Kin thc c bn v mng khng dy Mng khng dy khng dng cp cho cc kt ni, thay vo , chng s dng sng Radio,

cng tng t nh in thoi khng dy. u th ca mng khng dy l kh nng di ng v s t do, ngi dng khng b hn ch v khng gian v v tr kt ni... Ti sao li ni mng : Mt h thng mng l 1 tp hp ca cc loi my tnh Desktop, Laptop v cc thit b phn cng khc nh my in, my Scannerc kt ni vi nhau nhm mch ch c bn l giao tip v trao i d liu. Ni mng cng ng ngha vi chia x, v n cho php cc my tnh ni mng c th ni chuyn, giao tip vi nhau, v cng chia x cc ngun ti nguyn nh my in hay cc file d liu. Li ch ca vic ni mng : Ni mng to ra s linh hot trong cch m bn lm vic cng nh s dng thi gian vi my tnh v cc thit b in t khc. Vi 1 h thng mng, bn c th: Chia s cc kt ni tc cao, bng thng rng hoc cc kt ni Internet, cho php tt c mi ngi u c th lt Web ng thi. Chia s cc nh dng file, thit lp cc khng gian lu tr chung. Tit kim thi gian v tin bc bng cch chia s vi nhau cc thit b nh my in, my Scanner v cc thit b ngoi vi khc So snh gia mng khng dy v mng c dy Hin trn th gii ang s dng hai loi cng ngh mng l : 1/Cng ngh khng dy (Wireless Technology) : cc thit b trong h thng mng giao tip vi nhau qua sng Radio. 2/Cng ngh c dy (Wired Technology) : cc thit b trong h thng mng giao tip vi nhau thng qua cp truyn d liu. Ti sao nn la chn mng khng dy Mng khng dy khng dng cp cho cc kt ni, thay vo , chng s dng sng Radio, cng tng t nh in thoi khng dy. u th ca mng khng dy l kh nng di ng v s t do, ngi dng khng b hn ch v khng gian v v tr kt ni. Nhng u im ca mng khng dy bao gm : Kh nng di ng v s t do cho php kt ni t bt k u. Khng b hn ch v khng gian v v tr kt ni. D lp t v trin khai. Khng cn mua cp. Tit kim thi gian lp t cp. D dng m rng. Mng khng dy hot ng nh th no Mt h thng mng khng dy n gin bao gm hai hoc nhiu hn cc my tnh uc kt ni vi nhau nhm mch ch trao i d liu v cc ti nguyn khc. M hnh cng tng t nh mt h thng in thoi khng dy bao gm mt trm chnh cng vi nhiu cc in thoi nhnh. Ni mng khng dy hin ang c coi l mt gii php rt th v bi bn s khng gp nhiu tr ngi nh khi dng cp v s khng mt nhiu thi gian khi c nhu cu m rng. C hai loi mng khng dy c bn : Kiu Ad-hoc : Mi my tnh trong mng giao tip trc tip vi nhau thng qua cc thit b Card mng khng dy m khng dng n cc thit b nh tuyn (Wireless Router) hay thu pht khng dy (Wireless Access Point). Kiu Infrastructure : Cc my tnh trong h thng mng s dng mt hoc nhiu cc thit b nh tuyn hay thit b thu pht thc hin cc hot ng trao i d liu vi nhau v cc hot ng khc. Vi nt v cc im Hotspot

Hotspot l g : Hotspot l mt a im m ti c cung cp cc dch v kt ni khng dy v dch v truy cp Internet tc cao, thng qua hot ng ca cc thit b thu pht khng dy (Wireless Access Point). Nu bn ang trong mt im Hotspot v my tnh ca bn c trang b sn Card mng khng dy, khi bn hon ton c th tham gia vo h thng mng v truy cp vo Internet. S lng cc im Hotspot ang tng nhanh theo thi gian v by gi bn c th d dng tm thy chng cc khu vc nh Nh hng, Qun Cafe, Sn bay tham gia vo mt im Hotspot th bn cn c nhng g : n gin bn ch cn c my tnh hoc my PDA c trang b tnh nng khng dy. Cn nu my tnh hoc my PDA ca bn cha c tnh nng th truc ht bn cn mua thm cc loi Card mng khng dy ph hp lp vo chng. Ti thi im ny th phn ln cc im Hotspot u s dng cc thit b thu pht khng dy chun B (hay 802.11b), tuy nhin xu hng chung trong thi gian sp ti l cc thit b loi ny s c thay th bi cc thit b khng dy chun G nhm p ng 1 tc cao hn. Lm th no tm thy cc im Hotspot : Bn c th gi in trc tip n cc nh cung cp dch v hi thm v a ch c th ca cc im Hotspot ca h, hoc bn cng c th truy cp vo Website : www.wifi-zone.org tm hiu v cc im Hotspot trn ton th gii. Lm th no tham gia vo mt Hotspot : i vi cc im Hotspot khng thu ph, tham gia vo bn cn c cung cp cc thng tin v SSID ca h thng mng hay n gin l tn ca h thng mng. Cn i vi cc im Hotspot thng mi, bn cn thit lp mt Account trc khi tham gia ln u tin, account ny s c cung cp bi nhng ngi ch ca im Hotspot . Vn bo mt ti cc im Hotspot : i vi cc im Hotspot cng cng, v mch ch n gin ho qu trnh tham gia ca ngi dng nn hu ht cc tnh nng bo mt u khng c kch hot hoc c dng rt hn ch, v th nu bn c nhu cu s dng bo mt ti nhng a im ny th cn tm hiu xem im Hotspot m bn ang tham gia c h tr tnh nng VPN Pass-through hay khng ? Cc chun ca mng khng dy Chun 802.11b (Chun B) : cc thit b thuc chun ny hot ng tn s 2.4GHz v c th truyn d liu vi tc ti a 11Mbps trong phm vi t 100 feet n 150 feet ( t 35 mt n 45 mt ) Chun 802.11a (Chun A) : cc thit b thuc chun ny hot ng tn s 5GHz v c th truyn d liu vi tc ti a 54Mbps nhng ch trong phm vi khong 75 feet ( khong 25 mt) Chun 802.11g (Chun G) : Cc thit b ny hot ng cng tn s nh cc thit b chun B, tuy nhin chng h tr tc truyn d liu nhanh gp 5 ln so vi chun B vi cng mt phm vi ph sng. Cc thit b chun B v chun G hon ton tng thch vi nhau, tuy nhin cn lu khi bn trn ln cc thit b chun B v chun G vi nhau th cc thit b s hot ng theo chun no c tc thp hn. V tc mng Tc mng lin quan n vic cc my tnh ni mng c th giao tip v trao i thng tin vi nhau bao nhanh. Cc tc ca chun khng dy nh 11 Mbps hay 54 Mbps khng lin quan n tc kt ni hay tc download, v nhng tc ny c quyt nh bi Nh cung cp dch v Internet. Vi 1 h thng mng khng dy, d liu c gi qua sng Radio nn tc c th b nh hng bi cc tc nhn gy nhiu hoc cc vt th ln. Thit b nh tuyn khng dy s t ng cm nhn cng tn hiu, nu thy tn hiu yu th n s t ng iu chnh xung cc mc tc truyn thp hn (V d nh t 11 Mbps s gim xung cn 5.5 Mbps v 2Mbps hoc thm ch l 1 Mbps). Di y l mt s iu m ngi dng cn lu khi trin khai mt mng khng dy c th thu c hiu qu cao nht : Nn t thit b Router khng dy v tr trung tm ca h thng mng. Lp t sao cho cc Antenna ca Adapter khng dy lp cho my tnh Desktop hoc Laptop hng v pha Router khng dy. rnh t Antenna gn tng, tr khi l ch nh ca bn, ngoi ra nu bn mun duy tr kt ni ngay c khi bn ngoi cn nh th nn lp thit b Router khng dy gn ca s.

Trang b thm cc thit b Antenna thu pht c lp m rng phm vi ph sng.

Cng ngh Speedbooster v SRX Trong phm vi ca chun G (802.11g), Linksys pht trin thm mt s dng sn phm mang li cho ngui dng s ci thin v tc v khong cch. Tt c cc dng sn phm ny u hot ng tng thch vi cc thit b chun B v chun G. Speedbooster : Tc trao i d liu tng thm 35% so vi chun G khi s dng vi cc thit b Speedbooster khc. Bn s thy c s khc bit v tc khi s dng chung vi cc thit b chun G khc. SRX : Nhanh hn gp 8 ln v phm vi ph sng rng hn gp 3 ln so vi cc thit b chun G khi c s dng vi cc thit b SRX khc. SRX l vit tt ca cc t Speed (tc ) Range (khong cch) v eXpansion (m rng), bn cnh SRX s dng cng ngh MIMO theo thng qua mt s lng ln cc Antenna thu pht trn trm chnh v cc Adapter thu pht ci thin tc v khong cch thu pht. SRX200 : Nhanh hn gp 6 ln v phm vi ph sng rng hn gp 2 ln so vi chun G. Cc thit b ca SRX200 hon ton tng thch vi cc thit b chun B, chun G v SRX khc. Chun A+G (802.11a+g) : Cc thit b thuc chun ny hot ng ng thi trn c hai tn s 2.4GHz v 5Ghz. Cc thit b cn thit trin khai mt h thng mng khng dy Kt ni Internet tc cao. Modem. Wireless Router hoc Access Point. Wireless Network Adapter. Cc vn cn lu khi chn mua cc sn phm khng dy Trc ht cn xc nh xem my tnh ca bn c Card mng khng dy cha, hu ht cc my tnh Laptop th h mi u c tch hp sn Card mng khng dy, trong khi cc my tnh Desktop th cha c. Tip theo bn cn xc nh r nhu cu ni mng ca bn thn, c th : Nu bn ch n gin mun lt Web v check email th ch nn mua cc thit b khng dy chun B. Nu bn mun chi cc tr Game trc tuyn hoc lm vic vi cc files a phng tin c dung lng ln th nn dng chun G, GS hoc GX. Cc cu hi thng gp v tr li 1/Ti c th thc hin cc kt ni khng dy v c dy trn cng 1 Router c khng ? Tr li : C. Thit b nh tuyn khng dy bng thng rng ca Linksys c tch hp sn 4 cng Ethernet v h tr ti a 32 ngi dng khng dy truy cp cng lc. 2/u l s khc nhau gia thit b thu pht khng dy (Wireless Access Point) v thit b nh tuyn khng dy (Wireless Broadband Router) ? Tr li : Thit b thu pht khng dy (Wireless Access Point) dng kt ni vi Switch hoc thit b nh tuyn (Wireless Router) khc cho cc truy cp khng dy, cn thit b nh tuyn khng dy (Wireless Access Point) va bao gm c tnh nng ca mt Access Point bn trong, mt khc n cn c kh nng nh tuyn cho php chia x cc kt ni bng thng rng. 3/Lm th no c th gim thiu tnh trng nhiu sng gy ra khi s dng cc thit b chun B v G trong cng 1 mi trng vi cc in thoi khng dy hot ng tn s 2.4Ghz ? Tr li : Bn c th la chn cc cch sau y : Thay i knh truyn ca in thoi hoc ca thit b nh tuyn khng dy, cho hai thit b s dng hai knh truyn khc nhau. Thay i v tr ca thit b nh tuyn khng dy, sao cho n cch xa thit b in thoi. Trang b 1 h thng in thoi hot ng tn s khc. 4/Router c thay th cho Modem c khng ?

