19.5
6x 4 + 4 x 3 + 5x 2 + 3x + 1 3x 2 + 4 x + 2 - . Z 7
.

); 6 x 4 + 4 x 3 + 5x 2 + 3x + 1 = ( 3x 2 + 4 x + 2)( 2 x 2 + x + 6) + ( 5x + 3

h( x ) = 2 x 2 + x + 6
r ( x ) = 5x + 3

. 19.6

) ( F,+ ,

F [ x ] ,

) f ( xa F -

) . f ( x ) = ( x a ) h( x ) + f ( a
(1
, ) r ( x ) f ( xa -
) f ( x . a F
.
19.3
) , f ( x ) = ( x a ) h( x ) + r( x
(2
] h( x ) , r ( x ) F [ x , deg( r ) < 1 -,

( x) = b F , x F

.r

a F .(2)-:
) , f ( a ) = ( a a ) h( x ) + r ( a ) = 0 h( x ) + r ( a ) = r ( a.
. 19.7
] f ( x ) F [ x ] x a F [ x
a ) . f ( x
. 19.8
1 2 - , x 3x + 2 Z m [ x ] , m 7 m
. 19.2 x 2 3x + 2 x 1 -
x 2 - , Z m , m 7 m
. ). x 2 3x + 2 = ( x 1) ( x 2
2

. 19.9
1 , x 3 3x 2 + 4 x 2 Z m [ x ] , m 5 m
. 19.2 x 3 3x 2 + 4 x 2 Z m [ x ] , m 5
x 1 - , Z m , m 5 m .
). x 3 3x 2 + 4 x 2 = ( x 1) ( x 2 + 2 x + 2
. 19.10
R .

 ] f ( x ) R[ x )) (reducible ,(R
] , g( x ) , h( x ) R[ x
) f ( x ) = g ( x ) h( x
. 19.11
). x 2 x + 1 = ( x 1) = ( x 1) ( x 1
.1
). x 2 4 x + 3 = ( x 1) ( x 3
.2
. Z
2

. 19.12
R .
] f ( x ) R[ x ) ,(R
] , g( x ) , h( x ) R[ x
) f ( x ) = g( x ) h( x
. 19.13
x 2 + 1 , Z, Q, R ) C
( ,
). x 2 + 1 = ( x i) ( x + i
. 19.14
] f ( x ) F [ x:
1 - .
.1
deg( f ) =2 , deg( f ) =3 ) f ( x
.2
) . f ( x
.19.3
2 19.14 ,

>3

) . deg( f

. 19.15
) x + 4 x + 3 = ( x + 1)( x + 3 , Z
) ( .
2

. 19.15.1
F .
] f ( x ) F [ x n, n 1 n -.
.
.

 . f ( x ) = a1 x + a 0 , a1 0 : ,
.1
n=1
a = a1 1a 0 ) . f ( x
. 2 . n = m

.n = m + 1

.3
m +1
m
m 1
. f ( x ) = a m+1 x
+ a m x + a m1 x +...+a1 x + a 0
: , . , .
, a - 19.2
. f ( x ) = ( x a ) h( x ) ,deg( h) n
, deg( h) n h( x ) - n - . f ( x ) -
n+1 - ,''.

. Z
. 19.16
f ( x ) = a n x + a n 1 x +...+a1 x + a 0 .
. f ( x ) Z[ x ] ,
a Z ) f ( x a 0 a -
.
n 1

.
:

. f ( a ) = a n a n + a n 1a n 1 +...+a1a + a 0
a , , f ( a ) = 0 (3)- ,

)(3

) , a 0 = ( a n a n + a n 1a n 1 +...+a1a ) = a ( a n a n 1 + a n 1a n 2 +...+a1

+...+a ) Z

n 2

+ a n 1a

n 1

. ( an a

a 0 a - ,''.
. 19.17
f ( x ) = x 3x + 3x 3x + 2 .
2

.
2 .2,1,2 -,1- .1 -:
. f ( 1) = 1 3 + 3 3 + 2 = 0
1 ) f ( x x 4 3x 3 + 3x 2 3x + 2 19.3
x 1 - .:
)(4
)x 4 3x 3 + 3x 2 3x + 2 = ( x 1) ( x 3 2 x 2 + x 2
g( x ) = x 3 2 x 2 + x 2 .
:
4

