Hyndavatha Dharmavum Darsanavum - MM Akbar

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haindavatha darmavum dershanavum

malayalam
author:
m.m.akbar
publishers:
niche of truth
kalabhavan road, cochin- 18
first edition: january 1992
second edition: november 2002
typesetting : creative media
illustration: usman
cover : yoonus
printing: screenoffset, cochin
price: rs. 100/-
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Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-n- \mw-- Z-i-\-n-\m-Wv- Du-- \-In-bn-cn-p-Xv.- B-Zy-`m-K-v- F-m-Wv- C-p- Im-Wp-- ln-p-a-X-sa-pw,- tZ-iob-X-bp-sS- \q-enkv-Ym-]n--s-n-cn-p- tjm-h-\n-k-n-s-d- A-hIm-i-hm-Z-- F-{X-tm-fw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-sW-p-am-Wv- ]-cn-tim-[nn-cn-p-Xv.- ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--fp-sS- B-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sbkw-_-\v-[nN--bm-Wv- c-mw- `m-K-n-ep--Xv.- aq-mw- `m-K-n-em-I-s- ssl--h
Z-i-\-n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-i-n-e-I-fpw- A-h- `m-c-X-n- h-- {]-hmNI-m-cp-sS- {]-t_m-[-\--f-p-am-bn- F--s\- _-\v-[-s-n-cn--p-p-sh-pam-Wv- N-- sN-bv-Xncn-p--Xv.-
p-I-bpw- k-lm-bn--p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- ]-c--\-m-Sn- C-kvem-an-Iv- sse{_dn-bp-sS-bpw- A--am- C-kv-em-an-Iv- sk-d-dn-s-d-bpw- {]-h---I,kw-kv-Ir-Xm--c-- ]-Tn-n-p-X-cm- k-a-bw- hn-\n-tbm-Kn-- lw-k-amkv--dpw,- d-lo-a-bpw...- A-s\- t]m-Ip-p- ]-n-I.- {]-tXy-I-am-bn- \-n]-d-tb-- H-cm-fp-v.- t]m-v- -b- Nn--bm-an-j-\n-sekzm-an,- {_-lvaNmcn- k-a-Xv-Y- ssN-X-\y;- A-t-l-am-Wv- ]-e- km-t-Xn-I- i-_v-Z--fpwF\n-v- hn-h-cn-p-X--Xv.- ]p-kv-X-I--fpw- a--pw- X-pw- A-t-lw- k-l
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A-t-l-n-\v- A-m-lp- ]-c-tem-I-ku-Jyw- {]-Zm-\w- sN--s- (B-ao)A-m-lp- C-sXm-cp- k--a-am-bnkzo-I-cn--s.- (B-ao-)Fw.-Fw.- A-Iv-_-
1992 em-Wv- "ssl--h-X- h--hp-w- Z-i-\-hpw-'- H-m-w- ]-Xn-v- ]pdph--Xv.- B- h-j-s- G--hpw- \-- C-kv-em-an-I- {K--n-\p-- A_q-Zm-_n- ap-kv-enw- ssdt-gv-kv- t^-m-d-n-s- A-hm-Upw- ]p-kv-X-I-n\pe-`n-p.- "am-Xr-`q-an-'-sb-tm-se-bp-f-f- ]-e- {]-ap-J- B-\p-Im-en-I--fpw]p-kv-X-I-s- hn-a-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-bn- hn-e-bn-cp-n-sm-v- teJ-\-{]-kn-o-I-cn-p.- A-h-bn- \n-v- ]-e-Xpw- ]-Tn-p-; A-dn-p.- A-Xn-sA-Sn-m-\-n- th-W-sa-p- tXm-n-b- A-\n-hm-cy-am-b- am--- Cu]-Xn-n- h-cp-n-bn-p-v.- {]-k-Iv-X-am-b- hn-a-i-\--v- hn-a-i-Isc-p-dn-- ]-cm-a-i-an-m-sX- X-s- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-- {i-an-n-pap-v.Fn-epw,- ]-p-h-jw- ap-s-gp-Xn-b- ]-pk
-- v-X-I-n-s- c--mw- ]-XnmbnXs-bn-cn--Ww- C-Xv- F--Xp- sIm-v- au-en-I-am-b- am--sf-pw- hcpn-bn-n-m-Xm-\-pw.ssl--h- Z-i-\-s-bpw- B-cy {Zm-hn-U- kw-kv-Im-c--f-p-sS- Dm\-]-X-\--sf-bp-sa-mw- kw-_-n-v- C-Xn-s- H-mw- ]-Xn-v- ]p-d-p-h-Xn-\p- ti-jw- \n-c-h-[n- hn-e-s-- ]-T-\-- \S-n-p-v.- A-h-bp-sSsb-mw- A-Sn-m-\-n- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-n-s- {]ta-bw- X-s- H-pIq-Sn- hn-I-kn-n-p- sIm-v- F-gp-X-W-sa-p-v.- A-m-lp- A-\p-{K-ln-s- (B-ao)C-sX-gp-Xm- A-\p-{K-ln-- k-h-i-Iv-X-\v- k-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fpw.- hyIv-Xn-]-c-am-bn- \-n- ]-d-tb--h- H-cp-]m-Spv.- C-sX-gp-Xm- k-l-I-cn-
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ln-p-C-y-kn-\v-[p"tem-Im-k-akv-Xm- kp-Jn-t\m- `-h-p'-sh-- hN-\w- ]-e-tmgpw- D-cn-s
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pw- B-{K-ln-p--Xp-t]m-se- H-s- s]-cp-am-dm-sa-pw- [-cn-p-h- C-p- Nn-e-cp-v.- cm-jv-{Sw- F-- hm-n-s\- A-Xn-s-d- bYmY- A-Y-n- a\-n-em-n-bm- am-{X-ta- Cu- cmjv-{Sw- ln-pcm-jv-{S-am-Wv-;- ln-p--fptS-Xm-Wv- F-- k-Xy-s- a-\-n-em-mI-gn-bp-I-bp-q'1- ."ssh-tZ-in-I- a-X--fpw- A-h-sb- Xm-n- \S-p-- ssh-Xmfn-Im-cpw- aq-Sp-Xmn-I-fp-am-Wv- C-v- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS- I-n-seI-c-Sp-I-fm-bn-o-n-p-Xv.- B- I-c-Sp-I- \o-w- sN-m-n-Stm-fw- Im-ew- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sS- I-p-I- I-e-n--s-bn-cnpw-.- ssN-X-\y-hpw- Np-dp-Npdp--p-ap-- bp-h-X-e-ap-d-sb- t\m-nsm-n-cn-p-- A-b
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- w- sNsSpw'3."Cu- kw-L-a-m-cw-`n--Xv- ap-kv-enw- AXn-{I-a--sf- {]-Xn-tcm[n-p-X-n-\p-th-n- am-{X-a--;- {]-Xyp-X- B- tcm-Kw- ]q-W-am-bpwth-cdp-p- If-bm- th-n-bm-Wv'4.Cu- D--c-Wn-I-fn-se- A-h-Imi-hm-Z--fp-am-bn- \-ap-vkwhZnmw.ln-p-sh-- ]-Zw-:- "ln-p'-sh-- ]-Z-n-s-d- D-]-n-sbkw_\v-[n-v- ]-Wv-U-n-X-m-n-S-bn- c--`n-{]m-b-ap-v.- "kn-\v[p'sh- ]-Z-n-s-d- cq-]m--c- kw-Pv-R-bm-Wv "ln-p'--sh-X-m-Wv{]-_-e-hpw- {]k-Iv-X-hp-am-b- A-`n-{]m-bw.- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-hm-knI,- hn-tZ-inI-fm-- kn\v-[p-sh-v- hn-fn--s-p-sh-pw- ]no-Sv1.- tI-k-cn- 1511989
2. -tI-k-cn- 2771987
3.- _m-Xm--sd-:- Times of India 30-4-1989.
4. tUm.- tKm-b:- cm-jv{- So-b- kz-bw- tk-hI
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- v- 1421984.-
21
"k'-,- "l-'-bm-bn- am-dn-sb-p-am-Wv- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-m-cm-b- ]-WvUn-X-m- ]-d-bp--Xv.- t]-jy- `mj-bn- "kn'- D--cn--s-Sp-Xv- "ln'- Fm-b-Xn-\m- kn-\v-[p,- ln-p-hmbn- am-dn-b-Xm-bn-cnm-sa-pw- A-\p-am\n-p-p. "l'- F-- i-_v-Zw {Kop-Im-vDm-c-W- hn-jaw- krjv-Sn--Xm-W-t{X- ln-p-- C-y-m-cmbnam-dm-\p-m-b- ImcWw1.`m-c-Xo-b- ]u-cm-Wn-I- {K-\v-Y--fn-sem-pw- ln-p-sh-{]tbmKw- Im-Wp-n-s-Xpw- G-I-tZ-iw- k-a-Im-en-I-am-b- sshtZ-in-I- tc-J-I-fn- Cu- {]-tbm-K-w- Im-Wp-p-sh--Xp-am-Wv- CXn\p- {]-[m\- sX-fn-hv.- `mc-X-ns-d- G--hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I- tc-Jsb-v- I-cp-X-s-Sp-- E-tKz-Z-n "k-]v-X-kn-\v-[p'-sh-m-Wv{]tbm-Kn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.C-u- A-`n-{]m-b- {]-Im-cw- ln-p-sh-- ]-Zw-X-s- ssh-tZin-I-amWv.- ssh-tZ-in-I- a-X--sf-- I-c-Sp-I-sf- \o-w- sN-mcwK-n-d-p-h- kz-w- \m-a-n-se- ssh-tZ-in-I- I-c-Sn-s\-bt- BZy-am-bn- \o-w- sNt--Xv?- ]-t,- A-h-p-- sh-dp-vhn-tZ-itm-S-,-- a-s-n-t\m-sSm-s-tbm- B-sW-m-Wv- a-\-nem-m- I-gn-bp--Xv.ln-p-sh-- ]-Z-n-s-d- ssh-tZ-in-I- D-]-n- \n-cm-I-cnp-- ]-Wv-U-n-X-m-cp-ap-v.- "ln-p'-sh-- ]-Zw- ip-- kw-kv-Ir-Xkw-Pv-R-bmsW-m-W-h-cp-sS- hm-Zw.- "lnw'- "Z'- "D'- F-- ]-Z--fpsS- k-ap--b-am-Wv- "lnp'-sh--s{X- A-h- ]-d-bp--Xv.- "lnw'- lnam-e-b-sbpw- "Z',- "D'- F-n-h- Z-n-W- k-ap-{Z-s-bpw- (Z-- ZnWw.-- D-- D-n- k-ap-{Zw-)- Ipdn-p-psh-pw- ln-p-hn-s-d- A-Ywln-am-e-b-n-\pw- Z-n-W- k-ap-{Z-n-\pw- C-S-bn-ep--sX-m-sWpw- C-h- A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-p.- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-amWv- _r-l-kv]ZnB-K-a-n- Im-Wp--sX-v- B.-F-kv.Fkv- ap- kkwL-Nme-Iv- Kp-cp-Pn- tKm-hm-- ]-d-bp-pv.- A-t-lw- D--cn-pp:ln-am-e-bw- k-a-cm-`y-bm-h-Zn-p- k-tcm-h-cwXw- tZ-h-\n-an-Xw- tZ-iw- ln-p-kv-Ym-\w- {]-N-Iv-jy-tX.1. Complete Works of Swami Vivekananda Vol, III, Page 228.
22
(tZ-h-m-cm-- kr-jv-Sn-s--Xpw- ln-am-e-bw- sXm-v- C-pk-tcmhcw- (Z-n-Wk

- a
- p-{Zw)- h-sc- hym-]n-p-In-S
- p-X
- p-am-b- tZi1
s-bm-Wv- lnp-kv-Ym-\-sa--v hn-fn-p--Xv) .C-Xn-se- H-m-a-s- A-`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- {]-_-e-am-bn-p--Xv.G-Xm-bm-epw-Cu- c-v- A-`n-{]m-b--fn- G-Xv- kzo-I-cn-m-epw"lnp'- i_vZw- H-cp- kw-kv-I-m-c-s-tbm- a-X-s-tbm- Ip-dn-pn-s-pw- H-cp- tZ-is- Ip-dn--p-- \m-awam-{X-am-W-sX-p-amWv- a\-n-em-m- I-gn-bp--Xv.- hntZ-in-I- C--y-b-n-te-v- ISp-h--tm- I-- hn-{K-l-]q-P-bn-epw- ]n-Xpcm-cm-[-\-bn-ep-a-[njv-Tn-X-a-m-b- P-o-hn-X-k-{-Zm-b-s- C-ym-cpsS- a-X-sa-- AY-n- ln-p-a-X-sa-v- hn-fn-n-p-m-h-Ww.- AXm-bn-cn--Ww"ln-p-a-X'-sa-- kwPv-R-bp-sS- D-]-n.- A-X-m-sX- lnp-a-Xsa-- H-cp- a-X-tam- Po-hnX-Z-i-\-tam- D-`-hn-p-I-tbm- {]-N-cnpItbm- sN-bv-Xn-n-s--Xn-\v- th-tZm-]-\n-j-p-I-X-s- sX-fnhpI-fm-Wv.C-y-bn- hy-Xy-kv-X- ho--W--fpw- a-X--fp-ap-m-bn-p
v.- Ah-bn- ]-e-Xpw- ]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp-am-b- B-i-b--fp-smp-h
- b
- m- Wv.- hn-jW
v- p-hns-d- ]-m-as
- - A-hX
- m-ca
- m-b- Inbm-Wv- Xm-s\--h-Im-i-s-v- {]-Xy--s- an-km-Kp-emw- A-lv-aZn-s-d- Jm-Zn-bm-\o- a-Xhpw- k-Xy-km-bn-_m-_-bp-sS- Pm-e-hn-Zym-aX-hpw- "`-K-hm'- c-P-\o-jn-s-d- ssew-Kn-I- a-X-hp-sa-mw- P-\n--Xv`mc-X-n-s-d- imZz-e-`q-an-bn -X-s-bm-Wv.- ssi-hw,- ssh-jvWhw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ssh-Zn-Iw-,- _u-w,- ssP-\w,- kn-v-,- enw-Km-bXw,- th-Zmw- Xp-S-n- hy-Xy-kv-X- a-X--p- ]p-d-sa- "tem-Im
b-Xw'- t]mse-bp-- ip \n-co-iz-c Z-i-\--pw- `m-c-Xw- Pw\-In-bn-pv.- C-y-bn- \n-e-hn-ep-m-bncp-- A-\m-Nm-c-pw- A-hbp-sS- h-IvX
- m-f
- m-b- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-n-\p-saXn-cn- i_vZn-- _p--aX-s-bpw- ssP-\-a-X-s-bp-sa-mw- A-h-bp-sS- k-aIm-en-I-cm-b- ]p-tcm-ln-X- a-X-m- \-J-in-Jm-w- F-Xn-p-t]mn-p-v.- i-cm-Nm-cy- X-s- A-ssZz-XaXw- kv-Ym-]n-m-\m-bn_u--ssP-\- Z-i-\--s-Xn-sc- i-Iv-X-amb- kw-L--\--fn1.- am-[-h- k-Zm-in-h- tKm-hm-:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c,-- t]-Pv-:- 116
23
epw- kw-hm-Z--fn-ep-ta-s-n-cp-p-sh--Xn-\v- sX-fn-hp-Ifpv.- C-s\- hy-Xy-kvX--fpw- hn-cp---fp-am-b- kn-m---sf-sb-mw,-A-h- C-y-bn- P-\np-sh-- Im-c-W-m- am-{Xw- ln-p-a-Xsa- IpSo-gn- A-Wn-\n-c-m-\p-- {i-a-am-Wv- C-v- \-S-psIm-n-cn-p-Xv.A-X-\p-k-cn-v- C--y--I-p-m-b- Z-i-\-tfm- a-X-tfm- F{X-Xs
- - t-NO
v- a
- m-bn-cp-m-epw- ]-hn-{X-hpw- `m-cX
- mw-_bpsSI-n-se- Irjv-W-a-Wn-bp-am-Wv.- AtX-k-a-bw,- ]p-d-p-m-b- a-X-tfm- Z-i-\--tfm- F-{X-X-s- ]-cn-ip--hpw- ]-hn-{X-hp-am-bBi-b--fp-sm-p-p-sh-n-epw- t-Nv-O-hpw- `m-c-Xmw-_-bp-sSIn-se- I-c-Sp-am-Wv.- Zi-\--fn-se- B-i-b-f
-- -,- A-Xv- P-\n-kv-Y-e-am-Wv- A-h-b-p-sS- kzo-ImcyX- \n-iv-N-bn-t--sX-- hnNn{X- hm-Z-am-Wv- ssl--h- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-kw-L-S\-I-fpsS- A-Sn-kv-Ym\- XXz-sa--Yw.- C-Xp- kzo-I-cn-m- _p-n-v- ac-hnv- _m-[nm-h- k---cm-Ip-tam?- k-Xyw- ]-d--Xv- Ata-cn---m-c\m-sW-- Imc-W-m- am-{Xw- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-m- ]m-Sn-spw,]---w- ]d-bp-Xv- `m-c-Xo-b-\m-b-Xn-\m- A-Xv- kzo-I-cn-W-sa-pw- ]dbp-Xp-t]m-se- hn-Nn-{X-am-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X--sfam-{X-ta- C-y-mc- kzo-I-cn-m-hq- F-- hm-Z-hp-w.kz--tm-Spw- Ip-Spw-_-tm-Spw- k-ap-Zm-b-tm-Spw- tZ-i
tm-Sp-ap-- kv-t\-lw- a-\pj-y-s-d- P--k-l-P-am-b- hn-I-m-c-amWv.H-cp- ap-kv-en-an-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-n-S-tm-fw- tZ-i-kv-t\-lw- hn-izmk-n-s-d- `m-K-am-Wv.- am-Xr-cm-Py-s- kv-t\-ln-p-I-bpw- A-Xnsd- A-`n-hr-n-p-thn- b-X-v\n-p-I-bpw- sN-p-I-bm-Wv- tZ-ikv-t\lw- sIm-v- C-hn-sS- hn-h-n-p--Xv.- A-\y-cm-Py-n-s-dA-t[m-KXn-p-th-n- b-Xv-\n-p-I-bpw- Ab\m-p-Im-sc-bpw- Ahc-p-sS-- kwkv-Im-c-s-bpw- sh-dp-p-I-bpw- sNp-I-bm-Wv- tZ-ikv-t\-l-sav- \mw- a-\-n-em-p-n.- ]n-d-- \m-Sn-s-d- \m-e-Xncp-I-p-n-ep-hs
- c-mw- am-em-Ja
- m-cpw- ]p-d
- p-h
- s
- c-mw- sNIp-m-m-cp-amsW-- "sh-dp-ns-d- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X'-am-Wv- tZ-iob-X-sb-n-,- a-\p-jysc-mw- H-m-sW-v- ]-Tn-n-- a-X-n-s-A-\p-bm-bn-I-v- B- tZio-b-X-sb- Po-hn-X-{]-am-W-am-bnkzo-Icn-
24
m- hn-j-a-ap-m-hp-I- kzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- C-u- kzm-`m-hn-I-X- tZit{Zm-l-am-sW-v- hym-Jym-\n-p--h- "am-Xm- `q-anx- ]p-t{Xm- ]r-Ynhy'-sb-- h-N-\w- H-p-Iq-Sn- a-\n-cp-n- hm-bn-p-t\m--s.ssZ-h-am-Wv- a-\p-jy-s\- krjv-Sn--Xpw- ]-cn-]m-en-p--Xpwkw-l-cn-p--Xpw- ]n-o-Sv- D-bn-s-gp-t-]n-p--Xp-sa-mwF-m-Wv- aX-hn-izm-kn-I- hniz-kn-p--Xv.- Cu- \n-e-bvv,- ssZh-am-Wv- G--hpw- henb- A-\p-{K-l-Zm-Xm-hv.-- A-h-\m-Wv- \n- sN-s-Sm- G--hpw- A-l-\pw.- ssZ-h-n-s-d- B-Pv-RI-s-Xnsc- kz-w- ]n-Xm-thm- am-Xm-thm- t\Xm-thm- kz-w- C-Nv-O-Xsbp-tam- ]-d-m-epw- A-Xp- h-en-sdn-v- {kjv-Sm-hns-d- I-]
\-I- in-c-km-h-ln-W
-- -sa-m-Wv- a-X--sf-mw- ]Tnn-pXv.`q-an-bn-ep-- k-I-e-Xn-t\-m-fpw- h-ep-Xm-Wv- kz-K-sa-pw- B
kz-K-n-te-p-- h-gn-bn- s]---tbm- ]n-d-- \m-tSm- B-cp-Xs- hn-e--Sn-p- \n-m-epw- B- hn-e-p-I-sf- X-n- am-p-I-tbm- ]ngp-sX-dn-bp-I-tbm- sN-bv-Xv- kz-K-n-te-p-- {]-bm-Ww- Xp-S-cpI-X-s- th-W-sapw- ]-Tn-n-p--Xv- B- {k-jv-Sm-hm-Wv.- "s]-bpw- ]n-d-- \m-Spw- kzK-t-m- a-l--cw'- F-- ap-{Zm-hm
Iy-s- AXn-s-d- G--hpw- e-fn-X-am-b- am-\n- t]m-epw- AwKoI-cn-m- hnizm-kn-I-v- I-gnbm-Xn-cn--p--Xn-s-d- Im-c-WwCsXm-p- am{X-a-m-Wv.- s]---tb-m-fpw- ]nd- \m-Sn-t\-m-fpwkz-K-am-Wv- al-c-sav- hn-iz-kn-p-I-bpw- {]-N-cn-n-p-I-bpwsN-p-Xp-sIm-v- tZ-i-kv-t\-l-n-t\m- Iq-dn-t\m- C-Sn-hp- ]-psasm-pw- kw-i-bn-t--Xn-.a-sm-cp- {]-iv-\w- kw-kv-Im-c-nt-d-Xm-Wv.- H-cp- Im-cyw- \mwa-\n-em-p-I.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\--p- am-{X-ta- kv-Ym-bn-bpwkp-i-Iv-X-hp-am-b- kw-kv-Im-c-n-\v- A-Sn--d- ]m-Im- I-gn-bq.- a\p
jy-cp-sS- Pohn-X- co-Xn-bpw- cq-]-hpw F--s\-bm-I-W-sa-v- ]-Tn-n
t--Xv- {k-jv-Smhmb- ssZ-h-amWv.- tZ-io-b- kw-kv-Im-cw- F-k-
- ]
- w- X-s- b-Ym-Y
- n- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- hn-Im-c
- f
- n- am{Xwk-v-Ym-]n--s-- C--cw- an-Yy-I-v- H-cn--epw- kv-Ym-bo-`m-h-a-hIm-i-s-Sm- I-gn-bn-.- ap-kv-enan-\- v- ap-kv-en-ambn- \n-e-\n-p-sImp-X-s- F-p-sIm-v- C-y- kw-kv-Im-cw- kzo-I-cn-p-Iq-Sm-
25
F- Kp-cp-Pn- tKm-hm--dp-sS-1 A-`n-{]m-bw- A-Xp-sIm-p-XsA-Y-an-m--X-m-Wv.- C-kv-emw- ]p-tcm-ln-Xa-X--sf-tm-seP]hpw- ]qP-bpw- G-Xm\pw- I-a-fpw- am-{Xw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p-Hcp- a-X-a-.- AXv- a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns-d- F-m- ta-J-e-I-fn-tepw- hy-Iv-X-amb- sh-fn-w- ho-ip-p.- Po-hn-X-n-s-d- G-sX-nepwta-Je
- - a-Xa
- p-IvX
- a
- m-p-Is
- b-X
- v- ap-kve
- n-an-\v- Nn-n-m- t]mepwI-gn-bn-.- C-kv-em-an-I- kw-kv-Im-cw- C-kv-em-an-I- hn-izm-k-ns-d`m-K-a-m-Wv.- hkv-{X[m-c-Whpw- Po-hn-X-co-Xn-bp-samw-X-s- C-kvem-an-I- kw-kv-Im-c-n-\-\p-k-cn-v- ]-cn-h-n-n-p-I- ap-kv-enansd- _m-[y-X-bm-Wv.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bp-sa--- ssZ-ha-m-- B-sc-bpw,-- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-(k-)-sb-tm-epw- Bcm-[n-map-kv-en-w-I-v- I-gn-bn-.- h-kv-{X-[m-c-W-ssi-en-bn-tem- Po-hn-Xco-Xn-bn-tem- C-y-v- kz-amb- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-ap-m-bn-cp-psh-v- Ncn-{Xw- \-s- ]-Tn-n-p-p-a-n.- E-tKz-Z- Im-e-v- kv-{XoI-fpw- ]p-cp-j-mcpw- X-e-m-hv- [-cn-n-cp-p2sh-n-epw- B- B-Nmcwkzo-I-cnm- C-p--h- k---c-.- ]-e- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]-fpw- k-a-\z-bn-- \m-Sm-Wv- ]-p-ap-X-t- C-y.- A-Xp-sIm-p-Xs- C-kv-em-anI- kwkv-Im-cw- h-en-s-dn-v- `mcXo-b- kw-kv-I-m
cw- kzo-I-cn-m-te- b-Ym-Y- C-y-m-c-\m-hp-I-bpq-sh-- hm-Zn-- bm-sXm-cp- I-g-p-an-."ln-p'-sh-- ]-Z-n-\v- B-Zy-Im-ev- - A--Yw- C-ym-cs\mbn-cp-p.- C-y-bn- P-\n--p-I-bpw- h-f-cp-I-bpw- sN-bv-X-h
sc-mw- B- AYn- ln-p--fm-Wv.- ]-t,- cm-a-s\-bpw- Irjv
W-s\-bpw- tKm-amXmhn-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-p--h- am-{X-am-Wv- Cs- A-Y-n- "lnp'.- Cu- \n-h-N-\-am-Wv- "ln-p- a-Xw'Fkv-Ym-]-\- a-X-n-\v- P--w \InbXv.kn-\v-[p\-Zo-X-Skwkv-Im-cw-:- `m-c-Xo-bkw-kv-Im-cw- ssh-ZnI
kw-kv-Im-c-am-sW-v- h-cp-n-o-m-\p-- sIm-p-]n-Sn-- {ia- \-S-p--Xn-\n-sS-bm-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-I-m-c-spdn- hn-h-c-- e-`n--Xv.- 1856- ap-m-I-dm-n- dq-nsd-bn-thsse- \n-an-p-sIm-n-cn-p--Xn-\n-S-bn-- F-n-\o1.- tKm- hm--:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv-:- 575 ap-X- 585 h-sc- t\m-p-I.2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-:- 1,- t]-Pv-:-181
26
b-dm-b- tUm- {_-S- F- Cw-ojp-Im-c-\m-Wv- kn-\v-[p-\Zo-XS- kw-kvI

- m-c
- n-s-d- A-Sb
- m-f
- - B-Zy-am-bn- I-s-n-bXv.A-t-l-hpw- k-tlm-Z-c- hn-eyw- {_-S-Wpw- \-K-cm-h-in-jv-S-fn-se- C-jv-Sn-I-I-- sIm--sN-bv-Xp-sIm-v- X-fp-sS- sd-bnthsse-\p-I-fn- ssa-ep-Itfm-fw- Zq-cw- C-jv-Sn-I- hn-cnp.- 1870- B
n-tbm-f-Pn-- k-th- Hm-^v- C-y-bp-sS- U-b-d-Iv-S- P\dembn-cp-- A-e-Iv-km-- I-nw-Kv- lmw-,- tam-l-P-Zm-tcm- lm-c-kw-kv-Im-cw- ]-T-\ hnt[-b-am-n-sb-n-epw- 1921- k- tPmam-j-- B-n-tbm-f-Pn- ta-[m-hn-b-m-bn-cp--tm- am-{X-amWvth-{X- {]m-[m-\y-tm-sS- im-k{v- Xo-bam-b-- ]-T\
- w- \-S
- X
-- v.- _n.kn2500m-am-n-\-Sp-m-Wv- ssk-\v-[-h- kw-kv-Im-c-n-s-d- D-n-sbm-Wv- `-q-cn-]-w- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bw1.- A-m-bnc-tm-fw- h-jw- ]-g--ap- Cu- kw-kv-Im-cw- \-K-c-kw-hn-[m\w,- hm-kv-Xp-hn-Zy,- I-c-Iui-ew,- sInS- \n-amWw,- ip-No-I-c-Ww,Ir-jn,- I--hSw,- I-p-I-m-en- h-f-- Xp-Sn-b- cw-K--fn-semw- A-kq-bm-l-am-b- h-f-- t\-Sn-bn-cp-p2.- Cu- kw-kv-Im-cn-\v- ssh-Zn-I-kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bnbm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[hp-an-.- _n.kn.- 1200-- C--y-bn-te-v- I-S-p-h-- B-c-y-m-tcm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv-3
C--ymN-cn-{Xam-c-w-`n-p--sX-m-bn-cp--p- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S- kwkvIm-c-s-p-dn-- Adnhp- e-`n-p--Xn-\p- ap-v- hn-Nm-cn--s
ncpXv.ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-sa-dn-b-s-Sp-- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-amWv- `m-cX
-
- ns-d- ]u-cm-Wn-I- kw-kvI
- m- c
- s
- a-- [m-cW
-
- v- kn\v[p\Zo-X-S- kwkv-Im-c-n-s-d- I-p-]n-Sp-w- C-f-w-X-n-p.- thtZm]-\n-j-p-I- cq]w- \-In-b- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kv-Im-c-hp-am-bn- kZri-am- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-cw- kl{km_vZv appXs
ChnsS \ne-\n-n-cp-p-sh-- K-th-j-W- ^-ew- X--fm-Wv- `mcX
n-s-d- A-h-Im-in-I-sf-- A-h-Im-i-hm-Z-ap--bn-p--h-vAkl-\o-b-am-bn-cp-p-sh-n-epw- D-J-\-\-- A-Xv- h-kv-Xp-Xbm-sWv- sX-fn-bn-p.1.- tKm-U- ssN-Uv-:- a-\p-jy- kz-bw- \nan-p-p.2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\- tIm-iw,-- hm-fyw-:- 2.- t]-Pv-:- 766.3.- tKm-U- ssN--Uv-:- N-cn-{X-n- F-p- kw-`-hn-p?-- t]-Pv-:- 194.-
27
ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-w- _n.-kn- 1200\pw- 1400\pw- C-S-bn-emsW-mWv- {]-i-kv-X- P-a- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- am-Iv-kv-ap--d-S-w]-e- {]-K-Xv-`c-- psSbpw- A-`n-{]m-bw.- F-m,- ssh-Zn-I- Im-e-L-n-\v- ap-v- th-Z-tfm- a-p- B-cy-{K-\v-Y--tfm- ]-Tn-m-- H-cpk-aqlw- C-y-bn- a-l-m-b- H-cp- \m-K-cn-I-X- kv-Ym-]n-p-sh-
Im-cyw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-m- ssh-a-\-ky-ap--,- kv-Ym-]n-X- Xm-]-cy-mc
- m-b- Nn-e- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-p-Im-cp-sS- ]pXnb- I-p-]n-Sn-w- sshZn-Ibp-Kw- _n.-kn- 3000n-epw- ]n-d-tIm-m-sW-mWv.- A--s\kn-\[
v- p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kI
v- m-cw- th-Z- ]p-cm-W- Im-eL
- -
- n-s-d- ]npS-bm-sW-pw- {_m-lv-a-W- kw-kv-Im-c-n-s-d- ]-cnW-Xim-Jbm-sW-pw- A-h- hm-Zn-p-p.- _m-en-i--fm-b- G-Xm-\pw- sXfnhp-I- C-hv- A-h-X-cn-n-m-\p-s-n-epw- A-h-sb-mw-X-sA-Sn-kvYm-\-cln-X--fm-sW-v- a-\-n-em-m- G-sd- ]m-Sp-s]tS--Xn-.k-n-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-k-wkv-Im-c-n-s-d- kv-Ym-]-I- Idp--h-cmb- {Zmhn-Um-cm-bn-cp-p-sh--Xn-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- ap-gph]n-_-e-hp-ap--Xv.- {Zm-hn-U-m-m-I-s- B-cym-cp-am-bn- F-sn-epw- k-mZr-iy-tfm- A-h-cp-sS- a-X-hni-zm-k-hp-am-bn- F-s-nepw- _-\v-[--tfm- D--Xm-bn- a-\-n-em-m- I-gn-bp-n-.- Cu{Zm-hn-U- kwkvIm-cw- \-in-n--Xv- B-cym-K-a-\-am-sW-pw- A-X-kn\v[p\-Zn-bp-sS- K-Xn-am--am-sW-pw- c-`n-{]m-b--fpv.- H-ma-s- A-`n-{]m-b-n-\m-Wv- sX-fn-hp-I-tf-sd-bp--Xv.- tam-n-a-hoe,- tKm-U- ssN-Uv- Xp-S-n-b- {]-K-Xv-`- Cu- A-`n-{]m-bm-cm-Wv.F-m-bn-cp-m-epw,- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-kw-kv-Im-c-n-s-dIs--temS-p-Iq-Sn,- B-cy-kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssl--h- kwkvIm-c-am-Wv- `m-c-X-ns-d- ]u-c-m-Wn-I- kw-kv-I-m-c-sa-- A-h-Imi-hm-Z-n-\pw- ]noSv- C-y-bn-te-v- I-S-p-h--h- hn-tZ-in-I
fm-Wv,- A-h- ]p-d-p-t]m-I-W-sa-- B-i-b-n-\pw- h-n-- XI-bm-Wv- t\-cn--Xv.- "`m-c-X- kw-kv-Im-cw- A-Y-hm- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kvIm-c'-sa-- k-a-hm-Iy-n-\v- sX-fn-hp-m-m- N-cn-{X-sa-gp-Xn-bh-cpsS- Du-[i
- zm-kw- am-{Xam-Wv,- ssh-ZnI- kw-kvI
- m-cs
- - _n.kn
3000n-\p- ap-t- -v- ]n-Sn-p-he
- n-m-\p-- {i-a
- n-\p- ]n-n-
28
_pn-bp--h-v- Z-in-m- I-gn-bp--Xv.B-cy-a-Xw-:- "hn-tZ-in-I-fm- ln-p-a-X-sa--v hnfn--s-Sp-Xn-\p- apv- B-cy-m- ]n-p-S-- a-X-sa- \n-e-v- ln-p-a-XwBcy-a-X-sa-v- hn-fn--s-n-cp-p.- ]-t,- ]n-o-Sv- A-\m-cy-mcpwC-tX- a-Xw -X-s- kzoI-cn--Xn-\m- B-cy-a-Xw- C-y-b-n-se- `q-cn`m-K-n-s-d-bpw- a-X-am-bn-op'.-1
B-cy-m-- sIm--p-h-- a-X-am-Wv- ln-p-a-X-sa--Yw.- Bcymc- C-y-bn-se- b-Ym-Y- B-Zn-a-\n-hm-kn-I-sf-v- \mw- a-\-nem-n.- ]n-s- B-cy-a-X-n-\v- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X-sa-- t]-cp- hn-fnpsX-s
- \-bm-Wv?- kn\v[
- p-\Z- o-XS- - kw-kvI
- m-cs
- - \-in-n-p-sImvA-b-\m-Sp-I-fn-\n-v- IpSn-tbdn-b- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-X-cm-bn-cp-pBcy-m-sc-m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-X-a-Xw.2
{Z-mh
- n-U-p-ap-p-Xs
- - t{]m-tm- B-k{v- Sn-tem-bU
v- v- hw-imcmb- Nn-e- hn-`m-K-- C-y-bn-ep-m-b-n-cp-p-sh-pw- A-`n{]mba-p-v.- ]t,- tam-l-P-Zm-tcm-hn-epw- lm-c--bn-epw- a-l-mb\m-K-cn-I-X- krjv-Sn-h- {Zm-hn-U-cm-bn-cp-p-sh-- Im-cy-nHcp-hn-[w- F-m- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cpw- G-Im-`n-{]m-b-m-cm-Wv.- C-hG-Xp- h--K-n-s]--h-cm-sW-tm- FhnsS- \n-v- h--h-cm-sWtm- hy-Iv-X-a-.- X-Zzn-j-b-I-am-bn- hn-`n-- A-`n-{]mbm-cm-Wv]Wv-UnX-m.sa-Un-t- d-\n-b- {]-tZ-i
- p- \
- n-v- h-h
- c
- m-Wv- {Zm-hn-U
- mscm-bn- c
- p-p- Cu-bS- p-- Im-ew-hs
- c- hn-iz-kn-s
- -n-cp-X
- v.- kqknb,- Fem-ssa-v,- _-lq-hn,- lq-dn-b,- Im-ssk-v `m-jI
- f
- pw- {ZmhnU`m-j-I-fpw- Xn-ep-- km-Zr-iy-hpw-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym-,- C-dm\nse- ]-h-X-{]-tZ-i,- bq-{-^-o-kv- ssS-{Ko-kv- \-Zo-X-S-- Xp-Sn-bn-S--fn-se- k-v-Y-e\m-a--v- {Zm-hn-U- cq]--fp-am-bp-tN--bpw- A-h- sa-Un--td-\nb- {]tZ-i-p-\n-v- h--h-cmsWv- ]-d-bm- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-sc- t{]cn-n-p-I-bm-Wp-m-b-X3v .1. Satyavrata Patel: Hinduism, Religion and way of life Page: 1.
2. tKm-U- ssN-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-n- F-v- kw-`-hn-p-,- t]-Pv-:- 194.3. K.A. Nilakandashasthri: A History of South India. Page 118.
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sa-Un--td-\n-b- hw-i-P-cm-b- Z-n-W- bq-tdm-tm-bv-Uv- h-w-imcmWv- (southern europoid race)- {Z-m-hnU-sc-- A-`n{]m-b-sB[p-\nI- \-c-hw-i- im-kv-{X-Pv-R-m- A-\p-Iq-en-p-n-.- XmcXtay-\- sh-fp-- h-K-m-cm-b- bq-tdm-tm-bv-Up-I-fp-am-bn- B-IrXn-bnepw- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-epwhy-Xy-kv-X-cm-Wv- {Zm-hn-U-m.- {Zm-hn-Ucn- a-n-{i-hw-in-s-d- {]-Ir-Xn-bpw- L-S-\-bp-am-Wv- Im-Wp--Xv.I-dp--tXm- Cfw-X-hn-p- \n-d-n-ep--tXm- B-b- N-aw,- I-n-Ip-d- Xe-ap-Sn,- an-X-am-bn- h-f-- i-co-c-tcm-a-,- ]n--d-tIm-v- sNcn-v- Hsm-s- ]-c-- s\-n,- h-f-p-hn-I-kn-- ]p-cn-I-,Ip-gn-- \-b\-X-ew,- D-b-cw- Ip-d-v- t\-sc-bp-tXm- A-]w\-Sp-hp-b--tXm- B-b- aq-n-s-d- ]m-ew,- H-p-hn-S-- \m-km-Zzmc-,- A-]w- X-Sn-- Np-p-I,-- sN-dp-tXm- C-S--c-tam- B-bXm-Sn-sb-p-I-,- km-am\yw- Ip-\n-- ap-Jw,- \o-p-b-- X-e- Ch-bmWv- {Zm-hn-U-cp-sS- {]tXy-I-X-I.- C-h-sbmw- bq-tdm-tm-bvUv- hn-`m-K-nepw- \o-t{Km-bv-Uv- hn-`m-K-n-epw- D-s-- Nn-e- {Kq-p-I- Xn- tN--Xn-s-d- e--W--fm-sW-m-Wv- {]-KXv-`
\m-b- Fw.- s\-kv-Xp-n-s-d- A`n-{]m-bw1.- Cu-Pn-]v-Xn-epw- sa-k
s]m-tm-anb-bn-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-v- B-cw`w- Ip-dn--Xn-\v- G-I-tZiwk-a-Im-enI-am-bn-X-s- kn-\v-[p-\-Zo-X-S-n- \mKcn-I-X- kr-jvSn- {Zm-hnU-m- Cu- c-p- h-K
- f
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- p-v.- ]-t,- A-h
- - C-y-p-]p-d
- p-\nv- h
-
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s- l--dn,- B-kv-{Sn-b,- s_m-lo-an-b- Xp-Sn-bn-S--fn- tUm.]n.- ssKkv- B-cy-X-dhm-Sv- Is-n-b-tm- a-sm-cp- hn-`mKw]-Wv-Un-X-m- ]m-ao- ]o-T-`q-an-bm-Wv- BZy-B-cy-m-cp-sS- hm-kkvY
- e
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v- n-X- G-Wkvvtlm-ao-kv- D--c-{[p-h-n-em-Wv- B-Zn-B-cy-m-cp-sS- X-d-hm-sS-v1. M. Nesthurkh: The Races of Mankind Page 174.
30
sX-fn-hp-I- \n-c-n- k-a-Yn-p-p-v-1. "Nn-e-- B-cy-m-cpsS]qhnI- hm-k-kv-Ym-\w- D--c-bq-tdm-m-sW-pw- ]iv-Nn-a- bqtdmm-sW-pw- kn-m-n-p.- bq-tdm-n-\n-pw- G-jy-bn-sen-btKm-{X-hn-`m-K--- {I-ta-W- t]-gv-ky-,- A-^v-Km-\n-kv-Ym- F-o{]-tZ-i- hgn- C-y-bn-te-v- h-p-sh-m-Wv- a-sm-cp- kn-mw.- I-cn--S-en\p- hS-p-- _m-- {]-tZ-i-p-\n-v- t]-gvky-h-gn- h--h-cm-sW-- A`n-{]m-b-am-Wv- Iq-Sp-X- km-h{XnIw.- 1988- tIm-fn- sd-^yq- F-- ]p-cm-X-X-z-]-Wv-Un-X- ]p-Xnsbm-cp- kn-m--ap--bn-p.- Xp-n-bn-se- A\-tm-fn-bm- {]-tZi-v- Nm-X-l-bp-Kw- B-bn-cn--Ww- C-tm- bqtdm-]y-m-cp-sSbpw- A-h-cp-sS- aq-e-`m-j-bp-sS-bpw- D-`-h-kv-Ym-\-sa-pw- Dulnp-p.- Imjn-I- hn-I-k-\-tm-sSm--am-W-t{X- ]p-Xn-b- `m-jI- D-`-hn--Xpw- hym-]n--Xpw.-- hv-fm-Zn-kv-em-hv- C-n-v-kv-hn-Zn-Iv,B-d-Z- Kthm-kv-In- Fo- d-jy- `m-jm-]-Wv-Un-X-m-cpw- kzX-{-K-th-j-W-n-eqsS- C-tm-bq-tdm-]y-m-cp-sS- aq-e-tI-{w- A\-tm-fn-b {]-tZ-i-am-Im-sa-v- kn-m-n-n-cp-p'-2.-
31
ky-[ma1 (C-pw- \m-sf-bpw- C-h- Xp-ey-am-bn-s-- - h-npp.- B- Zo-L-Im-e-t-v- A-h- h-cp-W-s-d- Kr-l-nt]m-Ipp'-)- F-- EtKz-Z- kq-Iv-X-hpw- CtXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-- kq-IvX-f
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B-cy-`m-js
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- w- \-S
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v- n-XmcpwAXn\v- sk-an-n-Iv- `m-j-bp-am-bp-- _-\v-[w- Nq-n-m-n-bn-pv."E-tKz-Z-nse- `m-j-sb--n- K-th-j-Ww- \-S-n-b- ]m-iv-N-m-Xy]Wv-Un-X-m- A-Xn-\v- t]-jy,- {Ko-v-,- e-o,- Sq-tm-Wn-Iv,kv-tem-thm-Wn-Iv- `m-j-I-fp-ambn- _-\v-[-ap-s-v- I-s-n.- Ahs-mw- Iq-Sn- s]m-Xp-hm-b- H-cp- aq-e-`mj-bp-m-bn-cn--W-sa-mW-hc
- p-sS- A-\p-am-\w.- ssh-Zn-I- kw-kvI
- rX-n-\v- am-Xr-Xzw- I]nm-\-h- X--m-d-.- Im-c-Ww,-- A-Xn-t\-m- ]ga- tXm-n-p-H-m-W,v - Gjym-ssa-\d
- n-se- t_m-Lm-kt-v Im-b-v (Bogahazkoy) FnS-p-\n-v- I-s-Sp-- in-em-tc-J-I-fn-se- `m-j'3.-
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1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- hm-:- 2 ""B-cy-m''- t]-Pv- 269