Tr li : Khng. Thit b Router phi c kt ni vi Modem Cable hoc Modem ADSL. 5/Lm cch no trang b thm tnh nng khng dy cho h thng mng c dy hin ti ? Tr li : Bn cn mua 1 thit b thu pht khng dy v kt ni n n thit b Router hin ti ca bn. Bnh cnh bn cn mua thm cc thit b Card mng khng dy thch hp cho cc my tnh trong h thng mng. 6/Cc thit b chun 802.11a, 802.11b v 802.11g c th lm vic vi nhau khng ? Tr li : Cc thit b thuc chun 802.11a ch c th lm vic vi cc thit b thuc cng chun. Cc thit b thuc chun 802.11b v 802.11g c th lm vic vi nhau v hot ng cng tn s. CNG NGH MNG KHNG DY WIFI Trong thi gian gn y chng ta thng nghe ni v WiFi v Internet khng dy. Thc ra, WiFi khng ch c dng kt ni Internet khng dy m cn dng kt ni hu ht cc thit b tin hc v vin thng quen thuc nh my tnh, my in, PDA, in thai di ng (TD) m khng cn dy cp ni, rt thun tin cho ngi s dng. 1. WIFI L G? Khc vi Bluetooth ch kt ni tc 1Mb/s, tm hot ng ngn di 10 mt, WiFi cng l mt cng ngh kt ni khng dy nhng c tm hot ng v tc truyn d liu cao hn hn. iu cho php bn c th duyt web, nhn email bng my tnh xch tay, TD, PDA hay thit b cm tay khc ti nhng ni cng cng mt cch d dng. WiFi, vit tt ca Wireless Fidelity, l cng ngh mng khng dy s dng sng v tuyn (sng radio) v c nhng c im sau: Bao gm cc chun 802.11a, 802.11b v 802.11g. Cc chun ny hot ng ti cc tn s 2.4GHz (i vi chun b v g) v 5GHz (i vi chun a), c tc truyn l 11Mb/s (i vi chun b) v 54Mb/s (i vi chun a v g).

Tm hot ng trung bnh c th t n 90 mt, ty theo tiu chun, tc v iu kin mi trng lm vic. Chun WiFi Tn s (GHz) Tc (Mb/s) Khong cch (M) 54 11 54 12m @54Mb/s 90m @6Mb/s 30m @11Mb/s 90m @1Mb/s 15m @54Mb/s 45m @11Mb/s

IEEE 802.11a 5 EEE 802.11b 2.4 IEEE 802.11g 2.4

(Trong thc t, cc thit b WiFi c th hot ng trong phm vi ln n 900m) Chi ph thit lp mng tng i thp, n gin, d s dng.

2. S DNG 2.1 M hnh mng s dng WiFi S minh ho cho trng hp bn ang c mt h thng mng cc b ni cp thng thng v c kt ni Internet ADSL. Bn mun cc thit b di ng nh my tnh xch tay, PDA hay thm ch mt vi my tnh bn c ni vo mng m khng cn phi ni cp. Do vy bn cn lp t thm mt trm thu pht sng v tuyn lm cu ni khng dy gia cc thit b di ng vi thit b mng trung

tm. Trm thu pht ny cn c gi l Wireless Access Point v c ni cp trc tip vi thit b mng.

2.2 Thit lp h thng mng WiFi Kt ni Wireless Access Point (AP) vo LAN Bn dng mt on cp mng UTP thng thng vi 2 u RJ45 ni vo 2 cng RJ45 tng ng ln lt trn AP v switch. Khai bo cc thng s cho Wireless Access Point Trong hu ht trng hp, bn ch cn bt ngun cho AP l c th s dng c. Tuy nhin nu bn mun c mt vi thay i, bn c th nhp a ch IP ca AP trong c s trnh duyt m ca s cu hnh AP thng qua giao din web. Nhng thng s m bn nn quan tm khi cu hnh l SSID, knh pht sng, bt/tt ch m ha, username v password truy cp AP My ch cp pht a ch t ng u tin, thun tin cho cc thit b di ng t ng kt ni vo mng khi bt ch WiFi, bn nn ci t trong mng dch v cp pht a ch IP t ng - DHCP. Bn c th s dng dch v DHCP tch hp sn trong modem ADSL hoc c ci t trn mt my ch trong mng. Trong , bn thit lp mt vi thng s n gin nh: phm vi cp a ch IP, a ch ca cng kt ni ra Internet ca mng ny. Cc thit b WiFi khi hat ng s nhn cc a ch ny mt cch t ng v nh vy c th giao tip vi nhau hay kt ni ra Internet m ngi s dng khng cn phi thit lp g c. Kt ni my tnh qua Wifi

Nu my tnh xch tay ca bn khng tch hp sn WiFi bn cn gn thm mt thit b WiFi (WiFi Adapter) vo my tnh thng qua giao tip PCMCIA hoc USB. Kt ni in thoi di ng qua Wifi Bn bt tnh nng Wifi ca in thoi di ng ln, sau ch cho TD d tm Wireless Access Point v thc hin kt ni. 2.3 BO MT Nu bn s dng my tnh xch tay ca mnh truy cp Internet khng dy ti nhng im truy cp (hotspot), cc tp tin trong my tnh ca bn c th b nguy him. hn ch vic r r d liu cc bn c th bt tnh nng Firewall v/hoc tt i chc nng chia s tp tin trn my tnh ca bn trc khi truy nhp vo mng cng cng. 3. KT LUN WiFi cng vi cc chun kt ni khng dy khc nh hng ngoi, Bluetooth ngy cng c ng dng nhiu trong cc thit b di ng v cm tay do tnh thun tin, n gin v d s dng. Mong rng qua cc chuyn v cc chun kt ni khng dy, cc bn s thy quen thuc vi cc chun ny v khai thc tt hiu qu ca chng. Hng dn thit lp mng khng dy Kt ni mng khng dy ang dn tr thnh mt xu th hin i, thi thng bn cnh cc loi hnh kt ni mng truyn thng dng dy cp. Cht lng tin cy, hot ng n nh, th tc ci t n gin, gi c phi chng l nhng yu t c trng chng t kt ni khng dy sn sng p ng mi nhu cu trao i thng tin khc nhau t sn xut, kinh doanh n nhu cu gii tr... Bi vit ny s cung cp cho bn thng tin cn thit xy dng mt mng my tnh khng dy. Chun cng ngh khng dy

Cng ngh mng khng dy do t chc IEEE xy dng v c t chc Wi-Fi Alliance chnh thc a vo s dng thng nht trn ton th gii. C 3 tiu chun: Chun 802.11a, tc truyn dn ti a 54Mbps; Chun 802.11b, tc truyn dn ti a 11Mbps; Chun 802.11g, tc truyn dn ti a 54Mbps (xem thm bng ch tiu k thut km theo). c tnh chung ca tng cng ngh nh sau: Chun 802.11b c tc truyn dn thp nht (11Mbps) nhng li c dng ph bin trong cc mi trng sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v do chi ph mua sm thit b thp, tc truyn dn p ng cc nhu cu trao i thng tin trn internet nh duyt web, e-mail, chat, nhn tin... Chun 802.11g c tc truyn dn cao (54Mpbs), thch hp cho h thng mng c lu lng trao i d liu cao, d liu lun chuyn trong h thng l nhng tp tin ha, m thanh, phim nh c dung lng ln. Tn s pht sng v tuyn ca chun 802.11g cng tn s vi chun 802.11b (2,4GHz) nn h thng mng chun 802.11g giao tip tt vi cc mng my tnh ang s dng

chun 802.11b. Tuy nhin theo thi gi hin nay, chi ph trang b mt h thng kt ni khng dy theo chun 802.11g cao hn 30% so vi chi ph cho mt h khng dy theo chun 802.11b. Chun 802.11a tuy c cng tc truyn dn nh chun 802.11g nhng tn s hot ng cao nht, 5GHz, bng thng ln nn cha c nhiu knh thng tin hn so vi hai chun trn. V cng do c tn s hot ng cao hn tn s hot ng ca cc thit b vin thng dn dng nh in thoi 'm bng con', Bluetooth... nn h thng mng khng dy s dng chun 802.11a t b nh hng do nhiu sng. Nhng y cng chnh l nguyn nhn lm cho h thng dng chun ny khng tng thch vi cc h thng s dng 2 chun khng dy cn li. Cch chn mua thit b khng dy Thit b cho mng khng dy gm 2 loi: card mng khng dy v b tip sng/im truy cp (Access Point - AP). Card mng khng dy c 2 loi: loi lp ngoi (USB) v loi lp trong (PCI). Chn mua loi no tu thuc vo cu hnh phn cng (khe cm, cng giao tip) ca PC. Loi lp trong giao tip vi my tnh qua khe cm PCI trn bo mch ch nn th tc lp rp, ci t phn mm cng tng t nh khi chng ta lp card m thanh, card mng, card iu khin a cng... Loi lp ngoi ni vi my tnh thng qua cng USB nn tho rp rt thun tin, thch hp vi nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau t my tnh bn n my xch tay, li trnh c hin tng nhiu in t do cc thit b lp trong my tnh gy ra. Cn lu nu PC dng cng USB 1.0 (tc truyn d liu 12Mbps) th ch thch hp vi chun 802.11b, nu dng vi 2 chun cn li th s lm chm tc truyn d liu. Th tc xy dng mt mng ngang hng (peer-to-peer) khng dy rt n gin. Ch cn trang b cho mi my tnh mt card mng khng dy, b sung phn mm iu khin ca thit b l cc my tnh trong mng c th trao i d liu vi nhau. Nhng nu mun truy xut c vo h thng mng LAN/WAN sn c hay truy xut internet th phi trang b thm thit b tip sng Access Point. Chc nng chnh ca thit b ny gm tip nhn, trung chuyn tn hiu gia cc card mng trong vng ph sng v l thit b chuyn tip trung gian gip card mng khng dy giao tip vi h thng mng LAN/WAN (cng c khi l modem) v internet. Tuy nhin ty theo quan im ca nh sn xut, yu cu s dng v to thun tin cho ngi qun tr mng, mt s thit b Access Point c thm mt vi chc nng mng khc nh: cng truy nhp (gateway), b dn ng... TGVT A s thng 4/2003, 5/2003, 8/2003 v 11/2003, c bi vit gii thiu mt s loi Access Point cng cc tnh nng ca thit b. Xy dng mng khng dy

Thit lp mt mng khng dy khng tn km thi gian, cng sc v phc tp nh cc h thng mng truyn thng khc, i khi khng qu mt gi ng h lao ng l c th hnh thnh mt h thng mng khng dy. Thc t cho thy, a s cc s c, trc trc xy ra trong h thng mng khng dy l do phn mm iu khin thit b c li nn cn u tin s dng cc trnh iu khin thit b mi nht do nh sn xut thit b cung cp, cp nht hay ti v t internet. Nu h thng ang s dng h iu hnh Windows XP th cng nn ci t bn Service Pack mi nht do Microsoft pht hnh.