 , g( 1) = 1 2 + 1 2 = 2 1 , ;
g ( 2) = 8 8 + 2 2 = 0
2 ) g( x x 3 2 x 2 + 2 x 2 19.3
x 2 - .:
). x 3 2 x 2 + x 2 = ( x 2) ( x 2 + 1

)(5
x 2 + 2 . Z 1-1 -
) (.
) (5 .(4) -:
). x 4 3x 3 + 3x 2 3x + 2 = ( x 1) ( x 2) ( x 2 + 1
. 19.17.1
1 1- ) , f ( x
a 0,

)f ( 1
)f ( 1
-

+1
1

.
) , f ( x 19.7.1
] . f ( x ) = ( x ) q( x ) , q ( x ) Z[ x

) (5.1

1 1- .(5.1) -:
f (1) = (1 ) q (1),q (1) Z
.
f ( 1) = ( 1 ) q( 1),q ( 1) Z
)(5.2
(5.2)- ,

)f ( 1
Z
+1

)f ( 1
Z -
1

,''.

. 19.17.2
a Q , f ( x ) Z[ x ] , a n = 1 . a Z
.
p
p
= a , f ( x ) Z[ x ] , a n = 1
q
q

p
+...+a1 + a 0 = 0
q

n 2

p
+ a n 2
q

n 1

p
q

p
q

. + a n 1

-
n

p
= a n 1 p n 1 a n 2 p n 2 q a n 3 p n 3 q 2 ...a1 pq n 2 a 0 q n 1 Z
q

pn
, q = 1.

 . 19.18
] , f ( x ) Z[ x

] g( y ) = y n + a n 1 y n 1 + a n a n 2 y n 2 + a n 2 a n 3 y n 3 +...+ a n n 2 a1 y + a n n 1a 0 Z[ x

. a n -
.
) f ( x a n n1 - . y = a n x

) . a n n 1 f ( x ) = g( a n x ) = g( y
(5.3) - , ) f ( x ) g( y
. a n ) g( y
) , f ( x ) g( y , 1
19.17.2 ,
19.17 19.17.1 .

) (5.3

. 19.19
. f ( x ) = 3x + 5x + x + 5x 2
3

4, a n = 3, a n n 1 = 33
:
5 ( 3x ) 3 3 2

) +3

) + 3( 3

= . n ) f ( x33 -

) + 5( 3

3 f ( x) = ( 3 x
4

)(6

. y = 3x : y .(6) -
)(7
. 27 f ( x ) = g( y ) = y 4 + 5 y 3 + 3 y 2 + 45 y 54
19.18 ) . g ( y
54 . 1,2,3,6,9,18,27,54
. y1 = 1 . g( 1) = 1 + 5 + 3 + 45 54 = 0 : y1 = 1
) , g ( y g ( y ) 19.7 y 1 - .

) , g( y ) = ( y 1) q( y
)(8

3
2
. q( y ) = y + 6 y + 9 y + 54
q( 1) 1 + 6 9 + 54
50
)q( 1
1 + 6 + 9 + 54
70
-

=
=
=
=
1+
1+
1+
1
1
1

}. { 1,2,3,6,9,18,27,54

50
70
-
,
1+
1

) (

= 6 19.17.1 . = 6:
. q( 6) = ( 6) 3 + 6 ( 6) 2 + 9 ( 6) + 54 = 216 + 216 54 + 54 = 0
y 2 = 6 ) q ( y ) ) g ( y )
.((7
) . g ( y
) g ( y
y1 = 1. y 2 = 6 -
1
19.18
3

= x1 x 2 = 2 -

. f ( x ) = 3x + 5x + x 2 + 5x 2
3

. 19.20
y 2 = 6 ) , q ( y 19.7 ) g ( y
y + 6 -
.:
3
2
)(9
)q( y ) = y + 6 y + 9 y + 54 = ( y + 6)( y 2 + 9
) (9 .(8)-:
)
), g( y ) = ( y 1)( y + 6)( y 2 + 3
(10
(10) ,(7) - y = 3x -
1
1
)( 3x 1) ( 3x + 6) ( 9 x 2 + 3) = x ( x + 2) ( 3x 2 + 1

27
3

3x 2 + 1 . Q

= ). f ( x