2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-,- hm-eyw- 1 ""B-cy-m''-,- t]-Pv- 180.3.- C-dm-Im-cp-sS- ]u-cm-Wn-I- th-Z-{K-\v-Yw.4.- Bala Gangadara Tilakan: Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 19
1.- E-tKz-Zw- 1:123:-8.2.- Arctic Home in Vedas, Page 103.

3.- ]n.- Zm-tam-Z-c-]n--:- K-Zy-ssI-c-fn- `m-:- 4 t]-Pv- 161
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Dm-bXv1.- kn-\v-[n-`m-jm-en-]n- A-d-_n- A--c--sf-tm-se-bmWvIm-W-s-Sp--Xv.- kw-kv-Ir-X- `m-j- B-Zy-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-sXvth-Zfn-em-sW-v- I-cp-Xs

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- h
- mSv- C-y-v- ]p-d
- m-sW-tm- lnpa-Xw- ssh-tZ-in-I-amsW-tm- kv-Ym-]n-p-I-b-- \p-sS- e-y
sa--Xn-\m- A-htbmtcm--p-sa-Sp-v- hn-a-in-m- sa-\-s1.- Bridgett and Raymond Alchiur: The Birth of Indian Civilization
D--c-W-w- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-:- tI-c-f-n-s-d- kmw-kv-m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw.2.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,-- `m-:- 1 t]-Pv-:- 180
33
Sp-n-.- C-y-bp-sS- a-Xw- Bcym- sIm-p-h-- Zi\-am-{X-am-sW-pw- A-h-b-m--sXmw- sshtZ-in-I-hpw- ]pd-m-s-tS--Xp-am-sW-p-ap-- hm-Z-n-\v- bp-Iv-Xnbp-sS-bpw- hkvXp-XIfp-sS-bpwbm-sXmcp- ]n-_-e-hp-an-s-v- a-\-n-emmth-n- am-{X-amWv- B-cy-mcpsS- B-Zn-hm-k-kv-Y-e-s-p-dn-vA-]w- ]-cm-a-in-Xv.B-cy-m- `m-c-X-n-\v- ]p-d-p-\n-v- h-p-sh--Xp-sImvA-hcp-sS- a-X-hn-i-zm-k-n-s-d- aln-a-tbm- Z-i-\-n-s-d- Hu-PvP-ey-tam- Ipd-bp-n-.- a-X-hpw- Z-i-\-hp-sa-mw- tZ-io-b-X-I-Xo-X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-XI-fm-Wv.- B-cyZ-i-\w- C-y--I-p-m-bXm-sW-n-epw- ]p-d-p-m-b-Xm-sW-n-epw- A-h-bp-sS- D-t_m[-\hpw- k-n
- m-
- f
- pw- D-PvP
- z-e-fm-sW-n- AXw-Ko-Ic
- n-mhn-th-I-ap--h- ap-gp-h- k---cm-hpw.- A-tX-k-a-bw,- C-y-I-p-m-bn-tm-bn- F-- H-scm-- Im-c-W-m- am-{Xw- G-Xpt-NO
v- am-b- hn-iz- m-k
- s
- f-bpw- sN-bX
v- n-Is
- f-bpw- Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-m\pw]m-Sn-p-I-gv-m-\pwhn-Nm-c-t_m-[-ap--h-sc-sbm-pw- In-psavtXm-pn-.- \-tS- kq-Nn-n--t]m-se- `-K-hm- (?)- c-P\o-jn-sdssewKnI-X-bn-e-[njv-Tn-X-am-b- ssZ-h-X-z-im-kv-{X-hpw- km-bn_m-_-bp-sS- Pme-hn-Zym-ssZ-h-m-h-Xm-c-hp-sa-mw- P--sa-Sp--Xv- `mcX-n-s-d- im-Zz-e-`qan-bn-X-s-bm-W-tm.tZ-i--f-p-sS- A-Xn-cp-I--Xo-X-am-bn- a-\p-jy-s-d- B-Xvamhns\bpw- a-\n-s\-bpw- a-kv-Xn-jv-I-s-bpw- ]-cn-h-n-n-pIbpw- \nb-{n-p-I-bpw- sN-p-- i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- a-X-w.- H-cp- tZ-i
ph-v- am{Xw- tam-w,- H-cp- - X-dh
- m-n- ]n-d
- h
- -p- am{Xwkz-Kw,-Xp-S-n-b- hnIrX-X-X-z-im-kv-{X-- a-\p-jy-s\- hn-im-eX-bn-te--- k-p-Nn-X-Xz--n-te-m-Wv- \-bn-p-I-sb-p-d-m-Wv.a-l-mb- Z-i-\-- A--c-n- k-p-Nn-X-am-hp-I-bn-.--Zi-\-n-s-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fm-bn- ]n-o-Sv- h-h-cm-Wv- a-l-mbZ-i\
-
- s
- f- k-p-Nn-Xh
- X
- I
v- c
- n-X
- v.- sX-v- Z-i\
-
- ntd-X
- ;- A\pbm-bn-I-fptS-Xm-sW--Yw.ln-p-cm-j{v- Sw-:- "`m-cX
- w- ln-p- cm-j{v- S-am-Wv'- F-- hm-Z
- nem
34
Wv- ssh-Im-cn-I- ssl--h-X- ]-Sp-p-b--s-n-cn-p--Xv. Cuhm-Zn-\v- ap-s--t-m-f-p-a-[n-Iw- kzo-Im-cy-X- e-`n-p-sIm-ncn-p--Xn-\v- ImcWw- ssl--h- Z-i-\-s-p-dn-- Adnhnmbva
am-{X-am-Wv.- ssl--h- Z-i-\-n-s-d- t]cn cmjv{Sapmp
hm {ianph A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y--fm-b- th-Z--tfm- D-]
\n-j-p-I-tfm- {_m-lv-a-W--tfm- B-cWy-I--tfm- ]p-cm-W-tfm- F-n-\-[n-Iw- `-K-h-Zv-Ko-X-t]m-ep-tam- A-h-sc- ]-Tn-n-m-t\mA-Xn- \n-pw- ln-p-cm-jv-{S-n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- {]-amW-D--cn-m-t\m- k---cm-Im-dn-.- lnp-cmjv-{S-sa- kz-]v-\-n\vssk-m-n-I- A-Sn--d- tX-Sn- ssl--h- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-]-c-Xp--h-v- \n-cm-i- am-{X-am-bn-cn-pw- ^-ew.th-tZm-]-\n-j-p-f-- n-sem-pw-X-s- H-cp- cm-jv-{S-k--]wImWpI- km[y-a-.- I-p-Im-en-I-sf- ta-p-\-S-n-cp-- \m-tSm-SnI
fm-b- B-cymcp-sS- `m-c-Xm-K-a-\-hpw- C-hnS-s- B-Zn-hm-kn-I-fmb{Zm-hn-U-cn- \n-pw- t\-cn-tS-n- h-- sN-dp-p-\n-]pw,- Bcymcp-sS- {]m-Ir-X- ssZ-h-a-X- k--]--fp-sa-m-am-Wv- th-Z--fp-sShn-jb
- w.- Po-hm-Xva
- m-hn-s\-bpw- ]c-am-Xva
- m-hn-s\-bpw- Ip-dn-- Zmi\nI- N--I-fm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-p-f-- n- \mw- Im-Wp--Xv.- Z-im-h-Xm-cI-Y-I-fpw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b- I-Ym-]m-{X--fpw- \nd- ]p-cm-W
tfm- a-{-{]-[m-\-am-b- {_m-lv-a-W--tfm- H-pw- H-cp- cmjv{Sk---]n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-I- k-a--n-p-n-.- ]nsbp--Xv- cm-am-b-W- a-lm-`m-c-X--fm-Wv.- Cu- C-Xn-lm-k-- cmPIp-Spw-_-s-bpw- hw-i-s-bpw- Nq-gv-p-\n-p-- I-Y-I- A-hX-cn-n-p-p-s--Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t-,- B-[p-\n-I- cm-jv-{Sk-]n-\v- B[m-c-am-th-- \n-b-a-kw-ln-X-I- tX-Sn- A-h
bn- ap-n-n-bm-epw- \n-cm-i- am{X-am-bn-cn-pw- ^-ew.- ln-pcm-j-v{S-n-s-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- tc-J-bm-bn- Ah-X-cn-n--s-Sp-`-K-h-Zv-K-o-X-bp-sS kv-Yn-Xn-bpw-- X-ssY-h.kv-ar-Xn-I-fn- km-aq-ln-I-\n-b-a--fpwcm-jv-{S-\n-b-a--fpw{]kv-Xm-hn-p-p-s-Xv- i-cn-bm-Wv.- ]-t,- h-Wm-{i-a- hyhkvY-bn-e[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- \n-b-a--fm-W-h- D-sm-p--Xv.- "{_m
lvaW-s\- sIm-p- iq-{Z-s\- aq-p- {]m-h-iy-am-bn- Xo-bn-en-v- Nn{X-
35
h-[w sN-bv-Xp- sIm--Ww.- F-m,- iq-{Z-s\- a-p--h- sIm-mH-cp- h-j-s- X-S-hpw- ]-{v- ]-ip--sf- ]n-g-bm-bn- h-kqempIbpw- sN-bvX
- m- a-Xn'1- Xp-S
- n-- {_mlva
- W
- \
- v- H-cp- \n-bahpwiq-{Z-\v- thsdm-cp- \n-b-a-hpw- N-Wv-Um-f-\v- a-smcp- \n-b-a-hp-sa-"kva
- r-Xn'I-fn-se- X-Xz- i
- m-kv{- Xw- B-[p-\n-I- C-y-bp-sS- \n-an-Xnpth-- ASn-kvYm-\- \n-b-a--f-h-X-cn-n-m- ]-cym-]v-X-amsW-vln-p- dn-ssh-h-enkv-p-I- t]mepw- ]-d-bp-sa-p- tXmp-n-.C-y- H-cn--se-n-epw- cm-jv-{So-b-am-b- H-tc-I-I-am-bn-cn-p-s--Xn-\v- N-cn-{Xw- km-n-bm-Wv.- ap-K-f-cpw- A-^v-Km-\n-I-fpw- Cdm\n-I-fpw- apw- C-ybn-te-v- I-S-p-h-cp--Xn-\p- ap-v- ]-c-kv-]-cwt]mcm-Snsm-n-cp- tKm-{X--fp-sS-bpw- h-K--fp-sS-bpw- PmXnI-fpsS-bpw- \m-Sp-hmgn-I-fp-sS-bpw- k-aq-l-am-bn-cp-p- Cu- cm-Py-pmbn-cp--Xv.- ln-p-a-Xtam- Z-i-\-tam- kwkv-Im-c-tam- N-cn-{Xn-sem-cn--epw- H-cp- G-Io-I-c-W- iIvXnbm-bn-cp-n-n-.- am-XrImln-p-cmjv-{Sw- F-p- ]-d-bm-hp-- H-cp- cm-jv-{Sw- C-y-bp-sS- K-X
Im-e- Nc-n{- X-n-sehn-sS-bpw- Im-Wp-I- km-[y-a.- F-tm-pw- hfvhymJym-\n-m-hp-- ssl--h- Z-i-\-s- kzmXv-Y-n\p-thn- hym-Jym-\n-p--h-cm-Wv- ln-p-cm-jv-{S-hm-Z-m.- C-hcpsS- thZ-{K-\vY
- a
- m-b- Kp-cp-Pn- tKm-hm-d
- p-sS- "hn-Nm- c
- [
- m-c'-bp-sS- kvYnXnbpw- a-dn-
- .- H-cp- B-Xy-n-I- tZ-io-bX
- b
- p-sS- hm-Nm-ea
- mb- hmIvt[mcWn-I-f-m-sX- ln-p-cm-jv-{S-n-s-d- A-hn-I-e-amb- H-cp- cq-]-tcJt]mepw- A-Xn I-s-p-I- km-[y-a
- .- ln-p-cm-j{v- S-sa-- k]-n-\v- sshIm-cn-I-am-b- B-th-i-a-m-sX- ssk-m-n-I-am-b
bmsXm-cSn-kv-Ym-\-hp-an-s--Yw.ln-p-sh-- ]-Z-n-\v- Zm--i-\n-I-am-b- bm-sXm-c-Y-hp-ap-mbn-cp-n-s-pw- H-cp- tZ-i-m-sc- hn-fn-m-\p-]-tbm-Kn-- kw-Pv-Ram-{X-am-bn-cp-p- A-sX-pw- \mw- a-\
- n-em-n.- ]-t,- C-p- lnpa-X-sa-v- ]-db
-- -s-Sp--Xv- {Zm-hn-U-hn-izm-km-Nm-c--fpw- B-cy-hnizm-km-Nm-c--fpw- IqSn--e-- a-X-n-\m-Wv.- A-Xm-I-s- _lpssZ-h-m-cm-[-\- A-w-Ko-I-cn-pp- F-- Im-cy-n-e-m-sX- a-sm1.- Ku-X-a-[-- kq-{Xw-:- D--c-W-w- Ir-jv-Wm-\--kzm-an-:- C-y-bn-se- h--k-a-cw
36
37
n-epw- G-I-X-b-n-m-- Ip-sd-b-[n-Iw- a-X--fp-sS- k--e-\-am-Wv.A-sXm-bm-epw- C-v- Im-Wp-- k--en-X- cq-]-n-ep-- ln-pa-X-n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{K-\v-Y--fp-sS- B-i-b--fn- ssZ-hn-It_m-[-\-nsd- k-zm-[o-\-ap-tm- F-X-mWv- \mw At\z-jWhn-t[-b-am-p--Xv.- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s- Cu- ]p-kv-X-I-n-ep-"ln-p'- i-_Zv-
- nsd- hn-h
- - C-p- hy-hl
- c
- n-p-- co-Xn-bnepkv-Ym-]-n-X-- ln-p-a-XamWv.-
2
ln-p-:- \n-h-N-\-"ln-p'-a-X-sa-- t]-cn- H-cp- a-X-tam- Z-i-\-tam- `m-c-Xo-bNcn{Xn- \n-e-\n-n-n-s-v- \mw- a-\n-em-n.- F-n-epw- Cv"ln-p-a-Xw' Hcp- km-aq-ln-I- bm-Ym-Yy-am-Wv-.- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-sN-cn-{X-n-s-d- Af-hp-tIm- am-{Xw- sh-p-t\m-n- "ln-p'- FH-n-s-v- ]-d-bp-- k-{-Zm-bw- i-cn-b.- C-v- ln-p-a-Xw- Fp]-d-bp-tm- A-Y-am-p-sX-m-sW-- A-t\-z-j-W-n-\vAXp-sIm-p-X-s- G-sd- {]-kIv-Xnbp-v.ssl--h- a-X-n-s-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- \m-a-- k-Xy-{h--X-]t- Xs- "lnp-bn-kw-:- a-X-hpw- Po-hn-X-am-K-hpw'-1 F-- {K-\v-Yn- hn-h-cn-p-p-v.- "B-cy-kw-kv-Im-c-n-s-d-bpw- A-\m-cykw-kv-Im-c-n-s-d-bpw- ka-\z-b-n- \nm-Wv- A-`n-\-h- ln-pa-X-X-X-z--f-p-sS- ]n-d-hn-sb-n-epw- B-cy-m- sIm-p-h-- a-Xsa- \nebv-v- A-Xn-s\- B-cy-a-X-sa-v,- hntZin-I-fm-- ln-p-aX-sa-v- \m-a-I-c-Ww- sN--s-Sp--Xn-\v- a-p-t-hnfnsp'-.1. Sathyavratha Patel: Hinduism: Religion and Way of Life.
38
th-Z--sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-{]-am-W-am-bnkzo-I-cn-p--Xn-\mssh-Zn-Ia

- X
- w- (Vedic Religion) F-v- ln-p-aX
- w- A-dn-bs
- -p.- {_mlva-W-,- -{Xn-b,- ssh-iy,- iq-{Z- F-n-s
- \- P-\
- s
- f \mepX-p-I-fmbn- Xn-cn-p-- k-{-Zm-b-n- hn-i-z-kn-p-- a-X-sa\n-ebv
- v,- km-aqlnI- h-o
- W
- n- h-Wm-{i-a[-as
- a-v- lnpa-Xw- hy-h-l-cn--s-p.- {_mlv-a-Wm-cm-- \-bn--s-Sp-- a-Xsa
- \n-ebv-v- B-Zy-am-bn- {_mlva-W-a-X-sa-m-bn-cn--Ww- ln-p
a-Xw- A-dn-b-s--Xv1.Km-\v-[n-Pn- ln-p-a-X-n-\v- sIm-Sp-p-- \n-h-N-\w- {i-np-I-:- "Rm kz-bw- k-\m-X-\- ln-p-sh--h-Im-i-s-Sp-p.- I-m-cWw:-- (1)-- Rm- th-Z--fn-epw- D-]-\n-j-p-f-- n-epw- ]p-cm-W--fn
epw- a-p- ln-p- a-X-{K\v-Y--fn-epw- A-h-Xm-c--fnepw- ]p-\-Pv-Pn-epw- hn-iz-kn-p-p.- (2).- C--dn-b-s-Sp-- A-]-cn-jv-Ir-Xco-Xn-bn-e
- m-,- I-i
- a
- m-bn- th-Z
- fn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-s
- -- coXnbn-ep-- h-Wm-{i-a- [-a-n- Rm hniz-kn-p-p.- (3)-.- C-v{]-kn--am-b-Xn-epw- A-[n-I-am-b- A-Y-n- Rm- ]-ip-hn-s-dk-w-c--W-n- hn-iz-kn-p-p.- (4)-.- Rm- hn-{K-lm-cm[-\-bnA-hn-iz-kn-p-n-'-2.km-[p-io-e- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n-- ln-p-a-X-n-\v- \Ip
- hn-iZo-I-cWw- t\m-p-I-:- "`m-c-X-tZ-i-n- D-Xv-`-hn-- k-\m
X-\- [-a-im-kv-{X-,- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Z-i-\- F-n-h-sbs]m-Xp-hm-tbm- `mKn-I-am-tbm- kz[-am-Z-i-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-v- BZcn-p-I-bpw- `m-c-X-tZ-is- am-Xr-`q-an-bm-bpw- ]p-Wy-`q-an-bm-bpwI-cp-Xn- _-lp-am-\n-p-I-bpw- sN-p--Xm-tcm- A-bm- ln-p'-3.-
`qanbm-bpw- ]n-Xr-`q-an-bm-bpw- I-W-m-p-- B-sf- ln-p- F-phnfnpp)1.C--s\- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b- \n-h-N-\--fm-Wv- ln-p-a-X-n\v\-I-s-n-cn-p--Xv.- `m-c-X-n- ]n-d-- Z-i-\--sf-mw- ssl-h-sa-- hm-Z-n-s\-Xn-c-m-Wv- Km-\v-[n-b- ho--Ww.- th-tZ-m-]\nj-p--v- {]m-am-Wn-I-X- I-]n-m-- H--\-h-[n- Nn-m-[mc-I- C-y-bn- ]-n-d--Xm-bn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- "cm-a-\pw- Ir-jv
W-\pw- Cu-iz-c-s-d- A-hXmc--fm-sW-v- hn-iz-kn-m-- F{Xtbm- t]- ln-p- [-a-n-\I-pv'2 F-- Kp-cp-Pn- tKmhm-dp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-n- hn-iz-kn-p-h-t\- ssl--h-\m-Iq-sh-- Km-\v-[n-b- ho--Ww.- ]-ip-hn-s\am-{X-a-,- \m-K-s-bpw- Xp-f-kn-s-Sn-sbbpw- KwKm-P-e-s-bpwA-s
- \- ]-eX
- n-s\-bpw- B-cm-[n-p-h
- c
- p-v ssl-h
- c
- n.- hyXykv-X- {]-tZ-i--fn- \n-e-\n-p-- \m-Km-cm-[-\m- k-{-Zm-b-sf-bpw- a-p- tZ-h-tZ-h-Xm- hn-izm-k--sf-bpw- Ip-dn-v- hn-i-Z-am-bnF-v.-F-.- tdmkv,- "ln-p- ssZ-h--fpw- tZ-h-X-I-fpw'-3 F-- {K-\v-Yn- hn-h-cn-p-p-v.- X-Zv-hn-j-b-I-am-b- hn-i-Z-am-b- {]-Xn-]m-Z\-n-\v- C-hnsS- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bn-.- hn-i-z-m-k-ns-d-tbm- B-Nm-cn-s-d-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n- am-{Xw- ssl--h-X-sb- \n-hNnm- Ign-bn-s-- bm-Ym-Yy-n-\n-m-Wv- tZ-i-o-b-X-sb- ASnkv-Ym-\-am-n-bp-- \n-h-N-\-p- t{]-c-W- e-`n-Xv.- hnizmk- hn-h-n-\p- apn- ]-cm-Pbs-Sp-sa--Xp-sIm-m-Wv- Ip-dph-Sn-I-fpw- I-Tm-cn-I-fpw- {]-tbm-Kn-p-Isb-- X-{-n- A-\pbmbn-I-sf- X-f-n-Sm- t\-XrXzw- H-cp-s-Sp--X-v.-
{io-Zm-tam-Z-c- k-h-- X-s-d- "ln-p-Xzw'- F-- ]p-kv-X-In- F-g-pXp-p-:"B- kn-\v-[p- kn-\v-[p- ]-cy-m-b-ky- `m-c-X-`q-an-Im]n-Xr-`q- ]p-Wy-`q-iv-ssN-h-k-ssh- ln-p-cn-Xn-kv-ar-Xm'(kn-\v[
- p-XS- w- ap-X- k-ap-{Zw- h-sc-bp-- `m-cX
- `- q-an-sb ]pWy
1. Ibid-Page 1-3
2. Gandhi M.K: Complete Works Vol XXI, Page 246
3.- km-[p-io-e- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c- ]n--:- ln-p-[-- ]-cn-N-bw,-- t]-Pv- 7-
39
1. Quoted in `m-c-X- hn-Pvm-\-tIm-iw- hm-fw- 2 t]-Pv- 828.