Khi lp t thit b, nn b tr cc b tip sng (AP) nhng v tr trn cao, trnh b che khut bi cc vt cn cng nhiu cng tt. Cc loi vt liu xy dng, trang tr ni tht nh: giy dn tng ph kim loi, h thng dy dn in chiu sng, cy cnh... cng c th lm suy gim tn hiu ca AP. Nh dng cc cn anten ca AP thng gc 900. Nu s dng chun khng dy 802.11b v 802.11g th cn ch b tr cc AP nm xa cc thit b pht sng in t c khong tn s trng vi tn s ca AP (2,4GHz) nh l vi ba, in thoi 'm bng con', u thu pht Bluetooth... Khi thi cng mng nn di chuyn, b tr AP ti nhiu v tr lp t khc nhau nhm tm ra v tr lp t thit b s cho cht lng tn hiu tt nht. Khong cch gia card mng khng dy vi AP cng nh hng rt nhiu n tc truyn dn, cng xa AP th tc truyn dn cng gim dn. V d i vi cc mng khng dy chun 802.11b th tc suy gim dn tng mc, mc sau bng so vi mc trc (11Mbps xung 5,5Mbps xung 2Mbps...). a s cc phn mm tin ch i km card mng khng dy v AP c chc nng hin th tc truyn dn ca mng. Nu khng gian lm vic vt qu bn knh ph sng ca AP hin c th chng ta phi mua thm b khuych i (repeater) nng cng sut pht sng cng nh bn knh vng ph sng ca AP. Sau tin hnh th tc cu hnh phn mm cho h thng mng, c th l: S dng a ch IP c nh hay t ng: Nu h thng mng khng dy ang xy dng c truy cp internet th cn lin h vi nh cung cp kt ni internet (ISP) c cung cp a ch IP v hng dn cch ci t cho card mng khng dy. S dng dch v DHCP: Cng nh vi mng my tnh thng thng, nn s dng dch v DHCP h thng t ng cung cp a ch IP cho tt c cc thit b mng tham gia trong mng. Lm nh vy s tit kim rt nhiu cng sc cho ngi qun tr mng. SSID: Tng t nh khi nim tn min trong internet, SSID (Service Set Identifier) l chui k t i din cho mt h thng mng khng dy. Tt c cc thit b mng (Access Point, card mng khng dy...) ca mt h thng mng khng dy phi c khai bo chung mt s SSID th mi lm vic c vi nhau. Thng th ngi qun tr mng s khai bo cho ton b h thng mt tn mng, nhng chnh chui SSID ny l k h gip cc hacker phn on loi thit b mng ang s dng trong h Hnh 1: Kim tra cht lng pht thng tm cch truy cp vo bt hp php. sng ca kt ni khng dy thng qua tin ch km theo thit b

Hnh 2: Tm mng hin din trong vng ph sng bng cng c Wireless Zero ca Windows XP Knh thng tin: Bng thng ca chun 802.11b v 802.11g cho php xy dng 14 knh khc nhau truyn dn thng tin nhng hin nay ngi ta thng dng mt trong cc knh nh s t 1 n 11, v trnh dng ln ln cc knh 1, 6 v 11 nng cht lng sng tn hiu. Tip n tin hnh ci t v cu hnh phn mm iu khin card mng khng dy. C 2 ch ci t: Ch Infrastructure nu dng thit b tip sng (Access Point), b dn ng (router), nh khai bo SSID v knh thng tin; Ch Ad hoc dnh cho ch mng ngang hng. Sau khi b sung phn mm iu khin, nu my tnh chy h iu hnh Windows XP th chc nng qun tr mng khng dy c tn Wireless Zero Configuration (WZC) s c kch hot, thng qua chc nng ny (biu tng nm trong khay h thng) chng ta s bit c danh sch cc mng khng dy ang hin din xung quanh my tnh (c card mng khng dy). Nhn kp chn vo mt mng khng dy trong danh sch thc hin th tc kt ni vo mng . Theo quy nh chung, danh sch cc mng khng dy hin din xung quanh my tnh s c phn thnh 2 loi: Available networks cha danh sch tt c cc mng khng dy my tnh c th kt ni c; Preferred networks l danh sch tt c cc mng khng dy m WZC ca Windows XP, xp th t u tin t cao xung thp, s t ng thc hin th tc kt ni mng. Hai danh sch ny nm trong ca s Properties ca tin ch cu hnh card mng khng dy, th tc khi ng ca s ny nh sau: Nhn chut phi vo biu tng c nhn My Network Places, chn menu Properties ri menu Wireless Networks. Bo mt h thng: ngn nga s t m khng cn thit

h thng hot ng an ton v bo mt thng tin trong h thng ni b, bn nn tun th mt s quy nh sau: S dng mt khu: Khng nn dng mt khu truy cp h thng ch l khong trng hay do phn mm thit b t ng to ra. Khng cung cp s nh danh SSID: Theo mc nh, AP t ng cung cp thng tin s nh danh SSID ca h thng mng cho tt c cc thit b nm trong bn knh ph sng ca n khi c yu cu. iu ny gip cho ngi s dng my tnh c y thng tin tham gia vo mng, nhng li l nhc im b cc hacker li dng thm nhp bt hp php, v vy i vi cc mng cc b cn v hiu ha chc nng ny mng hot ng an ton hn. Ch cho php cc thit b c a ch MAC nht nh c tham gia vo h thng : Tt c cc

thit b ni mng u c mt chui 12 k t duy nht dng lm s nh danh cho tng thit b, t chuyn mn gi l a ch MAC (Media Access Control). h thng hot ng an ton hn, ch nhng thit b ni mng c s ng k MAC nht nh mi c quyn truy cp vo h thng. Danh sch a ch MAC cc thit b ni mng khng dy s dng trong h thng mng c khai bo thng qua phn mm qun tr Access Point. Trong Windows XP hay 2000, th tc xc nh a ch MAC ca thit b mng nh sau: Nhn chut vo Start->Run, nhp vo dng lnh cmd ri nhn phm OK. Trong ca s DOS ca tin ch cmd, nhp vo dng lnh ipconfig /all (lu gia ipconfig v /all c khong trng phn cch) ri nhn phm Enter. Sau du ':' ca dng thng bo Physical Address chnh l a ch MAC ca thit b mng. Vi Windows 98/Me ch cn nhp cu lnh winipconfig vo trong ca s ca lnh Run, a ch MAC s nm trn dng thng bo c nhn 'Adapter Address'. p dng tiu chun bo mt WPA hoc WEP cho h thng : WEP (Wireless Encryption Protocol) v WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) l cc cng ngh bo mt h thng mng khng dy. Tuy nhin hin nay cc hacker tm ra cch thc v hiu ha ch bo mt WEP nn cn u tin s dng chun WPA bo mt cho h thng. Nu h thng ca bn hin ang p dng chun WEP th nn lin h vi nh sn xut c hng dn chuyn sang s dng chun WPA. Tt ch dng chung tp tin ca Windows : Khi ng phn mm Windows Explorer. Nhn chut phi vo tng biu tng i din cho cc a trong my tnh ca bn ri chn menu c nhn Sharing and Security (Windows XP) hoc Sharing (cc phin bn Windows 9x, NT). B nh du chn ti mc c nhn 'Sharing this folder on the network'.

Hnh 3: Ca s cu hnh card mng khng dy Ti sao li l 3G? Th gii ang chng kin nhng thay i ln v s pht trin rt nhanh chng ca ngnh thng tin di ng, t cng ngh 2G chuyn sang 3G l mt qung thi gian 15 nm. Gi y cng ngh 3G ang c nhc n nhiu hn bao gi ht. Ti sao li nh vy? y khng phi ln u tin chng ta tri nghim iu ny; vo u v gia thp nin 1990, cc cng ngh mi, th h th 2 (2G) nh GSM, TDMA v CDMA ang c tung ra em li cht lng thoi tt hn, cng sut mng cao hn, cu trc m, v cch s dng ph sng hu hiu hn. Tuy nhin, bc chuyn tip ny cn n hn 15 nm. Thc t, ngay t gia thp nin 1990, nhng

cng ngh ph bin nht vi s khch thu bao ton cu cao nht vn l cng ngh tng ng AMPS v TACS thuc th h th nht. Trong khi , cc nh khai thc mi ang tr nn vng vng ti cc th trng khp th gii v h phi quyt nh hoc bt u vi cng ngh tng ng v sau nng cp, hoc i thng vo mt trong cc cng ngh 2G mi m hn. Trong khi cc nh sn xut tip tc mi cho thit b tng ng em li li nhun cao, cc nh khai thc c tm nhn xa chn cc cng ngh GSM, TDMA hoc CDMA tng ti a thu nhp ca h. Mt khi cc cng ngh s c chng t v trin khai rng ri, cc hng vn hnh trn khp th gii hiu rng mua thit b 1G tuy vi chi ph c bn thp hn nh tnh tit kim da trn qui m ln chnh l mt quyt nh kinh doanh v chin lc km ci khi xt ti vn chi ph s hu trong di hn, cc c hi tng thu nhp v v th cnh tranh trong th trng. Cha ti nm 1997, con s khch thu bao cng ngh 2G vt s khch thu bao cng ngh 1G. Hin nay, nhng xu hng tng t ang din ra vi cc h thng di ng 3G nh CDMA2000 v WCDMA (cn gi l UMTS), nhng vi mt tc nhanh hn. Trong khong 5 nm, cc nh sn xut cho thy i a s u t ca h vo nghin cu v pht trin c phn b vo danh mc sn phm 3G, vi phn ln ngn sch ly t cc ngun thu nhp 2G ca h - GSM v CDMA. Tuy nhin cho n nay s c sn ca thit b 3G cha thay th hn vic mua hoc bn cc thit b 2G. Bc chuyn sang 3G Phn ln nhng v mua h tng khng dy ngy nay l nhm vo cc h thng 3G. Theo mt d bo ca Gartner v chi tiu cho h tng mng ton cu, 54% tng chi tiu nm nay l dnh cho CDMA2000 v WCDMA. Nm 2007, s chi tiu s tng ln 61% cho 3G v s tip tc tng sau , trong khi u t vo cc cng ngh 2G nh GSM s tip tc gim. Trong mt bo co vo thng By 2006, Strategy Analytics cng tin on hn mt na chi tiu ton cu cho h tng khng dy 3G s vo CDMA2000 v WCDMA trong nm 2006 v cho thy rng cc cng ngh 2G s tip tc suy gim sau . iu ny c ngha rng mt khi cc hng vn hnh dnh mt khon u t vo c s h tng mi, s lng ngi s dng trn mng s tng tng ng. Tuy nhin iu n tng nht l ch s tip nhn cc dch v 3G vt hn hn bt k ln gii thiu cng ngh mi no trong lch s ngnh lin lc khng dy. qui m ton cu, cc nh phn tch d on n 2009, hai cng ngh 3G hng u, CDMA2000 v WCDMA, s chim 41% th trng khch thu bao v khi lng thu bao GSM tng mt thi rt ln s gim xung u n. Con s khch thu bao 3G s vt hn s khch 2G trong khong 10 nm k t khi bt u c 3G trong khi 2G phi mt 15 nm mi qua mt c 1G.