2.- hn-Nm-c-[m-c- t]-Pv- 576
3. H.A. Rose: Hindu Gods and Goddesses
40
[-a
- h
- pw- kw-kvI
- m-ch
- pw-
3
`m-c-Xo-b- Z-i-\-Z-i-\-sa-- ]-Z-n-\v- ]p-cm-X-\-m- I-]n-n-cp-- A-Yw{]-] -n-s-db
- pw- a-\p-jy-s-db
- pw- B-c
- n-I- kz-`m-hs
- -pdn- ]-T-\-sa-m-bn-cp-p.- {]-Ir-Xn,- {]-]-w-,- a-\p-jy,- Pv-Rm-\w,Nn-,- - {]-XnPvR,- C-{n-bm-\p-`q-Xn,- Po-hn-Xw- ,- - a-cW
- w- F-n-hs
- bmwZ-i\
-
- n-s-d- At\z-jW
- - ]-cn-[n-bn-s]-Sp-p.- F-hn-sS- \n-mWva-\p-jy- h-X
- v?- F-tm-m-Wh
- s
- -d- bm-{X?- B-cm-Wv- a\pjy?a-\p-jy-Po-hn-X-ns-d- A-Y-hpw- e-y-hp-sa-m-Wv?- \--bpwXn--bpw- X-n-ep-- hy-Xym-k-sav?- F-m-Wv- {]-]w?- {]-]-n-\v- X-p-S--tam- H-Sp--tam- D-tm?- {]-]-n-s-d- ImcW-sa-v?- Xp-S
- n-b- H-\
- h
- [
- n- tNm-Zy--p-- D-c
- f
- m-bmWvZ-i-\-- D-S-se-Sp--Xv.- k-Xy-sa-m-sW-- A-t\z-j-W-am-WvZ-i-\--fp-sS- {]-tNm-Z-\w.- hy-Xy-kv-X- co-Xn-I-fn- Cu- {]iv\sf- k-ao-]n-- Zm-i\
- n-I
- m- X-n- Nq-Sp-]nSn-- N-I
- f
- pw- kwhmZ--fpw- \-S--Xm-bpw- A-Xn-\n-pwhn-`n---fmb- Z-i-\-P-\n-Xmbpw- tem-I-N-cn-{Xw- hy-Iv-X-am-p-p.`m-c-Xn-s-d- Zm-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-hpw- C-Xn-\n-v- H-pw-
41
`n-a-.- `m-c-Xo-b- Z-i-\-s- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-tm- \m-k-vXn-I-satm- H--b-Sn-v- ]-d-bp--Xv- h-f-sc- kq-n-p-thWw.- Im-c-Ww,-`m-c-X- N-cn-{X-n- BXv-ao-b- Z-i-\--fpw- ù-Xn-I- Z-i-\-fpwkzm-[o-\w- sN-e-p-nb-Xm-bn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp-w.- Im-e-n-\-\p-kcn-v- Cu- kzm-[o-\-n-s-d- A-\p-]m X-n- G--p-d-n-ep-I-fpm-bn-cp-t-mw.- A-Xp-sIm-p-Xs- B Xvao-b- Z-i-\-am-{X-am-Wv- `m-c-X N-cn-{X-n- kzm[o\w- sN-ep-n-bn-p--sXhm-Zw-t]m-se-X-s- ù-Xn-I- Z-i-\--fm-Wv- `mc-Xo-b- ]ptcm-KXn-v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-- ho--W-hpw- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\- c-ln-X-am-Wv.`m-cXo-b- XX-zN
- n-- km-cmw-i
- n- B-[ym-Xva
- n-Ia
- m-sW-pw- cmjv{So-b- kwL-S-\-I-tfm- km-aq-ln-I- kv-Ym-]-\--tfm- A-,- A-Km-[am-b- B-Xv-ao-bXbm-Wv- Im-e-n-s-d- sI-Sp-Xn-I-sf-bpw- N-cn-{Xn-s-d- BI-kv-an-I-X-Isfbpw- t\-cn-Sm- C-y-p- I-gn-hp-mn-sm-Sp--Xv- Fp-ap-- tUm.-cm[m-Irjv-Ws-d-1 hn-e-bn-cp- H-c-f-hp-h-sc- i-cn-bm-sW-n-epw- ù-Xn-I-sa-- v- hn-fn--sSp- Z-i-\--sfm-pw-X-s- `m-c-X- ]p-tcm-KXnsb- kzm-[o-\nn-n-s-- ho--Ww- ]--]m-X-c-ln-X-am-sW-p- ]-d-bmh-X-.]-c-tem-I-{]m-]v-Xn-bn-tem- C-l-tem-I-\n-tj-[-n-tem- Dun-\n-p-- H-cp- kw-kvI
- m- c
- w,- A-s-n- tem-Ih
- o-W
- w,- C{Xk-ar-h
- pw- ssh-hn-[y- ]q-Wh
- p-am-b- Po-hn-X- {]-Im-i
- -v- cq]w\-Ip-sa-v-hn-iz-kn-m-X-s- {]-bm-k-am-sW-pw- ]-c-tem-Ihn-izm-k-n- A[n-jv-Tn-X-am-b- H-cp- kw-kv-Im-c-n-\v- k-l-{km_v-Z--fn-eq-sS- \n-e-\n-p-t]m-cm- km-[y-am-Ip-am-bn-cp-n- Fpap-- ]-Wv-Un-v- P-h-l-em- s\-lv-dp-hn-s-d-2 ho--W-am-I-s,ap- [m-c-W-bn-\np-S-se-Sp-- A-_w- am-{X-am-Wv.- ssZ-hn-IZ-i\
-
- -
- m-sX,- H-scm-- `-uX
- n-IZ- -i\
-
- n\pw- Im-e
- n-sdH-gp-n-s\- \n-b-{n-m-t\m- ]-cn-h-n-n-mt\m- kv-Ym-bn-bmbn- {]-tNm-Zn-n-m- t]m-ep-tam- I-gn-n-n-s-- bm-Ym-Yy-n\vN-cn-{Xw- km-n-bm-Wv.- `m-c-X- N-cn-{X-n---s- I-s-mhp-- Nmhm-I-Z-i-\-n-s-d- ]n--ap-d- A-h-Im-i-s-Sm- AXym[p\n-I- bpIvXnhm-Zn-I-p-t]m-epw- ssh-a-\-ky-amsW-- h-kvXp1. Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy, Vol: 1 Page 24-25
2. Jawaharlal Nehru: Discovery of India Page 71
42
X-Xs- C-Xn-\p-- sXfn-hm-Wv.`m-c-Xo-b- Z-i-\--sf- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-pw- \m-kv-Xn-I-sa-pwc-mbn- hn-`-Pn-n-cn-p-p.- "]-X-Rv-P-en-bp-sS- ({In.- ap:150)- A-`n
{]m-b-n -"AXpv'- F-p- hn-iz-kn-p--h- B-kv-Xn-I-\pw"A-Xn-'- F-p- hn-iz-kn-p-h- \m-kv-Xn-I-\p-am-Wv.- Cu- temI-n-\-p-d-v- H-cp- ]-c-tem-I-ap-sv- hn-iz-kn-p--h-sc- BkvXn-I-sc-pw,- A-Xn-s-v- hn-iz-kn-p--h-sc- \m-kv-Xn-I-sc-pwhn-fn-n-cp-p-h-s{X.- Im-e-{I-a-n- Cu- ]-Z--v- ]p-Xn-b- AY-hym-]v-Xn-bp-m-bn.- th-Z--fp-sS- B-Xy-n-I-am-b- B-[nImcn-IXsb- Aw-Ko-I-cn-- Z-i-\-- B-kv-Xn-I-sa-pw- th-Z-{]-am-W-fpsS- km-[p-X-sb- tNm-Zyw- sN-bv-X-h- \m-kv-Xn-I--sf-pw- \n-hNn--s-p.- Cu- hn-`-P-\-a-\p-k-cn-v- kmw-Jyw,- \ym-bw,- tbm-Kw-,ssh-ti-jn-Iw,- ]qhao amw-k,- th-Zm-w F-o- Z-i\
-
- - BkvXn-I
- f
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epw- {][m-\-am-b- Z-i-\-- B-sI- B-sd--am-Wv.- C-h-sb-bmWvj-Uv-Z-i-\- F-p- hn-fn-p--Xv.- \ym-bw,- ssh-ti-jn-Iw,kmw-Jyw,- tbm-Kw,- ]q-haoamwk,- th-Zm-w- F-n-h-bm2-W-h.Ch-sb- \-ap-sm-v- ]-cn-N-b-sSmw-:-
\ym-b-Z--i-\w-:- A--]m-Z-s\-pw- Ku-X-a-s\-p-a-dnb-sn-cp-- _n.-kn- 400\pw- 600\pw- C-S-v- Po-hn-n-cp-- hy-Iv-Xn-bmWv- \ym-b-Z-i-\-ns-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hv.- C-t-l-ns-d- Po-hnX-Im-es
- -
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- a
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- f
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v- m-\
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2.- tUm.- sI.- Ip-p-n-cm-P-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N--Xn-v-,- 1988 am-v- 2026
43
b-kw- F-- ]-cn-]q-W-X-bn-se-n-t-cp-I-bm-Wv- a-\p-jy-s-d- ]ca-am-b- e-y-sa-pw- bm-Ym-Yy-s-p-dn-- i-cn-bm-b- Pv-Rm-\n-eq-sS- am-{X-am-WXp- km-[y-am-hp-I-sb-p-am-Wv- \ym-b-Z-i-\n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-X-X-zw.- {]]w- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- H-c-p- bmYm-Yy-am-sW-pw- A-hn-`m-Py--fm-b- ]-c-am-Wp--fm-Wv- {]-]-n-s-d- aq-e-L-S-I-sa-p-am-Wv- \ym-b-Z-i-\-n-s-d- {]-]-ho-Ww.-- ]r-Yzn,- A-]v,- tX-P-v,- hm-bp,- B-Im-iw- Fo- ]--`qX--fm-Wv- {]-]-- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- aq-e-L-S-I-.- {]-amWw,- {]tabw,- kw-i-bw,- {]-tbm-P-\w,- Zrjv-Sm-w,- kn--m-w,- A-h-b-hw,X-w,- \n-W-bw,- hm-Zw,- P]w,- hn-XWv-Uw-,- tl-Xzm-`m-kw,O-ew,- PmXn,- \n-{K-l-kv-Ym\w- F-o- ]-Xn-\m-dp- ]Zm-Y--fp-sSi-cn-bm-b- kz-`m-h-hnti-j-- a-\-n-em-n-bm- am-{X-ta- ]-c-aam-b- ]-cn-]q-W-X- Asn- \nx-t{i-b-kw- F-- A-h-kv-Y-bnse-m- I-gnbq F--- {]Jym-]-\-tm-sS-bm-Wv- Ku-X-a-s-d- [a-kq-{X-- B-cw-`n-p--Xv.- {]-tabw- A-Y-hm- A-dn-b-s-tShn-j-b--n-\v,- {]-am-Ww- A-Y-hm- A-dn-hv- t\-Sm-\p-- D-]m-[n-I-sfA-t]-n-v- c-mw- kv-Ym-\w- am-{X-ta-bp-q.i-co-cw,- B-Xv-am-hv,- C-{n-b-,- _p-n,- a-\-v- Xp-S-n-b-hsbmw- hy-Xy-kv-X-- X-s-bm-Wv.- Pv-Rm-\w- A-Y-hm- tN-X-\bm-Wv- B-Xv-am-hn-s-d- e--Ww.- Pv-Rm-\- k-m-Z-\-n-\p-- D-]I-c-W--fm-Wv- C-{n-b.- i-cn-bm-b- Pv-Rm-\w- t\-Sm-\p-- D]m-[n-I-v- \ym-b-kq-{X--fn- Iq-Sp-X- {]-m-[m-\yw- \-I-sn-cn-p-p.- {]-Xy-w,- A-\p-am-\w,- D-]-am-\w,- i-_-vZw- F-n-s\- \m-ep-X-cw- {]-am-W--fm-Wv- Pv-Rm-\-km-Z-\-n-\p-- D-]m[n-I-fm-bn- Ku-X-a-s-d- \ym-b-kq-{X-- h-c-p-Im-Wn-p--Xv.C{n-b-hpw- h-kv-Xp-hpw- X-nep-- k---n- \n-p-mhp- hy-Iv-X-am-b- hn-h-c--fm-Wv- {]-Xy--Pv-Rm-\w.- B-Im-i-vIm-ta-Lw- Im-Wp-tm- a-g-bp-m-hp-sa-v- I-cp-Xm-sa-hnhcs-tm-se- {]Xy--n- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp--Xn-\p-ap-vA-\-p-am-\n-m- I-gn-bp-- hnPv-Rm-\--fm-Wv- A-\p-am-\-Pv-Rm-\w.A-dn-b-s-p-I-gn-- H-cp- h-kv-Xp-hp-am-bn- Xm-c-X-ay-s-Sp-n-smv- a-sm-cp- h-kv-Xp-sh-p-dn-v- a-\-n-em-p-- A-dn-hm-Wv- D-]-am\-Pv-Rm-\w.- A-\p-`-h-kv-Y-s-d- B-[n-Im-cn-Ia-- mb- A-`n-{]m-bw-
44
Asn- B-]v-tXm-]-tZ-iw- F-n-h-bm-Wv- i-_v-Z-Pv-Rm-\-sa-\m-emw- {]-am-Ww- sIm-v- hn-h-n--s-Sp--Xv.- B-]v-tXm-]tZiamWv- i-_v-Z-sa-v- (B]v-tXm-]-tZ-ix-i-_v-Zx)-1 Ku-X-a-- ]-dbp-tm- th-Z-hm-Iy-sa-m-Wv- hn-h-n--s-Sp--sX-pw- A-spw- ]-Wv-Un-X-m--n-S-bn- c--`n-{]m-b--fp-v.Ku-X-a-s-d- \ym-b-kq-{X--v- H--\-h-[n- hy-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-fpv.- D-tZym-Xc
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1.- \ym-b- Ip-kp-amR-v-Pen-:- 1:-1:-7
45
[-aw,- A-[-aw,- i-_v-Zw,- kw-kv-Im-cw- Fn-s\- C-cp-]-n\mev- Kp-W--fm-Wv- {Z-h-y-n-\p--Xv.ssh-ti-jn-I-Z-i-\-n-s-d- G--hpw- h-en-b- kw-`m-h-\- AXn-s-d- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-m--am-Wv.- Cu- ]-c-am-Wp-kn-m-w- {In-kvXp-hn-\v- ap-v- A-mw- \q-m-n- P-o-hn-- {Ko-v- X-z-Nn--I-U-tam-{In-kns-d- ]-c-am-Wp- kn-m--t-m- a-l--c-am-sWm-Wv- {]-K-Xv-`-\mbam-Iv-kv-ap-- A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-Xv.1- sshti-jn-I-Z-i-\-n-s-d- {]-]-hymJym-\-am-Wv- ]-c-amWpkn-mw.- A-Xn--s\- kw-{K-ln-mw-:- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hpw- A-Xn-s-dhn-hn-[- `m-K-- Iq-Sn-t-p-m-b-XmWv.- h-kv-Xp-hn-\n-v- `mK--sfth-Xn-cn-m- I-gn-bpw.- Hm-tcm- h-kv-Xp-hn-s\-bpw- sN-dnb- sN-dn-b- `m-K--fm-bpw- A-h-sb- ho-pw- `m-K--fm-bpwhn-`-Pnm- I-gn-bpw.- C--s\- `m-Kn-v- `m-Kn-,-v- `m-Knm- I-gn-bm-A-h-kv-Y-bn-se-p-- I-W-n-s\--bm-Wv- I-Wm-Z- ]c-am-Wp-shv- hnfn--Xv.- ]-c-am-Wp-hm-Wv- {]-]--n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- L-SIw.- c-p- ]-c-am-Wp-- Iq-Sn-t-v- H-cp- Zz-Wp-I-hpw- Zz-W-p-I- Iq-Sn-t-v- {XzWp-I--fpw- A-h- ho-pw- Iq-Sn-tv- NXp-c-Wp-I--fpw- D-m-Ip-p.- NXp-c-Wp-I--fp-sS- hn-hn-[- A\p]m-X-n-ep-- Iq-Sn-t-c-ep-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv- hn-hn-[- h-kv-Xp--fpm-Ip--Xv.ssh-ti-jn-I- kq-{X--pw- H--\-h-[n- hym-Jym-\- {K-\v-Y
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- f-p-dn-tm1. Max Muller: Six Systems of Indian Philosophy, Page196
46
hy-IvX-hpw- N-cn-{X-]-c-hp-am-b- hn-h-c--sfm-pw-X-s-bn-.- kmwJy-Z-i\

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- -Sm-\p-- am-K
- f
- m-Wv- kmwJym-Z-i-\w- At\z-jn-p--Xv.{]-Ir-Xn,- ]p-cp-j- F-n--s\- c-p- im-iz-X- X--z--fnem-Wv- kmw-Jyw- hn-iz-kn-p--Xv.- ]p-cp-j- {]-Ir-Xnbn-\n-v`n-\m-Wv.- {]IrXn- ]-cn-Wm-a
- n-\p- hn-t[-ba
- m-W.v- - ]-t,- {]IrXn1.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c--:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-,-- t]-Pv-:- 193
2. Heinrich Zimmer: Philosophies of India, Page 281
3.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 1
47
bn- {]-Xn-`mkn-p-- ]-cn-Wm-a-- ]p-cp-j-s\- _m[n-p-n.A-I-m-hm-b- ]pcpj-s-d- tam-Iv-j-n-\p-thn-bm-Wv- {]-IrXn{]-h-n-p--Xv.- kmwJyX-z-- --fn-se- ]p-cp-j-k--]-am-WvB- Z-i-\-n-se- Cu-iz-c- k--]am-bn- hn-I-kn--Xv.- k-mw-JymZ-i-\w- bm-Km-Zn-I-a--s-Xn-cmWv.- lnwkm-Xv-a-I-am-b- bmK- ]m-]-am-sW-m-Wv- kmw-Jy-kn-m-w-.tbm-K-Z-i-\w-:- tbm-K-Z-i-\-n-s-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hm-bn]XRvPe
-- -n-bm-Wv- A-dn-b-s-Sp--sX-n-epw- D-]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-pwA-Xn-\p-ap-p-sa-mw-X-s tbm-K-X-z-- -- {]-Ncn-n--s-n-cpp-sh--Xn-\v- sX-fn-hpI-fp-v.- tiz-Xm-iXtcm-]-\n-j-n- hyIvX-am-bn-s
- - tbm-Km-`ym-k
- n-sd- B-hi
- y-IX
- s
- b-p-dn-v- {]kvXm-hn-p-pv.
kn-\[
v- p-\Z- o-XS-\m-Kc
- n-IX
- b
- p-sS- A-hi
- n-jSv-
- f
- n-sem-v- aqvX-e-I-fp--Xpw- H-cp- tbm-Kn-sb-tm-se- ]-Xv-am-k-\-n-en-cn-pXpw- inhs-d- {]m-Kv-c-q-]-sa-v- I-cp-X-s--Sp--Xp-am-b- in-em-ap-{Z-bm-sW-- h-kvXpX,- B-cym-K-a-\-n-\p- ap-p-X-s- tbm-K-hnZyv- {]-Nm-c-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-Xn-\p-- sX-fn-hm-bn- {]K`cm-b- ]-e-cpw- Nq-n-m-Wn-p-p-vtbm-K-Z-i-\-n-s-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-b-s-Sp-]XRvPe
- n-bp-sS- Po-hn-XI
- m-es
- -p-dn-v- hy-Xy-kvX
-
- f
- m-b- A`n{]m-b-fpv.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-m-n-em-sW-pw- A-X-- cmw\q-m-n-em-sW-pw-A-Xn-\p-ti-j-amsW-p-sa-mw- hm-Zn--s-Spp.- X-\n-v- ap-p-X-s-bp m-b-n-cp-- tbm-K-km-[-\-I-sf-p-dn
- kn-m---sf- k-am-[n,- km-[\,- hn-`q-Xn,- ssI-h-eyw- F-n-s\- \m-ep-]m-Z--fn-em-bn- 195 kq-{X--fn H-Xp-n- Nn--s-Sp
n- H-cp- Z-i-\-am-n- am-p-I-bm-Wv- A-t-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv.Xm-Xzn-Ia
- m-bn- kmw-Jy-Z-i\
- t- m-Sv- ASp-w- {]-IS- n-n-pZi-\a
- m-Wv- tbm-Kw.- kz-X{- -am-b- {]-Ir- X
- n- ]p-cp-j\
- p-th-n-bmWv\n-e \np--Xv.- Ahn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]p-cp-j-\pw- {]-I-r-Xn-bpw- X-nep-- _-\v-[ n-\v- Im-c-Ww.- A-hn-Zy- \-in-v- ]p-cp-j-\pw- {]-IrXn-bpw X-n-ep-- kwtbm-Kw- A-{]-Xy-a
- m-Ip-- A-hk
- vY
-
- mWvssI-h-eyw- F-p- ]-dbp--Xv.- ssI-h-ey-am-Wv- tbm-K-n-s-d-
48
eyw.- ]p-cp-j- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-\n-v- ]q-W-am-bpw- kz-X-{-\msW-- hnth-I-]q-W-am-b- Pv-Rm-\-ap-m-Ip-tm- am-{X-ta- ssIh-ey-sa-- e-yw- km-m-XI
v- c
- n-m- Ignbq.- tbm-Km-`ym-k
- n\vbaw,- \n-ba
- w,- B-k\
- w,- {]m-Wb
- m-aw,- {]Xym-lm-cw,- [m-cW
- ,- [ym\w,k-am-[n- F-n--s\- F-v- Aw-K--fp-v.- Cu- Aw-K--fn-eq-sSIS-p-h-v- ssI-h-ey-n-se-p-tm-gm-Wv- a-\p-jy- ]-cn-]q-W\pw- kz-X-{-\p-am-bn-o-cp--Xv.- a-\-n-\v- G-Im-{K-X- e`n-mCu-iz-c-[ym-\-amWv- tbm-Kw- \n-tZ-in-p--Xv.ao-amw-km- Z-i\
- w-:- th-Z
- s
- f- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\- {]-am-W
- f
- mbnkzo-Ic
- n-p-- Z-i\
- a
- m-Wv- ao-amw-km-Z-i\
- w.- ]q-ha
- o-am-wk
- ,- Dc-ao-amwk- F-o- c-p-Xc
- w- ao-amw-kmZ-i\
-
- f
- p-v.- ]q-ha
- o- amwkth-Z-a-{--fp-sS-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W--f-p-sS-bpw- A-Sn-kvYm-\nep- I-a--v- {]m[m-\yw- \-Ip-tm- D--c-ao-amw-k- D-]-\nj-p-f-- n-se- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- kn-m---sf- hym-Jym-\n-m\mWv- {i-an-p--Xv.- D--c-ao-amwk- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s- th-Zm-Zi-\w- F--dn-b-s-Sp-p.- ]q-h-ao-amw-k- ao-amw-kmZ-i-\-sa-pw.ao-amw-km- Z-i\
-
- n-s-d- D-]P
- R
v- m-Xm-hv- sP-an-\n-bm-W.v- - Ctl-ns-d- Po-hn-XI
- m-eh
- pw- X-
- h
- n-jb
- a
- m-Wv.- {In-kvX
- p-hn-\v- apv\memw- \q-m-n-em-sW-pwaq-mw- \q-m-n-em-sW-pw- {In-kvXp-hn-\v- ti-j-am-sW-p-sa-mw- A-`n-{]m-b--fp-v.ao-amw-km-Z-i-\-{]-Im-cw- [-aw,- A-Yw,- Im-aw-,- tam--wFn-h-bm-Wv- Po-hn-X-e-y-.- Cu- Po-hn-X-e-y-- t\-Sm\p-- am-K
- s
- f-p-dn-m-Wv- ]-{-v- A-[ym-b
- f
- n-em- b
- n- c-mbnc-n- Aq-tdm-fw- kq-{X--fp-- sP-an-\n-bp-sS- aoamw-kmkq{X- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p-X
- v.- I-aw- sN-m- a-\p-jy-sc- t{]-cnn-phn-[n-I-fm-Wv- [-aw- (tNmZ-t\m- e--tWm f-tYm- [-ax)-1.- {]Xy- PvR
- m-\w-sIm-v- [-as
- - A-dn-bm- I-gn-bm-X
- n-\m- [awA-dn-bm\p-- G-I- am-Kw- th-Z-hn-[n-I-f-\p-kcn-p-I-bm-Wv.- I-asa-- ]-Z-w-sIm--v {]-hr-n-sb-- tI-hem-Y-n-ep-]-cnbm-bnssh-Zn--I- hn-[n-{]-Im-c-ap-- bm-Km-Zn- I-a--fpw,- a-p- a-X-N-S-p-Ifp-am-Wv- hn-h-n--s-Sp--Xv.- I-a-- aq-p-X-c-am-Wv:- \n-_1. ao-a-mw-kmkq-{X-- 1.-1.-9
49
\v-[-am-bp-w sN-t-- I-a-,-- C-jv-S-ap-s-n- sN-m-hp-I-a-,- H-cn--epw- sN-m- ]m-Snm-- I-a-.- kz-K-{]m]v-Xn-bmWv- bm-K--fp-sS- e-yw.- tam-w-,- sF-ln-I-Po-hn-X-n\-p-d-p-- kz-K-n-se- B-\--am-b- Po-hn-X-am-Wv.ao-amw-kmkq-{X--fn- Cu-iz-c-s\-pdn-- ]-cm-a-i-Im-Wm-\n-s-n-epw- I-m-hpw- t`m-Iv-Xm-hp-am-b- H-cp- B-Xv-am-hns-d- im-iz-X-s-- -p-dn-v- {]-kv-Xm-hn-p-p-v.- A-]q-h-saA-Zr-iy-am-b- H-cp- \nKqV- i-Iv-Xn-sb-p-dn-pw- sP-an-\n- ao-amw-kmkq-{X--fn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-pp-v.- I-a-^-ew- e-`n-p--Xv- A]qh-n-eq-sS-bm-Wv.th-Zm-Z- -i\
- w-:- th-Zn-s-d- A-y-`m-Ka
- m-b- D-]\
- n-j
- p-sf- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-p- Z-i-\-am-Wv- th-Zm-w.- hn-hn-[- hyIvXn-I-fm- hyXy-kv-X- Im-e-L---fn- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- D-]-\n-j-p-- Htc- co-Xn-bn-ep- N-n-m-k-c-Wn-I-f-- {]-Zm-\w- sN-p-Xv.hy-Xy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp--hp-am-b- ho--W-- D-]-\n-j-p-I- Dsm-p-p-v.- Cu- {]iv-\w- ]-cn-l-cn-p--Xn-\- v- D-]-\n-j-p--fn--\n-- v- th-Zm-Z-i-\-n-\p t]m-_-e-I-am-b- kq-Iv-X-k-am-l-cn-v,- th-Zm--Z-i-\-n-s-d- ASn-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y-am-b- {_
lv-a-kq-{X-- c-Nn-- _m-Z-cm-b-W-\m-Wv- th-Zm--nsd- D-]PvRm-Xm-hm-bn- A-dn-bs
- -Sp-X
- v.- _n.-kn- \m-emw- \q-m-
- n-\pw- F.Unc-mw- \q-m-n-\p-an-S-bn- Po-hn-n-cp-- a-lm-`m-c-X- Im-hmbth-Zhym-k-X-s-bm-Wv- Cu- _m-Zm-cm-b-W-s\-m-Wv- `q-cn-]-w]-Wv-Un-Xm-cp-sS-bpw- ]-w.th-Zm--Z-i-\-{]-Im-cw- {]-]--n-s-d- aq-e-Im-cWw {]]
mXo-am-b- {_lva
- s
- a-- H-cp- tI-he
- - ssN-X\
- y-am-Wv.- \m-ev- A[ymb--fn-embn- A-q-n- A-dp-]-Xv- kq-{X--fp-- _m-Z-cm-b-W-sd{_-lv-a-kq-{X-n-s-d- t{]-c-W-- {_-lv-a-s-p-dn-v- A-dn-bm-\p-B-{K-l-am-sWv- (AYm-tXm- {_-lv-a- Pn-Pv-Rm-km-1)- At-lw- B
Zyw -X-s- hy-Iv-X-am-p-pv.- ]-t-{n-b--fn-eq-sS- e-`n-p-A-\p-`-h-Pv-Rm-\-n-\-p-dw- {]]--ns-d- \n-Kq-V-c-l-ky-a-dnbm-\p-- A-t\z-jW
- a
- m-Wv- th-Zm-Z- i-\
- n- \mw- Im-WpXv.1.- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-- A-[ym-bw- 1 ]m-Zw- 1 kq-{Xw- 1
50
th-Zm--Z-i-\-n-X-s- hn-hn-[-fm-b- D--]n-cn-hp-Ifpv.- `mcXo-b- Zm-i-\n-I- N-cn-{X-n- j-Uv-Z-i-\--tf-m-f

[n-Iw- {]-k-IvXn- Cu- D-]n-cn-hp-I-m-Wv.- Cu- D-]n-cn-hp-I-fn
eq-sS- \-ap-smv- ItmSnmw.A-ssZz-Xw-:- A-ssZz-X-th-Zm--n-s-d- D-]-Pv-Rm-Xm-h-m-bnA-dnb-s-Sp--Xv- Ku-V-]m-Z-\m-Wv.- am-Wv-Uq-tI-m-]-\n-j-n-s-dhym-Jym-\ {K-\v-Y-am-b- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Im-cn-I-1bn-eq-sS- {_-lv-awam-{Xam-Wv- k-Xy-sa-pw -a-p--sX-mw- an-Yy-bm-sW-pw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv{_lv-a-am-sW-p-ap-- knm--- A-t-lw- A-h-X-cn-n-p.A-ssZ-zX
- t- h-Zm-
- n-s-d- ASnkvY
- m-\X
-
-
- f
- m-bn- am-dn-b- ambm
hm-Zw- A-Y-hm- hn-h--hm-Zw,- k-mkn-m-w,- {_lv-aPv-Rm\wsIm-p-- tam--w- F-o- kn-m--sf mw- kw-n-]v-X- cq]
n- A-Xn-e-t-lw- A-h-X-cn-n-np-v.- ]n-oSp h-- ]-Wv-UnX
m- A-hs
- b- hn-iZ- o-Ic
- n-p-Ib
- pwhn-Ik
- n-n-p-IbpamWv- sNbvXXv.Ku-V-]m-Z-\p- ti-jw- F-Sp-p-]-d-tb-- a-sm-cp- hy-Iv-XnbmWv- `-Xr-l-cn.-- A-t-lw- X-s-d- hm-Iy-]-Zo-bw- F-- {K-\v-Y-ni-_v-Z {_lv-a- kn-m--sa-- X-z-w- A-h-X-cn-n-p.- A--cambi-_v-Z-{_-lv-a-n-s-d- A-Y-cq-]-n-ep-- hn-h---\-am-Wv- {]]-sa-m-Wv- Cu- kn-m--n-s-d- s]m-cp-.A-ssZz-Xt- h-Zm-
- n-s-d- ]-ca
- m-Nm-cy-cm-bn- K-Wn-s
- -SpXv- KuV-]m-Zcm-sW-n-epw- A-Xn-s-d- ap-Jym-Nm-cy-cpw- hym-JymXmhp-am-bn- tem-Iw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-p--Xv- {io-i--cm-Nm-cy-sc-bm-Wv.F.Un.- F-mw- \qm-n-s-d- A-hk
- m-\
- n-- tI-cf
-
- n- s
- e- ImeSn{Km-a-n- in-h-Kpcp,- B-cymw-_- F-- {_m-lv-a-W- Z--Xn-I-fp-sS]p-{X-\m-bn-m-Wv- {io- i-c- P-\n--sX-m-Wv- I-cp-X-s-Sp--Xv.A-km-am-\y- _p-n-im-en-bm-bn-cp-- {i-o- i--c- F-mw- h-b-nX-s- th-Zm-[yb\w- ]q-n-bm-p-I-bpw- A--bp-sS- A-\p-hm-Ztm-sS- k-\ym-kw- kzo-I-cn-p- tZim-S-\w- \-S-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.\-a-Zm- Xo-c-p-sh-v-,- Ku-V-]m-Z-cp-sS- in-jy-\m-b tKm-hn-- `-Kv
h-Z]
v- m-Zs
- c- Kp-cp-hm- b
- n- kzo-Ic
- n-p-sIm-v- A-ssZz-XZ-i\
- s
- - hyIvX-am-b- H-cp- kn-m--am-bn- h-f-n-.- {]-kv-Ym-\-{X-b--sf--dn1.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-Im-cn-I-v- "Ku-V-]m-Z-Im-cn-I'- F-pw- t]-cp-v.-
51
b-s-Sp-- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw,- D-]-\n-j-p--,- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X- F-nhv- `mjy-- F-gp-Xn.- km-[m-c-W-m-pth--n- in-h-kv-tXm{X-,- hnjv-Wp-kv-tXm-{X-,- e-v-ao- kv-tXm-{X-,- K-W]-Xn- kv-tXm-{X-- Fn--s\- A-t\-Iw- kv-tXm-{X- {K-\v-Yc-Nn-p.- hn-th-I- Nq-Um-aW
- n-,- D]-tZ-ik
- m-l{- kn,- `-Pt- Km-hn-w,- eLphm-Iy-hr-n,- i-X-iv-tfm-In,- ku-cy-e-l-cn- Xp-S-n-b- A-t\-Iw{K-\v-Y--fpw- {i-o-i--c- c-Nn-n-p-v.- ap-n-c-p- h-jw- am{XwPo-hn-- {io-i--c- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s-d- A-h-Xm-c-am-sW-v- hn-iz-knp--h-cp-v.- `m-c-X-ns-d- \m-ev- A-Xn-n-I-fn-em-bn- \m-evaT-- (In-g-v- P-K-m-Yw,- ]-Sn-m-dv- Zzm-c-I,- h-S-v- _-Zco-\mYw,- sXv- irw-tK-cn-)- kv-Ym-]n-v- A-ssZz-X-th-Zm--n-s-d- {]Nmc-Ww- \n-h-ln--Xpw- {io-i--c-X-s-bm-Wv.{io-i
- c
- s
- -d- A-ssZ-zX
- t- h-Zm-
- n-s-d- ap-gp-h- km-cmwihpw- "{_-lv-a-am-Wv- k-Xyw-;- P-K-Xv- an-Yy-bm-Wv-;- Po-h-X-s-bm-Wv{_-lva
- w- ,- asm-p-a
- ' ({_-lva
- - k-Xyw- P-K- an-Yym,- Po-thm- {_lvssa-h- \m- f ]-cx)- F-- A-t-l-n-s-d- h-N-\-n- A-Snbncn-p-p.- h-kvX
- p-\n-jvT
- a
- m-b- ù-Xn-I- {]-]
- w- bm-Ym-Yya.- anYybm-sW-p- w- k-n-Zm-\
- a
- b
- h
- pw- G-Ih
- pw- A-ssZz-Xh
- p-am-b- {_lvawam-{X-am-W- v- k-Xywsa-p-w-- Po-h- A-Y-hm- hy-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hvb-Ym-Y-n- {_-lv-aw-X-s-bm-sW-p-am-Wv- i--c- hn-iZoIcn-X.v - F-m-W-v {_-la
-v s
- a-- tNm-Zy-n-\-v D-]\
- n-j
- p-
- - \IpD-c
- a
- m-b- "P-m-Zn-I
- - G-sXm-n- \n-m-tWm- A-Xm-Wv {_lvaw'(P-m-Zy-ky- b-Xx)- F-- hm-Iyn-\v- i--c- \-Ip- hym-Jym
\-n- -\n-v- {_-lv-a-s-p-dn-- A-tl-n-s-d- hoWwIp-td-q-Sn- hy-IX
v- a
- m-Ip-p-v.- A-Xn-s
- \-bmWv:- "\m-ac
- q-]-fneqsS- {]-Xy--s-Sp--Xpw- A-t\-Iw- I-m--sf-bpw- t`mIv-Xm-
sf-bpw- D-sm-p-X
- pw- n]vX
- s
- -- kvY
- e-Im-e- Im-cWsfbpw{In-b-I,- ^-e-- F-n-h-sbbpw- B{i-bn-p-Xpw- a-\-n\pt]m-epw- A-Nn-y-am-b- c-N\
- m-cq-]t- m-Sp-Iq-Sn-bX
- p-am-b- P-KnsdD-]-n- kv-Yn-Xn- e-b-- k-h-PvR-hpw- k-hi-Iv-X-hp-am-bbm-sXm-cp- Im-cW
-
- n-\n-v- D-fh
- m-Ip-p-thm- AXmWv- {_-lvaw'1.1.- i--c-:- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- 1.- 1.-2
52
A-\m-Zn-bpw- A-\i
- z-ch
- p-am-b- {_lva
- w- am-{X-am-Wv- i-c
- h
- oW-n- b-mY
- m-Yyw.- P-K
- v- A-Yh
- m- {]-]
- h
- pw- A-Xn-se- kIeh-kv-Xp--fpw- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- C-Xv- H-cp- `m-K-v.- a-dp-`m-K-m-I-s-,{]]--hpw- A-Xn-se- k-I-e- h-kv-Xp--fpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-v- i-c- hm-Zn-p-p.- {_-lv-a-a-m-sX- a-sm-pw- X-s-bn-.- "{]-]-amsI,- {]-]--n- Fs-mw- \ne-\n-p-p-tm- A-sX-mw{_-lv-a-am-Wv'- ({_-lv-ssa-th-Zw- hn-izw-k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw-P-K-Xv)-.- {]]w- am-{X-a--,- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-am-Wv- (B-Xv-am-N),- Rm- {_lva-am-Wv- (A-lw- {_-lv-am-kv-an),- \-o-bpw- A-Xp-Xs- (X-z-a-kn-).
C-Xm-Wv- A-ssZ-z-X- th-Zm--n-s-d- s]m-cp.- ic- X-shni-Zo-Ic
- n-p-X
- v- t\m-p-I:- "{_-lva
-
- n-\
- n-v- hy-Xy-kvX
- a
- mbnH-cp- h-kv-Xp-hn-\pw- \n-e-\n-m- I-gn-bn-.- A-Xn-\p- sX-fnshmpan-.- hm-kv-X-h-n- a-v- F-n-s-d-sb-n-epw A-kv-Xn-Xz-sp-dnv- bmsXm-cp- sX-fn-hpw- \-ap-v- Im-Wm- I-gn-bn-'1.- {]-]-
nsd- ap-gph- aq-e-Im-c-W-am-b- ]-c-amXv-am-hpw- a-\p-jy-s-dB-Xv-am-hm-b- PohmXv-am-hpw- X-n- ssZz-X-`m-h--fn-s-m-Wvi--c-a-Xw.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\pw- {]m-]-n-I- h-kv-Xp--p-sam-pw{_-lv-a-n-\n-v- hn`n--am-b- Akv-Xn-Xz-an-s--Yw.ap-v- F-tm-sg-n-epw- A-\p-`-h-s--Xpw- kv-a-c-W-bm-bn- a-\
n X-n-\n-p--Xp-am-b- H-n-s\--n- ]n-o-Sv- a-sm-cn-S-pm-Ip-- {]Xo-Xn-bm-Wv- A-[ym-kw.- b-Ym-Ya
- m-b- H-n-t- AbYm-Y-am-b- a-sm-n-s-d- [-a-- A-[ym-tcm-]n--s-Sp-tmA-Xn-\v- b-Ym-Y-n-Cm- [-a-- D-v- F-- {]-Xo-Xnbpm-Ip-
- p.- I-bdn-s-db
- pw- ]m-ns-db
- pw- D-Zm-lc
- W
-
- n-eq-sS- {io
i--c- C-Xv- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-p-pv.- I-b- ]m--.- ]-t,- a-n-bsh-fn--n- Nn-e-- I-b- ]m-m-sW-v- sX-n--cn-pw.- b-YmY-n- ]m-n-s-ne-pw- A-[ym-k-n-s-d- ^-eam-bn- ]m-n-sd{]-Xo-Xn-bp-m-I-p-p.- C-Xp- an-Yym-Pv-Rm-\w- A-Y-hm- A-hn-Zy-bmWv.sh-fn-w- h-v- A-hn-Zy- \o-n-bm- b-Ym-Y- I-b- {]Xy-sSpw.- C-Xp-t]m-seam-b-bp-sS- A-Y-hm- A-[ym-k-n-s-d- ^-e-ambnb-Ym-Y-n-ep-- {_lv-a-n-\p-]-I-cw- {]-]--hpw- ssP-h-h-kv1. Ibid III.2.32
53
Xp-f
- pw- \-ap-v- A-\p-`h
- s
- -Sp-p.- C-hs
- bmw- A-hn-Zy-bp-sS- êam-Wv.- A-hn-Zysb- \o-w- sN-bvX
- m- C-hs
- b-mw- an-Yy-bm-sWpwb-Ym-Y
- n-ep-X
- v- {_-la
v- w- - am-{X-am-sW-pw- t_m-[y-am-Ipw.- AhnZy-bm-Ip-- I-m-Sn-sb- F-Sp-p-am-n- Xm-X-s-bm-Wv- {_-lv-aw(Alw-{_-lv-am-kv-an)- F- A-hkv-Y- A-Y-hm- {_-lv-a-km-m-XvIm-cw- ssI-hc
- n-p-Ib
- m-Wv- tam-w.- tam-
- n-\p-- am-Kw- PvRm\w- am-{X-am-Wv.- I-a-hpw- `-Iv-Xnbpw- PvRm-\-k-m-Z-\-n-\v- klmb-I-bm-bn- h-n-p-I- am-{X-am-Wv- sN-p-sX-pw-- A-h- t\-cnvtam--n-\v- Im-c-W-am-Ip-n-s-p-am-{X-am-Wv- i--cs-d- ]-w.X-s-d- hm-Z---\p-Iq-eam-bn- D-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy--sf- hym
Jym\n-p--Xn- i--c- hn-P-bn-p.- hn-hn-[- B-i-b-m-cm-bZm-i-\n-I-mcp-sS- Nn--I-fpwkw-hm-Z--fpw- \n-d-p-\n-pD-]-\n-j-Zv-hm-Iy-fn- X-s-d- Nn--sb- {]-Xn-Iq-en-p-- kq-I-v
X--sf- Zp-hymJym-\w- sN-m\pw- h-f-sm-Sn-m-\pw- h-sc- i-c\v- a-Sn-bp-m-bn-.- kp-tc-{-\m-Yv-Zm-kv- Kp]v-X- F-gp-Xp-p-:- "{_lvawam-{X-am-Wv- ]-c-a-bm-Ym-Yy-sa-pw- a-p--sX-mw- A-b-Ym-Y-amsW-p-ap-- i--c-s-d- aq-e-kn-m--am-Wv- D-]-\n-jp--fn{]-kvX
- m-hn-s-n-p-X
- v- F-v- sX-fn-bn-p-X
- n- A-t-l
- n\vXm-]-cy-ap-m-bn-cp-p.- F-m,- Cu-iz-c-hm-Z-s-bpw- ssZzXhm-Z-s-bpw- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- k-a-Yn-p-- A-t\Iw- kq-Iv-X-D-]-\n-j-p-f-- n-ep-v.- i--c-s-d- kn-m--s- k-a-Y-n-p-H-c-Yw- Ah- \--Ip-p-s-v- hm-p-I-sf-sm-v- F-s-vIk-p-I- Im-Wn-m-epw- t_m-[y-am-m- I-gn-bn-'-1.i--c-s-d- am-bm-hm-Zw- _p--a-X--n-\n-v- I-S-sa-Sp--XmsWv- ]-db
- p-- ]-WvU
- n-X
- m-cp-v.- ]-Xn-\m-dmw- \q-m-n-se- BXva-o-b-hm-Zn-bmb- ln-p-Zm-i-\n-I- hn-Pv-Rm-\-`n-Iv-jp "hn-Pm-Xo-bm
fssZz-Xm-]-n-ivN' F-- kmw-Jy- kq-{X-s- hy-m-Jym-\n-p-sIm
v- C--s\- ]-d-p:- "\psS- _-\v-[-\w -tI-h-ew- H-cp- {`-a-amsWv- {]-Jym-]n-p-- Hscm-- {_-lvakq-{Xw- t]m-ep-an-.- X--sfth-Zm-n-I- F-v- kz-bw- hn-fn-p--Bfp-I- I-p-]n-Sn-- hnNn{X-am-b- am-bm-hm-Z-s--n- ]-d-bp-I-bm-sWn- A-Xv- _u---m1. Surenthranath Dasguptha: History of Indian Philosophy, Vol II, Page 2
54
cp-sS- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Z-n-s-d- H-cp- h-I-t`-Zw- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sImm-Wv- Nn-e- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-m- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm-n-s-d- knm--sf- hn-a-in-p-sIm-v- i--c-s\- {]-O--_p-- Fp-hnfn-m- t]m-epw- ap-Xn--Xv.'-1.- {]-K-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-\m-b- tam-Wnb- hn-eyw-kv- ]-d-bp-p-:- "C-v- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm-i-\n-I-m-n-S-bn{]-Np-c-{]-Nm-cw- kn-n-n-p-- am-bm-hm-Z-n-\v- D-]-\n-j-p-I
-- bm-sXm-cp- ]np-W-bpw- \-Ip-n-.- A-Xv- _p--a-X-n-\n-p- C-d-p-a-Xn-bm-Wv'2- .i--c-Z-i-\-n- hn-hn-[--fm-b- ssh-cp-y--fp-v.- H-cp`m-Kv- {_-lv-awam-{X-am-W-v k-Xy-sa-pw- {]-]-w- ap-gp-h- anYybm-sW-pw- i--c- kv-Ym-]n--p-p.- a-dp-`m-K-m-I-s- tem-Iwapgp-h- {_-lv-a-amsW-p (k-hw- J-ep-C-Zw- {_-lv-a)- hm-Zn-p-Ibpw- sN-p-p.- {]-]-w anYy-bm-sW-v- k-a-Yn-p-- i--cX-s- {]-]--n-ep-- h-kv-Xp--sf-mw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-v- hmZnp-p.- Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw- ]-c-amXv-am-hpw- X-n- ssZz-X-`m-h--sfmpw-X-s-bn-- F-- i--c-a-X-n-ep-ap-v- ssh-cp-yw.- ]-cn-anXn-I-fn-m-- {_-lv-a-s-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-p--- ]-cn-N-b-s-Spp--Xv.- F-m,- Po-hm-Xv-am-hm-I-s- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fn-\n-p- apIvX-a-.- A-Xn-\v- ]-e- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-ap-v.- {_-lv-a-w- A-\-iz-c-am-sWn- Pohm-Xvam-hv- A-\n-Xy-am-Wv.- {_l-v-aw- \n-Kp-W-am-Wv.- Po-hm
Xv-am-hn- kz`m-h-fpw- Kp-W--fp-ap-v.F-mw- {_lv-a-am-sW-- kn-m-w- a-X-n-\pw- [-a-n\p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-v- hn-iz-kn-p-h-cp-ap-v.- Po-hn-X-tm-Sp-- hncIv-Xn-bpw- kmaqln-I- tk-h-\-n-\p-- ssh-a-\-ky-hp-am-WvAssZzXw- kr-jv-Sn-p-sX-m-Wv- Cu- hn-`m-K-n-s-d- A-`n-{]mbw.- Fmw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-- t_m[-ap-m-bm- B-Xv-a-ip-n-pw]c-\--pw-th-n- {]-b-Xv-\n-p-sX-n\v- F-- tNm-Zy-am-WvDm-hp-I-sb-pwhm-Zn--s-Sp-p3.F-m- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hp-X-s-bm-Wv- Po-hm-Xv-am-hp-sa-- [mcW- ]c-kv]
- c
- - km-tlm-Zc
- y-n-te-m-Wv- \-bn-p-Is
- b-p- hm-Znp1. D--c-W-w- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c-:- `m-c-Xob-- N-n-- t]-Pv-:- 369.2. Monier Williams: Indian Wisdom, Page 118.
3. A.C. Bosanquet: Comparative religion Page 127
55
- ]-WvUnX-m-c-p-ap-v.- "\n-s-tm-se- \n-s-d- A-b-mc-s\bpw- k-v-t\-ln--W-sa-m-Wv- ss__n-fn-s-d- B-lzm-\w.- C-Xn\p- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-mWv?- \n-s-d- A-b-m-c- b-Ym-Y-n\n-s-d- B-Xv-am-hp-X-s-bm sWpw- \n-s- A-h-\n-\n-vthXn-cn-p--Xv- am-b-bm-sW-pw- \ns- th-Zm-w- D-]-tZ-inp-p'-1 kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\
- - F-gp-Xn-:- "sIm-c
- p-Xv,- lnw-kn-cpXvap-X-em-b- [-tam-]-tZ-i-- F-m- a-X--fn-ep-ap-s-nepw- AXn\p-- Im-c-Ww- B-cpw- \n-tZ-in-p-n-.- Rm- F-p-sIm-vFsd- A-b-m-c-s\- lnw-kn-p-Iq-Sm.- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W-sIm-p-am-{Xw- Xr]v-X-c-m-- ln-p-- Nn-e- Zm-i-\n-I- knm-- B-hn-jv-I-cn-p--X-p-h-sc- Cu- tNm-Zy-n-\v- Xr-]v-Xn-I-cam-b- a-dp-]-Sn-bn-m-bn-cp-p.- B-Xv-am-hv- k-hhym-]n-bpw- tI-h-ehpwA-\
- h
- p-am-sW-v- lnp-- I-p-]n-Sn-p.- A-Xp-sIm-v- Abhm-kn-sb- lnw-kn-p-tm-- H-cp-h- X-s--s-bm-Wv- lnwknp-X
- v.- C-Xm-Wv- F-m- [-a
- n-s-db
- pwaq-e`
- q-Xa
- m-b- Zm-i\nI2
X--zw' .i--c-s-d- A-ssZz-X-Nn-- km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- kv-t\-l-hp-amWv]-Tnn-p--sX-v- {]-N-cn-n-p--h- i--c-Z-i-\-n-s-d- kmaqln-I- hoW-s- a-d
- p-sh-p-Ib
- m-Wv- sN-p-X
- v.- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- mhpX-s-bm-Wv- PohmXv-am-hp-sa-- i--c- kn-m--n-s-d- A-Sn-kvYm-\-n- {_-lv-a-kmm-Xv-Im-c-n-\v- F-m- a-\p-jy-cpw- Alcm-sW-m-Wv- A-t-lw- ]-Tnn-p-sX-pw- a-\p-jy- ]-S
- - PmXnI-sf- C-m-bv-a- sN--W-sa-n-- AssZz-X Nn-- h-f-cp-I- am-{XamWv- am-K-sa-p-sa-mw- D-Zv-tLm-jn--sSmdp-v.- A--c-am-fpI- i--cIr-Xn-I- hm-bn-m--h-tcm- A-s-n-- hm-bnXvad-p-sh-p--h-tcm- B-sW-v- ]-d-bm-sX- \n-hm-l-an.- tUm.\-o-eI-Wv-T-- C-f-b-Xv- Fgp-Xp-p:-- "{_-lv-a- km-m-Xv-Im-c-n-\vk-aq-l--nse- F-m-h-cpw- H-cp-t]m-se- A-l-cm-sW-v- A-ssZzXnhn-iz-kn-p-n-.- A-Xp-sIm-v- hn-hn-[- h-W-kv-Y-cm-b- a-\p-jyscA[n-Im-c- t`-Z-a-\p-kcn-v- ho-pw- c-m-bn- Xn-cn-mw I-a-tbm
Kw- A-\p-jvTn-t--h-cpw- PvRm-\-tbm-Kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-t--h-cpw
1. Paul Duessen: Philosophy of Upanishads Page 49
2. D--c-W-w tUm.- sI.-F.- \o-e-I-Wv-T- C-f-b-Xv-:- A-ssZ-z-X-[-aw- t]-Pv- 118
56
F-m- Chn-sS- \m-em-a-s- h-Wn-I-fm-b- iq-{Z-sc- th-Zm--hnZy-v- A-\[

- n-Im-cn-If
- m-bn- {]-Jym-]nn-cn-p-p.- th-Zm-h
- n-Zy A`ykn-p-Xv- am-{X-a
- - AXv- {i-hn-p-X
- pw- iq-{Z-v- \n-jn-a
- mWv'1._m-Z-cm-b-W-s-d- "{i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m-Y- {]-Xn-tj-[m-Xv-kvar-tXivN'2 F-- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-h-N-\w- hy-mJym-\n-p-sIm-v- ic- F-gp-Xn:- "A-Xp-sIm-v- iq-{Z-\v- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-n-\-v A-[n-Imc-an-.- F-s-m- kvar-Xn- A-bm- th-Zw- tI-p--Xn-s\-bpwA-[y-b-\w- sN-p--Xns\-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[n-ncn-p-p.- th-Z-{i-hW-n-s-d- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- thZm-Y-Pv-Rm-\-n-s-d-bpwth-Zm\p-jv-Tm-\-ns-d-bpw- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- iq{Z-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-v- kvarXn-I-fn- sN-bv-Xn-cn-p-p.- {i-h-W{]-Xn-tj-[n\v- D-Zm-l-c-Wam-bn "th-Z-hm-Iyw- {i-hn-m- A-bm-fp-sS- sN-hn-bn- Cu-bh
-- pwA-c-pw- D-cp-n-sbmgn--Ww'.- iq-{Z- k--cn-p-- iv-aim-\-amIp-p.- A-Xp-sIm-v- iq-{Z-s-d- A-Sp-p-sh-v- th-Zw- A-[yb-\wsN-m- ]m-Sn-'.- C-Xp-sIm-v- A-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-hpw- hn-[n-ncnpp.- F-s-m- bm-sXm-cp-h-s-d- k-ao-]w- A-[y-b-\wsNm- ]mSntbm- Ah- kz-bw- th-Zm-[y-b-\w- sN-p--sX-s\?- "A-h- thtZm-Nv-Om-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xm- Pn-lzm-tO-Zw- sN
Ww.- th-Z-a-{-- [-cn-m- sIm-Ww'- F-pw- ]-d-n-p-v.A-Xn-\m- A-bm-v- th-Zm-YPv-Rm\-hpw- A-\p-jv-Tm-\-hpw- ]mSns-p- kn-n-p-p.- "i-q-{Z-\v- _p-n- (Pv-Rm\w) sIm-Sp--cp-Xv'F-pw- ]-d-n-p-v3.th-Z-n-se- ]p-cp-j-kq-Iv-X-n-\n-v- B--cw-`-n-v- `m-c-X-n
s-d- kmaq-ln-I-a-Wv-U-e-n-em-sI- C-cp-p-]-c-n-b- Pm-Xn-k-{Zmb-n-\v- ]-sm-Sn- I-m-Wn-p-- A-ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-s\-bm-Wv- \-ap1.- A-ssZz-X- [-aw- t]-Pv- 133
2.- {_-lv-a-kq-{Xw- 1:3:38
3.- C-X-iv-N-\- iq-{Z- kym-[n-Im-c- b- Z-ky- kv-ar-tXx- {i-h-Wm-[ym-b-\m-Y- {]-Xntj-[m- `-h-Xn.-th-Z-{i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- th-Zm-[y-b-\- {]-Xn-tj-[-kv-Y-X- ZY-Pv-Rm-\m-\p-jv-Tm-\- tbm-iv-N- {]-Xn-tj-[x- iq-{Z-ky- `-h-Xn- {i-h-W- {]-Xn-tj[- kv-Xm-h-Xv.- ""A-Ym-ky- th-Z-ap-]-ir-Wz-X-kv-{X- ]p-P-Xp-`ymw- t{im-X-{h-]p-cmWw''- C-Xn.- ""]-Zyp-l-hm- G-X-Xv- iv-a-im-\w- sb-Nv-O-{Z-kv-X-kv am-Oq-{Z- k-aot]-\m-t[ym-X-hy''.- C-Xn-N- A-X- G-hm-[y-b-\-{]-Xn-tjx- b-ky-ln-k-aot]- ]nXm-t[y-X-hyw- `-h-Xn,- k-I-e- a-{Xp-X- a-[o-bo-X,- `-h-Xn-N-th-tZm-m-c-tW- Pnlzm-tO-tZm-[m-c-tW-i-co-c- t`-X- C-Xn.- A-X- G-h- Nm-m-Z-- Pv-Rm-\m-\pjv-Tm-\-tbmx- {]-Xn-tj-t[m- `-h-Xn.- ""\-iq-{Zm-b- a-Xn- Z-Zym-Xv''- C-Xn-{_-lv-a-kq{X- im--c- `m-jy-w 1:3:38
57
n-hn-sS- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp--Xv.- F-m-h-pw- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-n\-l-X-bp-v F-m-Wv- i--c-s-d- A-ssZ-z-X-th-Zm--n-s-dX--z-sa-pw- "Po-thm- {_-lv-ssa-h\m- f]-c-'- F-- hm-Iy-n-eq-sSB-Xa
v- o-b- km-tlm-Zc
- y-am-Wv- A-t-lw- {]t_m-[\
- w- sN-bX
v- s
- Xpwhym-Jym-\n-p--h- iq-{Z-t\m-Sv- ar-K--sf-tm-se- s]-cp-amdWsa-- A-t-l-n-s-d- {_-lv-a-kq-{X- `m-jyw- In-s-v- \SnpI-bm-Wv.- iq-{Z-sc- A-tbm-Ky-cm-bn- I-]n-p-- km-aq-ln-Im-Nmcw\n-e\
- n-- k-aq-ln-em-Wv- Po-hn-s
- X-X
- n-\m-em-Wv- i-c
- \
- v- C-1
s\- ]-d-tb-n-h--sX-v hym-Jym-\n-v- i--c-s\- sh--]q-ip-Nn-e-cpv.- Cu- hm-Zw- _m-en-i-am-Wv.- _p--ssP-\m-Zn- a-X--sfbpwkmwJyw,- \ym-bw- Xp-S-n-b- Z-i-\--sf-bpwhn-a-in-p-sImmWv- i--c- AssZzXw- kvYm-]n--Xv.- A-ssZ-z-Xw- sIm-vAtlw- hn-h--n-p--Xv- B-Xvssa-Iy-n-eq-sS-bp-- kmtlmZ-cy-am-bn-cp-p-sh-n- A-p- \ne-\n-- a-X--sf- hn-a-in-ptXm-]n--Xp-t]m-se- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-s-bpw- F-Xn-vtXm-]n-m-am-bn-cp-p.- A-t-lw- e-yan-Xv- km-tlm-Z-cynsd- kt-iw- ]-c-m-\m-bn-cp-n--;- {]-Xyp-X,- krjv-Sn Pme-sf- B-cm-[n-p-- ]m-c--cy-a-X--n-\v- Xm-zn-I- A-Sn--d]Wnbm- am-{X-am-bn-cp-p.]-t,- A-`n-\-h- ssl--h- i-Iv-Xn-I-sf-tm-se- ln-p-cm-jv{S-n-s-d- kr-jv-Sn-sbm-pw- i--cmNmcy- kz-]v-\w- Im-Wm-Xn-cp-Xn-\m,- A-p-m-bn-cp-- Z-i-\--sfb-pw- a-X--sfb-p-samw- k-a\z-bn-n-v- H-cp- IpS-o-gn- sIm-p-h-cm-- A-t-lw- H-cps-n-cp-n-.- k-a-Im-en-I- a-X-- ap-gp-h- A-Y-iq-\y--fmsW-pw- thZm--n-s-d- A-ssZz-X- hy-m-Jym-\-w- am-{X-am-Wv- tam-am-K-sa-pw- {ioi-c- hm-Zn-p.- "tbm-Kw- sIm-tm- kmwJywsIm-tm- a-X-I-a--sIm-tm- sh-dpw- hn-Zy-sIm-tm- tam-wt\-Sm- I-gn-bn-.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {_-lv-a-hpw- H-m-sW-v- A-\p-`-hn-dn-bp-I- am-{X-am-Wv- tam--km-m-Xv-Im-c-n-\p-- am-Kw'-2.- k1. P.V. Kane: History of Dharmashasthra Vol II Part 1 Page 33
2.- \-tbm-tK-\- \- kmw-tJy-\- I--Wm- t\m-\-hn-Zy-bm
-{_-lv-am-Xv- ssa-I-Xz-tbm-tK-\- tam-x- kn-[y-b-Xn- \m-\y-Ym'hn-th-I- Nq-Vm-a-Wn- 5:18
58
h-a-X-k-Xy-hm-Z-ns-d aqSp-]-Sw- kzo-I-cn-m- k---\-m

bncp- {io-i--c- `m-c-X-n-X-s- P--sa-Sp-- a-p- Z-i-\sf-mw sX-m-sW-v- hm-Zn-n-cp-p.- "th-Zm-a
- X
-
- n-s-d- A-ssZzXhy-m-Jym-\w- am-{X-am-Wv- i-cn-sb-v- i-Tn-- i-c- ssP-\-_p--aX--,- ao-amw-km-a-Xw,- ssi-h-a-Xw,- Im-]m-en-I-a-Xw,- imIv-tX-b-aXw,- ssh-jv-W-h-a-Xw- XpS-n- A-t-l-n-s-d- B-i-b-s
Xn-cm-bp-- a-X-- ap-gp-h- A-Y-iq-\y--sf-v- hm-Zn-n-cp-p'1.Z-ln-bn-te-v- hy-Xy-kv-X- Zn-p-Ifn-\n-v- hy-Xy-kv-X- h-gn-I-fneq-sS- bm{X- sN-bv-Xv- hy-Xy-kv-X- k-a-b-v- ey-kv-Ym-\-sp-Xp-t]m-se- bmYm-Yy-n-te-p-- hy-Xy-kvX
- - h-gn-If
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[- `m-c-Xo-b- a-X--fp-sa-2 B-[p-\n-I- ssl--h- ]-Wv-UnX-mcnNn-ecp-sS-- -hm-Zw- {ioi-c-\p-m-bn-cp-n-s-p- kmcw.hn-in-jvSm-ssZz-Xw-:- \n--Kp-W-amWv- {_-lv-a-sa-- i--cknmn\v- hn-cp-a
- m-bn- {_-lva
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- m-sW-pw- {]-]wan-Yy-b-- bmYm-Yy-am-sW-pw- A-Xv- {_-lv-a-n--\nv- - ]-cnWan-p-m-b-X-m-sW-pwhm-Zn-- `m-kv-I-cm-Nm-cy-\pw,- C-u-iz-c,Nnv,- A-Nn-v- F-o- aq-v- cq-]--fn-em-bn- {_-lv-aw- ]-cn-W-an
p-p-sh-v- ]-Tn-n-- bm-Z-h- {]Im-i-\pw- i--c-Z-i-\-n-\v- hncp-am-b- X-z-im-kv-{X-- A-h-Xcnn-m- {i-an-p-sh-n-epwhy-Iv-X-hp-w- k-a-{K-hp-am-b- H-cp- Z-i-\-n\v- Xd--n-Sp--XnA-h
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- s
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bn-cp-p.]-Xn-s\m-mw- \q-m-n-s-d- B-cw-`n- Im-o-- h-c-n\vk-ao]ap-- H-cp- sN-dn-b- {Km-a-]-m-b-n- P-\n-- cm-am-\p-P\q-dp-sIm--n-e-[n-Iw- Po-hn-v- 1137- N-c-aw- {]m]n-p.- {io-`mjywF--dn-b-sSp- {_-lv-a-kq-{X-`m-jyw,- Ko-Xm-`m-jyw,- thZm--km
cw,- th-Zm--Zo-]w,- K-Zy{Xbw,- th-Zm-- kw-{K-lw- Xp-S-n-b- H-
\-h-[n- _r-l-Zv-{K-\v-Y--fn-eq-sS- cm-am-\p-P- X-s-d- hn-in-jv-SmssZz-Xw- {]-N-cn-n-p.1.- ]n.-sI.- tKm-]m-e-Ir-jv-W-:- tI-c-f-n-s-d- kmw-kv-m-cn-I- N-cn-{Xw- t]-Pv- 3
2.- km-[p-io-e- sI.- ]-c-tiz-c-]n--:- ln-p-[--]-cn-N-bw- t]-Pv- 258.-
59
\n-Kp-W-{_-lv-aw- F-- k--]w- A-kw-_-\v-[-am-sW-pwssNX-\yw- \n-d-- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k-Kp-W- {_-lv-a-am-sWp-amWvhn-in-jvS- mssZz-XZ- -i\
-
- n-s-d- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\X
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v- m\- KpW-.- tem-Is\n-b{- n-p-X
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v- n-If
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c-s-d- `m-K--fm-Wv.- Cu-iz-c- {]-]--n-s-d-bpw- Po-hm-Xv-amhn-s-d-bpw- B-Xv-am-hm-Wv.- B-Xv-am-hpw- {]-]--hpw- Cu-iz-c-s-dAw-i--fm-sW-n-epw- Cuiz-c-\-.- kh-PvR-\pw- k-h-i-Iv-X\pw- \n-Xy-\p-am-b- Cu-iz-c,- \n-Xy-sa-nepw- A-i I-v-Xamb- Po-hmX-v-am-hv,- A-tN-X-\-am-b- ù-Xn-I- ]-Zm-Yw- Cu- X-z-- -{X-b-nsdsF-Iy-am-Wv- {_-lv-aw.- C-Xv- H-c-Y-n- A-ssZ-z-X-am-sW-nepwtI-h-eam-b- A-ssZz-X-a-m--Xn-\m- cm-am-\p-P- X-s-d- Z-i-\n-\v- hn-injv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xw- F-m-Wv- t]-cn--Xv.cm-am-\p-P-s-d- ho--W-n,-- tamw- {]m]n--W-sa-nBXvam-hv- i-co-c-tam- ùXn-I-tam- A-s-pw- Cu-iz-c-s-d- Aw-iam-sW-p-ap- t_m-[a
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{io`mjyw 1:1:1
60
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\p-Psd- hn-in-jv-S-m-ssZ-z-X-Z-i-\-hpw- km-aq-ln-I- k-a-Xz-tam- khkm-tlm-Z-cytam- {]t_m[-\w- sN-p-n-.- A-bn--hpw- sXm--pIq-Sm-bv-a-bpw- Xo-n-qSm-bv-a-bp-sa-mw- \n-e-\n-p-- h-Wm{i-a-[-a-n-s-d- kw-c--W-hpw- tam-{]m-]v-Xn--p-th-n-bp-I-a--fn- Ds-Sp-p.- F-m- a-\pjy-cpw-Po-hm-Xv-am-hpw-Cuizcmw-i--fm-sW-n- D-b-- Pm-Xn-m-cpw- Xmgv- Pm-Xn-m-cpap-m-hp--sX--s\-sb-- {]-iv-\-n-\v- D--cw- ImWm- hninjv-Sm-ssZz-Xn-I-v- I-gn-n-.- a-t-sXm-cp- ssl--h-Zi-\-nsdbpw - t ]m- s e - X - s - C- X m- b n- c p- p- hn- i n- j v - S m- s sZ- z - X nsdbpw- G-hpw- h-en-b- Zu--_-eyw.ssZz-Xw-:- {InkvXm_vZw 1238se- hn-P-b-Z-i-an-Zn-\-nem-Wv-I-Wm-S-I-nse- D-Up-n- \-K-c-n-\n-v- ]-Xn-aq-v- In-tem-aosX-p-In-g-m-bn- kvYnXn- sN-p-- ]-P-I- t-{X-sa-- {Km-an-- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\mbam-[z- P-\n-X
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61
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62
sIm-p-X-s- "P-K-Xv-a-nYy'-sb-- hm-Zw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnXam-Wv.Hm-tcm- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\pw- A-Xn-t-d-Xm-b- {]-tXy-I- Kp-W-fp-v.- H-cp- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- a-sm-cp- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\-tm-se-b-. -]qh-I-a--fpsS- ^-e-am-bn- i-co-cw-,- C-{n-b-,- a-\-v- apX-em-bh-bp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-Sp -Xp- sIm--m-Wv- Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-\p- Zpx-J-fpw- Zp-cn-X--fp-ap-m-Ip-Xv.- kw-km-c-Zpx-J--fn- \n-p-tam-N-\w- Cu-iz-c- Ir-]bn-eq-sS- am-{X-ta- e-`y-am-Iq.- Cu-iz-c-s\- {]
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64
A-`n-{]m-b-s-n-p-v.- {]-]--n-- v- Im-c-W-an- F-m-bn-cp-phv- k

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- m-Wv- _pa-X-s- \m-am-h-ti-j-am-n-b-Xv.- {i-o-_p--s\- hn-jvWp-hn-s-dH--Xm-a-s- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- A-h-X-cn-n-p--h-cm-Wv- A-`n-\-hssl--h- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cn-e-[n-I-hpw._p--s-d- \n-hm-W-n-\p-ti-jw- Cu- Z-i-\-n -A-`n
{]m-b-hy-Xym-k--fp-m-hp-I-bpw- ]m-j-Wv-U-am- F-- hn-`mKwD-S-se-Spp-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- ]n-o-Sv- H-cp- \q-m-n-\p-ti-jw- a-lmkmw-Ln-I-m,- tY-c-hm-ZnI- F-n--s\- c-m-bn- ho-pw- ]nfp.- A-tim-I-s-d- `c-W-Im-e-v- A-t-lw- _p--a-X-{]-N-c-Wn-\p-th-n- b-Xv\
- n-p.- _p-aX
- w- a-lm-bm-\w,- lo-\b
- m-\w- Fn-s\- c-p- {Kq-p-I-fm-bn- hopw- hn-`-Pn--s-p.- a-lm-bm-\who-pw- am-[y-an-Iw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-hm-Zw- F-n--s\- c-m-bn- ]n1. Caraws: The Gospel of Budha, Page 23
65
fp.- A--s\- ]n-f-v- ]n-f-v- _p--a-X-n- ]-Xn-s\-v{][m\- hn-`m-K--fpw- A-q-tdm-fw- D-]-h-n-`m-K--fp-ap-m-bn.ssP-\-Z-i-\w-:- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-v- 599- h-Pv-Pn-bp-sS- X-ekv-Ym-\-am-b- ssh-im-en- \-K-cn-bn-em-Wv- ssP-\-a-X- kv-Ym-]-I-\mb- h-[-am-\- alm-ho-c- `q-Pm-X-\m-b-Xv.- a-lm-ho-c-\p- ap-pw- ssP\-a-X-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-pw- E-j-`-tZ-h- ap-X-- B-cw-`n-- XoYc- ]-c--c-bn-se- A-h-km-\-s- Xo-Y--c- am-{X-am-Wv- h[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s\-p-am-Wv- hnizm-kw.- P-bn--h- F--Y-ap-"Po-\'- -]-Z-n-\n-pw- hyp-]--amb- Pn-\- F-- ]-Zw- sImv- cm-K-tZz-jm-Zn-I-sf- P-bn-h
-- - F-v- hn-h-n--s-Sp-p.- BsI-bp-mb- C-cp-]-n-\m-ev- Xo-Y--c-m-cp-sS-bpw- knm--sf- t{Im-Uo-I-cn--Xm-W-t{X- ssP-\-Z-i-\w.- B-Zy-Im-e-v- BNm-cy-\n-\n-v- in-jym-cnte-v- t\-cn-v- hm-sam-gnbm-bn-- {]-N-cnn--s-Xn-\m- Cu- Zi-\-n-s-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I- \n-{K-\vY-m- F-p- hn-fn--s-p.- h-[-am-\-a-lm-ho-c-s-d- A-\p-bm-bnbm-bn-cp-- tI-h-en- F.Un.- 57 ssP-\-Z-i-\- kn-m--t{Im-Uo-Ic
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h- F-pw- A-Po-h--sfpw- c-m-bn- X-cw-Xn-cn-p-p.- C-hc-pw- imizX--fm-Wv.- ù-Xn-I- ]-Zm--Yw- (]p-Zv-K-ew),- kv-Y-ew,Im-ew,- N-e-\w- ([-aw-),- \n-iv-N-eX- (A-[-aw-)- F-n--s\- ApX-c-am-Wv- A-P-o-h-.- Cu- A-Po-h--fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-m-WvPoh- \n-e-\n-p--Xv.- Po-h-X-s-bmWv- BXv-am-hv.- ]-c-amWp-hn-\p-t]m-epw- tN-X\
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66
67
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n-t-cp--Xm-Wv- \n-hm-Ww.-
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me-v- ssP-\ Zi\w- Zn-Kw-_-c-m,- tiz-Xmw-_-cm- F-n-s\- c-p- hn-`m-K-ambn- ]n-cn-p.- k-h-kw-K-]-cn-Xym-K-sa-ssP-\-Z-i-\-n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-i-bw- hym-Jym-\n-v- hym-Jym\n-v- D-Sp-Xp-Wn-t]m-epw- D-t]-n--W-sa- \n-e-bn-se-n-b-hcm-Wv- Zn-Kw-_-c-m-Zn-v- h-kv-{X-am-n-b-h-sc--Yw.- sam-
n- Po-hn-X-s- {]-[m-\-am-bn- Im-Wp-I-bpw- Ip-Spw-_-Po-hn-Xw\n-tj-[n-m-Xn-cn-p-I-bpw- sN-p-- sh--h-kv-{X-[m-cn-I-fm-Wvti-z-X-mw-_-c-m. Cu- c-p- hn-`m-K-- Iq-Sm-sX- bm-]-\o-b-mFsmcp- hn-`m-Kh
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Cu-iz-cs
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68
2.- i-co-cw,- C-{n-b,- h-kv-Xp-- ap-X-em-b-h- Cu- aq-e