Sc ht ca tnh kinh t 3G Thc t, cc nh khai thc 3G ti cc th trng hng u th gii ghi nhn tc tip thu nhanh v thu nhp tng vt nh tung ra cc dch v d liu mi m trn cc mng th h mi ca h. Hu ht cc nh khai thc 3G khp th gii ghi nhn thu nhp d liu trung bnh tnh trn u ngi s dng (ARPU) nm trong khong 10% n 40% tng thu nhp tnh theo ngi s dng trn cc mng 3G ca h. Ti nhng quc gia nh Cng ha Czech v M, ni m cc dch v CDMA2000 1xEV-DO c sn trn th trng, cc nh khai thc s dng cng ngh GSM 2G nhn thy h kh m cnh tranh bng gi c v hiu sut, iu buc h phi xem xt nhng k hoch mnh m tung ra WCDMA v HSDPA. Ngi hng li t s cnh tranh ngy cng tng ny l khch hng v nhng doanh nghip v h c th nhn c dch v tt hn vi gi r hn. Tuy nhin, bc chuyn sang 3G khng b gii hn trong nhng quc gia pht trin trn th gii. Nhng th trng ang ln cng ang trin khai thit b 3G v nhng li th tng t. Ti nhng th trng ny, dch v thoi gi r thng c u th hn dch v d liu bng rng v chnh tnh kinh t ca 3G, nht l trong cc bng tn thp, h tr quan im kinh doanh ca cc nh khai thc i vi bc tin vo CDMA2000 v WCDMA. iu ny c bit ng ti cc th trng ang pht trin ni m cc dch v ng dy mt t khng d g c sn v vic s dng dch v thoi l tng i cao. Mt bo co ca Signals Research cho bit tng chi ph s hu (TCO) ca mt mng 3G, trong khong thi gian 10 nm, th c li hn 2G xt v vn v chi ph vn hnh; nn vic bt u vi mt mng 3G r rng l tt hn. Ti sao vy? y l bi v 3G cho php cng sut d liu v thoi cao hn vi cng mt khi lng ph sng, cng vi nhng ci thin trong chi ph vn hnh. Ngay c trong cc trng hp m nh vn hnh GSM/GPRS/EDGE khng chuyn sang 3G trong thi gian 10 nm, CDMA2000 vn c th t 12% c li hn trong mt mc tng trng thu bao khim tn v vin cnh tnh theo pht s dng. V, khi vin cnh tnh theo pht s dng v tng trng thu bao tng ln, mc hiu qu so vi chi ph ca CDMA2000 li cng ni bt hn vi mc tit kim chi ph t 18% n 23%. Cc cng ngh 3G tn s thp (450 v 850 MHz) thm ch cn hp dn hn khi xt n chi ph ngy cng gim. nhng tn s ny, cc trm c s c th truyn tn hiu sng i xa hn v ph sng c ci thin c trong ln bn ngoi nh. iu ny c ngha rng ngi ta cn t trm gc hn m vn c c tm ph sng mong mun, v iu ny ngha l nh khai thc ch cn mt mc u t c bn thp hn.

Khc bit ny l rt quan trng. V d in hnh l, hng vn hnh 3G Belcel Belarus, ph sng c 80% dn c ch vi 60 trm c s CDMA2000 s dng bng tn 450 MHz. Hng cnh tranh vi n s dng GSM900/1800 cn n mt mng li gm trn 500 trm gc ph sng mt din tch tng ng. Cc mng 3G CDMA2000 v WCDMA c kh nng em li cc dch v d liu bng rng, thoi v a truyn thng mi m v sinh nhiu thu nhp m ng thi cng em li tnh kinh t u vit cho vng i ca mng li. Ngy nay nhiu chuyn gia vin thng cho rng, ng tin khn l c t vo 3G. Hi/p v WiMAX WiMAX l t vit tt ca Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Kh nng tng tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba. Cng ngh WiMAX, hay cn gi l chun 802.16 l cng ngh khng dy bng thng rng ang pht trin rt nhanh vi kh nng trin khai trn phm vi rng v c coi l c tim nng to ln tr thnh gii php dm cui l tng nhm mang li kh nng kt ni Internet tc cao ti cc gia nh v cng s. Trong khi cng ngh quen thuc Wi-Fi (802.11a, b v g) mang li kh nng kt ni ti cc khu vc nh nh trong vn phng hay cc im truy cp cng cng hotspot, cng ngh WiMAX c kh nng ph sng rng hn, bao ph c mt khu vc thnh th hay mt khu vc nng thn nht nh. Cng ngh ny c th cung cp vi tc truyn d liu n 75 Mbps ti mi trm pht sng vi tm ph sng t 2 n 10 km. Vi bng thng nh vy, cng ngh ny c kh nng h tr cng lc (thng qua mt trm pht sng n l) kh nng kt ni ca hn 60 doanh nghip vi tc kt ni ca ng T1/E1 v hng trm gia nh vi tc kt ni DSL. Din n WiMAX l g? Din n WiMAX l mt t chc ca cc nh khai thc v cc cng ty thit b v cu kin truyn thng hng u. Mc tiu ca Din n WiMAX l thc y v chng nhn kh nng tng thch ca cc thit b truy cp v tuyn bng rng tun th chun 802.16 ca IEEE v cc chun HiperMAN ca ETSI. Din n WiMAX c thnh lp d b cc ro cn tin ti vic chp nhn rng ri cng ngh truy cp v tuyn bng rng BWA (Broadband Wireless Access), v ring mt chun th khng khuyn khch vic chp nhn rng ri mt cng ngh. Theo mc tiu ny, Din n hp tc cht ch vi cc nh cung cp v cc c quan qun l m bo cc h thng cDin n ph chun p ng cc yu cu ca khch hng v ca cc chnh ph. Thit b ti nh ca khch hng (CPE) s nh th no v gi s bao nhiu? Th h CPE do Din n WiMAX chng nhn u tin s l cc trm thu bao c lp t ngoi tri ging vi cc cho v tinh nh c cui nm ngoi v u nm nay v gi khong 350USD mi b. Th h CPE th 2 c th l nhng modem c th t lp trong nh tng t nh modem cp v DSL v c gi khong 250USD mi b v s c mt trn th trng trong nm nay. Th h CPE th 3 s c tch hp vo cc laptop v cc thit b xch tay khc, c tnh c gi 100USD v s xut hin trong nm 2006 2007. IEEE 802.16 khc cng ngh WiMAX im no? Mt trong nhng mc tiu chnh ca Din n WiMAX l to ra mt chun tng thch t chun

802.16 ca IEEE v cc chun HiperMAN ca ETSI. iu ny s thc hin c nh vic hnh thnh cc m t h thng. Da trn nhng g m Din n WiMAX xem xt v cc iu khon ca nh cung cp dch v v cc k hoch thit b ca cc nh cung cp, Din n WiMAX quyt nh tp trung trc tin vo cc m t cho phng thc PHY OFDM 256 ca chun 802.16 nm 2004, c IEEE thng qua vo thng 6/2004. Lp vt l (PHY) s c kt hp vi mt b iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC) c lp m bo mt nn tng thng nht cho tt c nhng trin khai WiMAX. Tun th theo chun 802.16 khng c ngha l thit b c Din n WiMAX chng nhn hoc c th tng thch vi cc thit b ca cc nh cung cp khc. Tuy nhin nu mt thit b tun th thit k c Din n WiMAX chng nhn th va tun th chun 802.16 v tng thch vi c thit b ca cc nh khai cp khc. Cc phin bn 802.16 nh 802.16a, 802.16-2004 v 802.16e khc nhau nh th no? Chun 802.16a ca IEEE tp trung vo truy cp bng rng c nh. Chun m rng 802.16-2004 ca IEEE ci tin hn nh h tr cho CPE trong nh. Chun 802.16e l mt m rng ca chun 802.162004. Mc ch ca chun 802.16e l b sung kh nng di ng d liu cho chun hin thi, m ban u thit k ch yu dnh cho c nh. Chun 802.16 ca IEEE c thng qua khi no? IEEE thng qua chun 802.16 ban u cho mng MAN v tuyn trong di tn t 10 66GHz vo thng 12/2001. 802.16a m rng cho di tn s 11 GHz c thng qua thng 1/2003. Chun 802.16-2004 c IEEE thng qua thng 6/2004. Chun 802.16e c thng qua thng 12/2005. Din n WiMAX s bt u qu trnh chng nhn thit b ban u trong cc bng tn 3.3 n 3.8 GHz v 5.7 n 5.8 GHz. Nhng m t ny bao gm c cc h thng song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) v song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD). Din n WiMAX xy dng cc m t h thng tp trung vo bng tn c min cp php 5.8GHz, v cc bng tn c cp php l 2.5 v 3.5 GHz khi ng th trng. Din n WiMAX kt hp vi cc nh cung cp dch v v cc nh sn xut thit b m rng s phn b tn s bao ph tt c cc di ph ch cht m tt c cc cng ty thnh vin xc nh l hp dn i vi cc nh cung cp dch v WiMAX tim nng. Cc thit b ban u c Din n WiMAX ph chun s trong bng tn 3.5GHz, sau l 5.8GHz. WiMAX c cnh tranh vi Wi-Fi? WiMAX v Wi-Fi s cng tn ti v tr thnh nhng cng ngh b sung ngy cng ln cho ccng dng ring. c trng ca WiMAX l khng thay th Wi-Fi. Hn th WiMAX b sung cho Wi-Fi bng cch m rng phm vi ca Wi-Fi v mang li nhng thc t ca ngi s dng "kiu Wi-Fi" trn mt quy m a l rng hn. Cng ngh Wi-Fi c thit k v ti u cho cc mng ni b (LAN), trong khi WiMAX c thit k v ti u cho cc mng thnh ph (MAN). Trong khong thi gian t 2006 2008, hy vng c 802.16 v 802.11 s xut hin trong cc thit b ngi s dng t laptop ti cc PDA, c 2 chun ny cho php kt ni v tuyn trc tip ti ngi s dng - ti gia nh, trong vn phng v khi ang di chuyn. WiMAX c cnh tranh vi HiperMAN ca ETSI? Cc chun 802.16-2004 (256 OFDM PHY) ca IEEE v HiperMAN ca ETSI s chia s chung cc c tnh k thut PHY v MAC. Din n WiMAX hot ng c hai t chc tiu chun ny m bo mt chun ton cu chung cho MAN v tuyn, s c chp nhn. 802.16 khc vi 802.20 im no? 802.16 v 802.20 ca IEEE l hai mc tiu cng ngh khc nhau tp trung vo cc th trng ring bit. Tuy nhin, 802.20 vn ang trong nhng giai on u tin ca vic xy dng chun v cha th hon tt trong hai nm ti. V bi v 802.20 hin nay cha c s h tr rng ri ca ngnh Vin thng nh l Din n WiMAX vi hn 350 thnh vin, tng thch cng cn l vn v nh