[m-Xp--fp-sS- hy-Xy-kv-X- co-Xn-bn-ep-- kw-tbm-P-\w- sIm-pmb-Xm-Wv.3.- hy-Xy-kv-X--fm-b- Nn-e- {]-tXy-IX-cw- [m-\y--fp-sSkwtbm-P-\-n-\n-v- e-l-cn- i-Iv-Xn-bp-m-hp--Xp-t]m-se- aqe[m-Xp--fp-sS- kw-tbm-P-\-n-\n-v- {]-Pv-R-bp-m-hp-p.4.- {]-Pv-Rtbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- i-co-c-am-Wv- B-Xv-am-hv.5.- Imaw- am-{X-am-Wv- ]p-cp-jm-Yw-.6.- a-c-W-am-Wv- tam-w-1.{_-m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-s-bpw- ssh-Zn-II-a--sf-bpwhna-in-- v- _r-l-kv-]-Xn- F-gp-Xn-b-sX-v- I-cp-Xp-- h-cn-I-fn\npw- tem-ImbX- Z-i-\-n-s-d- Xo-{h-X- a-\-n-em-mIgnbpw."A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- aq-v- thZ-,- k-\ym-kw,- `-kv-aw- ]qi,Chsbm-s- _pn-bpw- ]u-cp-j-hpw- sI--h-cp-sS- h-b-p-]n-g-n-\pth-n- ]S-p-m-n-b- G-m-Sp-I- am-{X-am-Wv'-2."tkm-ab
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69
a-sm-pw- Hcn-S--p-an-'-1.C--s\,- ssh-Zn-I-a-X-s-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W- ]u-tcm-lnXys-bpwbm-Km-Zn- I--a--sf-bp-sa-mw- i-Iv-X-am-bn- hn-a-in-Nm-hm-I- Z-i-\n-s-d- A-\p-bm-bn-I-s-Xn-sc- {_m-lv-a-W]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- X--fp-sS- ka-b-hpw- i-I-vXn-bpw- {]-tbm-Kn--Xn\mem-bn-cn--W-w- Nm-hm-I- {K-\v-Y--sfm-pw- X-s- A-h-ti-jnmXn-cp--Xv.- "h--I-m-cpw- tIm-am-fn-I-fpwcm--k-m-cpw- Iq-Sn- ]Sp-m-n-b-Xm-Wv- th-Z-'2 F-v- ]-c-ky-ambn- {]-Jym-]n-temIm-b-X-m-sc- ssh-Zn-I- ]p-tcm-ln-X-m- F-Xn-m-Xn-cp-sn-te-- A-Xv-`p-X-ap-q.- ]-t,- ]u-cm-Wn-I- `m-c-Xo-bN-cn{Xw- th-Z
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bn-cp-p?- temIm-b-X- Z-i-\-n-s-d- A-\p-bm-bn-Isf- h-I-h-cpnbXm-bn-cp-p.?-4 ]ucm-Wn-I- `m-c-Xo-b- F-m-Wp--cw.- hyIv1.- X-X-iv-N- Po-h-t\m-]m-tbm- {_m-lv-a-ssW- hn-ln-Xm-kv-Xz-n-l- ar-Xm-\mw- t{]-X Im-cym-Wn- \-Xz-\y-Zv- hn-Zy-tX-Iz-Nn-Xv(D--c-Ww-:- tUm.- F.-hn.-]n.- D-Wn-n-cn-:`m-c-Xo-b- Z-i-\-n-s-d- A-dn-b-s-Sm-- ap-Jw- t]-Pv- 2617)-.2.- {X-tbm- th-Z-ky- I-Xm-tcm- Z-Wv-U- [q-X- \n-im-N-cmx3.- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c-:- `m-c-Xo-b- Nn-- t]-Pv- 143.4.- `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw-:- hm-eyw- 1 t]-Pv-:- 653.-
70
X-ambn- ]-d
m- th-tZm-]\
- n-j
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-
- v- A-{]-amZn-Xzw- I]nssh-ZnI- Z-i-\--fp-sS- ]p-tcm-ln-X-m-cpw- A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpw.- Chsc-bm-Wv- temIm-b-X-s-tm-epw- ]q-am-e-bn-v- kzo-I-cn-- alm-a\-kv-I-cm-bn- A-h-X-cn-n-p--sX- h-kv-Xp-X- F-p- am-{Xw- hnNn{X-a-!-
h-sc- B-cm-[n-p--hsc- A-Xw-Ko-I-cn-p-p'-1.- `m-c-Xo-b- Zm-i\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-m- Cu- ]-c-am-_-Zv-[w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-mBsf-n-p-I-bn-. A-Xn-\m-em-bn-cn-mw- B-Z-i-tam- B-i-b-tam]Tn-n-m-sX- A-\v-[-am-b- tZ-io-b- hn-Im-c-hpw- A-\y-a-X-hn-tc-m-[hpwam-{Xw- {]-N-cn-n-p--Xv- F-p \mw- I-cp-Xp-I.-
Nm-hm-I- Z-i-\-hpw- ssh-Zn-I- Z-i-\--fpw- X-n- am-{Xa-,- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-n- kw-L--\--fp-m-bn-p-Xv.- `m-c-Xn-ep-mb- ap-gp-h- Z-i-\--fpw- X-n-X-n- kw-hm-Z-fpwkw-L--\--fp-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-v- N-cn-{Xw- ]-Tn-n-p-p.- {_lvaw- k--pw- {]-]-w- A-k-p-am-sW-- th-Zm-n-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv
Ym-\-m-Z-i-s- hn-a-in-p-sIm-m-Wv- kmw-Jy-Z-i-\- kv-Ym-]I- {]-]
- w- k-p-Xs
- -bm-sWv- kvY
- m-]n-p-X
- v1.- \-tS- kqNnn-- {]-I-m-cw {io-i--c- X-s-d- A-ssZzX- th-Zm-w- kv-Ym-]n-
Xv- k-a-Im-en-I--fm-b- Z-i-\-- ap-gp-h- A-_--fm-sW-vk-a-Yn-p-sIm-m-Wv.- C--s\- kw-L--\--fn-eq-sS-bpw- kw-hmZn-eq-sS-bp-am-Wv- ssh-tZ-in-I-am-b- a-t-sXm-cp- Z-i-\-s-bpwt]mse -X-s- `m-cX-o-b- Z-i-\--fpw- h-f-p-hn-I-kn--Xv.- `mcXo-b- Zi-\
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- t- fm-Sv- Blzm\w- sN-p-I-bpw- A--s\- a-X-hn-Im-c-n-t- cm-jv-{Sw- ]-Wn-bmsa-v- hymtamln-p-I-bpw- sN-p--h- Cu- h-kv-Xp-X-I- a-d-psh-p-sIm-m-Wv- `m-cXo-b- Zm-i-\n-I- N-cn-{Xw- Aw-Ko-Im-c-ns-d-bpw- k-a-\z-b-n-s-d-bpw- N-cn-{X-am-sW-v- Zp-hym-Jym-\wsN-p--Xv.- A-h- F-gpXpp-:- "H-p- am-{Xw- i-cn-;- a-s-mw- sXv'F-- sk-an-n-Iv- ho--Ww- A-`m-c-Xo-b-amWv.- H-cp- sk-an-n-Iv- "aX'sa-p-X-s- I-cp-Xm-hp-- am-Ivkn-k-n- hn-izkn-p-- \qXn-cn-m-Sn-\v- B- a-X
- n-s-d- ho-W-apm-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia
- mWv.`m-c-Xo-b- ho--Ww- a-\p-jy- sX-n-\n-v- i-cn-bn-te-v- ap-tdpp-sh-m-Wv-.- A-Xv- H-n-s\-bpw- I-pw-]q-n- \n-tj-[n--p-n-.B-hiym-\p-k-c-Ww- Aw-Ko-I-cn-p-p.- `q-Xt{]-X-- ap-X- ]c{_lv-aw- h-sc- I-pw- a-c-hpw- ap-X- \n-cm-Im-c- \n-Kp-W- {_-lv-aw1.- kmw-Jy-Im-cn-I- 9.-
71
1.- ]n.- ]-c-ta-iz-c-:- am-Xr-`q-an- B-gv-N--Xn-v-:- 1989 Pq- 1117
72
4
a-X-hn-`m-K-hn-hn-[- Z-i-\--tfm-S-\p-_-\v-[n-v- hy-Xy-kv-X- B-cm-[-\mk-{Zm-b--fpw- C-y-bn- \n-e-\n-n-cp-p.- C-pw- \n-e-\np-p-v C-h-bn- ]-e-Xpw.- `m-c-X-n- B-hn-`-hn-- {]-[-m-\a-X
- - thZm-w,- sshjvW
- h
- w,- ssi-hw,- im-IvX
- w,- ku-cw,- KmW]-Xyw,- Iu-am-cw,- tbmKw,- kmw-Jyw,- a-o-amw-k,- ssP-\w,- _u-wFn-h-bm-Wv.- C-h-bn- th-Zmw,- tbm-Kw,- kmw-Jyw-,- ao-amw-k,ssP-\w,- _u-w- F-o- a-X-- \tS- {]kv-Xm-hn-- Z-i-\-tfmS-\p-_-\v-[n--p-m-b- B-cm-[-\m- k-{-Zm-b--fmWv.- ssh-jv-Whw,ssi-hw,- im-Iv-Xw,- ku-cw,- Km-W-]-X-yw,- Iu-am-cw- F-o- a-X-fpwZ--i-\--fp-sS- Dt]m-]---fm-sW-nepw- A-h- tI-hew- Bcm[-\m- k-{-Zm-b-- am-{X-ta- {]-Zm-\w- sN-p-p-q.- Z-i-\-sfp-dn-v- \-tS-{]-kv-Xm-hn-- kv-Yn-Xn-v- a-p- B-cm-[-\m- k-{-Z-m-b-sf- A-Yh
- m- a-X
- s
- f-p-dn-v- am-{Xw- km-am- \
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- m-bn- \-ap-smv]-cn-N-bsSmw.ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-w-:- {Xn-aq-n-I-fn- Po-hn-X-n-s-d- A[n\m-b-I-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- G-I-ssZ-h-am-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn-p-I-bpw-
73
B-cm-[n-p-I-bpw- sN-p-- hn-`m-K-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h-am.- {ioIrjv-W,- {iocm-a- Xp-S-n- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- ]-v- A-h-Xm-c-fpwssh-jv-W-h- a-X-n-\v- B-cm-[y--fm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-c-m-[-\bn- \n-m-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-n-s-d- D-]-n-sb-v- hm-Zn
p-- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-v.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-n-s-d- D-]-nsbkw-_-\v-[n-p-- sF-Xn-ly-w- C--s\-bm-Wv.- H-cn-- E-jn-amIq-Sn- {Xn-aq-n-I-fn- B-cm-Wv- ]q-Pm-l-s\v- ]-co-n-m`r-Kp- a-l-jn-sb- \n-tbm-Kn-p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `rKp-hn-s\A-hK
- W
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- v- hn-jW
v- p-hn-\S- p-s-n-bt- m- Atlw- tbm-K-\n-{-bn-em-bn-cp-p.- tIm-]n-v- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- s\-nN-hn-n-b-tm- hn-jv-Wp- D-W-cp-I-bpw- `r-Kp-hn-s-d- Im-ep-X-S-hnt-a-a-t\z-jn-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- A--s\-bm-Wv- hn-jvWp-X-sbm-Wv- ]q-Pm-l-s\-v- ap-\n-am- Xo-cp-am-\n--Xv.- ]m-cm-{X-sapw`-m-K-h-X- [-a-sapw- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-n-\v- t]-cp-I-fp-v.B-n- aq-p- {]m-h-iyw- \-S-p-- a-lm-cm-jv-{S-bn-sehntTm_m- D-k-h-am-Wv- ssh-jv-W-thm-k-h--fn- {]-[m-\-s-Xv.- {io-Ir-jW
v- m-kY
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hm-bq- t-{X-hpw- {]-[m-\s
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v- h
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- h
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v- p-hn-s\-bpw- e-a
v- n-sbbpw-
74
A-h-Xm-c--sf-bpw- B-cm-[y-cm-bn- I-cp-Xp-- {io- k-{-Zm-b-nX-s- th-Z-Kz-mfmbn-I-,- sX--fm-bn-I- F-o- c-p- hn-`m-K-fp-m-bn.- th-Z-K-zm-fm-bn-I,- e-v-an-sb- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- k-lhm-kn-bpw- A-\--bpw- krjv-Sn--s-Sm--h-fp-am-bn- I-W-m-ptm-,- sX--fm-bn-I- A-h-sc- Znhy-Xz-ap-h-sc-n-epw- kr-jv-Sn
bm-b-pw- a-[y-h--I-bm-bp-am-Wv- a-\-n-em-p-Xv.- cm-am-\-kv-Ym-]n-- cm-am-\-n-I-- F--dn-b-s-Sp-- sshjvW- hn-`mK-ns-d- B-cm-[y-m- cm-a,- ko-X-,- e-v-a-W,- l-\p-am- Fn-h
cm-Wv.- {io-Ir-jW
v- s
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- n-\p- ap-p-- cq-]a
- m-b- _metKm-]m-e-s\- B-cm-[n-p-- cp-{Z- k-{-Zm-b-sa-- ssh-jv-W-hhn-`m-Kn-s-d- kv-Ym-]-I- h--`-\m-Wv.{io-I-r-jv-W-s\- ]-c-tam--X-\m-bn- Im-Wp-- ssN-X-\y-mFp- hn-fn--sSp-- hn-`m-K-n-s-d- kv-Ym-]-I- Ir-jv-Wm-hXm-ca
- m-sW-v- hn-iz-kn-s
- -Sp-- ssN-X\y- a-lm-{]-`p-hm-Wv.- `mkvI-cm-Nm-cy- kv-Ym ]n-- \nw-_m-- hn-`m-K-am-I-s- Ir-jv-W-t\msSm-w- cm-[-sb-bpw- B-cm[n-p--h-cm-Wv.- {i-o-Ir-jv-W-s\-bpwcm[m-h
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- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- sa-bv--Wv-U.- ipm-ssZz-Xw- F-- t]-cn-e-dn
75
b-s-Sp-- ssi-h-kn-m-- {]-Im-cw- {_lv-a- -a-- in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-aam-b- k-Xyw.- ùXn-I{- ]-]
- h
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- m-Yyfm-sW-n-epw- A-h- in-h-\p-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-n-cn-p-p.- bmYmYy-- aq-m-Wv.- ]-Xn,- ]-ip.- ]m-iw kr-jv-Sn-kv-Yn-Xn- kwlm-c
-fp-sS- \m-Y-\m-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\m-Wv- ]-c-a-k-Xy-am-b- ]-Xn.- A-hn-Zybm-Ip- I-b-dn-\m- tem-I-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[s-n-cn-p-- Po-hm-Xvam-hm-Ip--p- ]ip,- A-hn-Zy,- I-aw,- am-b- F-n--s\-bp-- Po-hmXv-am-hn-s\- _-\v-[n-p-- I-b-dp-I-fm-Wv- ]m-iw.- Cu- ]m-iw- A-dpp-I-f-v- ]-ip- ]-Xn-bp-am-bn- Hn-p -tN-cp--Xm-Wv- tam-w.]-ip-hpw- ]-Xn-bpw- H-n-p-tN-cp-I-sbv- ]-d-bp-tm- ]-ip-]-Xnbm-bn- cq-]m--c-s-Sp-I-sb--;-- - {]-Xyp-X- ]-ip- (Po-hm-Xv-am-hv)- ]qW-X- {]m-]n-p-I-sb--p- am-{X-am-Wv- A-Y-am-p-Xv.- in-h-]pcmWw- lm-e-ky-]p-cm-Ww- F-n-h-bm-Wv- in-h-{]-Xn-]m-Z-I--fmb]p-cm-W-.Im-o-]p-cw,- Nn-Zw-_-cw,- X-m-hq,- F-tm-d,- a-Yp-c,- ssIem-kw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Yw,- Im-io-hn-iz-\m-Y-t-{Xw- F-n--s\- {]kn--fm-b- t{X-- ap-X- C--bn-se- t-{X--fn- `q-cn-]-hpw- in-h-t-{X--fm-Wv.- in-h-\v- hy-Xy-kv-X--fm-b- `m-h-fp-v.- tI-c-f-n-se- sshw,- G-pam-\q,- I-Sp-p-cp-n- t-{X-fn- hn-hn-[- `m-h--fn-ep-- in-h-{]-Xn-jv-T-I-fm-Wp--Xv.- in-henw-K- {]-Xn-jv-T-I- {]-kn--amWv.- Im-in- hn-iz-\m-Y-t-{Xw,- tkma-\m-Y-Iv- t-{Xw,- cm-ta-iz-c- t-{Xw,- DPv-P-bn-\n-se- a-lm-Ip-teiz- t-{Xw,- amhbn-se- Hm-m-tc-iz-c- t{Xw,- tI-Zm-c-\m-Yt-{Xw,- a-n-Im-Pp-\- t-{Xw,- ss{Xw-_-tI-iz-c-t-{Xw,- sshZy-\m-Y-t-{Xw-,- ò-a-i--c-t-{Xw,- \m-tiz-c-t-{Xw,- Lpjv-taizc-t-{Xw- F-n-hn-S--fn-se- in-h-enw-K-{]-Xn-jv-T-I- kz-bw-`q-hmsW-m-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.ssi-h-a-X-nep-ap-v- A-t\-Iw- D-]-hn-`m-K-.- ]-c-a-in-h
\m-Wv- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- k-Xy-sa-pw- tem-Iw- in-h-sd{]-Xn-^-e-\-am-sW-pw- ]-c-in-h-\p-am-bn- ]q-W-am-bpw- Xm-Zm-Xv-ayw{]m-]n-p--XmWv- tam--sa-p-am-Wv- Im-iv-ao-cn- ssi-hkn-m-n-s-d- s]m-cp.- k-h-Pv-R-\pw- k-h-i-Iv-X-\pw- k-th-iz-c-\pam-b- ]-c-a-in-h-\-m-sX- a-smcp- ssZ-h-an-s-pw- B-cm-[-I-\pw-
76
]c-a-in-h-\p-an-S-v- a-[y-h-n-bm-b- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tcm-ln-X-s-dB-h-iy-an-s-pw- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s\- ]q-Pn--p-I,- enw-K-]q-P- \-S-p-I,sh-n-bp-sStbm- sN-n-s-d-tbm- X-In-Sn-\p-n-emn- in-h-enwKwI-gp-n-s-n-q-p-I- F-n-h-bm-Wv- tam-N-\-n-\p-- am-K-sfpw- Xo-Y-bm-{X-I-fpw- bm-Km-Zn- I-a--fpw- X-]-p-I-fpw\ncm-lm-c- {h-X--fp-samw- A-\m-h-iy--fm-sW-pw- kn-m-nho- c - s si- h - m- c m- W v - 1 a- s m- c p- hn- ` m- K w.- \m- K - k - \ ym- k n- a m,AtLmcw,- ssh-Zn-Iw,- ]m-ip-]m-Xw- F-n--s\- th-sd-bpw- ssihh-n-`m-K--fp-m-bn-p-s-nepw- A-h-bn- ]-e-Xn-\pw- Iq-Sp-X\n-e-\n-m- I-gn-n-n-.a-lm-in-h-cm-{Xn-bm-Wv- ssi-h-m-cp-sS- {]-[m-\-s-- H-cpBtLmjw.- in-h-cm-{Xn- Zn-h-k-n- cm-{Xn-bn- {h-Xm-\p-jv-Tm\-tm-sS- D-d-m-sX- D-]-hm-kw- A-\p-jv-Tn-p-I-bpw- in-h-kv-XpXn\-S-p-I-bpw- sN-t--Xpv.- C-{]-Im-cw- {h-Xw- A-\p-jvTn-p-h- in-ht- em-Iw- {]m-]n-pw.- ]m-]nI-p-t]mepw- in-hc
- m-{Xn- BNcn-m- tam-w- {]m-]n-m-sa-m-Wv- ]p-cm-W-- ]-d-bp--Xv.im-Iv-X-a-Xw-:- i-Iv-Xn- F-- ]-Z-n-\v- _-ew,- Hm-P-v- F-n
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I-cp-Xp-p- .- A-- ssZ-h-s- ]-c-a-in-h-s-d- ]-Xv\n-bp-sS- ]-Zhnbn-te-v- D-b-n-b-Xv- B-Zy-Z-kyp-- k--e-\-n-s-d- `m-K-am-bncpp-sh-pw- Du-ln--s-Sp-p.a-Yp-c-bn-se- ao-\m-n,- tI-c-f-n-se- `-K-h-Xn,- ssa-kq-cn-se1. Igpn enwKw sInqpXn\m Ch enwKmbXm Fpw AdnbsSpp
2. Marshall: Mohanjodara and the Indus Civilization-Page 50-51
77
Nm-ap-Wv-Un,- _w-Km-fn-se- Im-fn- F-n-h- {]-kn---fm-b- A-ssZ-h--fm-Wv.- i-Iv-Xn-]q-P-I-m-v- ssew-Kn-I-{]-[m-\--fm-bhnhn-[- a-X- N-S--p-I-fpv.- tZ-h-X-bpsS- t]-cn-ep-- _-en-I-tfm-S\p-_-\v-[n-m-Wv- C--cw- ssew-Kn-I--fm-b- a-X-N-S-p-I-- \-S
p-Xv.- cm-{Xn-bn- c-lk
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- psS-bpw- G-h
- pw- km[mc-W--fm-b- \n-b-a--sf-tm-epw- e-Pv-P-bn-m-sX- ]-c-ky-am-b-n- ew
Ln-p-sIm-v- B-Wp--fpw- s]-p--fpw- H-nv- bm-sXm-cp- ASppw- a-p-d-bp-anm-sX- sI-n-a-dn-v- Iq-m-Sp-I-bpw- sN-p-p-1.i-Iv-Xn-]q-P- {_-lv-a-km--m-Im-c-n-\p-- am-K-am-bm-WvB[p\n-I- im-Iv-X-a-X-m-t]m-epw- a-\-n-em-p--Xv.- im-Iv-X-aXn-epw- hyXy-kv-X- hn-`m-K--fpw- D-]-hn-`m-K--fp-ap-v.Km-W-]-Xy-a-Xw-:- in-h-s-d- ]-p-{X-\pw- K-W--fp-sS- \m-b-I\p-ambn- ]p-cm-W-- ]-cn-N-b-s-Sp-p-- K--W-]-Xn-sb- B-cm-[np-- k-{-Zm-b-am-Wv- Km-W-]-Xyw.- X-S--- \o-p-- Cu-izc-s\-- A-Y-n- hn-Lv-t\-iz-c- F-p- h-n-fn--s-Sp-- K-W]-Xn- ]-c-{_-lv-a-n-s-d- Ah-Xm-c-am-sW-m-Wv- hn-iz-kn--sSp--Xv.- B-\-bp-sS- ap-J-ap-- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- sIm-v- ]-c-ipcm-a-\p-am-bp-- bp--n- H-Sn-p-t]m-bn.- aq-jn-I-s\- hm-l-\ambn- kzo-I-cn-n-cn-p-- K-W-]-Xn-bp-sS- `m-cy-am- knn-bpw- hnZv[n
bp-am-Wv.- G-Xv- {]-hr-n-I- B-cw-`n-p-tm-gpw- K-W]
- X
- nv- \mfntI-cw- D-S-v- X-S--- \o-p-- k-{-Zm-bw- Km-W-]-Xy-aXn
sd-Xm-Wv.Iu-am-c-a-X-w-:- ap-cp-I,- Im-n-tI-b,- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy,jUm\ \- F-o- \m-a--fn- hn-fn--s-Sp-- {io-Ip-am-c-s\B-cm-[n-p-- aX-am-Wv- Iu-am-cw.- {io-Ip-am-cm-[-\- {Zm-hn-Vk
-- w-kvIm-c-n-s-d- `m-K-am-sW-v- hn-iz-kn--s-Sp-p.- {Zm-hn-V-kw-kvIm-c-n-s-d- A-hinjv-S--\n-e-\n-p-- C-y- k-aq-l-fn-em-Wv- {io-Ip-am-c-]q-P- C-pw- ImW-s-Sp--sX--Xm-Wv- CuA-\p-am-\-n-\p- \n-Zm-\w.1. Abbe-J.A. Dubois: Hindu Manners, Customs and Ceremonies Vol 1 Page 288
78
ku-c-a-Xw-:- k-q-cy-s\- B-cm-[n-p-- k-{-Zm-b-am-Wv- kuca-Xw.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- {]-]u-{X-\m-b- I-i-]y-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn-epm-b- ]{v- B-Zn-Xy-m-cn- {]-ap-J-\m-Wv- kq-cy-tZ-h-s\-mWv- ]p-cm-W-- ]-d-bp--Xv.- B-Zn-Xy-lr-Z-b-a-{w- sNm-n- kq-cytZ-h-s\- {]-km-Zn-n-- ti-jamWv- cm-a-\v- cm-h-W-s\- sImmIgn--sX-v- B-ym-Xv-a- cm-am-bWw- ]-dbp-p.- {K-lm-[n-]-\mbpw- {]-Xy-- \-ak
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79
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80
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81
mw- A-`n-{]m-bw.--1- k-Xn- Xp-S-n-b- k-aq-ln-I- A-\m-Nm-c--pw_lp-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-n-\pw- Pm-Xn-Nn--I-p-sa-Xn-sc- B-Sn- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-tdm-bn-bp-sS- {_-lv-a-k-am-P-hpw- ln-p- ]-cn-jv-cW
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pw- Ahsbmw Bcykwkvmcnsd i{XpfmsWpw
B-cy--k-am-Pw- hm-Zn-p.- {_-lv-a-k-am-P nepw- {]m--\m- k-am-P1. M G. Ranede- The Rise of the Maratha Power, Page 55.
2.- Cu- ]p-kv-X-Iw- The Light of Truth -F-- t]-cn- Cw-o-jn-te-vX-Pv-P-a- sN--s-n-p-v.-
82
n-epw- a-v- ]-cn-jv--c-W- {]-kv-Ym-\--fnepw- {]-h-n--h-p- {]-[m-\- sX-v- ap-kv-enw-Itfm-Spw-{In-kv-Xym-\n-ItfmSpw- Xm-gv-Pm-Xn-m-tcm-Spw- Iq-sS-bn-cp-v- A-h- `-Ww- I-gn-p-psh-Xm-bn-cp-p.- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xn-:- ""Ah- bm-sXm-cp- hnthN-\h
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-\w- sN-n-m\pw- ln-p-a-Xs- kp-i-Iv-X-am-m-\pw- {i-an-Z-bm-\--k-c-kz-Xn- t]m-epw- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-am-Wv- D-Ir-jv-Ssa-pwhn-{K-l-cm-[\- i-cn-b-spw- hm-Zn-p-sImm-Wv- X-s-dkn-m-
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Im-ay-sa-pwhm-Zn-- B-cy-k-am-P-am-Wv- ln-p-cm-jv-{S-sa-- k--ns-d- B-Zy-s- {]-Nm-c-I-sc-m-Wv- sX-fn-bp--Xv.- "lnpcmjv{- S'sa- k-ck
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Xp-p-:- ""\niv-N-ehpw- {]-Xn-tcm-[m-Xv-a-I-hp-am-b- ln-p-a-X-s- A{I-a-Wm-Xv-a-I-am-b- H-cp- an-jn-\-dn- a-X-am-m-\p-- {i-a-am-bn-cp-pB-cy-k-am-P-n-t-d-Xv.- ln-p-a-X- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-am-bn-cp-p- AXns-d- e-yw.- Cu- {]-kv-Ym-\-n-\v-A-w- iIv-Xn- \-In-b-XvtZ-im-`n-am-\-n-s-d- \n-d-am-bn-cp-p.- b-Ym--n- lnp- tZiob-Xzn-s-d- X-e-s]m--em-bn-cp-p- A-Xv.- ln-p- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-b
Xn-\m- A-Xn-\v- C-y- tZ-io-b-Xz-am-Im- hn-j-aw- t\cnp''3.
1 Swami Dayananda Saraswathy: The Light of Truth Page 433.
2 Ibid Page 88-91.
3 Jawaharlal Nehru: Glimpses of World History Page 436
83
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- f
- m-W-v \-S
- X
- .v - ""bm-K
- pwD-kh
-
- -pw- {_m-lva
- W
- - k-Zy-I-pw- th-n- K-h-sa-dvhenb- Xp-II
- I- sN-eh
- g
- n-p-''1.- k-Xn-t]m-ep-- km-aq-ln-I- Z- p-cm
Nm-c
- -t]mepw- t]m-eokp-Im-cp-sS- ta-t\m-
- n- \-S
- s
- p2.""tZ-hm-cm-[\tbm-Sv- _-\[
v- s
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- p-- {Iq-ch
- pw- A-kmamn-Ih
- p-am-b- BNm-c
- f
- m-b- Xq-w,- hn-[h
- m-Zl
- \
- w- Xp-S
- n-bh
- t- ]m
3
epw- {_no-jp-Im-cp-sS- t\-Xr-Xz-n- \-S--s-p''- .- kw-kvI
- r-Xhn-Zym`ymk-s- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-n-m-\m-bn- kw-kv-Ir-X- kv-Iqkv Y m- ] n- m K- h - s a- d v - {i- a np- s h- n- e pw- cm- P m- d mwtamltdmbn-sb-tm-ep-h
- c
- p-sS- F-Xn-v- ImcWw- A-Xv- \nnsh-tn-h-p-4.- ln-p--sf- B-Nm-c--fp-sS- Be-bnsI-n-bn-Sp-I-bpw-Ahcn- ]q-hIm-esp-dn-- an-Yym-`n-am\whfpI-bpw- sNbvX- {_n-o-jp-Im-c\pw- ln-p-aX
- s
- a-- kvY
- m-]\-aX
- s- Cs- cq-]
- n-em-p-X
- n- A-hK
- W
- \
- o-ba
-
- m-1. J.N. Farquhar: Modern Religious Movements in India, Page 12.
2. Jatindra Kumar Majumdar: Rajaram Mohan Roy and Progressive Movement in
India, Page 184
3. Modern Religious Movements in India, Page 8.
4. Premnath Bazaz: The Role of Bhagvad Gita in Indian History, Page 394.
84
]p-hlnn-pv.hy-Xy-kv-X- B-Nm-c--fpw- hn-izm-k--fpw- kn-m---fpap-smp- k--en-X-am-b- Hcp- kw-kv-m-c-am-Wv- C-y-p-Xv.- A-hsb- hn-izm-k-n-s-d-tbm- B-Nm-c-n-s-d-tbm- [-an-s-d-tbm- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\n- H-n-n-m- I-gn-bn-.- ln-phn-Im-c-n-t- km-{am-Pyw- ]-Wn-b-W-sa-v- hym-tam-ln-p-h- A-Xp-sIm-p-Xs
- -bm-Wv- ""C-n-hn-izm-k
- f
- n-te-v- a-Sp
I''-sb-v- ap-{Zm-hm-Iyw- ap-g-m-Xv.- A-h-m-h-iyw- k-Xy-ns-d- kw-kv-Ym-]-\-a-.- [--n-s-d- ]p-\-cp-m-c-W-hp-a--;- {]Xyp
X- A-[n-Im-c-n-te-dp-I- am-{X-amWv.- R-- ln-p--fp-sS- `m-K
m-sW-v- A-h-Im-i-s-- sh--m-c-sd-bpw- B-h-iyw- kzwA-[n-Im-cw- D-d-n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p-h-tm.- A-Xn-\n-pw- hy-Xykv-X-am-b- H-cp-t-iy-hpw- A-`n-\-h- lnpXo{hhmZn kw-L-S-\-In-.- "cm-a-P--`q-an'- ap-X-p-- ]-n-]n-Sn--S-- {]-kv-Y-m-\n-s-d-bpw- e-yw- cm-a-t\m-tSm- Ir-jv-W-t\m-tSm- D-- t{]-aw{]-I-Sn-n-p-I-b-.- a-dn-v,- hyXy-kv-X-hpw- hn-cp--hp-am-b- B-Nm-c
-fpw- hn-izm-k--fpw- sh-p-]p-e-p- hn-`m-K--sf- ap-gp-hkw-L-Sn-n-v- "lnp-a-X'-ap-m-p-I-bpw- A-Xnsd-b-Sn-kv-Ym-\n- k-h-tc-bpw- "`-cn-pI'-bp-am-Wv.C-ybn- a-X--fp-m-bn-n-s-tm- ssZ-hn-I- am--Zi\w- Cy-m-v- e-`n-n-n-s-tm- C-Xn-\n-v- a-\-n-emn-qSm-X
- m-Wv.- Cy-bnepw- ssZ-hn-I- a-Xw- - \ne\nncn-Ww.F-m kaqln-te-pw- ssZ-h-Zq-X-m- I-S-p-h-n-p-v.- AXpsIm-p-Xs- Cy-bn-te-pw- \-_n-am- h-cn-I-bpw- C-kv-emw{]t_m-[-\w- sN-p-Ibpw- sN-bv-Xn-p-m-h-Ww.- G-I-ssZ-h -hn-izmk-n- \n-- v- ]-cn-W-an-v- _lp-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-n-se-n- \np--Xm-Wv- ssl--h- Z-i-\-sa-v- \apv- a-\-n-em-m-hp-Xm-Wv.- A-Xp- sIm-p -X-s- `m-c-Xo-b- Zi\--fpsS- A-I--f-fn- ssZ-hn-I- a-X-n-s-d- kzm-[o-\w- F-{X-tm-f-apv- F-]-T-\-n-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bp-v.- b-Ym-- ln-p-a-X-n-s-d- Dd-hnSwtX-Sn-sm-p-- A-t\z-jW
- a
- m-Wv- A-c
- w- ]-T\
-
- .- C-\nbpt]-Pp-If
- n-eq-sS- \mw- \n-l
- n-m-\p-t-in-p-X
- v- B- At\z-jWw-
85
86
am-{X-am-Wv.- `m-cX
- o-b- a-X
- f
- psS- D-dh
- n-Sw- tX-Sn-bp-- A-t\z-jWw.`mc-Xo-b- {K-\v-Y--fn-se- ssZ-hn-I- kzm-[o-\-s-p-dn-- A-t\zjWw,- kXyn \
- n-v- A-kX
- y-n-te-v- C-y- a-X
- - Fns\-bm-Wv- ]-cnW-an--sX-- A-t\z-j-Ww.......-
`m-Kw c-v-
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
87
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
-sXm-cp- Z-i-\-s-bpw- Ip-dn-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- hnh-c-- \tI--Xv- A-Xn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-- {K\v-Y--fm-Wv.- kn-\v-[p-\-ZoX-S-n-se- ssZh-k--s-tbm- a-X-hn-izm-k--sf-tbm- kw_-\v-[n-- hy-IvX-hpwkwi-b-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- en-Jn-X-tc-J-I- \-apv- e-`y-a-.- Dtc-JI
- f
- psS- hymJym-\w- C-Xp-hs
- c- km-[n-n-p-an-.- tcJ-Ifn]-e-Xpw- B-cy-m-{I-a-W-n- \-in-n--s-n-cn-m-\pw- C-Sbpv.- tam-l-PZ- m-tcm-lmc- kw-kv
- m-c
- n- s
- e- hnizm-kmNmc--sf-p-dn-v- e-`n-p-- hn-h-c-- A--s- I-cI-u-ieh-kv-Xp--fn- \n-m-Wv.- B hn-h-c-- F{Xtmfw- kXyk\v-[-am-sW-v- ]-d-bp-I- h-.-
B-cym-K-a-\-n-\p-ti-j-hpw- en-Jn-X- cq-]-n-ep-- hn

Pv-Rm\- hn\n-a-bw- H-cp- A-\n-hm-tcy-m-]m-[n-bm-bn- K-Wn--sncp-n-.- en]n-bp-sS- {]tbmKw- \n-jn--am-bn- A-p-I-cp-X-sn- m-v- D-X
- - kvYmcp-p-.1- kvt- {Xm{Xw- sNm-p-- ]p-tcm-ln-X
\-am-\--fp-m-bn-cpp.- cm-Pm--m-cpw- a-v- D-b-- hn`mKm-cp-ap-s-- -{Xn-b
- mtc m- D-X
- s
- c-v- kzbw- hnfn-s-- {_m-lv-a-W-m- kv-t{Xm{X--fpw- a-v- a-Xm-Nm-c-fpwHm--bn-eq-sS- sI-am-dp-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-Xn-cp--Xv.- th-Z--fn1.- \-tc-{-`q-j-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 41.-
88
89
90
epw- a-v- aXm-Nm-c--fn-ep-ap-- k-z-w- Pm-Xn-bp-sS- A-[o-iXzwA-c-n-p-d-n-m- Xe-apd-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-- Cu- t{]-j-W-coXn-bm-Wv- A-`n-Im-ay-sa-v- ]u-tcm-ln-Xyw- a-\-n-em-n-bn-cn-Ww.- tKm-U- ssN-Uv- F-gp-Xp-p-:-''- As\- hnZKvsXm-gn-m-sc-- \n-e-bv-v- {_m-lv-a-W- ]p-tc-m-ln-XmHm-i-Iv-Xn- am-{Xw- D-]-tbm-K-s-Sp-n-sm-p-- H-cpt{]-W-coXn- Bhn-jv--cn--Xn-\m- F-gp-v- H-cp- A-[nI-m-bn-cp-p''1.ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--sf- s]m-Xp-sh- c-m-bn- Xn-cn-mw.Hv,- {ipXnI.- c-v,- kv-ar-Xn-I- {ip-Xn-I- F-m- {ihn-sXv- F--w.- th-Z-hpw- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-- IrXn-I-fpw- ssZhn--\n-v- E-jn-am-cm- {i-hn--s--h-bmsW-m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- A-Xn-\m- A-h-sbmw- {ip-Xn-I-fmWv.E-jn-am- kz-w- Hmbn- \n-s-Sp-s-gp-Xn-b- {K-\v-Y-fm-Wv- kv-ar-Xn-I.- {ip-Xn-I- ]q-am-bn--s- {]-am-Z-apIvX-am-sW-m-Wv- ssl--h- hn-izm-kw.-
1
th-Z-kw-ln-X-I"th-Z'-sa-- ]-Z-n-\v- A-dn-hv,- hn-Zy- F-sm-s-bm-Wv- Aw.- B-[ym-Xv-an-I-PvRm-\-sa-m-Wv- km-t-Xn-I-am-bn- hn-h-ns-Sp--Xv.- th-Z-- A-]u-cp-tj-b--fm-sW-m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.A-Y-hm- a-\p-jy \m- c-Nn--s-Sm--Xpw- Zn-hy-am-b- A--iv-tNmZ\-bm- I-s--s-Xp-am-sW--w.- ""]-c-a-]p-cp-j-\m-b- b-Pv
R-`-K-hm-\n-\n-v- th-Zw- D--am-bn''- F-m-Wv- E-tKz-Zw- 10mwa-Wv-U-ew- 90mw- kq-Iv-X-n- ]-d-bpXv.- ""k--i-Iv-X-\m-bssZhw- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- B-cw-`-n- th-Z--sf- krjv-Sn-p''-sh-vB-cy-ka
- m-P- kvY
- m-]I
- \-mb
- - kzm-an- Z-bm-\
- - k-ck
- zXn- hmZn-pp.A-t-lw- F-gp-Xp-p.- ""th-Z-- A-dn-hn-s-d- `-Wv-Um-chpwimkv{X-im-J-I-fp-sS- t{km-X-p-am-Wv.- A-h- A-\--hpw- A-\-izc-hp-amWv.- Cu- {]-]--n-se- \m-aap-- k-I-e-X-n-s\-bpw-Ip-dnp- ]-cn-]m-h-\-hpw- A{]-am-Zn-X-hp-am-b- hn-Pv-Rm-\--fm-W-h- Dsm-p--Xv''-1.ssh-Zn-I- `m-j-t]m-epw- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-m-Wv- Nn-e- ]-WvUnX-mcpsS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- ""k-m-cw-`-n- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- Xp-S--
1.- tKm-U- ssN-Uv-:- N-cn-{X-n- F-v- kw-`h-n-p,- t]-Pv-:- 195.-
1 Dayananda Saraswathy: Rigveda Bhashyam, Page 11.
91
n-th-Z- {]-Im-in-X-am-sb-pw- ssh-Zn-I-`m-j- te-m-I-n

se- G-I-`m-j-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-pw- {]m-No-\- `m-c-Xo-b-hnZzm-m- GI-I-Wv-T-am-bn- A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-tm- eu-In-I-kw-kv-I-r-Xw- thZIm-e-n-\p-ti-jw- h-f-sc--gn-v- \n-e-hn- h-p-sh-pw- th-Z`mj- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-j-I-fp-sS- cq-]m--c-am-sW-pw- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy-hnZzm-am- F-m-h-cpw- \n--bn-p-p''-1.- F-m- Cu- ssZ-hn-Ihm-v- C--s- kw-kv-Ir-X-a-.- A-Xv- a-sm-cp- `m-j-bm-Wv.- ""CussZ-hn-I-hm-v- a-\p-jy-hm-v- A-.- a-\p-jy-hm-v- kw-kv-Ir-X-amWv.th-Z-n-se- kw-Pv-R-I-sf- B-{i-bn-m-Wv- a-\p-jy-hm-v- D-m-bXv.tZ-h-hm-Wn- F-- ]-Zw- kw-kv-Ir-X-n-\v- C-v- {]-tbm-Kn-p-pshn-epw- ssZ-h-hm-pw- a-\p-jy-hmpw- X-n-ep-- km-ayw- \n-anwa-\p-jy-hm-v- {I-ta-W- tZ-hh
- m-Wn- F-t- ]-cn- A-dn-bs
- -X
- mWv''2.`m-jm-im-kv-{X-Pv-R-m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-n- C-tm-bq-tdm]y- tKm-{X-n-s-- `m-j-bm-b- kw-kv-Ir-X-n-\v- C-dm-\n-bth-Z-`m-j-bmb- A-sh-kv-X-bp-am-bn- h-f-sc-b-[n-Iw- km-ay-ap-v.- Cdm\n-b- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-am-b- sk-dv- A-sh-kv-X-bn-se- `m-j-pw- E-tKzZkq-Iv-X--pw- h-fsc-b-[n-Iw- km-Zr-iy-ap-v.- F-m- sshZnIkm-ln-Xy-n-s-d- B-Zy-Ime-v- en-]n- D-m-bn-cp-n-.- en-]nbpsS{]-tbm-Kw- \n-jn--am-bn- A-v- Icp-X-s]-n-cp-p.- F-m- [-
{K\v-Y--fpw- ]-d-b-s--Xm-sW--Xn-\p-- sX-fn-hm-bn- {io- \-tc{`q-j- a-\p-c-{_-ho-Xv-,- {]-Pm-]-Xn-c-{_-ho-Xv,- Ejn- c-{_-ho-Xv,- ap\nc{_-ho-Xv- F-o- {]-tbm-K-- F-Sp-p--cn-p-p-3.- C--s\- kw
km-c-n-eq-sS- ssI-am-w- sN--s-n-cp-- ss-hZ-n-I- km-ln-Xy-ap-gp-h- Im-Wm-]m-Tw- ]-Tn-n-cp-- h-en-sbm-cp- ]p-tcm-ln-X-hwB- Im-e-L--n-ep-m-bn-cp-p.- {_-lv-am- E-jn-bp-m-n-b-Xmbn]-db-s-Sp-- {_m-lv-ao- en-]n-bm-Wv- B-Zy-am-bn- {]-Nm-c-n- hen-]n- k{-Zm-bw.- ]n-o-Sv- J-tcm-jv-Sn- F-- en-]n-bpw- {]-Nm-cnh-p.- {_m-la
v- o- en-]n-bn-\n-m-Wv- tZ-h\
- m-Kc
- n-bpw- a-s-m- Cyen-]n-If
- pw- D-Ss
- e-Sp-Xv.- Cu- en-]n-Is
- f-mw- B-Zy-Im-e
- v- Ad_nsb-tm-se- h-ep-\n-v- C-S-tm-m-Wv- F-gp-Xn-bn-cp-v1- F-1.- \-tc-{- `q-j-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-lnXy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 27
2 Ibid, Page 39.
3. Ibid, Page 41.
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
92
Im-cyw- {]-tXy-Iw- {]-kv-Xmhy-am-Wv.te-m-I-n-sh-v- G--hpw- ]-g-b- tc-J-I- th-Z--fm-sWAh-Im-i-hm-Zw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\- c-ln-X-am-sW-v- hm-Zn-p-- ]-WvUnX-m-cp-v.- ""Cu- hm-Zw- km-[q-Ic
- n-m-hX
-
- .- Im-cW
- w,- sa-skmsmtm-an-b-bn-sebpw- CuPn-]v-Xn-se-bpw- km-ln-Xy-- Xo--bmbpwth-Z--v- ap-p--h-bm-Wv''-2 F-v- {io- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X-\y- hmZnp-p."A-\m-te-Jy- k-ck
- z-Xn' A-Yh
- m- F-gp-Xs
- -Sm-- hn-Zy-sbvhnfn-s
- -n-cp-- th-Z
- f
- n- A-t\-Iw- a-{-f
- p-m-bn-cp-p.- Ah-bn- ]-eX
- pw- \-jvS- s
- -p-t]m-bn-p-v.- k-Xy-hr-X- ]-t- Fgp-Xpp-:- ""ln-p-aX
-
- n-s-d- {]m-Ya
- n-I- t{km-X
- v- th-Za
- m-Wv.- Fm- hn`mK-f
- pw- th-Zt- m-Sv- Iq-dp- ]p-ep-Ib
- pw- A-Xn-s-d- B-[n-Im-cn-IX- Aw-Ko- I
- c
- n-p-Ib
- pw- sNp-p.- Nn-e- th-Zh
- m-Iy-- \jvS- s
- -pt]m-bn-p-s-n-epw- Ctm- \n-e-\n-p--h-X-s- A-t\-I-amWv.'- '-3.- th-Z
- n-se- F-m- a{-f
- pw- C-v- e-`y-as
- -n epw- D-a{-- X-s-bm-Wv- th-Zs
- a-v- hymJym-\n-v- kw-Xr ]vX
- c
- m- h
- p-Ibm-Wv- ssl-h
- - ]-WvU
- n-X
- m.- km-[pio-e- sI. ]c-ta-iz-c-]n- F-gp-Xp-p- ""A-kw-Jym- ssh-th-Zmx- A\mZnbmb- th-Zw- A-kwJyw- a-{-t- fm-Sv- Iq-Sn-bp-X
- m-Wv.- C-tm- D]e_v [-am-b- a-{k-aq-l
- - ]-cn-an-Xa
- m-sW-n-epw,- A-Xp-Xs
- -bm-Wv- thZw''4.th-Zw- ]-e- {]m-hi
- y-f
- n-em-bn- \-jvS- s-X
- m-bpw- E-jn-amcn]e-cpw- A-Xn-s\- ho-s-Sp-p--Xp-am-bp-- A-t\-Iw- {]-kv-Xm-h
\-I- ]ucm-Wn-I- {K-\v-Y--fn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- hm-ao-Incm-am-b-W-n- l\p-am- ]-d-bp--Xm-bn- D--cn-p-p-:-''- \j-v-S
s--p-t]m-b th-Z-s- ho-s-Sp-p-sIm-p-h--Xp-t]m-se- Rmko-X-sb- sIm-p-h-cmw''- (Xm-a-lw- B-\-bn-jym-an- \-jv-Smw- th-Z{ip-Xn- an-h-)-5.- hn-jv-Wp- ]-d-bp--Xm-bn- alm-`m-c-Xw- D--cn-p-p:""th-Z- {ip-Xn- \-jv-S-s--tm- Rm-\-h-sb- ho-sSp-p-sIm-p
1. `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 731.2. Ir-jv-W- ssN-X-\y-:- kw-kv-Ir-X- km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 68.3. Satyavrata Patel: Hinduism: Religion and way of Life, Page 5.
4. km-[p-io-e- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n--:- ln-p-[-- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 164.5. hm-ao-In- cm-am-b-Ww-:- In-jv-In-\v-[m-Im-Wv-Uw- 6:5.-
93
h-p.- F-n-v- A-hs

- b- {_m-la
v- W
-
- f
- pw- a-{-f
- pw-sIm-v- ]qam-n.- C-Xv- ]-v- Ir-X-bp-K-n-epw- Rm- sN-bv-X-XmWv''-(bZmth-Z- {ip-Xn- \-jv-Sm-a-bm- {]-Xym-lr-Xm- ]p-\x-kth-Zm-x-k-{ip-Xn- \- ]-e- ]p-cm-W
- fnepwIm-iN
v- - Ir-Xmx-]q-w- Ir-tX-bp-tK)-1.- C-s
CXn-lm-k--fn-ep-sa-mw- th-Zw- \-jv-S-s--Xm-bpw- A-Xv- ho-sSp-Xm-bp-ap-- ]-cm-a-i-- Im-Wmw.- A-\m-te-Jy- k-c-kz-Xn
A-Y-hm- F-gp-Xs-Sm-- hn-Zybm-bn-cp-- th-Zw,-- F--s\-bm-Wv\-jv-S-s-sX-v- a-\-n-em-Ip-n-.- t-a-n-s-d-bpw- m-a-ns-d-bpw- A-Xyp-m-h-kv-Y-I-fn- Pv-Rm-\-kw-c--W-n-\v- km-[-y
am-Im-sX- h--Xp-sIm-m-bn-cn--Ww- thZ-\-jv-Sw- kw-`-hn--Xv- F
m-Wv- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cpw- hy-m-Jym-\n-p-Xv.- a-\-n -\n-va-\-kp-I-fn-te-v- ]-I-p-sIm-Sp-n-cp-- hnZy- F--s\-bm-Wv\-jv-S-s-Sp-I?- th-Zw- B-Zy-Im-e-p-X-s- en-Jn-X- cq-]n-em-bncp-p-sh-n- Cu- \-jvS- s
- -Se
- n-\v- A-a
- p-m-bn-cp-p.- ]u-cmWnI-am-b- ]-e- {K-\v-Y--fpw- \-jv-S-s--Xn-\v- C-p-X-s- sX-fnhp-Ifp-tm.- C--s\- ]-e- {]m-h-iyw- \-jv-S-s-Sp-I-bpw- ho-s-Sp-s-Sp-I-bpw- sNbv-X- th-Z--fn- bm-sXm-cp- am--hpw- h-n-n-svkv]
- j
- vS- a
- m-bn- ]-dbm- sX-fn-hp-Is
- f-hn-sS?- ""k-l{- km-_vZ-
- p2
ti-jh
- pw- th-Z
- f
- n- hyXym-ks
- am-pw- h-n-n-''- F-- {]kvXmh-\-v- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- sX-fnhp-I-fp-sS- ]n-_-e-an-s--w.th-Z
- -v- ]m-Tt- `-Z
- t- fm- am-X
- n-cp-ep-It- fm- D-m-bnns- hm-Z-hpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-Xam-Wv.- th-Z--v- A-{]-am-Zn
Xz-a-h-Im-i-s-Sm-sa-v- kv-Ym-]n-m--th-n- ]p-kv-X-I-sa-gp-Xn-b\-tc-{-`q-j-Xs
- - A-t-l
- n-s-d- Nn-eh
- m-Z
- - kvY
- m-]n-mth-n- th-Z--fn- am-n-cp--ep-I-fp-m-bn-p-s-v- k--Xnp-p-v.- ""{I-ta-W- ]m-Tm--c--fpwim-JI-fpw- \n-e-hn-h-cnIbpw- tem-]n-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Nne- {_m-lv-a-W--sf-bpw- thZ-fn- D-s-Sp-n.- C--s\- kw-ln-X-bpw- {_m-lv-a-W-hp-samwIq-Sn-p-g--tm- hym-k- A-h-sb- ]p-\-\n--bw- sN-bv-Xncnmw.- A--s\-bm-hmw- hym-k- th-Zw- ]-Ip-s-- IY- \n-ehnh--Xv-''-1.- ""C-h-bn-\n-v- \-ap-v- A-\p-am-\n-m-hp--Xv- kw-lnXI1.- a-lm-`m-c-Xw-:- im-n-]-w- 348:56.2. \-tc-{- `q-j-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]--Pv- 38.-
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
94
fpw- {_m-lv-a-W--fpw- Iq-Sn-p-g-v- A-- th-Zta-Xv- {]-hN\taXv- im-Jt- b-Xv- F-v- Xn-cn-d
- n-bm-\m-hm-sX- h-- H-cp- Im-eL
- apmbnc-p-p-sh-m-Wv''-2.th-Z-- A-]u-cp-tj-bw- A-Y-hm- ssZ-hn-I-am-sW-- hmZwASn-kvYm-\-c-ln-X-am-sW--`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-v.C-Xn-\v- th-Z-fn- \n-p-X-s- sX-fn-hp-I-fp--cn--s-Sp-I-bpwsN-p-p.- am-Iv-sUm-W,- Io-v- Xp-S-n-b- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- th-Z-]WvUn-X-m- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-m-cm-Wv.-3 E-tKz-Z-n-epw- {_m-lv-a-Wfn-epw- Im-Wp-- a-{-Ir-Xv- F- ]-Z-n-\v- a-{--fpm-n-bIhn-sb-m-Wv- A--sa-pw- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s- a-{--fp-mn-b-Xv- E-jn-am-cm-Wv- ssZ-h-a-s-v- C-Xp-sImv- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-psh-pw- A-h- hm-Zn-p-p.- ""E-tj-a-{-Ir-Xmw''- (E-jn-am-cm-Wv- a
{--fp-m-n-b-h)- F-- E-tKz-Z4- h-N-\-hpw- ""in-ip-m- BvKn-c-tkm- a-{-I-r-Xmw- a-{-Ir-Xm- ko-Xv''- (in-ip- B-n-c-v- a-{Irm-bn-cp-p)- F-- Xm-Wv-Uy- {_m-lv-a-W5- h-N-\-hpw- ""k-- Ejna{- E-Xv-'' (Cu- E-jn-am-sc-mw- a-{-Ir-p-I)- F-- sF-Xtcb{_mlv-a-W6 h-N-\-hpw- "\-a- E-jn-t`ym- a-{-Ir-Xv- t`ym''- (a-{ Irp-I-fm-b- E-jn-am-v- \-a-kv-m-cw)- F-- ssX-o-cn-b- BcW-y-I-7 h-N-\hp-sa-mw- th-Z-a-{--fp-sS- I-m--- E-jn-am-cmbn-cp-p-sh--Xn-\p-- sX-fn-hp-I-fm-bn- Nq-n-m-Wn--s-Sp-p.F-m- A-]u-cp-tj-b- hm-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b-n- I-
ns-d- B-Zn-bn- Cu-iz-cm-\p-{K-l-m- a{w- e-`n--h-cm-Wva{-Ir-p-I.- Cu-iz-c-\n-\n-v- thZw- e-`n--h-cm-Wv- E-jn-amF-w.th-Z
- - tem-I
- p-- k-Ie
- - hn-PvR
- m-\
- f
- p-ap-smpp-sh-pw- A-h-bv-v- H-cn--epw- sX-p-]-p-I-bn-s-p-ap-- hm-Z
s- B[p-\n-I- ssl--h- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cn-X-s- \-sm-cp- i-X
am-\w- A-\p-Iq-en-p-n-.- tUm-Iv-S- k-t--n- cm-[-m-Ir-jv-W1. Ibid Page 51
2. Ibid, Page 53.
3. Macdonell A.A. and Kieth, AB: Vedic Index of Names and Subjects, Page 131.
4. E-tKz-Zw- 1:114:2.5. Xm-Wv-Uy-{_m-lv-a-Ww- 13:3:24

6. sF-X-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-Ww- 6:-1.7. ssX-n-co-b- B-c-W-y-Iw- 4:1:1.-
95
F-gp-Xp-p-:- ""th-Z- {]-am-Z-a-pIv-X--tfm- k--Xpw- D-smp--tXm- A-.- B-Xv-aob- k-Xyw,- en-Jn-X- tc-J-I-tf-m- hfscD--X-am-b- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv.- thZ-c-ln-X- {]-hm-N-I-m- {]-Jym-]n
- bm-Ym-y--sf- \mw- hn-e-a-Xn-p-Ibpw- Aw-Ko-I-cn-p-I-bpwsN-p--tXm-sSm-w- ]n-o-Sp-h-- \q-m-p-I-fn-se- a-Xm-[ym-]-Im-cp-sS- B--cn-I-Z-i-\-s-p-dn-v- a-\-n-em-p--Xn-te-pw\mw- \-bn--s-Sp-p.- th-Zw,- A-Km-[-am-b- B--cn-Im-\p-`-h--fpsSbpw- hn-Pv-Rm-\- sh-fn-]m-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw- tc-J-b-s{X''-1.- F-mkzm-an- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-tm-se-bp-- Xo-{h-hm-Zn-I- th-Z
n-\v- bm-sXm-cp- sX-pw- h-cm- km-[y-X-bn-s-- ]--m-cmWv.kzm-an- Z-bm\-- k-c-kz-Xn- F-gp-Xp-p:- ""Pv-Rm-\-n-s-d-bpw- a-X]-c-am-b- k-Xy--fp-sS-bpw- D-d-hn-S-am-b- \m-ep-th-Z-- ssZ-h-ns-d- hmm-sW-v- Rm- hn-iz-kn-p-p.- a-{-kw-ln-X-sb-dnb-s-Sp-- `m-Kw- am-{X-am-W-h.-sXmb- bm-sXm-pw- A-Xn-en-.Xn-I-pw- B-[n-Im-cn-I--fm-W-h''-2.C-hn-sS- a-sm-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv-\-ap-v.- th-Z-s- s]m-Xp-hmbnaqv- Im-Wv-U--fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.- eu-In-I-hpw]m-c-{Xn-I-hp-am-b- A-ò-jv-S kn-n-I-fpw- ku-Jyhpw- D-m-hp--Xn\p-th-n-bp-- A\p-jv-Tm-\-ap-d-I-fp-- I--Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- H-v.Cu-iz-cm-cm-[-\- sN-t-p-- co-Xn-bpw- sF-ln-I-hpw- ]m-c-{Xn-Ihpw]-c-am-n-I-hp-am-b- knn-I-p-- D-]m-b--fp-a-S-p-- D-]mk-\m-Im-Wv-Uw- c-m-a-tXpw- Cl-tem-I- ]-c-tem-I- X-Xz-fpwPo-hm-Xva
- m-hv- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hv- P-K
- v- Fn-hb
- p-sS- c-lk
- y-hp-aS-
- pPvRm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- aq-m-a-t-Xp-am-Wv.- thZ--s-m-ap-kwln-X,- {_m-lva
- W
- w,- B-cW
- y- I
- w,- D-]\
- n-j
- v- Fo- \m-ev- hn`mK--sf- Cu- aq-v- Im-Wv-U--fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-Sp-n-bm-Wv- hyhl-cn-p-t]m-cp--Xv.- tZ-ho-tZ-h-m-cp-sS- kv-Xp-Xn-I-fp-sm-p-kwln-X-bpw- a-{--fp-sS- Kq-Vm--- hy-Iv-X-am-p-I-bpwA-\p-jT
v- m-\
- f
- p-sS- hn-[n-hn-[m-\
- - \n-t-in-p-Ib
- pw- sN-p`m-K-amb- {_m-lv-a-W-hpw- I--Im-Wv-U-n- D-s-Sp-p.- GIm3. Dr. S Radhakrishnan: Indian Religions, Page 22.
4. Swami Dayananda Saraswthati: The Light of Truth, Page 657.
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
96
-X-bn-en-cp-v- E-jn-am- th-Z-a-{--sf- a-\-\w- sN-bv-Xp-sIm-vkv-Yn-c-s-Sp-n-b- Xz-hn-Nm-c-am-b- B-c-W-y-I-- D-]m-k-\mIm-Wv-U-n-epw- B-[ym-Xv-a-im-kv-{X-n-s-d-bpw- B-Xv-a-kw-_-\v[n-bm-b- N--bp-sS-bpw- tI-{--fm-b- D]-\n-j-p-I- Pv-Rm-\Im-Wv-U-n-epw- D-s-Sp-p.- kw-ln-X,- {_m-lv-aWw,- B-c-WyIw,D-]-\n-j-v- F-n-h- D-sm-p--Xm-Wv- th-Zw.- Ch- ap-gp-h{ipXn- A-Y-hm- A-]u-cp-tj-bam-Wv- F-m-Wv- ssl--h- hn-izmkw.km-[m-c-W- th-Z-sa-v- hy-h-l-cn--s--Sp-tm- kw-ln-X- am{Xsahn-h-n-m-dp-q-sh--Xv- i-cn-X-s- ]-s, th-Z--fp-sS- `mKwX-s-bm-Wv- {_m-lv-a-W--fpw- B-c-Wy-I--fpw- D-]-\n-j-p-Ifp-sa-mw.- F-m- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- A-t-lw- kv-Ym-]n-B-cy-k-am-P-n-s-d- h-Iv-Xm-fpwkw-ln-X-v- am-{X-sa- ]q-am-b- A-{]-am-Zn-Xzw- I-n-p-p-q.- A-t-l-n-s-d- "k-XymY{]-Im-i'-n-\n-v- ap-p--cn-- D--c-Wn- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-p-p.Cu- hm-Zw- ln-p-- C-tmfw-kzo-I-cn-p- t]m-- A-`n{]m-bns\-Xn-cm-Wv.- kzm-an- hn-th-Im-\-- FgpXp-p-:- ""th-Z--sf-m-kw-ln-X-I- am-{X-am-sW-p-- hm-Zw- hf-sc- ]p-Xn-b-Xpw- ]-tc-X
\m-b- {io- Z-bm-\-- kzm-an-I-fm- D--bn--s-n p- Xp-am-Wv.C-Xv- km-[m-c-W- P-\--n-S-bn- Aw-Ko-I-cn--s-n-p--X.kw-ln-X-v- ]p-Xn-b- A--I--\I- \-In- ssh-Zn-I-kn-m-s- ap-gph- hym-Jym-\n-m-\p-- D-t-iy-am-Wv- Cu- hm-Z-n\v]nn-ep-Xv.- hn-j-a-- F-n-pw- A-h-km-\n-n-n-.- C-n-[sams- sN-bv-Xn-pw- {_mlv-a-W--fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n-te-v- A-hho-pw- \n-]-Xnp-I-bpw- sNbv-Xp''-1.kr-jvS- n-bp-sS- B-cw-`
- n-Xs
- - th-Zw- A-hX
- c
- n-n-p-shhnizm-k{]-Im-cw- {]-]--n-\v- F-{X- ]-g--ap-tm- A-{X-bpw]g-w- th-Zn-\p-ap-v.- kzm-an- Z-bm-\--s-d- a-X-{]-Im-cw- th-Z
- sh-fn-s-Sp--s--Xv- 1310 an-y- h-j--v- ap-m-Wv.F-m- `m-jm-im-k{v- XPvR
-
- m-cpw- h-kX
v- p-\n-jT
v- - N-cn-{X-Im-c
- mcpwCu- hm-Z
- n-s\-Xn-cm-Wv.- {InkvX
- p-hn-\v- ap-v- B-bn-cm-am-n-\v- apm
bn-- ]-e- Im-e--fn-em-bn- cq-]w-sIm- E-tKz-Zw- _n.-kn.- 800\pw1 Letters of Swami Vivekananda, Page 96.
97
_n.-kn- 1000n-\pw- a-t[y-bm-Wv- k-am-l-cn--s--sX-m-Wv- amIvkv-ap--1 A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv.- hn-d-\n-v-kn-sd- A-`n-{]m-b-n

- E-tKz-Z-n-s-d- B-Zn-a-{--v- 2500 sIm--s- ]gw- Im
Wp-sa-m-Wv.- th-sd- Nn-e- ]m-iv-Nm-Xy- ]-Wv-Un-X-m A-h-bv-vIp-d--]-w- 4000 sIm--s- ]-g-w- I-n-p-p-v2- .- E-tKzZ
n-se- G--hpw- ]-g-b- Ko-X-- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- 1200 sIm--paps-n-epw- c-Nn-s
- -X
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]w.- F-m- `m-c-Xo-b- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cn- {]-ap-J-\m-b- tUm.cm[m-Ir-jv-Wsd- A-`n-{]m-b-n- E-tKz-Z-kq-Iv-X--fp-sS- Im-ewG-It- Z-iw- {In-kvX
- p-hn-\v- ]-Xn-\
- v- \q-m-p-I-v- ap-m-Wv-4.- thZ- A-]u-cp-tj-b-tam- kzXx-{]-am-W-tam- A-s-- Cu- ]-Wv-Un
X-m-cp-sS- hm-Z-s- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bn-I- iIvX-am-bn--s- hn-a-in-p-p-s-n-epw- h-kv-Xp-\n-jv-T-am-b- ]-T
\-- \-S-p--h-v- Cu- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b--tfA-h-ew-_n-mt\-- I-gn-bq.{ip-Xn,- \n-Ka
- w,- {_-la
v- w,- Bav\
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Wv- {]amWw.- th-Z]
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-
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- {- w,- {]-IS- a
- m-n-b- E-jn-tb-Xv,- A-sXn-s\-bm-Wv- D-c
- nt-Xv,- A-Xn- {]-Xn-]m-Znn-cn-p-- tZ-h-X-bm-cv,- G-Xv- Im-cy-n\vF--s\-bm-Wv- {]tbm-Kn-n-cn-p--Xv- Xp-S-n-b- Imcy-- a-\
n-em-p--Xv- th-Z-]-T-\-n-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-Wv.- E-jn-]m-c--cy{]-Im-cw- Kp-cpin-jy-\v- D-]-tZ-in-p-Ibpw- in-jy- A-h- lr-Zn-kv
Y-am-p-I-bpw- sN-p-- {I-a-n-em-Wv- B-Zy-amZyw- th-Zmy-b-\w\-S-n-h-n-cp--Xv.- {]-tXy-I- a-l-Xz-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-- a{-n\vXp-eyw,-- a-{w- am-{X-ta-bp-q-sh-v- hn-iz-kn-p-h--Xn-\m th-Za-{w- X-Pv-Pv-a- sN-p--Xp-Iq-Sn- \n-cp-km-l-s-Sp--s-p.-1949
emWv- E-tK-zZ-
- n-s-d- B-Zy-s- Cw-o-jv- ]-cn-`m-j- am-Ivk
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- p5
1. Fredrich Max Muller: The Vedas, Page 25.
2. `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw,- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 659.3. E.G. Rapson: Ancient India, Page 5.
4. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol. 1, Page 37
5. Fredrich Max Muller: Rigveda Samhita (London)
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
98
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- p-X
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fp-v.- aebm-f-n- E-tKz-Z- kw-ln-X- ]-cn-`m-j-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p-Xv- h--tm-fm-Wv1-.E-jn-h-cy-m-v- Z-i-\-am-bn- e-`n-p- X-e-ap-d-I- ssI-am-dn
sb-n-b- th-Zh
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- s
- sZz-]m-b\
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- v,- bPpv,- kmaw,- A-Y-w- F-n--s\- \m-em-bn- hn-`-Pn-p.- A-n-s\bm-Wv- th-Z-s- hy-kn--h--- (hn-`-Pn--h)- A-Y-hm- th-Z-hymkF-v- t]-cp-h--Xv.- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-v- ]-Xn-\-v,- ]-Xn-s\-v- \q-mp-I-v- \-Sp-hn-em-Wv- th-Z-hym-k- Po-hn-n-cp--sX-m-Wv- s]mXp-sh- A-\pam-\n--s-Sp-Xv.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw-h-sc- au-en-I-am-bn- Hcpth-Zt- a- D-m-bn-cp-p-q-sh-pw- B- bp-Km-c
-
- n-em-Wv- hymkth-Z-s- \m-em-n- ]-Ip--sX-p-amWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-m- Zbm\-- k-c-kz-Xn- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-m-c-\-.- A-t-lw- B-Zyw- ap-Xp-X-s- th-Z-- \m-em-bn-cp-p-sh-- A-`n-{]m-b-m-c-\m-Wv.A-Y-h-th-Z-n- th-Z-- F-v- {]-kv-Xm-hn--Xv- _-lp-h-N-\am-sW-pw- {ip-Xn,- kz-Xx-{]-am-W-am-b-Xn-\m- A-Xv- sX-m- ]mSns-pw- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s- B-Zyw- ap-X-t- H-n-e-[n-Iw- thZ-fp-m-bn-cn-W
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A-Y--s\-- E-jn-bm-Wv- a-v- aq-v- th-Z--fn-\n-pw- Nnehnj-b--sf--p-dn-- a-{-- H-m-bn-t-v- A-Y--th-Zw- Bhn-jv--cn--sX-pw- H-c-`n-{]m-b-ap-v.- Cu- A-`n-{]m-bw- i-cn-bmbmepw- sX-m-bmepw- B-Zy-Im-e-v- aq-v- th-Z--tf- D-m-bn-cp-pq-sh--Xn-te-v- D-]-\n-j-p-I- kq-N-\- \-Ip-p-v.- ""BHmw-Im-c-n- aq-v- tZ-h-m-cpw- aq-v- tem-I--fpwaq-v- th-Z-6. h--tm-:- E-tKz-Z- kw-ln-X- (]-cn-`m-j)- (Xr--n-h-t]-cq-).-
99
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am-\n-m-hp--XmWv.-
ep-v.- aq-e-E-tKz-Z-n- F-mw- D-p-Xm-\pw''1.- Nn-e- im-J-I-fnkq-Iv-X-- Ip-d-hv- ImWptm- a-v- Nn-e-h-bn- IqSp-X-em-WpXv.- ''-{_m-lv-a-W--fn-epw- D-]-\njp-I-fn-epw- {iu-X- kq-{Xfn
epw- Im-Wp-- ]-e- a-{--fpw- C--s- E-tKz-Z-n-en-.- I-pIn-n-b- Nn-e- im-J-I-fn-e-h-bp-p-Xm-\pw.- sFX-tc-b- {_m-lv-a-Wn-se- {]-Xn-I-E-jn-bp-sS- a-{-- C-Xn-\p-Zm-l-c-W--fm-Wv.C-h-sb- F--s\- \n--bn-s-Sp-mw- F--Xv- I-Sp-- k-a-kybmWv''-2.- th-Z--fn- bm-sXm-cp- ssI-{In-b-I-fpw- \-S-n-n-s-- hmZwC-hn-sS- tNm-Zyw- sN--s-Sp-p.- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-f-sS- ]m-T-t`-Z-fmb- imJ-I-fn- ]-e-Xpw- \-jv-S-sSp-I-Iq-Sn- sN-bv-Xn-p-s-v- h-cptm- Cu- tNmZyw- sN--en-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-tb-dp-p.- \n-e-\n-pim-JI
- f
- n-Xs
- - a-{-kw-Jy-If
- p-SsS- F-
- n-t]m-epw- hyXymk-ap-s-v- h-cp-tm- ep-]v-X-am-b- im-J-I-fn- Iq-Sp-X- hyXymk--fp-m-hm-\p-- km-[y-X- \n-tj-[n-m- h-.- ""im-J-I-sfkw-_-\v-[n-- ]-T-\w- H-pw- F-fp--a-.- _-lp-`q-cn-]-w- im-J-Ifpwtem-]n-p-t]m-bn.- A-h-sb- I-s-p--Xv- Xp-temw- hn-j-a-am-Wv''3
F-m-Wv- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn-bp-sS- A-\p-bm-bnI- t]m-epw- ]dbp-Xv.-
""k-l-{km-_v-Z--pti-j-hpw- th-Z--fn- hy-Xym-k-sam

pw- h-n-n-''- F-- hm-Z-m-sc- Ip-g-p-- H-cp- {]-[m-\- {]-iv\am-Wv- imJI-sfkw-_\
- [
v- n-- N-I
- s
- f-mw-Xs
- . ""im-JI
- fnNn-e- am---fp-sn-epw- aq-e-]m-T-n- H-cp- hy-Xym-k-hpw- h-n
n-s-v- am-{X-a-,- Xo-pw- kw-c-n-X-hp-am-Wv''3.- F-- {]-tbmKwX-s- C-m-cyw- hy-IvX-am-p-p.im-JI- th-Zm-h-b-h-am-sW-pw- A-X-- th-Z-hym-Jym-\fm-sW-pw- A-`n-{]m-b--fp-v.- F-m-Wv- th-Z-im-J-I-sf--Xns\p-dn-v- {io.- \-tc-{- `q-j- F-gp-Xp-p-:- ""th-Zw- kr-jv-Sn--X.A-h- \n-Xy-amWv.- A-w- \n-Xy-am-sW-n-epw- A--c--fn-epwhyRvP
- \
-
- f
- n-epw- A-tm-p-an-tm-pw- am-w-hc
- pw.- A-s\- amwh-h
- b
- m-Wv- Im-TI
- w,- Im-em]Iw,- au-ZI
- w,- ]m-n-em-Zw- Xp-S
- nbh.C-hn-sS- A--c--fn-epwhy-Rv-P-\--fn-epwam--sa-p-]-d-Xvth-Z-im-J-I-sf- D-t-in-m-Wv.- A-h-bn-em-W-tm- ]m-Tm--c-D-X
- v.- A-Xn-\m- H-c-s
- - hym-Jym-\n-p-h
- b
- m-Wv- ]m-Tm4
c-- F-v- h-cp-p''- .- D-m-c-W-t`-Z-hpw- ]m-T-t`-Z-hpwam-{X-a-im-J-I-v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-v- Im-Wmw.- Nn-e-im-J-I-fn- ]-ekq-Iv-X-fpw- Im-Wp-n-. -""E-tKz-Z-n-s-d- Nn-e- im-J-I-fnaqtm- \m-tem- a-{--fp-sS- Iq-Sp-X- Ip-d-hv- Im-Wmw.- im-I-eim-J-bn- ]-e- _m-e-Jn-y- kq-Iv-X--fpw- C-.- _mjv-I-e- imJbn1.- {_-lv-a- hn-tZym-]-\n-j-v-:- im-n-]m-Tw- 5
2. kp-_m-tem-]-\n-j-v-:- 6:-3
3 \-tc-{- `q-j-:- ssh-Zn-I- km-ln-Xy-N-cn-{Xw,- t]-Pv- 38.4.Ibid, Page 66.
100
E-tKz-Zw-:- B-cy-m-cp-sS- th-Z-km-ln-Xy--fn-sh-v- G--hpw{]mNo-\h

- pw- {]m-am-Wn-Ih
- pw- E-tKz-Za
- m-Wv.- "E-v'- F-- ]-Z
- nsdA-w- kv-Xp-Xn-sb-m-Wv.- E-tKz-Zw- ap-gp-h- tZ-hkv-Xp-Xn- kw_\v-[n-bm-b- a-{--fm-Wv. E-tKz-Z-n-\v- C-cp-]-n-sbm-v- im-J-Ifp-s-m-Wv- ]-XR
- P
v- en- X-s-d- a-lm-`m-jy-n- ]-d
n-cn-pXv.- C-tX- A-`n-{]m-bw- Xs-bm-Wv- kzm-an-Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn-pap-Xv.- F-m- kv-I--]p-cm-W-n E-tKz-Z-n-\v- A-dp-]-nsbmv- im-J-I-fp-s-v- ]-d-n-cn-p-p.- Cv- {]-Nm-c-n-encn-p-- E-tKz-Z-kw-ln-X- im-I-e- im-J-bp-tS-Xm-Wv.- B-sI- ]-va-WU
v- e
-
- f
- n-em-bn- 1017 kq-IX
v-
- f
- m-Wv- E-tKz-Z
- n-\p-X
- v.- imIekw-ln-X-bn- C-m--Xpw- ]n-m-e-v- Iq-n-t--sX-v- IcpX-s-Sp--Xp-am-b- ]-Xn-s\m-v- _m-eJn-y- kq-Iv-X--fpw- Iq-Sn1.Ibid, Page 67.
2.Ibid Page 68
3.Ibid Page 68
101
D-s-Sp-n-bm- 1028 kq-Iv-X--f-m-Wv- B-sI-bp--Xv.- C-sX-mwIq-Sn- Iq-n- B-sI- 10522 E-p-I- (tm-I--)- B-Wv- E-tKz-Z-nep--Xv.- C-Xv- im-I-e- im-J-bp-sS- Im-cy-am-Wv.- a-v- im-J-I-fn- hy
Xy-kv-X- F-w- E-p-I-fpw aWv-U-e-fp-am-Wp--Xv.- F-{X- E-pI-fm-Wv- C-h-bn-ep--sX-- hn-j-b-n- C-pw- ]-Wv-Un-X-mn-S-bn- X-w- \n-e-\n-p-p-v.- E-tKz-Z-n-s-d- a-v- ]m-T
t`-Z--fm-b- ap-Zv-K-e-im-J,- im-e-h-im-J,- im-eob-im-J,- hm-k-yim-J,- ssi-in-co-im-J,- _u-[y-im-J,- A-Kv-\n-am-T-c-imJ, ]cm-i-cim-J,- Pm-Xq-I-Wy-imJ,- B-iz-em-b-\-im-J,- imw-Jm-b-\-im-J,Iu-jo-X-In-im-J- Xp-S-n-b-h-sbm-pw-X-s- ]q--cq-]-nCv- Inm\n-.C-v- e-`y-am-b- E-tKz-Z-n-se- A-ym-bw- Xn-cn-p-- kq-Iv
X--fpsS- F-w- C--s\-bm-Wv.- H-mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 191,- c-mwaWv-U-ew- 43,- aq-mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 62,- \m-emw- a-Wv-U-ew- 58,- A-mwa-Wv-U-ew- 87,- Bdmw- a-Wv-U-ew- 75,- G-gmw- a-Wv-U-ew- 104,- F-mwaWv-U-ew- 103,- H]-Xmw- a-Wv U-ew- 114,- ]-mw- a-Wv-U-ew- 191.""b-Pv-R-n-s-d- ]p-tcm-ln-X-\pw- kq-{X-[m-c-\pw- tlm-XmhpwsFiz-cy-Zm-Xm-hp-am-b- A-Kv-\n-tZ-h-s\- Rm-- h-n-p-p''-1 F-a-{w- sImm-cw-`n-p-- E-tKz-Z-n- \mw- Im-Wp--Xv- tZ-im-S\-m-cm-b- H-cp-Iq-w- a\p-jy-cp-sS,- Npp-]mSp-I-fn-\n-pw- {]-IrXn-bn- \n-pw- F-Xn-cm-fn-I-tfm-Sp-- tZ-jy-n-\n-pw- {]-tNmZnX-am-bn- c-Nn--s-- Ip-sd- h-N-\--fm-Wv.- k-]v-X-kn-\v-[p-hn-te-vI-S
- p-h
- - B-cy-m-cpw- C-hn-sS-bp-m-bn-cp-- Z-kyp-f
- pw- X-n\-S-- kw-L--\--fm-Wv- ]-e- E-p-I-fp-sSbpw- C-Xn-hr-w.- C-{s\-tm-ep-- tZ-h-am-t]m-epw- Cu- kw-L-\-n-s-d- kr-jv-Snbm-sW-m-Wv- B-[p-\n-I- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cn- \-smcp- hn-`m-K-ns-d- ]-w.- ta-n-kv-Y-e- tX-Sn-sb-n-b- B-cy-m,- kkyiym-a-f-hpw- ^-e-`q-bn-jv-T-hpw- \-Zn-I- \n-d--Xp-am-b- kn-\v-[p- kaX-e-n- {]-th-in--tm- A-h-cp-sS- a-\-kp-I-fn- A-eX-n-bk-tm-jn-s-d-bpw- B-iv-Ncy-n-s-d-bpw- ^-e-am-bn- ]p-d-p1 A-Kv-\n-ao-tf- ]p-tcm-ln-Xwb-Pv-R-kz- tZ-h- ar-Xzn--wtlm-Xm-cw- c-Xv-\-[m-X-hw- (E-tKz-Zw- 1:1:1).-
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
102
h-- E-tKz-Zk
- q-IvX
-
- - ]-eX
- pw- at\m-lc
- a
- m-b- `m-h\
- I
- -sImvk-p-jv-S-am-Wv.E-tKz-Z-n- sF-X-tc-b-sa-pwim-Jm-b-\-sa-pw- t]cmbb-Ym{Iaw- \m--Xpw- ap--Xpw- A-[ym-b--fp-- c-v- {_m-lv-aW--fpv.- sF-X-tc-b-sa-pw- Iu-jo-X-In-sb-pw- t]-cm-b- c-vB-c-Wy-I--fp-apv.- "iu-I-\o-b- in-'- am-{X-am-Wv- j-Uw-K-fn- C-v- In-m-\p--Xv.- Bbp-th-Z-am-Wv- E-tKz-Z-n-s-d- D-]th-Zw.- Ajv-Smw-K--tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b- B-bp-th-Z-n-\v- A-t\-Iw- D]th-Z-- D-m-bn-p-v.- A-Kv-\o-{[- kp-cm-P-{K\v-Yw,- I--I-{]-`,[m-Xp-hm-Z-{K-\v-Yw,- [-\z--co-kq-{Xw,- am-\-kq-{X-{K-\v-Yw- F-n-hA-hb
- n- Nn-eX
- v- am-{X-am-Wv.- im-co-cn-Ih
- pw- am-\k
- n-Ih
- p-am-b- BtcmKyw- F-n-s\- \n-e\
- n-m-sa-Xm-Wv- B-bp-th-Z
- n-s-d- {]Xn]m-Zy- hn-j-bw.- B-bp-t-Zw,- A-Y--th-Z-n-s-d- D-]-th-Z-amsW-pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-v.b-Pp-th-Zw-:- I--Im-Wv-U-am-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- b-Pp-thZn-ep-X
- v.- tlm-a-pw- bm-K
- -p-ap-- a-{-f
- m- W
- nXn{]-[m\-am-bpw- {]-Xn]m-Zn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.- K-Zy-]-Zy- k-n{i-amb- C-Xn-se- ]Zy-- an--Xpw- E-tKz-Z-n-\n-s-Sp--h-bm-Wv.K-Zy-cq-]
- n-ep-- hcn-If
- n- {]-[m-\a
- m-bpwbm-Kh
- n-[n-If
- m-Wp-Xv.A-[z-c-th-Z-sa-pw- t]-cp- b-Pp-th-Z-n-\v- Ir-jv-W-b-Pp-thZw,ip--b-Pp-th-Zw- F-n--s\- cv- `m-K--fp-v.ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-v- {]-Im-cw- \q-n- A-]-Xpw- N-c-W-hyql{K\vY
- {- ]-Im-cw- F-]
- n-bm-dpw- ]-XR
- P
v- e
- n-bp-sS- A-`n-{]m-b- {]Imcw- \q-n- H-pwim-J-I-fm-Wv- b-Pp-th-Z-n-\p--Xv.- F-mCXn- A-v- imJ-I-fn-s-- kw-ln-X-I- am-{X-sa- C-v- In-m\p-q.- C-Xn- Im-T-I-kwlnX,- I-]n-jv-T-e-kw-ln-X,- ssa-{Xm-bWokw-ln-X,- ssX-n-co-b- kw-ln-X- Fo- im-J-I-- I-r-jv-W- bPqth-Z-n-epw- hm-P-kv-t\-bn- kw-ln-X- ip-- bPp-th-Z-n-epw- s]Xm-Wv.- hm-P-kv-t\-bn- kw-ln-X-v- Im-Wz-im-J-sbpw- am-[z-n-Iim-J-sb-pw- t]-cp-- c-v- im-J-I-Iq-Sn-bp-v.ip-b
- P
- p-th-Z
- n-se- a-{-kw-Jy-bn- h-sc- ]-WvU
- n-XmnS-bn- A-`n-{]m-bm--c--fp-s-p-th-Ww- ]-d-bm.- C-Xn-
103
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
B-sI- 1500 a-{--fm-Wp--sX-v- \tc-{-`q-j-1 ]-d-bp-tm1900 a-{--fp-sm-Wv- ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n--2 hm-Zn-p--Xv.- Hmtcmcp-c