vy n vn cn kh xa vi. Nhng ng dng no dnh cho cng ngh WiMAX? Cng ngh WiMAX l gii php cho nhiu loi ng dng bng rng tc cao cng thi im vi khong cch xa v cho php cc nh khai thc dch v hi t tt c trn mng IP cung cp cc dch v "3 cung": d liu, thoi v video. WiMAX vi s h tr QoS, kh nng vn di v cng sut d liu cao c dnh cho cc ng dng truy cp bng rng c nh nhng vng xa xi, ho lnh, nht l khikhong cch l qu ln i vi DS: v cp cng nh cho cc khu vc thnh th cc nc ang pht trin. Nhng ng dng cho h dn gm c Internet tc cao, thoi qua IP, video lung/chi game trc tuyn cng vi cc ng dng cng thm cho doanh nghip nh hi ngh video v gim st video, mng ring o bo mt (yu cu an ninh cao). Cng ngh WiMAX cho php bao trm cc ng dng vi yu cu bng thng rng hn. WiMAX cng cho php cc ng dng truy cp xch tay, vi s hp nht trong cc my tnhxch tay v PDA, cho php cc khu vc ni th v thnh ph tr thnh nhng "khu vc din rng" ngha l c th truy cp v tuyn bng rng ngoi tri. Do vy, WiMAX l mt cng ngh b sung bnh thng cho cc mng di ng v cung cp bng thng ln hn v cho cc mng Wi-Fi nh cung cp kt ni bng rng cc khu vc ln hn. Ti sao WiMAX li cn thit? Ti sao WiMAX li quan trng cho v tuyn bng rng c nh v v tuyn bng rng di ng? WiMAX cn thit v l mt cng ngh c lp cho php truy cp bng rng c nh v di ng. Chun WiMAX l cn thit t mc tiu chi ph thp hn. y l iu m cc gii php v tuyn c quyn khng th t c do nhng hn ch v s lng. Cc gii php WiMAX c kh nng tng thch cho php gim bt chi ph sn xut nh vic tch hp cc chip chun, lm cho cc sn phm c Din n WiMAX chng nhn c chi ph hp l cung cp cc dch v bng rng cng sut cao nhng khong cch bao ph ln trong cc mi trng Tm nhn thng (LOS) v khng theo tm nhn thng (NLOS). y l iu kh thi i vi WiMAX nh c s h tr mnh m ca ngnh cng nghip thng qua Din n WiMAX vi hn 350 thnh vin bao gm cc nh cung cp thit b, cc nh sn xut chip v cc nh cung cp dch v hng u. WiMAX quan trng v tuyn bng rng c nh cung cp truy cp bng rng cn thit ti cc doanh nghip v ngi s dng l h gia nh nh l mt s thay th cho cc dch v cp v DSL c bit l khi truy cp ti cp ng l rt kh khn. WiMAX quan trng trong v tuyn bng rng di ng, v n b sung trn vn cho 3G v hiu sut truyn d liu lung xung cao hn 1Mbit/s, cho php kt ni cc my laptop v PDA v b sung cho Wi-Fi nh bao ph rng hn. Nhng c s quan trng ca cng ngh WiMAX? C s quan trng ca cng ngh WiMAX l s tng thch ca thit b WiMAX, c Din n WiMAX chng nhn, to s tin cy v lm tng s lng ln cho nh cung cp dch v khi mua thit b khng ch t 1 cng ty v tt c u tng thch vi nhau. Din n WiMAX ln u tin t hp nhng cng ty hng u trong ngnh truyn thng v my tnh to nn mt nn tng chung cho vic trin khai cc dch v v tuyn bng rng IP trn ton cu. Cc c s quan trng khc l chi ph, bao ph, cng sut v chun cho c truy cp v tuyn c nh v di ng. Chi ph thp hn CPE v tuyn c nh c th s dng cng loi chipset modem c s dng trong my tnh c nhn

(PC) v PDA, v khong cch gn cc modem c th t lp t trong nh CPE s tng t nh cp, DSL v cc trm gc c th s dng cng loi chipset chung c thit k cho cc im truy cp WiMAX chi ph thp v cui cng l s lng tng cng tha mn cho vic u t vo vic tch hp mc cao hn cc chipset tn s v tuyn (RF), lm chi ph gim hn na. bao ph rng hn Cng ngh sau WiMAX c ti u mang n bao ph NLOS tt nht. Cc u im ca NLOS l bao ph trn din rng, kh nng d bo bao ph tt hn v chi ph thp hn c ngha l s trm gc v backhaul t hn, nh c RF n gin, cc thi im lp t thp ngn hn v lp t CPE nhanh hn. Nh c cc k thut ci tin bao ph NLOS nh phn tp, m ha thi gian khng gian v yu cu truyn li t ng (Automatic Retransmission Request - ARQ), cc khong cch bao ph s c tng ln. Cng sut cao hn u im quan trng ca WiMAX l s dng k thut OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) qua cc c ch iu ch n sng mang vi kh nng cung cp hiu sut bng thng cao hn v do thng lng d liu cao hn vi lung xung hn 1Mbit/s v thm ch cc tc d liu cao hn nhiu d trong NLOS vi cc iu kin a ng. iu ch thch ng (Adaptive Modulation) cng lm tng tin cy ng kt ni i vi hot ng phn loi sng mang v kh nng gi iu ch 64QAM khong cch rng hn, tng cng sut qua cc khong cch di hn. Chun cho truy cp v tuyn c nh v di ng WiMAX s tr thnh mt gii php chi ph hp l nht cho cc nh khai thc trin khai cc ng dng v tuyn c nh v di ng cho cc my xch tay v PDA. Din n WiMAX s chng nhn cc sn phm tun th v tng thch da trn cc chun 802.16 ca IEEE v HiperMAN ca ETSI. Cui cng mt h thng qun l mng kh nng qun l cc m t QoS cu trc cc gi dch v b sung cc thnh phn quan trng ny. OFDM l g? OFDM l mt cng ngh iu ch v m ha s, c s dng thnh cng trong cc ng dng hu tuyn nh modem DSL v modem cp. Cc sn phm ca cc cng ty thnh vin Din n WiMAX ang s dng cc h thng 802.16 da trn OFDM vt qua nhng thch thc ca vic truyn sng NLOS. OFDM t n tc v hiu qu d liu cao nh s dng nhn chng cc tn hiu sng mang thay cho ch mt tn hiu. u im quan trng ca OFDM ca cc c ch iu ch n sng mang n l kh nng mang li hiu sut bng thng cao hn v do thng lng d liu s cao hn thm ch phi i mt thch thc vi kch bn trin khai chng hn nh cc ng kt ni NLOS phi chu suy hao ng k do cc iu kin a ng. Lp vt l WiMAX (802.16/HiperMAN OFDM PHY) l g? Lp vt l (PHY) c 802.16 nh ngha c ba bin th: Sng mang n, OFDM 256 v OFDMA 2048. Lp vt l OFDM 256 c Din n WiMAX la chn cho cc m t u tin da trn 802.162004 (trc y l 802.16REVd). Lp kim sot truy cp (MAC) WiMAX l g? Chun 802.16 ca IEEE a ra cng mt lp MAC cho tt c lp PHY (n sng mang, 256 OFDM,

2048 OFDMA). Lp MAC ny l kt ni c nh hng v chun b cho kt ni TDM ng kt hp vi truy cp TDMA ng ln. Chun ny nh ngha l h tr cho c TDD v FDD v cho php phng thc bn song cng FDD (HD-FDD). TDD l mt k thut m h thng pht v nhn cng knh gn cc khe thi gian cho phng thc pht v nhn. FDD yu cu hai ph tn ring r. Cc sn phm c Din n WiMAX c li nh th no i vi doanh nghip? v ngi s dng h gia nh? i vi cc doanh nghip, WiMAX cho php truy cp bng rng vi chi ph hp l. V phn ln cc doanh nghip s khng c chia thnh khu vc c ng cp, la chn duy nht ca h i vi dch v bng rng l t cc nh cung cp vin thng a phng. iu ny dn ti s c quyn. Cc doanh nghip s c hng li t vic trin khai cc h thng WiMAX chng nhn nh to ra s cnh tranh mi trn th trng, gim gi v cho php cc doanh nghip thit lp mng ring ca mnh. iu ny c bit ph hp i vi cc ngnh nh kh t, m, nng nghip, vn ti, xy dng v cc ngnh khc nm nhng v tr xa xi, ho lnh. i vi ngi s dng l h gia nh nhng vng nng thn (ni dch v DSL v cp cha th vn ti), WiMAX mang li kh nng truy cp bng rng. iu ny c bit ph hp cc nc ang pht trin ni m h tng vin thng truyn thng vn cha th tip cn. Cc bng tn WiMax Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu truy cp bng thng rng ang pht trin rt nhanh chng. WiMAX l mt cng ngh truy cp khng dy bng rng (WBA-Wireless Broadband Access) do Din n WiMAX (WiMAX Forum) xy dng v hng n cung cp cc dch v t c nh n di ng. WiMax c th cung cp tc hng Mbit/s ti ngi s dng (end-user) v trong khong cch hng km. Cc chun WiMax V tiu chun, WiMax l mt b tiu chun da trn h tiu chun 802.16 ca IEEE nhng hp hn v tp trung vo mt s cu hnh nht nh. Hin c 2 chun ca WiMax l 802.16-2004, 802.162005. Chun 802.16-2004 (trc l 802.16 REVd) c IEEE a ra thng 7 nm 2004. Tiu chun ny s dng phng thc iu ch OFDM v c th cung cp cc dch v c nh, nomadic (ngi s dng c th di chuyn nhng c nh trong lc kt ni) theo tm nhn thng (LOS) v khng theo tm nhn thng (NLOS). Chun 802.16-2005 (hay 802.16e) c IEEE thng qua thng 12/2005. Tiu chun ny s dng phng thc iu ch SOFDMA (Scalable Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing), cho php thc hin cc chc nng chuyn vng v chuyn mng, c th cung cp ng thi dch v c nh, nomadic, mang xch c (ngi s dng c th di chuyn vi tc i b), di ng hn ch v di ng. Hai ch song cng c p dng cho WiMax l song cng phn chia theo thi gian TDD (Time Division Duplexing) v song cng phn chia theo tn s (Frequency Division Duplexing). FDD cn c 2 knh, mt ng ln, mt ng xung. Vi TDD ch cn 1 knh tn s, lu lng ng ln v ng xung c phn chia theo cc khe thi gian.

Bng tn cho WiMax Cc bng c WiMax Forum tp trung xem xt v vn ng c quan qun l tn s cc nc phn b cho WiMax l: 3600-3800MHz, 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz), 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3GHz), 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5GHz), 2300-2400MHz (bng 2.3GHz), 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8GHz) v bng 700-800MHz (di 1GHz). Bng 3400-3600MHz (bng 3.5GHz) Bng 3.5Ghz l bng tn c nhiu nc phn b cho h thng truy cp khng dy c nh (Fixed Wireless Access FWA) hoc cho h thng truy cp khng dy bng rng (WBA). WiMax cng c xem l mt cng ngh WBA nn c th s dng bng tn ny cho WiMax. V vy, WiMax Forum thng nht la chn bng tn ny cho WiMax. Cc h thng WiMax bng tn ny s dng chun 802.16-2004 cung cp cc ng dng c nh v nomadic, rng phn knh l 3.5MHz hoc 7MHz, ch song cng TDD hoc FDD. Mt s nc quy nh bng tn ny ch dnh cho cc h thng cung cp cc dch v c nh, khng c ng dng nomadic, nn trin khai c WiMax cn thit phi sa i li quy nh ny. i vi Vit Nam, do bng tn ny c u tin dnh cho h thng v tinh Vinasat nn hin ti khng th trin khai cho WiMax. Bng 3600-3800MHz Bng 3600-3800MHz c mt s nc chu u xem xt cp cho WBA. Tuy nhin, do mt phn bng tn ny (t 3.7-3.8GHz) ang c nhiu h thng v tinh vin thng s dng (ng xung bng C), c bit l khu vc chu , nn t kh nng bng tn ny s c chp nhn cho WiMax chu . Bng 3300-3400MHz (bng 3.3 GHz) Bng tn ny c phn b n , Trung Quc v Vit Nam ang xem xt phn b chnh thc. Do n v Trung Quc l hai th trng ln, nn d cha c nhiu nc cp bng tn ny cho WBA, nhng thit b WiMAX cng c sn xut. Chun WiMax p dng bng tn ny tng t nh vi bng 3.5GHz, l WiMax c nh, ch song cng FDD hoc TDD, rng knh 3.5MHz hoc 7MHz. Do n ch cho php s dng on bng tn 3316-3400MHz, nn cc thit b WiMax hin ti cng ch lm vic trong on ny vi ti a 2x9 knh 3.5MHz. V vy, nu c 4 nh khai thc s dng bng tn ny th thng mi nh khai thc ch c cp s dng 2x2 knh 3.5MHz. Trong khi , theo kin ca cc chuyn gia Alvarion, mt trong nhng hng cung cp thit b WiMax, th khai thc hiu qu, mi nh khai thc nn c cp t nht 2x3 knh 3.5MHz. Bng 2500-2690MHz (bng 2.5 GHz) Bng tn ny l bng tn c WiMax Forum u tin la chn cho WiMax di ng theo chun 802.16-2005. C hai l do cho s la chn ny. Th nht, so vi cc bng trn 3GHz iu kin truyn sng ca bng tn ny thch hp cho cc ng dng di ng. Th hai l kh nng bng tn ny s c nhiu nc cho php s dng WBA bao gm c WiMax. WiMax bng tn ny c rng

knh l 5MHz, ch song cng TDD, FDD. Bng tn ny trc y c s dng ph bin cho cc h thng truyn hnh MMDS trn th gii, nhng do MMDS khng pht trin nn Hi ngh Thng tin V tuyn th gii nm 2000 (WRC-2000) xc nh c th s dng bng tn ny cho h thng di ng th h 3 (3G hay IMT-2000 theo cch t tn ca ITU). Tuy nhin, khi no IMT-2000 c trin khai bng tn ny cng cha c cu tr li r rng. V vy, hin c mt s nc nh M, Brazil, Mexico, Singapore, Canada, Lin hip Anh (UK), Australia cho php s dng mt phn bng tn tn ny cho WBA. Trung Quc v n cng ang xem xt. V d, Singapore chia bng 2.5GHz thnh 15 khi 6 MHz cho WBA u thu, theo nh khai thc c cung cp cc dch v c nh, nomadic v di ng, khng yu cu phi s dng mt cng ngh c th no. Cc nh khai thc trng thu c trch nhim t phi hp vi nhau v vi cc nh khai thc ca cc nc lng ging trnh can nhiu. Ti M, y ban Truyn thng Lin bang (FCC) chia bng 2.5GHz thnh 8 khi, mi nh khai thc c th c cp 22.5MHz, gm mt khi ph c rng 16.5MHz kt hp vi khi 6MHz. Do ITU xc nh bng tn ny cho IMT-2000, nn WiMax Forum ang c k hoch tham gia vo cc nhm nghin cu ca ITU thc y vic a chun 802.16 thnh mt nhnh ca h tiu chun IMT-2000. Vi Vit Nam, Quy hoch ph v tuyn in quc gia c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt cui nm 2005 quy nh bng tn 2500-2690 MHz s c s dng cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h mi, khng trin khai thm cc thit b khc trong bng tn ny. V vy, c th hiu cng ngh WiMax di ng cng l mt i tng ca quy nh ny, nhng bng tn ny s c s dng cho loi hnh cng ngh c th no vn cn m. Bng 2300-2400MHz (bng 2.3 GHz) Bng 2.3GHz cng c c tnh truyn sng tng t nh bng 2.5GHz nn l bng tn c WiMax Forum xem xt cho WiMax di ng. Hin c mt s nc phn b bng tn ny cho WBA nh Hn Quc (trin khai WiBro), c, M, Canada, Singapore. Singapore cho u thu 10 khi 5MHz trong di 2300-2350MHz s dng cho WBA vi cc iu kin tng t nh vi bng 2.5GHz. c chia bng tn ny thnh cc khi 7MHz, khng qui nh c th v cng ngh hay rng knh, u tin cho ng dng c nh. M chia thnh 5 khi 10MHz, khng qui nh c th v rng knh, cho php trin khai c TDD v FDD. i vi Vit Nam, y cng l mt bng tn c kh nng s c s dng trin khai WBA/WiMax. Bng 5725-5850MHz (bng 5.8 GHz) Bng tn ny c WiMax Forum quan tm v y l bng tn c nhiu nc cho php s dng khng cn cp php v vi cng sut ti cao hn so vi cc on bng tn khc trong di 5GHz (5125-5250MHz, 5250-5350MHz), vn thng c s dng cho cc ng dng trong nh. Theo WiMax Forum th bng tn ny thch hp trin khai WiMax c nh, rng phn knh l 10MHz, phng thc song cng c s dng l TDD, khng c FDD. Bng di 1GHz Vi cc tn s cng thp, sng v tuyn truyn lan cng xa, s trm gc cn s dng cng t, tc

mc u t cho h thng thp i. V vy, WiMax Forum cng ang xem xt kh nng s dng cc bng tn di 1GHz, c bit l bng 700-800MHz. Hin nay, mt s nc ang thc hin vic chuyn i t truyn hnh tng t sang truyn hnh s, nn s gii phng c mt phn ph tn s dng cho WBA/WiMax. V d, M cp on bng tn 699-741MHz trc y dng cho knh 52-59 UHF truyn hnh v xem xt cp tip bng 747801MHz (knh 60-69 UHF truyn hnh). Vi Vit Nam, do c im c rt nhiu i truyn hnh a phng nn cc knh trong gii 470806MHz dnh cho truyn hnh c s dng dy c cho cc h thng truyn hnh tng t. Hin cha c l trnh c th no chuyn i cc h thng truyn hnh tng t ny sang truyn hnh s, nn cha thy c kh nng c bng tn cp cho WBA/WiMax y Tng lai no ca WiMax? Do n lc ca cc nh sn xut trong vic qung b, hin nay WiMax ang c ni n nhiu, i khi cn c nh gi l cng ngh chim lnh th trng vin thng trong tng lai, hay l cng ngh 4G. Nhng thc t th WiMax l cng ngh ang trong qu trnh c xy dng v hon thin, cha c v d in hnh no v s thnh cng v mt thng mi, nn nghi ng v mc thnh cng ca cng ngh ny vn cn tn ti (c ngi gi cng ngh ny l WhyMax thay v WiMax). Trong 10 nm qua cng khng t cng ngh v tuyn c qung co rm r, nhng thnh cng thc t li rt t. Vo nhng nm 1995-2000, cc h thng v tinh di ng tm thp nh GlobalStar, Iridium, ICO,.. c qung co l s b sung tuyt vi cho cc h thng di ng mt t, nhng thc t tt c cc h thng u tht bi. Vic nh gi qu cao h thng 3G dn n vic cc nh khai thc chu u ra mt s lng ln tin dnh quyn s dng bng tn ri sau gp kh khn, thm ch c nguy c ph sn. WiFi vo u nhng nm 2000 cng tng c tung h, nhng khim khuyt vng ph sng hn ch li c ch ra ngay sau cng vi s xut hin ca WiMax. V vy, s thnh cng ca WiMax cn thi gian c cu tr li v cc chnh sch qun l cng cn tnh n kha cnh ny. Nhiu nc khi phn b bng tn p dng chnh sch c lp v cng ngh, ch quy nh mc ch khng quy nh c th loi cng ngh. Vic la chn loi hnh cng ngh no s dng trong bng tn l do chnh nh khai thc quyt nh v t chu trch nhim. Tm hiu v Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) Vi gii thiu ny v VoIP chc cc bn c th s dng Internet thc hin cc cuc gi thay v trc y ch da vo in thoi c mc ng dy ring. Mc d vy trong by vit ny chng ti khng i qu chi tit vo VoIP m ch a ra mt s ri ro trong bo mt ca cng ngh ny t a ra cc bin php gim cc ri ro . Vy VoIP l g? VoIP c vit tt t Voice over Internet Protocol, giao thc ny cho php bn s dng kt ni Internet thc hin cc cuc gi. Thay v ph thuc vo ng dy tng t nh h thng in thoi truyn thng, VoIP s dng k thut s v yu cu kt ni bng thng tc cao nh DSL hoc cp. C rt nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau cung cp VoIP v nhiu dch v khc. ng dng chung nht ca VoIP cho s dng c nhn hoc gia nh l cc dch v in thoi da trn Internet c chuyn mch in thoi. Vi ng dng ny, bn vn cn c mt s in thoi, vn phi quay s thc hin cuc gi nh s dng thng thng. Ngi m bn gi n s khng