- pw- A-he
- w-_a
- m-n-bX
- v- hy-Xy-kvX
- - im-JI
- s
- f-bm-hmw.- AXmbn-cn--W-w- hy-Xy-kvX- F--w- a-{-- H-tc- th-Z-n- X-sbp-s-v- ]-d-bm- Im-c-Ww.- ip--b-Pp-th-Z-n-se- B-sI-bp\m--Xv- A-[ym-b--sf- 1975 JWv-Un-I-I-fm-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn-n-cnp--Xv.- 190 A-\p-hm-I--fm-Wn-Xn-ep--Xv.-
a{--sfmgnv- _m-n-sb-mw- E-tKz-Z-n-se- F-pw- H-]-XpwaW-v-U-e--fn-\nsSp--h-bm-Wv.- C-h- ]m-Sp--Xn-p-- kuIcy-n-\p-th-n- B-h-n, -]-cnh-Pv-P-\w- F-o- am--- km-ath-Z- a-{--fn- h-cp-n-bn-p-v.- km-a-th-Z-kw-ln-X- c-v- BnI--fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-n-cn-p-p.- D--cm-n-I-hpw- ]q-m-n-I-hpamW-h.- ]q-m-n-I-n- BKv-t\-b-Im-Wv-Uw,- sF-{-Im-Wv-Uw,tkm-a-Im-Wv-Uw,- B-c-Wy-Im-Wv-Uw- F-o- \m-ev- hn-`mK--fm-Wp-Xv.- C-Xn- B-sI- 650 a-{--fm-Wp--Xv.- ]--v A-ym-b-
fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-n-cn-p-- D--cm-n-I-n-em-Wv- _m-n- 1225 a{fpw- D-sm-p--Xv.-
Ir-jv-W-b-Pp-th-Z-n-se- ssX-n-co-b- kw-ln-X-bv-v- GgvAjvT-I--fpw- Hm-tcm- A-jv-T-I-n-epw- A-p-ap-X- F-p-h-scA-[ym-b--fp-am-Wp--Xv.- 650 A-\p-hm-I--fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-s\-mbnc-tm-fw- a-{--C-Xn-ep-v.Z-i-]q--am-kw,- Nm-Xp-am-kyw,- A-Kv-\n-tlm-{Xw,- A-izta-[w,- cm-P-kq-bw- Xp-S-n-b- bm-K-v- D-]tbm-Kn-t-- a{-sf---bpwbm-K-hn-[n-I-sf-p-dn-pwhn-i-Z-am-bn- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p- b-Pp-th-Z--n-se- a{-ap-m-n-b-h- {]-Pm-]-Xn,- h-kn-jv-T,hn-izm-an-{X- Xp-S-n-b- Ccp--q-dn--cw- E-jn-am-cm-Wv.- b-Pv-Rth-Zn-bpw- A-Kv-\n-I-p-Wv-T-hpw- \n-n-p-tm- sNm-t-- a-{-ap-X- bm-K--n-\p-]-tbm-Kn-p-- s\v,- N-a-X,- bq-]w,- bm-Kth-Zn-p-- C-jv-Sn-I- Xp-S-n-b-h-tbm-Sv- {]m-n-p- a-{-h-sc- b-Pp-th-Zw- D-sm-p-p.A-dp-]X
- n-\m-bn-cwtm-I
- f
- p-sm-p-- [\p-th-Za
- mWv3
bPp-th-Z-n-s-d- D-]-th-Zw.- B.-Sn.-F-v.- {Kn-^n-n-s-d- ip-b-Pp-th-Z- ]-cn-`m-jb
- m-Wv- {]-kn-a
- m-bX
- v.- Cw-o-jn- {Kn-^n-n\vap-pw- ]-e-cpw- ]-cn-`m-jI-sfgp-Xn-bn-cn-p-p-sh-n-epw- b-Pp-thZn-s-d- a-eb
- m-f- ]cn-`m-jI
- s
- fm-pw- Cu- te-JI
- s
- -d- Zr-jvS- nbns-n-n-.- tZ-ho-N
- n-s-d4- C-w
- o-jv- ]-cn-`m-jb
- pw- ]-cs
- - D-]tbmKn-s-Sp-- k-c-f-am-b- ]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-m-Wv.km-a-th-Zw-:- Km-\-{]-[m-\-am-b- th-Z-am-Wv- km-a-th-Zw.- B-sI1875 a-{--fm-Wv- km-a-th-Z-n-ep--Xv.- C-Xn- F-gp-]--v1.- \-tc-{-`q-j-:- ssh-Zn-I-km-ln-Xy- N-cn-{Xw,- t]-:- 99.2.- sI.- ]-c-ta-iz-c-]n--:- ln-p-[-- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-:- 182.
3. Griffith-R.T.H-The Texts of the White Yajurveda (Benares).
4. Devi Chanth: The Yajurveda (New Delhi)
104
km-a-th-Z-n-s-d- im-J-I-fp-sS- F--n-epw- A-`n-{]m-bhy-Xym-k--fp-v.- B-bn-c-am-sW-pw- B-bn-c-n- A-dp-]--m

sW-pw- Bbn-c-n- F-]-Xm-sW-p-sa-mw- A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-v.- F-m- Iu-Yp-ao-bw,- cm-Wm-b-\o-bw,- ssP-an
\o-bw- F-o- im-J-I- am{X-sa- C-v- In-m-\p-q.Km-\v-[- th-Z-am-Wv- k-m-a-th-Z-n-s-d- D-]t-h-Zw.- kw-KoX- \-r- hmZym-Xn-im-k{v- X-f
- p-sS- aq-e{- K-\Y
v- s
- a-d
- n-bs
- -Sp-- Km\v[--th-Z-nse- E-jn-am-- tkmta-iz-c,- `-c-X-ap-\n- F-n-h-cmWv.D-]m-k-\m-{]-[m-\-am-b- km-a-th-Z-n-se- Km-\-cq-]-n-ep-a-{-fn- A-[n-Ih
- pw- {]m-\
- I
- fm-Wv.- A-Kv\
- n,- C-{,- tkmawF-o- tZh-m-sc- kv-Xp-Xn-p-- a-{--fp-ap-v C-Xn.- Km-\-cq
]-n-ep-- {]m--\-I-fn- ]-e-Xpw- h-f-sc- kp-c--fm-Wv.- kmath-Zw- A-h-km-\n-n-p--Xv- ""ssZ-h-sa!- F-s-d- Im-Xp-I-v\-Xp-am-{Xw- tI-p-amdm-hp-I-bpw- t\-{X--sIm-v- \--Xpam{Xw- Im-Wp-am-dm-hp-I-bpw- sN-tW-ta''-1 F-- kp--c-am-b{]m-\tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.km-a-th-Z-n-\pw- Cw-o-jn2 ]-cn-`m-j-I-fp-v.- a-e-bm-f- ]cn`mj-I-sfm-pw- Cu- te-J-I-\v- Im-Wm- I-gn-n-n-.1 ""`-{Zw- I-tW-`n-:- ir-Wp-bm-a- tZ-hm`-{Zw- ]-tiy-am-Iv-jn-`n-P-b-{Xm''2 Max Muller: Sacred Books of the East (London),
Pandit Satyakam Vidyalankar:
The Holy Vedas (Delhi.), Devichand: The samaveda (Delhi)
105
A-Y--th-Zw-:- \m-em-a-s- th-Z-am-b- A-Y--th-Z-n-\v{_-lva-th-Z-sa-pw t]-cp-v.- a-v- aq-v- th-Z--tf-m- A-Y-th-Z

- n-\vt- {ijvTX
- - Ip-dh
- m-sW-v- hm-Zn-p-- ]-WvU
- n-X
- m-cpv.A-Y-h-W-am-cpw- Bw-Kn-c-k-am-cpw- D-]-tZ-in--Xv- F-A-n- "A-Y-mw-Kn-ck
- w'- F-pw- AY-t- h-Z
- n-\v- t]cpv.- A-ar-X th-Zw,- B-Xv-a-th-Zw- F-n-h-bpw- A-Y--th-Z-n-sda-v- t]-cp-I-fm-Wv.]n-n-em-Zw,- Xu-Zw,- au-Zw,- iu-\I
- o-bw,- Pm-Pe
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
106
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ns-d-- C-wojv- ]-cn-`m-j1- bm-Wv- G-h-p-a-[n-Iw- -hm-bn--sSp]-cn-`m-j-I-fn-sem-v.- A-Y--th-Z-n-s-d-bpw- a-e-bm-f- ]-cn-`m-jCu- te-J-I-s-d- I-n-s]-n-n-.-
A-Y--th-Z-n- C-cp-]-Xv- Im-Wv-U--fp-v.- A-h-bn- 730

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- f
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- n- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-n-bX
- m-bn- Im-WmI-gn-bpw.- A-Xv- a-{-Zr-jvS- m-f
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107
tZ-h- G-gv- Ip-Xn-c-I-sf- ]q-n-b- c-Y-n- `q-an-v- Np-pw- I-d-nk--cn-p-I-bm-sW-1- [m-cW- th-Z--fn-epw- Im-W-s-Sp-p-shn-epw- A-sXm-cp- A-\v-[-hn-izm-k-am-sWv- C-v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-sp-I-gn-n-p-v.- A-kp-c-]p-{X-\m-b- cm-lp- X-a-p-sIm-v- kq-cys\- a-d-p--Xm-Wv- kq-cy-{K-l-W-n-\v- Im-c-W-sa-pw- 2 N-{-s\cm-lp- hn-gp-p--Xm-Wv- N-{-{K-l-W-n-\v- Im-c-W-sa-p-3ap-th-Z-kq-Iv-X-- A-m-e-s- hn-Pv-Rm-\-nsd ]cnanXnbmWv
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bp-w- Aw-Ko-I-cn-p-tm-X-s- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-hpw- k-q-hp-am-sW-- hm-Zw- i-cn-b-s-v- Nq-n-m-p-hm--th-n- am{Xam-Wv.- tUm-Iv-S- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-s\-tm-ep-- ]Iz-a-Xn-I-fm-b- ]WvUn-X-m-cpw- th-Zw- A-{]-am-Zn-X-a-s-v- hm-Zn-m-\p-- Im-c-W-hpwa-sm-
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th-Z-n-se- ssew-Kn-I-am-b- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I- ]-e-tm-gpwo-e-X-bp-sS- A-Xn-h-c-p-I-sf-- t`-Zn-p--Xm-Wv.- Ip-am-cn-am-cp-sSam-dn-S-s-bpw- Xp-S-I-sf-bpw- a-v- A-h-b-h--sf-bpw- h-n-p-Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-- o-e-X-bp-sS- F-m- \n-b-a--fpw- Im-n- ]-dp--h-bm-Wv5.- ]r-jv-T-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- {]m-W-hm-bp-hn-s\-bpw- \nb-{n-m--- s]-m-Sp-am-bpw- hmKvssh-`-hw- t\-Sm- ap-\m-Sp-ambpw- ]-c-a-am-b- sF-iz-c-y-- e-`n-m--- Im-f-bp-am-bp-ap-- ssewKn-I-_-\v-[w6 \n-jv-I-jn-p-- th-Z-- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-sW-A-`n{]m-bw- F-{X-tm-fw- i-cn-bm-sW-v- A-Xn-s-d- hIvXm-X-s-bm-Wv- hy-Iv-Xam-t--Xv.- b-a-s-d- k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Im-amXp-c,- b-as
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6.- ip--b-Pp-th-Zw- 21:-60.7.- E-tK-z-Zw- a-:-10 kq-:- 10,-12.-
108
1.- A-Y--th-Zw-:- \-h-a-Im-Wv-Uw- 10:-12.-
109
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
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In-m-\p-- amw,- Kr-l-kv-Ym-{i-aw,- hn-hm-lw,- kv-{Xo-bp-sS- kvYm\w,- ]p-Wy-hpw- ]m-]-hpw,- k-Xyw,- b-Pv-Rw,- ]m-]-tam-N-\w,- K-WnXw,tZ-h-X-I,- a-g,- AKv\n,- k-ap-{Zw,- kq-cy,- A--co-w,- [m-Xp,kz-w- F-n-h-bm-Wv- {_mlv-a-W-{K-\v-Y--fn- N-- sN-bv-Xnp- hn-j-b-.-
110
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111
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
112
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113
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117
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118
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
120
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121
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124
s- hn-h-cn-p-h-tm.- H-cp- D-]-\n-j-v- hn-Zym-n-bp-sS- {i-]Xn-bp-- h-f-sc- {]-[m-\-s-- H-cp- Im-cy-ap-n-hn-sS.- C-tm-gp-D-]-\n-j-p-I-X-s- hy-Xy-kv-X--fpw- hn-cp---fp-am-b- B-ib--fp-sm-p-p-sh-n- e-`y-a-m-- D-]-\n-j-p-I- IqSpX- hy-Xy-kv-X--fm-b- B-i-b-- D-sm-m-\p-- km-[yX\n-tj-[n-m-- I-gn-bn-.- B-sI- c-m-bncw- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fm-WvD--sX-n- 1892 D-]-\n-j-p-I- e-`n-m-\p-v.- A-h-bn- ]-eXn-s-d-bpw- B-i-b-- "A-`n-\-h- B-cy-[-'-n-s-d- hn-izmk-fp-am-bn- s]m-cp--t-Sv- {]-I-Sn-n-p-p-m-hmw.- A-Xm-bn-cnmw- Cu- \-jv-S-s-S-en-\v- A-s-n- \-jv-S-s-Sp--en-\v- Im-c-Wam-b-sX-v- \ym-b-am-bpw- Du-ln-m-hp--Xm-Wv.- ""A-\m-te-Jy- kckz-Xn'- AY-hm- "F-gp-X-s-Sm-- hn-Zy'-bm-bn-cp--Xn-\m- Cu- \jv
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125
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127
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
128
i-co-c-n- {]-th-in-p--Xpw- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-p--Xpw- ]-p-d-p-t]mIp-X

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- pw- A-[ym-Xva
- h
- pw- A-[n-ssZhhpw- F-m-Wv?]n-n-em-Z-:- B-Xva
- m-hn-\n-m-Wv- {]m-W\p-m-Ip-X
- v.- a\n-s-d- k---a-\p-k-cn-v- A-Xv- i-co-c-n- {]-th-in-p-p.lr-Z-b-n-ep-- B-Xv-am-hp-am-bn-t-v- {]m-W- tem-I-s\nb{n-p-p.- a-c-W-n- tX--tPm-bp-Iv-X-\m-b- {]m-W- i-cocwhn-p-t]m-Ip-p.ku-m-b-Wn-:- D-d-p--Xpw- D-W-cp--Xpw- kz-]v-\w- ImWp-Xpsa-mw- F--s\-bm-Wv?]n-n-em-Z-:- B-Xv-am-hn-s-d- B-K-a-\-hn-K-a-\--fm-Wv- D-d-n\pw- D-W-
- pw- Im-cW
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mWv?]n-n-em-Z-:- `q-an-bn- k-
- \
- m-Ip-Ib
- pw- N-{-tem-Iw,- kqcytemIw,- {_-lv-atem-Iw- F-n-h-sb- {]m-]n-m- I-gn-bp-I-bpw- sN
pw,- Hmwm-c-[ym-\w- \-S-n-bm-se-pw- Hm-tcm- tem-I-s-bpw{]m-]n--W-sa-n- G-sX-mw- cq-]n- Hmw-m-c- [ym-\w- \S-W-sa-pwhn-h-cn-p-p.kp-tI-im-hv-:- tjm V
-- -i- I-e-I-fp--h-\m-b- ]p-cp-j- F-hn
sS-bmWv- h-kn-p--Xv?]n-n-em-Z-:- ]-Xn-\m-dv- I-e-I-fp--h-\m-b- ]p-cp-j- Cu- icocn- X-s-bm-Wv.5.- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-v-:- A-Y-t-Zo-b-am-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm]-\nj--v.- "p-c-I'- F-- A-w-h-cp-- "ap-Wv-U-I'-sa-- ]ZwF-s
- \-bm-Wv- Cu- D-]\
- n-j
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129
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
n- ]-Xn-s\m-pwhm-Iy--fpw- aqmw- ap-Wv-U-I-n-se- HmwJ-Wv-U-n- ]-pw- c-mw- J-Wv-U-n- ]Xn-s\m-pw- hmIy-fp-am-Wv- A-S-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.-
a-Xnbm-Ipw-''-1 F-m-Wv- {io-cm-a- l\p-am-s\- D-]-tZ-in-p--Xv.-
k-I-e-n-s-d-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I-m-hpw- kw-c--I-\p-am-b{_-lv-am-hv- X-s-d- aq-- ]p-{X-\m-b- A-Y-m-hn-\v- D-]-tZ-in-psIm-Sp-- k--hn-Zy-I-pw- A-[n-jv-T-m-\-am-b- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy-sbAw-Kn-c-v- iu-\-I-\v- D-]-tZ-in-p-sIm-Sp-p--Xm-Wv- ap-Wv-U-tIm]-\n-j-n-s-d- D--S-w.- AwKn-c-n-s-d- D-]-tZ-iw- B-cw-`n-p-Xn--s\-bm-Wv.- ""c-p-X-cw- hnZy-I-fp-v.- H-v- A-]cm-hn-Zy- atXv- ]-cm-hn-Zy''-.- \m-ev- th-Z--fpw- th-Zmw-K--fpw- tN--Xm-Wv- A]cm-hn-Zy.- A-c{- _-lva
- s
- - A-dn-bp-- hn-Zy-bm-Wv- ]-cm-hn-Zy.- AZriy-hpw- A-{Km-ly-hpw- A-tKm-{X-hpw- A-h-hpw- H-s-bm-b-- BXvam-hn-s\- A-dn-bp--Xv- Cu- ]-cm-hn-Zy-bn-eq-sS-bm-Wv.- kI-e-`q-X-fp-sS-bpw- D--n-kv-Ym-\-am-b- BX-v-am-hv- \n-Xy-hpw- k-kq-Iv-jv-ahp-am-Wv.- F-p-I-m-en- h-e- \n-n-p--Xp-t]m-se-bm-Wv- A--cmX-v-am-hv- {]-]--s- D-m-p--Xv.- ]-c-{_-lv-a-s- A-dn-bp-Zpx-J-fpw- ]m-]--fp-sa-mw- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-h-km-\w- ]-c{_lv-aw- X-s-bm-bn-o-cp-p.h-fsc- {]-kn---fpw- kp--c--fp-am-b- Nn-e- {ip-Xn-hm-Iy- Cu- D-]-\n-j--n-ep-v.- \-p-sS- tZ-io-b-ap-{Z-bm-b- A-tim-IN-{I-n-\v- Xm-sg- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-p-- ""k-Xy-ta-h- P-b-tX''- (kXywX-s- P-bn-pp)- sb-- h-N-\w- ap-Wv-U-tIm-]-\n-j-n-ep-Xm-Wv.- ""A-\v-[-m-cm- \-bn--s-Sp-- A-\-v[-sc-tm-se''- (A-\vt[-ss\-h- \o-b-am-\m- b-Ym-\v-[m)- F-- {]-kn--am-b- D-]-a-bpwCu- D-]-\n-j-n-ep--Xm-Wv.6.-am-W-vU-yq-tIm-]-\n-j-v-:- am-Wv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-n- tIh-ew- ]-{-v- a-{--fm-Wp--Xv.- Z-tim-]-\n-j--p-I- ]-Tn-{_m-lv-a-W-\v- A-\n-hm-cy-am-sW-v- hn-iz-kn--s-n-cp--Im-e-v,A-Y-hm- A-h- ap-gp-h-- ]-Tn-m- I-gn-bm-sX-h-s-n- am-Wv-UyqtIm-]-\n-j-s-nepw- ]-Tn-- \n-_-\v-[-am-sW-v- \-n-jv-Ijns-n-cp-p.- Cu- D-]-\n-j-n-\v- A-{X-bpw- {]m-[m-\y-ap-v."apapIv-jp--v- ap-Iv-Xn-m-bn-v- amWv-Uyq-tIm-]-\n-j-p- X-s-
130
{]-]-w- ap-gp-h-\pw- Hmw-Im-c-kz-cq-]-am-b- A--c-hpw- {_-lva-hp-am-sW-v- ]-d-p-sIm-m-W-v Cu- D-]-\n-j-v- B-cw-`n-p-Xv.- {_-lv-a-n-\n-pw- `n--a-m-- B-Xv-am-hv- hn-iz,- ssXP-k-,- {]mPv-R,- Xp-co-b- F-o- \m-ev- ]m-Z--tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bp-Xm-Wv.- Cu- \m-ev- A-h-kv-Y-sb-p-dn-- hn-h-c-W-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\nj-n-s-d- D--S-w.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-am-Wv- th-Zm--Z-i-\-n-s-dA-kv-Xn-hm-c-an-- D-]-\n-j-v.- am-Wv-Uq-Iy-n-\v- Ku-U-]m-Zm-Nm-cyc-Nn-- hym-Jym-\-{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ku-U-]-Z-ImcnI.- Cu- Im-cn-I-bm-Wvth-Zm--Z-i-\-n-\v- A-Sn--d-]-Wn-X-Xv.- D-]-\n-j-p-I-v- `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-b- i--cm-Nm-cy- am-Wv-Uq-I-n-t\m-sSm-w- Ku-U-]-ZIm-cn-I-pw- hym-Jym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn-p-v.- Ku-U-]m-Z-Im-cn-I- D-]-\nj-Zv- k-am-\-am-sW-m-Wv- A-ssZz-Xn-I- hn-iz-kn-p--Xv.7.- ssX-n-co-tbm-]-\n-j-v-:- Ir-jv-Wb-Pp-th-Zo-b-am-WvssX n-co-tbm-]-\n-j-v.- Xn-n-cn-sb-- a-l-jn-bp-sS- t]cn\n-m-Wv- ssX-n-co-b-sa-- \m-a-n-s-d- D-]-n-sb-m-Wv`q-cn-]-- a-Xw.- B-sI aq-v- h--n-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep--Xv.- H-mw
hn-v- in-m-h-en-sb-pw- c-mw-h-n-v- {_-lv-am-\-- h-n-sbpw- aq-mw-h-n-v- `r-Kp-h-n-sb-p-am-Wv- t]-cv.- Hm-tc-h-n-sb-bpwA-\p-hm-I--fm-bn- Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.- inm-h-n-bn- ]-{-vA-\p--hm-I--fpw- {_-lv-am-\--h-n-bn- H]-Xv- A-\phm-I--fpw`-rKp-h-n-bn- ]-v- A-\p-hm-I--fpam-Wp--Xv.B-Nm-cy- A-t-hm-kn-bm-b- in-jy-t\m-Sv- sN-p-- D-]-tZi-fpw- hn-hn-[- X-cw- D-]m-k-\-I-f-p-dn-- hn-h-c-W--fp-am-Wvin-m-h-n-bp-sS- D--S-w.- A--sb-bpw- A-Nv-O-s\-bpw- A-XnYn-sb-bpw- tZ-h-m-cm-bn- Im-W-W-sa-- {]-kn--am-b- D-]-tZ-iwC-Xn-ep--Xm-Wv.- kw-ln-tXm-]m-k-\,- ]mw-Iv-tXm-]m-k-\,- Hmw-Imtcm-]m-k-\- F-o- {]-kn-- D-]m-k-\m- k-{-Zm-b--fpw- hn-h-cn-s-n-cn--p--Xv- in-m-h-n-bn-em-Wv.- A--abw,- {]m-W-a-bw,at\m-a-bw,- hn-Pv-Rm-\-a-bw,- B-\--a-bw- F-o- ]--tIm-i--sfp-dn-- {]-Xn-]m--Z-\-hpw- {_-lv-a-{]m-]v-Xn-bm-Wv- tam--sa-1.- am-Wv-UyqIy-ta-I- ta-hm-ew- ap-ap-Iv-jq-Wmw- hn-ap-Iv-Xn-tb--ap-Iv-Xn-tIm-]-\n-j-v- 1:-26.-
131
kvYm]\-hp-am-Wv- {_lv-am-\--h-n-bp-sS- D--S-w.- ]n-Xm-hm-bh-cp-W-s-d- A-Sp--sN-p-- `r-Kp-hn-s-d- {_-lv-a-hn-Zy- D-]-tZin- m- t h- n- b p- - A- ` y- - \ - b p- s S- A- S n- k v Y m- \ - - n hcpW- \-S-p-- {_lv-a-hn-tZym-]t-Z-i-am-Wv- `r-Kp-h-n-bn-se{]-[m-\- hn-j-bw.- k-I-e-N-cm-N-c--fp-sS-bpw- D--n-pw- \n-e\n-n-\pw- \m-i-n-\pw- Im-c-W-am-b-XmWv- {_-lv-a-sa-m-Wv- hcptWm-]-tZ-i-n-s-d- Im-X.ssX-n-co-tbm-]-\n-j-n-eq-sS- I-S-p-t]m-Ip-tm- G-sXn-epw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- kn-m--n-s-d- kv-Ym-]-\-a-- {]-Xyp-X,hy-Xy-kv-X- knm---fp-sS- ke\amWv ImWm IgnbpXv.
kXyk\v[ambn \ncq]Ww \Snbhscmw Cu hkvXpX
NqnmWnnpv . `mcXhnPv R m\tImiw FgpXpp:
""GsXnepw Hcp knma, hnhn[ knmfpsS i-I-e- f m- W v - D- ] - \ n- j - p- I - f n- {]- X n- ] m- Z n- - s - S p- - s XbmYmyw- ssXn-co-bw- sh-fn-s]-Sp-p-p''-1.8.- sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-v-:- E-tKz-Zo-b-am-Wv- Cu- D-]\n-jv.- A{_m-lv-a-W-\m-b- sF-X-tc-b-\m-W-t{X- Cu- D-]-\n-j-ns-d- I-mhv.- aq-v- Aym-b--fn-em-bn- B-dv- J-Wv-U--fm-WvB-sI- C-Xn-ep--Xv.- ap-n-aq-v- hm-Iy--fp-- Cu- D-]-\n-jvXm-c-X-tay-\- sN-dn-b- D]\n-j-p-I-fn-sem-m-Wv.D-]-\n-j-v- F-- ]-Z-n-\v- B-Xv-a-hn-Zy- F-m-Wv- A-sa-n- b-Ym--n-ep-- D-]-\n-j-v- sF-X-tc-b-am-sW-v- ]dbm- I-gn-bpsamWv ]WvUnXm`n{]mbw.- ""{]-]-w- D-m-Ip-Xn-\p-ap-v- B-Xv-am-hv- am-{X-sa- D-m-bn-cp-p-q-''-2 F-v- ]-dp-sIm-m-Wv- Cu- D-]-\n-j-v- Xp-S-p--Xv- X-s.- tem-I-fp-sS-bpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-m-cp-sS-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv- {]-Y-amym-bnse- B-Zy-J-Wv-U-n-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zy-w.- tZ-h-m-cp-sS- ]p-cp-j-ico-c-n-te-p- k-n-th-i-am-Wv- CtX- A-ym-b-n-se-X-sZzn-Xo-b- J-Wv-U-n-se- hn-j-bw.- {]-Y-am--ym-b-n-se- Xr-Xo-bJWvU
-
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
132
K-`-kv-Y-in-ip-hpwam-Xm-hpw- X-n-ep-- _-\v-[-hpw- ]p-\P--kn-m--hp-am-Wv- c-mw- A-ym-b-n-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-nhn-iZ- o-Ic