thy c s khc nhau so vi cc cuc gi t h thng in thoi truyn thng. Nhiu nh cung cp dch v cng cho ra nhng tnh nng s dng adapter VoIP ca bn bt k u c kt ni Internet tc cao, cho php bn mang n i theo khi i cng tc hoc i du lch. Vn bo mt ca VoIP l g? Chnh v VoIP da trn kt ni Internet nn n c th c nhng im yu i vi bt k mi e da v cc vn g m my tnh ca bn phi i mt. Cng ngh ny cng l mt cng ngh mi, v vy c nhiu tranh ci v nhng tn cng c th xy ra, VoIP c th cng b tn cng bi virus v m nguy him khc. Cc k tn cng c th chn vic truyn thng, nghe trm v thc hin cc tn cng gi mo bng vic thao tng ID v lm hng dch v ca bn (xem thm phn Tm hiu v cc tn cng t chi dch v DoS v Ngn chn cc cuc tn cng nhm nh cp thng tin). Cc hnh ng tiu tn lng ln cc ti nguyn mng nh ti file, chi ch tri trc tuyncng nh hng n dch v VoIP. Ngoi nhng vn trn ra, VoIP cn k tha nhng vn chnh trong vic nh tuyn trn kt ni bng thng rng. Khng ging nh cc h thng in thoi truyn thng bn c th gi c khi mt in Trong h thng VoIP, nu mt ngun in th VoIP cng khng th thc hin c cuc gi. y cng c vi vn lin quan l cc h thng bo mt ti nh hoc s khn cp c th khng lm vic theo nh mong mun. Bn lm g trnh nhng ri ro khi s dng VoIP? Lin tc nng cp phn mm Nu hng phn mm cung cp cc bn v cho h iu hnh th bn nn ci t chng ngay lp tc. Vic s ngn chn c cc tn cng ang li dng yu im trong l hng phn mm (xem thm bi vit Tm hiu v cc l hng ). S dng v duy tr phn mm chng virus Phn mm chng virus c th nhn ra v bo v my tnh chng li cc virus c nh ngha. Mc d vy k tn cng lun tm mi cch vit ra cc virus mi, chnh v vy bn phi thng xuyn cp nht phn mm virus (c qua phn Tm hiu v phn mm virus). Tn dng trit cc ty chn bo mt Nhiu nh cung cp c th cung cp dch v cho php m ha. Nu cng vic ca bn lin quan n nhiu vn ring t v bo mt th cng nn cn nhc n cc ty chn c sn ny. Ci t v kch hot tng la Tng la c th ngn chn nhiu kiu xm nhp bng vic kha lu lng nguy him trc khi chng xm nhp vo my tnh ca bn (xem thm phn Tm hiu v tng la) nh gi cc thit lp bo mt C my tnh ca bn v cc thit b/phn mm VoIP cung cp nhiu tnh nng khc nhau c th trang b cho yu cu ca bn. Mc d vy, vic cho php cc tnh nng c th c th li cho bn nhiu l hng d b tn cng. V vy v hiu ha mt s tnh nng nu bn cm thy khng cn thit. Kim tra cc thit lp ca bn, thit lp bo mt ring v chn cc ty chn m bn cn trnh mang li nhng ri ro khng ng c. Tm hiu v cng ngh Bluetooth Ngy nay, rt nhiu thit b c kt hp cht ch vi cng ngh Bluetooth cho php truyn thng khng dy vi cc thit b Bluetooth khc. Trc khi s dng Bluetooth, chng ta nn tm hiu xem cng ngh ny l g v nhng ri ro v bo mt c th xy ra vi n, cng nh cc bin php trnh hay bo v bn khi cc ri ro ny.

Bluetooth l g? Bluetooth l mt cng ngh b vi nhau m khng cn in t, iu c ngha l ny trong sn phm th h chun ny i cho sn thut ny bo m cho cc vi nhau khi s dng cng cho php truyn thng gia cc thit cp v dy dn. N l mt chun cc hng sn xut mun c c tnh phi tun theo cc yu cu ca phm ca mnh. Nhng ch tiu k thit b c th nhn ra v tng tc ngh Bluetooth.

Ngy nay phn ln cc nh my u sn xut cc thit b c s dng cng ngh Bluetooth. Cc thit b ny gm c in thoi di ng, my tnh v thit b h tr c nhn (Personal Digital Assistant PDA). Cng ngh Bluetooth l mt cng ngh da trn tn s v tuyn v bt c mt thit b no c tch hp bn trong cng ngh ny u c th truyn thng vi cc thit b khc vi mt khong cch nht nh v c li m bo cng sut cho vic pht v nhn sng. Cng ngh ny thng c s dng truyn thng gia hai loi thit b khc nhau. V d: Bn c th hot ng trn my tnh vi mt bn phm khng dy, s dng b tai nghe khng dy ni chuyn trn in thoi di ng ca bn hoc b sung thm mt cuc hn vo lch biu PDA ca mt ngi bn t PDA ca bn. Vy vn bo mt lin quan n cng ngh ny l g? Ph thuc vo cch n c cu hnh. Cng ngh Bluetooth c th kh an ton. Bn c th thy c nhiu u im ca n trong vic s dng xc nhn key v m ha. Nhng tuy nhin, nhiu thit b Bluetooth c s lng ngn cc ch s s dng trong m PIN v iu ny c th gy nguy him cho cc thit b ny. Nu ai c th pht hin ra thit b Bluetooth ca bn, th ngi ny hon ton c kh nng gi cc tin nhn khng yu cu n v lm dng dch v Bluetooth ca bn, iu c th gy ra nhiu vn rc ri. iu ti t hn c l mt k l mt c th tm c cch xm nhp hay sa i d liu ca bn. Mt v d v loi hnh tn cng kiu ny: mt k tn cng c th s dng kt ni Bluetooth cum i thng tin quan trng t thit b ca bn. Cc virus hoc cc m nguy him khc cng c th li dng cng ngh ny lm hi thit b. Nu b xm nhp, d liu ca bn c th s b sa i, lm tn hi hay b nh cp hoc mt. Bn nn bit r v ngi m bn gi thng tin n trn mt kt ni Bluetooth khng tin tng. Vy l th no bo v? V hiu ha Bluetooth khi khng s dng chng Tr khi bn kch hot vic truyn ti thng tin t thit b ny n mt thit b khc, nu khng bn nn v hiu ha cng ngh ny trnh nhng ngi khng hp l c th xm nhp. S dng Bluetooth trong ch n Khi kch hot Bluetooth, hy t n trong trang thi n khng th pht hin. Ch n nhm ngn chn cc thit b Bluetooth khc nhn ra thit b ca bn. iu ny khng ngn cn bn kt ni n cc thit b Bluetooth khc. Thm ch c hai thit b cng c th nhn ra nhau kt ni nu chng cng trong ch n. Cc thit b nh in thoi di ng v tai nghe khng dy cn phi t trong ch khng pht hin kt ni ban u th chng lun nhn ra thit b kia m khng cn tm kim li kt ni na cho ln tip theo. Cn thn vi nhng ni bn s dng Bluetooth Bn cn phi quan tm n mi trng khi ghp i thit b ca bn hoc hot ng trong ch c th pht hin. Ly mt v d c th: Nu bn ang

trong mt a im cng cng hot spot, chc chn s c nhiu ri ro v trng hp c ai chn kt ni ca bn hn l bn kt ni trong nh hoc trong xe t. nh gi cc thit lp bo mt ca bn Hu ht cc thit b u c nhiu c tnh gip bn trang b cn thit cho bn thn. Tuy vy, vic kch hot mt s tnh nng c th c th mang li cho bn nhiu nguy c b tn cng. V vy, v hiu ha bt k tnh nng hoc cc kt ni khng cn thit no c th. Kim tra cc thit lp, thit lp bo mt c bit v la chn cc ty chn cn thit i vi bn m khng gy ra mc ri ro cao cho bn. Phi bo m rng tt c cc kt ni Bluetooth ca bn u c cu hnh vi yu cu cn thit v bo mt. Khai thc trit cc ty chn bo mt Tm hiu k v cc ty chn bo mt m thit b Bluetooth ca bn c th cung cp, t khai thc trit nhng tnh nng tc dng ca chng nh s m ha v thm nh. Gii thiu v DNS va chuyn vung DNS DNS (Domain Name System) l mt h c s d liu phn tn dng nh x gia cc tn min v cc a ch IP. DNS a ra mt phng php c bit duy tr v lin kt cc nh x ny trong mt th thng nht. Trong phm vi ln hn, cc my tnh kt ni vi internet s dng DNS to a ch lin kt dng URL (Universal Resource Locators). Theo phng php ny, mi my tnh s khng cn s dng a ch IP cho kt ni. Gii thiu chung DNS (Domain Name System) l mt h c s d liu phn tn dng nh x gia cc tn min v cc a ch IP. DNS a ra mt phng php c bit duy tr v lin kt cc nh x ny trong mt th thng nht. Trong phm vi ln hn, cc my tnh kt ni vi internet s dng DNS to a ch lin kt dng URL (Universal Resource Locators). Theo phng php ny, mi my tnh s khng cn s dng a ch IP cho kt ni. Cc tn DNS to ra theo nh dng sau ., v d infosec.vasc.com.vn. Trong khi danh sch cc kiu tn DNS c thit kt li bi ICANN (Cng ty qun l dch v tn min), mt s cc kiu thng thng bao gm: .edu (dng cc website gio dc) , .mil (cc website cho qun i), .org (thuc dng cc t chc phi thng mi) .com (cc t chc kinh t),... V cng c cc kiu tn min ch nh theo tn nc, v d .ie (Ireland), .jp (Japan), .de (Germany) Khi mt my tnh (mt DNS client) mun tm kim mt URL, n a yu cu (GetHostByName) ti DNS server ca n. DNS client s dng mt DNS resolver nh v DNS server. Nu DNS server khng xc nh c tn min cn tm, hay DNS server khng c cht thng tin g v URL trong vng nh m ca n, n s khng th tr li yu cu ca client ngay lp tc. Thay vo , DNS server s hoc s dng mt DNS forwarder hoc to li mt yu cu theo quy tc quy. Vic gi mo DNS lin quan ti vic bt buc mt DNS client to yu cu ti mt server mo danh, v khi client s nhn c tr li sai t server gi mo . C 3 cch thc hin kiu tn cng gi mo DNS ny, bao gm: 1. Gi mo cc phn hi DNS K tn cng c th s dng c ch quy, gi mo yu cu m DNS server gi ra ngoi trong qu trnh tm kim mt a ch, v phn hi cc thng tin sai trc khi cc thng tin tht n. Mi gi tin

DNS c mt s ID dng 16 bit m DNS server dng kim tra yu cu ban u gi i l g. Khi s dng BIND, mt phn mm thng dng dng DNS server, s ny tng ln 1 sau mi yu cu gi n, v vic to yu cu rt d dng gi mo. BIND c sa li theo phin bn gn y, m cc gi tin DNS c khi to theo cc con s ngu nhin (phin bn BIND v9). kim tra liu mt DNS server c th c l hng hay khng i vi s tn cng gi mo a ch DNS, bn c th gi cc yu cu ti server, thm nh liu c th on s ID k tip trong mt gi tin yu cu gi ti DNS. Nu cc yu cu ID c th on trc c, iu ny c ngha l vng nh m trong DNS c th nh x khng ng ti a ch IP tht, v chnh l l hng bo mt trong DNS. 2. Gi mo a ch trong vng nh m ca DNS Sau cc yu cu quy, cc nh x a ch nhn c s tn ti trong DNS cache. DNS server s da vo cng nh m ny xc nh thng tin cho cc yu cu n v phn hi t client gi ti, gip cho vic truy cp thng tin nhanh hn. di thi gian m cc kt qu yu cu quy c gi lun trong DNS cache (k hiu l TTL -- time to live) c th c thit lp. Vic cc a ch b gi mo nm trong DNS cache ko theo vic gi thng tin nh x khng ng vi thi gian tn ti (TTL) di. Vy nn, ti thi im k tip khi c mt yu cu gi ti, n s nhn c thng tin sai. Vic sai thng tin ny cng c th b nh hng do vic nhn d liu t mt DNS server t xa no b gi mo . C th gii hn s gi mo thng tin ny bng cch gim thi gian thng tin tn ti trong cache (TTL), nhng iu ny cng lm gim hiu nng ca server. Mt ng dng thng dng ca DNS dng phn mm m ngun m l BIND (Berkeley Internet Name Daemon), m cung cp hu ht cc chc nng quan trng v DNS server. Tuy nhin, cng c rt nhiu l hng bo mt trong BIND, v v vy, vic m bo ang s dng phn mm BIND vi phin bn mi nht l rt quan trng. Hin ti, cc chun mi v DNS khc phc c li ny trong vng nh m ca DNS. 3. Ph v mc bo mt mi trng Vic tn cng bng cch gi mo a DNS ph v mc bo mt ca mi trng lm vic mng trong DNS server. V d: tn cng da theo cc l hng dng trn vng m i vi cc phin bn BIND c, m cho php k tn cng ot c quyn root truy cp. Khi k tn cng ot c quyn truy cp trong mi trng DNS, anh ta c th iu khin c mi trng mng. gip trong vic qun l v g ri, rt hu ch khi bit rng vic truyn thng DNS s dng c giao thc TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol), v thng thng ngi ta s dng mt firewall c cu hnh ng lc gi tin trc khi i qua DNS. Mt cch ngn cc nguy him khng c chng thc l s dng mt h thng DNS c chia theo vng qun l. iu ny lin quan ti ci t mt DNS server bn trong. Khi , mi DNS bn ngoi c thit lp ch cha cc thng tin lin quan bi cc host bn ngoi,nh SMTP gateway, hay mt NS bn ngoi. Hu ht cc mail server hin ti c th iu khin SMTP mail rt tt (nh MS Outlook v Lotus Lote ca IBM u c cc SMTP gateway), n cng an ton hn v c c ch ring r cho vic nhn SMTP mail. Sau , nu mail bn ngoi chuyn i thnh cng, k tn cng s khng th t ng truy cp ti h thng mail bn trong.

Tng lai pht trin ca DNS DNS c th c l hng do b gi mo gi tin bi v thiu vng quyn chng thc khi truy cp. iu ny c th c khc phc vi DNSSEC. y l mt c ch bo mt mi bng cch cho php cc Website kim tra cc tn min ca h v chu trch nhim i vi cc a ch IP theo cc ch k in t v thut ton m ho cng khai. iu ny cng c ngha rng, khi DNS client nhn mt phn hi t yu cu ca n, n c th kim tra yu cu t mt ti nguyn c chng thc. DNSSEC bt u c nhng trong BIND 9, v trong mt s h iu hnh. DNSSEC s i hi nhiu hn v hiu nng ca phn cng, bng thng ln hn v i hi phi thay i i vi tt c cc DNS server hin ti. V vy, vic p dng cng ngh mi ny vn cn ang c trin khai v ha hn trong tng lai. Hm nay,thng qua bi vit ny Bnh triu cp ti vn chuyn vng.Chc hn bn s quan tm.Mong bi vit s cho bn hiu r hn v n,cng nh c nhng kin thc nht nh v vn ny. Chuyn vng (Phn nay c su tp cua tac gia Binh Trieu - vietnam security) Mt trong nhng cu hnh sai nghim trng m ngi qun tr h thng c th mc phi l cho php ngi dng Internet khng ng tin cy c tin hnh chuyn vng DNS. Chuyn vng (Zone Transfer)cho php my phc v ph cp nht c s d liu t my chnh.Nh vy l lm d tha khi chy DNS,nh nh my phc v tn chnh khng kh dng.Ni chung,my phc v DNS ph ch cn chuyn vng DNS.Th nhng,nhiu my phc v DNS b lp cu hnh sai v cung cp bn sao vng cho ngi no yu cu.khng nht thit l xu nu thng tin cung cp lin quan n h thng ni mng Internet v c tn my ch hp l,du to iu kin d dng cho k tn cng tm thy ch.Vn thc s ny sinh khi t chc khng p cng c ch DNS cng ring cch ly thng tin DNS ngoi (cng khai) vi thng tin DNS trong.Cung cp thng tin a ch IP trong cho ngi dng khng ng tin cy qua mng Internet cng ging nh cung cp bn trong ca t chc. Chng ta hu xem xt mt vi phng php chuyn vng,v cc loi thng tin.Tuy c nhiu cng c chuyn vng,nhng ti gii hn tho lun vi loi ph bin m thi. Cch n gin chuyn vng l dng my khch nslookupthng do thi hnh UNIX v NT mang li.Chng ta p dng nslookup trong ch tng tc vi nhau: [bash] $ nslookup Default Server: ns1.example.net Address:10.10.20.2 >216.182.1.1 Default Server : [10.10.20.2] Address: 10.10.20.2 Name: gate.tellurian.net Address:10.10.20.2 >set type=any >ls d tellurian.net. >>/tmp/zone_out u tin chng ta chy nslookup trong ch tng tc.Mt khi khi ng xong,n s cho bit my

phc v tn mc nh,thng l my phc v DNS ca t chc hoc my phc v DNS ca ngi cung cp dch v Internet.Tuy nhin,my phc v DNS (10.10.20.2)khng c thm quyncho vng ch,nn s khng c ht thy mu tin DNS.Bi vy,chng ta cn t tay cho nslookup bit l s truy vn my phc v DNS no.Trong v d ny,chng ta dng my phc v DNS chnh cho Tellurian network (10.10.20.2). Tip theo chng ta nh loi mu tin l any.Tc v ny cho php bn ko mu tin DNS bt k (man nslookup) cho danh sch hon chnh. Sau cng,lit k ton b mu tin lin quan n vng bng tu chn ls.-d lit k tt c mu tin vng.Chng ta thm . cui cu cho bit tn vng hi iu kin-song a phn l vy.Hy i hng kt qu v tp tin /tmp/zone_out c th thao tc sau ny. Chuyn vng xong,chng ta xem trong tp tin coi c thng tin l th no cho php nhm n h thng c th khng.Hy xem kt qu sau: [bash] more zone_out acct18 1D IN A 192.168.230.3 1D IN HINFO 1D IN MX 0 tellurianadmin-smtp 1D IN RP- bsmith.rci bsmith.who 1D IN TXT Location:Telephone Room ce 1D IN CNAME aesop au 1D IN A 192.168.230.4 1D IN HINFO aspect MS-DOS 1D IN MX 0 andromeda 1D IN RP jcoy.erebus jcoy.who 1D IN TXT Location: Library acct21 1D IN A 192.168.230.5 1D IN HINFO Gateway2000 WinWKGRPS 1D IN MX 0 tellurianadmin-smtp 1D IN RP bsmith.rci bsmith.who 1D IN TXT Location: Acounting Chng ta s khng i chi tit tng mu tin,ch lu vi loi quan trng.i vi mi mc nhp,chng ta c mu tin A cho bit a ch IP ca tn h thng nm bn phi.Ngoi ra,mi my ch u c mu tin HINFO nhn din nn hoc hoc loi h iu hnh ang chy (RFC-952).Mu tin HINFO tuy khng cn thit song cung cp nhiu thng tin cho k tn cng.V chng ta lu kt qu chuyn vng vo tp tin u ra nn d dng thao tc kt qu bng chng trnh UNIX nh : grep,sed,awk,hoc Perl. Gi thit chng ta l nhng chuyn gia trong SunOS hoc Solaris,c th tm ra a ch IP c mu tin HINFO lin quan n SPARC,Sun,hoc Solaris. [bash] $ grep -i solaris zone_out |wc -1 388 Chng ta c 388 mu tin tham chiu "Solaris".Khi phi ni,chng ta c qu nhiu mc tiu. Gi s chng ta mun tm h thng th nghim,v tnh l chn la cho k tn cng.Ti sao? Tht n gin-chng thng khng kch hot nhiu c tnh bo mt,mt m on,nh qun tr khng

hay hoc bn tm ai ng nhp chng.Mt chn l tng cho nhng k xm nhp.Do ,chng ta tm h thng th nghim nh sau: [bash] $ grep -i test /tmp/zone_out |wc -1 96 Nn c khang 96 mc nhp trong tp tin vng c cha t "test".Phi bng vi s h thng th nghim tht.Trn y ch l mt vi v d n gin.Hu ht k xm nhp s m x d liu ny tp trung vo loi h thng c th c ch yu bit. C vi im cn ghi nh.Phng php neu trn ch truy cp ln lt my phc v tn.Tc l bn phi thc hin cng mt tc v cho tt c my phc v tn c thm quyn i vi vng ch.Chng ta ch truy vn vng Tellurian.net m thi.Nu c vng con,s phi thc hin cng loi truy vn cho tng vng con(chng hn nh greenhouse.tellurian.net).Sau cng bn nhn thng bo khng th lit k vng hoc t chi truy vn.Thng iu ny cho thy my phc v c lp cu hnh v hiu ha chuyn vng ca ngi dng bt hp php.V vy,bn kh lng chuyn vng t my phc v ny.Nhng nu c nhiu my phc v DNS,bn s c c may tm c my cho php chuyn vng. C rt nhiu cng c y nhanh tin trnh ny,bao gm: host,Sam Spade,axfr v dig(khng cp y). Lnh "host" mang nhiu hng v ca UNIX.Cch dng lnh "host"nh sau: host -1 tellurian.net hoc host -1 -v -t any tellurian.net Nu cn mi a ch IP a vo kch bn shell,bn cut(ct) a ch IP khi lnh "host" host -1 tellurian.net |cut -f 4 -d" " >>/tmp/ip_out Khng phi chc nng in dn chn no cng buc phi thc hin qua lnh UNIX.Mt s sn phm Windows cng cung cp thng tin nh vy. Sau cng bn chuyn vng bng mt trong nhng cng c siu vit,axfr ca Gaius.Trnh tin ch ny s chuyn thng tin vng,c s d liu vng v tp tin my ch cho tng vng c truy vn di dng nn.Thm ch bn c th chuynvu2ng cp cao nh com v edu ly tt c vng lin quan n "com" v "edu".Tuy nhin,khng nn lm vy.Mun chy axfr,bn g nh sau" [bash] $ axfr tellurian.net axfr: Using default directory: /root/axfrdb Found 2 name servers for domain "Tellurian.net"; Text deleted. Received xxx answer (xxx records). truy vn thng tin va ly trong c s d liu "axfr",bn g nh sau: [bash] $ axfr tellurian.net