- n-n-cn-p-X
- v.- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hm-Wv- D-]m-ky-tZ-hs
- \-v- kvYm]n-p-I-bm--Wv- aq-mw- A-ym-b-n-se- G-I-J-Wv-U-n-eq-sS- sNp--Xv.9.- Om-tm-tKym-]-\n-j-v-:- km-a-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- Om-tm-tKym]-\n-jv.- km-am-\yw- Zo-L-am-b- D-]-\n-j-m-Wn-Xv.- F-v- Aymb--fn-embn- B-sI- \q-n-b]-n-\m-ev- J-Wv-U--fm-Wv- Omtm-Ky-n-ep-Xv.- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-n-em-Wv- an-- J-Wv-U--fp-ap-Xv.- B-Nm-cy-\pwin-jy\pw- X-n-epw- hn-hn-[- B-Nm-c-y-m- Xnepw- kw-hm-Z-- \-S-p-p.- D-j-kv-Xn,- ssc-Iz,- Pm-X-{ip-Xn,Ku-X-a,- k-Xy-Im-a,- D-]-tIm-k-e,- {]hm-l-W,- D-m-e-I-,tiz-Xt- I-Xp,- A-iz-]X
- n,- H-u]
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v- p-am-c,- \m-cZ- ,- {]Pm]-Xn,- C-{,- hn-tcm-N-\- F-n--s\- hy-Xy-kv-X- hyIv-Xn-I-sfp-dn-- ]-cm-a-i-- D-v- Cu- D-]-\n-j-n.H--\-h-[n- hn-j-b-- {]-Xn-]m-Zn--s-- _r-l-m-b- H-cpD-]-\n-j-m-Wv- Om-tm-tKym-]-\n-j--v.- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{Xmcm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c-m-cp-sS- bp--hpw- D-]m-k-\-I-fpw- b-Pv-R-bm-Km-ZnI--Im-Wv-U-fn- k-a--\m-bn-cp-- D-j-kv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-knam-b- I-Y-bp-sa-mw- Hmw- A-ym-b-n-ep-v.- "]-n-I-fp-sS- bm-Kn-s-d- I-Y'-bpw- H-mw- A-ym-b--n-em-Wp--Xv.- D-]m-k-\-Isfp-dn-- hn-i-Z-am-b- hn-h-cW---fm-Wv- c-m- A-ym-b-n-se- DS-w.- aq-mw- A-ym-b-n- B-Zn-tXym-]m-k-\-I-sf-p-dn-m-Wv{][-m-\-am-bpw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-n-cn-p--Xv.- Zm-\-io-e-\m-b- P-\-{ip-Xnbp-sS- I-Y-sIm-v- Xp-S-p-- \m-emw- Aym-b-n- {_-lv-a-hnZy-sb-bpw- A-Kv-\n-hn-Zy-sb-bpw-Ip-dn-- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I-fpw- a-v- tZhkvXp-Xn-a-{--fpw- A-S-n-bn-cn-p-p.- A-mw- A-ym-b-n-se{][m\- hn-j-bw- A-Kv-\n- D-]m-k-\-bm-Wv.- C-Xn-se- B-dmw- Aymbw- thZm-n-I-v- G--hpw- {]-[m-\-s--Xm-Wv.- th-Zm-- Z-i-\n-s-d- A-Sn--d-bm-b- "X-z-a-kn'1 F-- hm-Iyw- {]-k-vXm-hnnp-X
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133
""X-zw- A-kn''- F-v- Bh-n-n-cn-p-p.- D-m-e-I-s-d- tizX-tI-Xp-hn-t\m-Sp-- D-]tZ-i-am-Wv- Cu- A-ym-b-n-ep--Xv.- k\-X-vIp-am-c- \m-c-Z-kw-hm-Z-am-Wv- G-gmw- A-ym-b-n-se- hn-j-bw.th-Z--fn-epwim-kv-{X--fn-epw- ]m-Wv-Un-Xy-ap-m-bn-cp-- \m-cZ\vim-n- e-`n-p-n-.- A-n-s\- BX-v-a-Pv-Rm-\w- tX-Sn-smv- ZpxJ--fn-\n-pwap-Iv-X-am-Im\p-- am--- A-t\z-jn-p-I-bmWv- \m-c-Z.- ]-c-tem-I-s-bpw- ]p-\-P--s-bpw- Ip-dn-- hn-h-cW--fm-Wv- F-mw- A--ym-b-n- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D--Xv.10.- _r-l-Zm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-v-:- b-Pp-th-Zo-b-am-Wv- _rlZm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-v.- G--hpw- h-en-b- D-]-\n-j-m-b- C-XnB-sI- B-dv- A-ym-b--fm-Wp--Xv.- Hm-tcm- A--ym-b--sf-bpw{_m-lv-a-W--fm-bn- Xn-cn-n-cn-p-p.- H-pw- c-pw- A-ym-b-
fn- B-dv- ho-X-hpw- aq-mw- A--ym-b-n- H-]-Xpw- \m-emwAym-b
- n- B-dpw- A-mw- Aym-b
- n- ]-Xn-\
- pw- BdmwA--ym-b-n- A-pw- {_-m-l-va-W--fm-Wp-Xv.bm-Km-i-z-s-p-dn-- h--\-I-fpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-bp-sS- ]p-{Xm-cmb- tZ-h-m-cpw- A-kp-c-m-cpw- X-n-ep-- bp--n-s-d- hnhc-Wh
- p-am-Wv- H-mw- Aym-b
- n-s-d- D-S-
- w.- Km-Ky-\pw- APmX-i-{Xp-hpw- X-nepw- bm-Pv-R-h-Iy-\pw- k-z-`m-cy-bm-b- ssa-t{Xbnbpw- X-n-epap-- k-whm-Z
- f
- n-eq-sS- {_-lva
- P
- vR
- m-\
- n-s-d- Npcpfp-I- A-gn-s
- -Sp-Ib
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- n.- aq-pw- \mepwA-ym-b--fn- P-\-I- a-lm-cm-Pm-hn-s-d- b-Pv-R--sf-bpw- Atlw- \-Ip-- Zm-\
-- -sf-bpw- I-p-dn-m-Wv- {]-X-n-]m-Zn--s--Sp--Xv.{]-Pm-]-Xn- ]p{X-m-cm-b- tZ-hm-kp-c--m-cpw- a\p-jy-cpw- {_-lv-a-NcywB-N-cn-p-sIm-v- {_-lv-tam-]-tZ-iw- X-c-W-sa-v- Bh-iy-s--Xns-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n- A-t-lw- \-In-b- "Z'- F-- D-]-tZ-isp-dn-- N--bpwhn-hn-[- D-]m-k-\m-k-{-Zmb---sf-p-dn-- hn-h
c-W-hp-am-Wv- A-mw- A-ym-b-n-se- D--S-w.- {]m-W-s-d- DIr-jv-S-X-bpw- tiz-X-tI-Xp-hn-s-d-bpw {]-hm-l-W-s-d-bpw- kw-hmZhpw- ]-m-lv-\n- hn-Zy-sb-p-dn-- hn-h-c-W-hp-am-Wv- B-dmw- A-ymb-n-ep--Xv.D-]-\n-j-p-I- {_-lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-s-p-dn-- A-t\z-j-
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
134
WamWv- shfn-s-Sp-p--Xv.- G-I-hpw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-hp-am-b- ]-c-{_lv-a-s-p-dn-v,- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-\n-pw- ssI-am-dn- e-`n-- `m-c-Xo-ba-\-n-s-d- D-]-t_m-[- a\-kn-ep-m-bn-cp-- Nn--bm-Wv- D-]-\njp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\w.- AKm-[-am-b- X-Xzm-t\z-j-W-nsd]m-X-bm-Wv- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-eq-sS- Z-i-\o-`-hn-p--Xv.- ssZ-hn-It_m-[-\--fn- \n-p-- hn-izm-k--fp-sS- iIe-- D-]-\n-jp-I-fn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp-sa-n-epwim-iz-X- k-Xy-s--p-dn-hyIv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- Nn-{Xw- A-h-X-cn-n-p--X-nCh- ]-cm-P-b-s-SpI-bm-Wv- sN-p--Xv-.- D-]-\n-j-v- c-N-\m-Im-ep-m-bn-cp-- A-\v-[hnizm-k--fp-sS-bpw- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-fn-\nv- e-`n-v- X-e-ap-d-I-fn-eq-sS- ssI-am-dn-sb-n-b- G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-k-n-s-d-bpw,- kv-Y-e-Im-e---Xo-X-\-m-b- ssZ-hn-Im-kvXn-Xzn-s-d- s]m-cp-fp-tX-Sn-bp-- hy--am-b- A-t\z-j-W-nsd-bpw- k--e-\-amWv- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp-Xv.D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-eq-sS- sX-fn-p-h-cp-- k-Xym-t\z-j-WXrjv-W- Xo--bm-bpwhn-e-a-Xn--s-tS--Xm-Wv.- A-Xn-se- XXzhn-Nm-c- kw-hm-Z- H-cp- ]-cn[n-h-sc- A-\p-k-cn--s-tS--h-bp
am-Wv.- ]t,- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[-\-n-s-d- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n-e-msX-bp-,- ssZ-hn-I-m-kv-Xn-Xzn-s-d- A--a-dn-bm-\p-- A-t\zj-Ww- a-\p-jy-sc- hy-Iv-X-hpw- k-Xy-k-\v-[-hp-am-b- \n-K-a-\-n-sen-p-I-bn-s-m-Wv- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-se- {_lv-a-Pv-Rm-\-sp-dn-- ]-ck
- ]
v- c
- h
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v- a
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- v.- ""JpB,- ss_-_n,- Xu-dm-v- F-n-h- k-{i-w- ]-Tn-n-pw- i-anm-- B-[ym-Xv-an-I- Pv-Rm\-n-\p-th-n-bp-- Zm-lw- i-an-n
m- D-]-\n-j-p-I-m-Wv- I-gn--Xv''- F-- Zm-dm-jp-v-hm1bpsS- {]-kv-Xmh\- ]-e-tmgpw- D--cn--s-S-m-dp-v.- \q-n-sb-v- D-]\nj-p-I-fp-sSbpw- km-cw- H-cp- {]m-h-iy-sa-n-epw- hm-bn-p-hm-\pwZ-tim-]-\n-j-p-I-sf-p-dn-v- A-]w- hn-i-Z-am-bn-X-s- ]-Tn-phm-\pw- A-h-k-cw- e-`n-- hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv- Cu- te-J-I-.- Cu-bp-h-s-d- hn-\o-X-am-b- A-`n-{]m-b-n- Cu- ]-cm-a-i-w- A-]w- IS-- I-m-Wv.- hn-ip-- Jp-B-\n-se- G--hpw- sN-dn-b- kq-d-p-I1 ap-K- N-{I-h-n-bm-bn-cp-- jm-P-lm-s-d- aq-- ]p-{X.-
135
fn-sem-m-b- kq-d-p- C-Jv-em-kn-\v- X-p-y-am-bn,- ssZ-hm-kvXn-Xz-s-p-dn-- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kw-i-b-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- [m-c-W-bp-mp-- H-cpkq-Iv-X-sa-n-epw-- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-en-.- ssZ-hm-kv-XnXzn-s-d- k--sb-p-dn-v- kv-Y-e-Im-e-_-\v-[-\-n-ep-- a-\pjy-a-kv-Xn-jv-I-n-\v- a-\-n-emm- I-gn-bn-.- ssZ-hn-I-t_m-[\-fn-eq-sS- e-`y- a
- mIp - A-dn-hp-am-{X-sa- X-Zvh
- n-jb
- I
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- m-bn- kzoIcn-m- I-gn-bq.- Jp-B\
- n-s-db
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- n-j
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- p-sS-bpw- hyXymkw- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv- {]-I-S-am-Ip--Xv.- H-v- ssZ-h-n-- \n-pwt\-cn-p-- sh-fn-]m-Sm-sW-n- a-t-Xv- a-\p-jy-cp-sS- [n-jW
- - \Sp- A-t\z-j-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ]-cn-an-Xn-I-fp-m-hp-I- kzm`mhn-I-hp-am-Wv.-
136
3
th-Zmw-K-B-sd--am-Wv- th-Zmw-K-.- th-Z-- i-co-c-am-sW-nA-Xns- A-h-b-h-am-W-s{X- thZmw-K-.- th-Z-]-T-\-n-\vthZmwK- ]-T-\w- AXy-m-t]-n-X-am-sW-m-Wv- \n-b-aw.- th-ZmwK-- Zp--`-hpw- Zm-i-\-n-I- {]-[m-\-hp-a-m--Xn-\m- A-h-sbp-dn-- A-h-Km-V-am-b- ]-T-\-n-\v- Cu- te-J-I- ap-Xn-n-n-.F-nepw- ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--fn- {]-[m-\-s--Xm-b- th-Z--fpambn- _-\v-[ s--Xm-I-bm- G-I-tZ-i-am-b- hn-h-cWw- B-h-iy-amsW-v- tXmp-p.- in-,- I-w,- hym-I-c-W-w,- \n-cp-Iv-X-w,- tPymXnjw,- O--v-F-n-h-bm-Wv- th-Zmw-K-.th-Z-- F-n-s\- sNm--Ww- F-v- ]Tn-n-p-- th-ZmwKamWv- in-.- Hm-tcm- th-Z-n-\pw- A-Xn-t-d-Xm-b- D-m-c-W- co-XnI-fpw- in-I
- f
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pwin--I- hn-i-Z-am-bn- {]Xn-]-m-Zn-p-p.- bm-Pv-R-hm-vin-,- hm-kn-jv-To- in-,- Im-Xym-b-\o- in-,- ]-cm-i-co-in-,-
137
\m-c-Zo- in-,- iu-\-Io-b- in-,- Ku-X-ao- in,- ]m-Wn-\o-bin- F-n-h-bm-Wv- {]-[m-\- in--I.b-mK
-
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- q{X-s
- f,- {iu-Xk
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- w- ,- `m-cZ- zm-Pw- FnhbPp-th-Z-n-s-d-bpw- ssh-Xm-\-kq-{Xw,- Iu-in-I-kq-{Xw- FnhA-Y--th-Z-n-s-d-bpw- I-]kq{X{K-\v-Y--fm-Wvth-Z-sf-p-dn-v- a-\-n-em--W-sa-n- hym-I-c-Ww- ]Tn
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p-- thZmw-K-am-Wv- tPym-Xn-jw.- G--hpw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-am-b- tP-ymXn-j-{K-\v-Y-am-b- tPymXn-j- th-Zmw-K-n- E-tKz-Z-n-seap-nbm-dv- tm-I
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th-Z-kq-Iv-X--fn- {]-tbm-Kn-n-cn-p-- hr---sf-pdnmWv- O--v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p--Xv.- ]nw-K-f-s-d- O--kq-{X--
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
138
fmWv- B-[n-Im-cn-I-am-b- O--v.th-ZmwK-- Ign-m- th-Z--fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-- a-v{K-\v-Y--fm-Wv- D-]-th-Z-.- B-bp-t-Zw,- [-\p-t-Zw- F-n-h{]-kn---fWv.- Hm-tcm-tcm- th-Zhp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-- D-]-th-Z-sf-p-dn-v- A-Xm-Xv- th-Z-kw-ln-X-I-sf-p-dn-v- ]-d-n-S-v- {]-Xn]m-Zn-n-p-v.-
139
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
140
am-Wv- ]p-cm-Ws
- a-m-W1v- O-tmtKym-]\
- n-j
- n-s-d- ]-w.- _rlZm-c-Wy-tIm-]-\n-j-Xv-`m-jy-n- "{io i--c- `-Kv-h-Zv-]m-Z-'- ]dbpp.- ""\-\-- hn-d-In- Xo-]nSn-m- A-hn-S-hn-sS-bm-bn- ]-p-I-psIm-n-cn-p-- am-Xn-cn- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s-d- \n-izm-k-n-\n-vE-tKz-Zw,- b-Pp-th-Zw,- km-a-th-Zw,- A-Y-mw-Kn-c-v,- C-Xnlm-kw,]p-cm-Ww,- hn-Zy,- D-]-\n-j-v,- tm-Iw,- kq-{Xw,- hym-Jym-t\m-]mJym\-- F-n-h- D---am-bn.- C-h-sb-mw- A-Xn-s-d- \n-izm-kamWv''2.-
6
]p-cm-W-th-Z-hpw- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-- {K-\v-Y--fpw- {]-Zm-\wsNp- B-i-b-- km-[m-c-W-m-v- a-\-n-e-m-Ip-- cq-]n- B-hn-jv--cn--Xm-Wv- ]p-cm-W-.- th-tZm-]-\n-j-p-It]m-se-X-s- ssl--h- AS-n-kv-Ym-\- {K-\v-Y--fn-s--Xm-Wv]pcmW-.- Zp-{K-l-am-b- th-Z-X-z--v- k-c-f-am-b- I-Y-\-fn-eq-sS- hym-Jym-\w- \-S-p-I-bm-Wv- ]pcm-W-- sN-p--Xv.]p-cm-W-sa-- ]-Z-n-\w- ]-g-b-Xv- F-mWv.- hn-izm-km-Nm-c
-fpw- N-cn-{X-I-Y-\--fpw- C-S-I-e-n--d-bp-- ]-g-b- {K\v-Y-fm-Wv- km-t-Xn-I-am-bn- ]p-cm-W-.- th-Z-{]-Xn-]m-Zn-X-am-bIYIfpsS- hn-kv-Xr-X- cq-]-n-\v- ]p-d-sa- Nn-e- `m-hn-{]-h-N-\-fpw]pcm-W--fn-ep-v.th-Z--fpw- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fpw- a-pw- ]p-cm-W--sf- k-Xy-kmy-s-Sp-p--Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""bPv-R-n-s-d- ^
-- e-am-bn- th-Z-tfm-sSmw- D-m-b-Xm-Wv- C-Xn-lm-k-hpw- ]p-cm-W-hp-sa-m-Wv''1
A-Y--h-th-Zw- ]-dbp-Xv.- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cm-W-- th-Zw- X-s- Y
- {- _m-lva
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1.- E-N-km-am-\n-O-mw-kn- ]p-cm-Ww- b-Pp-jm-h-lv-A-Y-- th-Zw- 15:-6:-4
2.- ]p-cm-Ww- th-Zx- tkm- f- b-an-Xn-i-X-]-Y{_m-lv-a-Ww,- 13413.-
F-m,- th-Z--sm-w- {]-[m-\-sa-v- {]-Xn-]-m-Zn--s]pcm-W-- A-kzo-Im-cy-am-sW-pw- ]p-cm-W- I-Y-I- km-n-Iw- am-{X-am-sW-p-am-Wv- B-[p-\n-I-cm-b- Nn-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-mcpsS- ]-w.- {io.- Fkv.- Kp-]v-X- \m-b- F-gp-Xp-p-:- "th-Zm-wh-f-sm-Sn-v- \-p-sS- ]q-nI- ]m-a-c-m-v- \-In-b- k--I-Y-I-fm-Wv- ]p-cmW--fmbn-o-Xv.- hm-a-\- aq--Sn-sIm-vaq-hp-e-I-w- A-f--Xpw,-- C-{- A-l-y-sb- {]m]n--Xpw- a-pw- th-Za-{--fp-sS- hn-e--W-{]m-b-am-b- cq-]m--c-a-m-Wv.''3.- Bcy-k-amPkv-Ym-]-I-\m-b- kzm-an- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn-bpw- ]p-cm-W--fp-sSB-[n-Im-cn-I-X-sb- \n-tj-[n-n-cp-p.C-tm- e-`y-am-b- ]p-cm-W
- f
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141
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
m- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W- kw-ln-Xs

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cpsS- N-cn-{X-hp-am-Wv- hw-im-\p-N-cn-Xw.- C-h- A-s--am-Wv.- ]pcmW- e--W--sf-v- ]-d-bp-tm- A--am-p--Xv,- C-h-bm-Wv]p-cm-W--fp-sS- s]mXp-hm-b- D--S--sa-m-Wv.- C-h- Iq-Sm-sXbpw]-e- Im-c-y--fpw- ]p-cm-W-fp-sm-p-p-v.-
B-[p-\n-I- ]-WvU
- n-X
- m-cn- ]-e-pw- ]p-cm-W
- - AkzoIm-cy-am-sW-v- ]-d--tm.- A-Xn-se- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b--fm-b- IYI-tfm- P\-Io-b-am-b- ssi-en-tbm- am-{X-am-tWm- Cu- A-kzo-Im-cyX-v- Im-c-Ww.- BsW-v- ]-d-bp-I-h-.- th-Z--fpw- D-]-\n-j-pI-fpw- {_m-lv-a-W--fp-sa-mw- A-hn-iz-k-\o-b-am-b- I-Y-I- Dsm-p-p-v.- cm-a-N-cn-X-hpw- Ir-jv-W-N-cn-X-hp-sa-mw- A--cwI-Y-I-fn-\n-v- ap-Iv-X-am-sW-v- ]-d-bp-I-h-.- F-n-pw,- C-h-sbmw- {]-am-W-am-bnkzo-I-cn-p--h- ]p-cm-W--sf- ]p-dw-X-p-Xn-s-d- Hu-Nn-Xyw- a-\-n-em-Ip-n-.- hn-Pv-Rm-\hpw- tam-hpw{_m-lv-a-W-cn-am-{Xw- tI-{o-I-cn--W-sa-- Nn--bm-tWm- km[mc-W
- m-p-t]m-epw- a-\
- n-em-Ip-- ]pcm-W
- - A-kzo-Im-cyfm-sW-v- ]-d-bp--Xn-\v- ]n-n-ep--Xv?- A-X-,- ]p-cm-W--fn]-eXn-epw- \-S-n-bn-cn-p-- {]-h-N-\-- X--v- A-\n-jv-SI-c-am-b-Xn-\m-emtWm?- F-p-X-s-bm-bn-cp-m-epw- th-Z--fnt]-sc-Sp- p-] -d-- ]p-c m-W -s f- ]m- sS- \n- t j- [ n- p- - X v sslh- Z-i-\tm-Sv- sN-p- A-\o-Xn-bm-Wv.]p-cm-W--v- ]--e---fm-Wp--sX-m-Wv- B-dmw\q-m-n - Po-hn-n-cp-- A-ac
- k
- nw-l- X-s-d- A-ac
- t- Im-i
- n{]-kv-Xm-hn-n-cn-p--Xv.- k-w,- {]-Xn-k-w,- hw-iw,- a-\-z--cw,hw-im-\p-N-cn-Xw- Fn-h-b-s{X- A-Xv.- {]-]--kr-jv-Sn,- {]-]-Im-c-Ww,- {]-]-- ]-cn-Wm-aw- Fn-h-bm-Wv- k-Kw-sIm-p-hn-h-.- Hm-tcm- I-m--n-ep-ap-m-Ip-- {]-f-b-tm-Sp-Iq-Snbp-m-hp-- {]-]--\m-i-n-\p-ti-j-ap-- ]p-\x-kr-jv-Sn-bm-Wv{]Xn-k-w.- tZ-h-m,- A-kp-c-m,- b--m,- cm-k-m,In--c-m,- a-\p-jy- Xp-S-n-b-h-cp-sS- Po-h-hw-i-am-Wv- hw-iw-sImv- D-t-in-p--Xv.- {]-]--s- `-cn-p-- B-sI- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\p-fn-- H-cm-fp-sS- {]-]--`-c-W-Im-e-am-Wv- a-\z--cw.- k-z-bw`q-ha\p
-ap-X-v- a-\p--fn-\n-v- cm-Pm--m-cp-sS- D--n-bpw- A-h1. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. II Page 34.
142
-]p-cm-W-- c-Nn--Xv- th-Z-h-ym-k-\m-sW-m-Wv- {]amW

- ]d-bp--Xv.- h-f-sc- Zo-L-am-b- H-cp- Im-e-b-f-hn-\p-n- cq]s-- ]p-cm-W--fp-sS- I-r-Xzw- H-scm-- hy-Iv-Xn-bn- B-tcm-]np--Xv- i-cn-bm-sWv- tXm-p-n-.- th-Z--pw- ]pc-m-W-fn- Hmtcm-n-\p-sa-mw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hym-k-m- D-m-bn-cp-psh-v- I-cp-Xp--Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-- hn-izm-k-m-cm-Wv- B-[p-\n-I]-Wv-Un-X-m-cn- an--h-cpw.- {]-K-`-\m-b- ]n.hn.- Im-sW-1 ]pcmW-fp-sS- k-am-lm-c- Im-e-s- A-p- L---fm-bn- hn-`-Pn-n-cnp-p.- A-Y--th-Z-n-epw- i-X-]-Y- {_m-lv-a-W-n-epw- D-]-\njp-I-fn-epw- {]-Xn-]m-Zn--s]-- ]p-cm-W--fp-sS- Im-e-am-Wv- H-ma-s-L-w.- Cu- ]p-cm-W--sf-p-dn-v- \-ap-v- C-v- H-cp- hn-h-c-hpan-.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-W-a-S-w- aq-n- Ip-d-bm-- ]p-cm-W-\n-e-hn-h-- Im-e-am-Wv- c-mw-L-w.- C-Xv- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\v- ap-v\m-epw- A-pw- \q-m-p-I-n-S-bn-em-Wv- \-S--Xv.- a-lm-`m-c-Xn-epw- kv-ar-Xn-I-fn-epw- a-pw- D--cn--s-- ]p-cm-W--fp-sS- cN\\-S-- Im-e-am-Wv- aq-mw-L-w.- a-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-w,{_-lv-amWv-U-]p-cm-Ww- F-n-h- c-Nn--s-- Cu- L-w- {In-kv-Xphn-\-pti-jw- c-p-w- aq-pw- \q-m-p-I-n-S-bn-em-Wv.- {]-[m-\s-- a-lm-]p-cm-W--sf-mw- t{Im-Uo-I-cn--s-- {In-kv-Xp-hn-\-pti-jw- A-p-w- H-]X
- pw- \q-m-p-I-n-Sb
- n-ep-- Im-eL
- amWv\m- e mw- L - w.- ]p- c m- W - k m- l n- X y- - f p- s S- ]- c n- W m- a - n- s - d AyL-w- D-]-]p-cm-W--fp-sS- t{Im-Uo-I-c-W- k-a-b-am-b- {InkvXp-hn-\p-ti-jw- Ggpw- ]-Xn-aq-pw- \q-m-p-I-n-Sb
- n-em-Wv.- {InkvXp-hn-\v- \m-ev- \q-m-p-I-v- ap-s-n-epw- B-cw-`-n-- ]pcm-WcN-\- k-am-]n-p--Xv- {Inkv-Xphn-\v- ]-Xn-aq-v- \q-m-p-I-vti-j-am-sW--w.- C-{X-bpw-Im-ew- "hym-k'- Po-hn-n-cp-p-shv- Du-ln-p-I- h-.- A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv,- B[p-\n-I- ]-Wv-Un-X-m1 P.V. Kane: History of Dharmasastra volume 2, Page, 853-855.
143
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
]p-cm-W--tm-tcm-n-\pw- {]-tXy-I- hymk-m-cm-sW-- \n-Ka-\-n-se-n-t-cp--Xv.-
D-]]
- p-cm-W
- f
- pw- ]-Xn-s\-m-sW-v- s]m-Xp-hm-bn- ]-db
- s
- Spp-sh-n-epw- A-Xv- G-sX-m-am-sW-- Im-cy-n-ep-ap-v- A-`n-{]mb-hy-Xym-k-.- k-\-Ip-am-cw,- \m-c-Z-knw-lw,- \m-c-Zo-bw,- inhw,Zu-hm-k-kw,- Im-]n-ew,- hm-a-\w,- Hu-j-\-kw,- \-n-tI-iz-cw,- hmcpWw-,- Imfn-Iw,- a-tl-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- ku-cw,- ]-m-cm-i-cyw,- I-n,a-m-co-Nw,- `m-K-hw- F-n-h-bm-Wv- Iq--]p-cm-W-{]-Im-c-ap-D-]-]p-cm-W-.- F-m- _r-l-Zv-[-- ]p-cm-W-n- sIm-Spn-cn-p-- D-]-]p-cm-W--fp-sS- ]-n-I- CXn-\n-pw- h-f-schyXy-kv-X-am-Wv.- B-Zn,- B-Zn-Xyw,- _r-l-m-c-Zo-bw,- \m-c Zo-bw,\-n-tI-iz-cw,- _r-l--n-tI-iz-cw,- kmw-_w,- {In-bm-tbm-K-km-cw,Imfn-Iw,- [-w-,- hn-jv-Wp-[-tm--cw,- in-h-[-w,- hn-jvWp[-w,- hm-a-\w,- hm-cp-W-w,- \-c-knw-lw,- `m-K-hw,- _r-l-Zv-[-wF-n-h-bm-Wh.-
]p-cm-W-- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- c-m-bm-Wv- hn-`-Pn--s-n-cnp-Xv.- a-lm-]p-cm-W--fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W--fpw.- C-h-sb--s{Xn-aq-n-]-c-ambn- hn-`-Pn-m-dp-v.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-hF-n-h-cm-W-tm- {Xn-aq-n-I.- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d- a-ln-a- hn-h-cnp-- ]p-cm-W--sf- {_-lv-a-]pcm-W--sf-pwhn-jv-Wp-hn-s-da-ln-a- D-b-n-n-Sn-p--h-sb- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W--sf-pwin-h- a-lX
- zw- hn-iZ- o-Icn-p-h
- s
- b- ssi-h]
- p-cm-W
- s
- f-pw- hnfnp-p.- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h- F-n-h- bYm-{I-aw- c-P-kv,k-Xzw,- X-a-kv- F-o- Kp-W--fp--h-cm-I-bm- {_-lv a-]p-cm-W-sf- cm-P-k- ]p-cm-W--sf-pw- ssh-jv-W-h- ]p-cm-W--sfkmXzn-I-]p-cm-W--sf-pw- ssi-h-]p-cm-W--sf- Xm-a-k-]p-cm-W-sfpw- hn-fn-m-dp-v.- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W--fn- B-sd-wcm-P-k-hpw- B-sd-w- Xm-a-k-hpw- B-sd-w- km-Xzn-I-hp-am-Wv.]-Xn-s\-v- a-lm-]p-cm-W--fpw- ]-Xn-s\-v- D-]-]p-cm-W--fpam-Wp--sX-- Im-cyw- H-cp-hn-[w- F-m-h-cpw- k--Xn-p-p-sh-Xv- t\-cm-Wv.- ]t,- G-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]-Xn-s\-v- ]p-cm-W--sf-Im-cy-n- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-- \n-e-\n-p-p-v-.- s]mXpsh- C-v- Aw-Ko-I-cn--s-n-cn-p--Xv- tZ-ho-`m-K-h-X-n-se- ]-nI-bm-Wv.- A-Xn-s
- \-bm-Wv:- a-ky-]p-cm-Ww,- am-W
- tv- U-b- ]pcmWw,- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww,- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- {_lvam-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww,- {_-lv-ssa-- h--]pc-m-Ww,- hojv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww,h-cm-l- ]p-cm-Ww,- hm-bp-]pcm-W-w,- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww,- A-Kv-\n-]p-cmWw,- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-Ww,- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww,- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww,- Km-cp-V]p-cm-Ww,- Iq-]
- p-cm-Ww,- kvI
-
- ]
- p-cm-Ww.- hn-jvW
- p-]p-cm-W
- nsIm-Sp-n-cn-p-- ]p-cm-W- ]-n-I-bn- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-hn-v- ]-Icwinh-]p-cm-W-am-Wv- tN-n-cn-p--Xv.- Iq--]p-cm-W-n-se- ]nI-{]-Im-cw- A-Kv-\n-]p-cm-W-n-\p-]-I-cw- hm-b-p-]p-cm-W-a-m-Wp--Xv.h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-n-se- ]-n-I-bn- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-W-hpw- {_-lv-amWv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- hn-v- ]-I-cw- hm-bp-]p-cm-W-hpw- \-c-knw-l-]p-cmWhp-am-Wv- tN-n-cn-p-Xv.-
144
]p-cm-W--fp-sS- Im-cy-n-ep-- Cu- A-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-kwImWn-p--sX-m-Wv?- ]p-cm-W--fn- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-n-t--s-Xpw- a-p- Nneh- \-jvS- s
- -Sp-s
- -X
- p-am-sW-- h-kvX
- p-XbmsX
asmpa. `mcX- hn-PvR-m-\- tIm-iw- F-gp-Xp-p-:- ""]-p-cm-W-fp-sS- F-w- ]-Xn-s\-v- F-v- a-lm-]p-cm-W-fp-sS- Im-cy-n-embm-epw- D-]-]p-cm-W--fps-S- Im-cy-n-em-bm-epw- D-d--n-p-]-d-bppv F--h-cpw.- F-m- A-h- G-sXm-s- F-- Im-cy-nA-`n-{]m-b-hy-Xym-k-- D-v.- ]p-cm-W--fp-sS- Iq--n- Xn-cpIn--b--epw- Du-cn--f-b-epw- \-S-n-p-s-v- Np-cp--w-'-'1.- alm-]pcm-W--fp-sS-bpw- D-]-]p-cm-W--fp-sS-bpw- F--n-ep-- ]-c-kv]-c- hy-Xym-kw- Im-Wn-p-X
- v- ]-Xn-s\-n-e[
- n-Iw- ]p-cm-W
- f
- pmbn-cp-p-sh-m-sW-v- hm-Zn-p-- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-v.- \m--nA-n-]cw- a-lm-]p-cm-W--fpw- \q-dn-]-cw- D-]-]p-cm-W--fp-aps-v- kv-Ym-]n-p-h-cp-ap-v.- B.-kn.- l-{k- X-s-d- ""D-]]p-cm-W--sf-p-dn-- ]-T\''2 F-- {K-\v-Y-n- \q-dn-cw- D-]-]p-cm-W--sf-p-dn-v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-ppv.-
1. `mcXhnPvRm\tImiw hmeyw 2 t]Pv 259

2. R.C. Hazra: Studies in the Upapuranas.
145
A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W--sf- \-ap-sm-v- ]-cn-N-b-s-Smw.1.- a-ky-]p-cm-Ww-:- G--hpw- ]-g--ap-- ]p-cm-Ww- C-XmsW-mWv- hn-iz-kn--s-Sp--Xv.- 290 Aym-b--fp-- C-XnB-sI- 14000 tm-I--fm-Wp--Xv.- a--kym-h-X-c- I-Y-I-fpw,- Zm-\
[-m-Zn-\n-b-a--fp-am-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-Xn-]m-Zyw.2.- am--Wv-tU-b- ]p-cm-Ww-:- B-sI- 9000 tm-I--fp-mbn-cn-t-- Cu- ]p-cm-W-n- C-v- 6900 tm-I-- am-{X-amWp--Xv.- 2100 tm-I-- \-jv-S-s-n-cn-p-p.- {io-Ir-jv-W-s-d_m-ey-eo-e-I-fpw- {_lv-am-Wv-U-s-p-dn-- I-Y-I-fpw- k-Zm-Nm-cs-p-dn-- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W--fp-am-Wv- C-Xn-ep--Xv.3.- `m-K-h-X-]p-cm-Ww-:- G--hpw- {]-Nm-c-ap-- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv`m-K-hXw.- e--W-sam-- G-I- ]p-cm-W-hpw- `m-K-h-X-am-sW-v]d-b-s-Spp.- ]-{v- kv-I-\v-[--fn-em-bn- 335 A-ym-b--fpw14073 tm-I--fp-apn-Xn.- G-Xm-\pw- K-Zy-tm-I--fp-sn-epw`q-cn-`m-K-hpw- ]-Zytm-I-- X-s-bm-Wv.- a-lm-h-njv-Wp-hn-s-dZ-im-h-Xm-c-I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- ]ivNm--ew.- A-h-Xm-c--fnIr-jv-W-\v- Iq-Sp-X- {]m-[m-\yw- \-In-bncnpp.- {io-a-lm-`m-c
X-n-s-d- \m-en-sem-n-e-[n-Iw- h-en--ap-- Z-i-a-kv-I\v-[--nIr-jv-W-eo-e-I-fm-Wv- {]-[-m-\-am-bpw- D--Xv.4.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww-:- `m-hn-Im-e-s-p-dn-- {]-h-N-\--f-Sn-b- ]p-cm-Wa
- m-Wn-Xv.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww-- ]q-c
- q-]
- n- C-tme-`y-a-.- e`y-am-b- {K-\vY-n-s-d- ]q-m--n- 141 A-ym-bhpw- D-cm--n- 171 A-ym-b-hp-am-Wp--Xv-.- B-sI- ]-Xn-\mem-bn-c-tm-fw- tmI--fp-v.- kq-c-y- a-\p-hn-t\m-Sv- kw-km-cnp- c-q-]-n-em-Wv- ]p-cm-Ww- c-Nn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.- kq-cy,- AKv\n,- \m-K-- F-n-h-bp-sS- B-cm[-\-sb-p-dn-v- {]-Xn-]m-Zn-p`-hn-jy-]p-cm-W-n- \nch[n {]-h-N-\-fp-ap-v.5.- {_-lv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-Zn-]p-cm-W-sa-pwhn-fn--s-Sp-{_-lva-]p-cm-W-n- 245 A--ym-b--fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-aq-m-bn-cwtm-I--fm-Wp-Xv.- k-K-{]-{In-b,- tZ-hm-kp-c-m-cp-sS- P--I-Y,kq-cy- N
- {- -hw-i
- ,- kz-w- ,- \-cI
- w,- ]m-Xm-fw- F-n-hs
- b-pdnsmw- Cu- ]p-cm-W-n- hn-h-cn-p-p-v.-
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
146
6.- {_-lv-am-Wv-U-]p-cm-Ww-:- C-Xn- ]-{-m-bn-cwtm-Ifm-Wp-X

- v.- ]p-Wy-kvY
- e
-
- s
- f-bpw- ]p-Wym-Xva
- m-s
- f-bpw- hm-gvp- kqIv-X--fm-Wv- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- C-Xn-ep--Xv.- B-ym-Xv-a- cmamb-Ww- Cu- ]pcm-W-n-s-d- `m-K-am-bn-m-W- v- I-cp-X-s-Sp--Xv.- cma\n-eq-sS-bp-- tam--am-Wv- B-ym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-W-n-se- hn-jbw.{_-lv-am-Wv-U-]p-cm-W-hpw- ]q--am-bn- C-v- e-`y-a-.7.- {_-lvs
- sa-h-]
- p-cm-Ww- :- - \m-ev- Im-WvU
-
- f
- n-em-bn- ]Xns\m-bn-cwtm-I
- f
- m-Wv- C-Xn-ep-X
- v.- {_-lva
- m-hn-s-d- hn-h(]cn-Wmaw)-am-Wv- {]-]--sa--Xm-Wv- C-Xn-seap-Jy- {]-Xn-]mZyw.A-h-km-\-s- ImWv-U-n- Ir-jv-W-eo-e-I-fpw- a-pwhn-h-cnpp-v.- km-hn-{Xn,- kp-c-`n,- Im--ho-cy,- ]-c-ip-cm-a-- F-n-hcp-sS- I-Y-I-fp-ap-v- Cu- ]p-cm-Wn.8.- hn-j-vWp-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]p-cm-Wc-Xv-\-sa-v- hn-fn--s-Sp-Cu- ]p-cm-W-n-\m-Wv- G--hpw- ]-g--sa-v- hm-Zn-p--h-cp-v.B-dv- Aw-i--fn-em-bn- C-cp-]-n-aq-m-bn-cwtm-I--fm-Wn-Xnep--Xv.- G-gm-bn-cwtm-I--fp-- hn-jv-Wp-[--tm--c- J-WvUsa-- Hcp- Aw-iw-Iq-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-p- C-Xn-se-pw- A-Xv- \-jv-Ss--Xm-bn-cn-m-\n-S-bp-s-pw- hniz-kn--s-Sp-p.- hn-jv-Wp-hn
s-d- ]-v- A-h-Xm-c--sf-p-dn-pw- CXn- ]-cm-a-in-p-p-sn-epw- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-n-\m-Wv- {]m-[m-\yw- sI-m-Sp-n-cn-p-Xv.9.- h-cm-l-]p-cm-Ww-:- 218 A-ym-b--fpw- 24000 tm-I--fpam-Wv- h-cm-l- ]p-cm-W-n- D-m-bn-cn-t--Xv.- ]t,- C-tme-`n-p-- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-n- 10000 tm-I--tf-bp-q.- ]-Xn\mem-bn-cwtm-I-- Im-Wm-\n-.- h-cm-lm-h-Xm-c-s-p-dn-- h-\-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn- Iq-Sp-X-em-bpap--Xv.- `-K-h-Xv-Ko-X-bp-sS- amlmXv-ay-s-p-dn-pw- ]-cm-a-i-n--s--n-cn-p-p.10.- hm-bp-]p-cm-Ww-:- hm-bp-`-K-hm- ]-d-- ]-p-cm-W-am-WnsX-mWv- hn-izm-kw.- ]-Xn-\m-em-bn-cwtm-I--fm-Wn-Xn-ep-Xv.in-h-kv-Xp-Xn-I-fmWv- C-Xn- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D--Xv.11.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Ww-:- 95 A-ym-b--fn-em-bn- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cwtm-I-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-n-ep--Xv.- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-dFm- A-h-Xm-c--sf-p-dn-pw- ]-d-bp-p-s-n-epw- hm-a-\m-h-Xm-
147
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
c-n-\v- {]-tXy-I- {]m[m-\yw- \-In-bn-cn-p-p.- hm-a-\-]p-cm-Wn-\pw- h-cm-l-]p-cm-W-n\pw- D--S--n- km-Zr-iy-ap-v.-
a-kw-ln-X- am-{X-sa- C-tm- e-`n-p-p-q.- Iq--]p-cm-W-Xn17000 tm-I--fp-m-bn-cn--W-sa-n-epw- C-v- 6000 tm-I-am-{X-sa- In-m-\p-q.-
12.- A-K\
v- n-]p-cm-Ww-:- A-K\
v- n-`K
- h
- m- h-kn-jT
v- a
- l
- -jn-tbmSp]d- D-]-tZ-i--fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-ap-sm-p--sX-v- hnikn-s-Sp-p.- ap-q-n- F-]-n-aq-v- A-ym-b--fn-em-bn- ]Xn\-m-bn-c-n--cwtm-I--fp-v-cm-a-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c--sf-pdn-pwin-he
- nwK-s-p-dn-pw- Zp-K
- m-tZ-hn-sb-
- n-bp-sa-mw- CXn]cm-a-i--fp-v.
13.- \m-cZ- o-b- ]pcm-Ww-:- \m-cZ- - k-\-Ip-am-ct- \m-Sv- ]-dbpIY-bp-sS- cq-]-n-em-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-Ww.- B-sI- 207 A-ym-b--fnem-bn- Ccp]-n- A-m-bn-cwtm-I-- C-Xn- D-m-bn-cn-W-sa-n-epw- C-v- e`np-- \m-c-Zo-b- ]p-cm-W-n- 18110 tmI--tf-bp-q.- 6890 tmI-- Im-Wm-\n-.14.- ]-Xv-a-]p-cm-Ww-:- B-dv- Im-Wv-U--fn-em-bn- A-]-nAmbn-cwtm-I--fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep--Xv.- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d- C-cn-nS-am-b- ]-Xv-a-s-p-dn-v- hn-h-cn-p--Xn-\m-em-Wv- C-Xn-\v- ]-Xv-a]p-cm-W-sa-v- t]-cv- e-`n-Xv.- ]-{-v- am-k--fp-sS- {]m-[m-\ys-p-dn-pw- c-Lp-hw-i-cm-a-s-d bpw- i-Ip--f-bp-sS-bpw- I-Y-Isf--n-bpw- C-Xn- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-n-cn-p-p.
15.- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww-:- ]-Xn-s\m-m-bn-cwtm-I--fm-Wv- CnXn-ep--Xv.- Cu-im-\-I--I-Y-I-fm-Wv- C-Xn-se- D--S-w.- C-ve-`n-p-- enw-K-]p-cm-Ww- k-q--a-s-v- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-v.16.- Km-cp-V-]p-cm-Ww-:- a-lm-h-n-jv-Wp- K-cp-V-\v- D-]-tZ-in-Xm-Wv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-sa-m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- 279 A-ym-b--fn-em-bn18000 tm-I--fm-Wv- C-Xn-ep-m-bn-cn-t--sX-n-epw- C-v- e-`np-- {K-\v-Y-n- 11000 tm-I--tf-bp-q.- K-cp-V-s-d- D-n-bm-Wv- C-Xn-se- {]-[m-\- {]-Xn-]-m-Zyw.- D--tc-y-bn-se- lnp- a-c-Wm-\--c- I--- \Sp-tm- ]m-cm-b-Ww- sN-p-Xv- Cu- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv.17.- Iq--]p-cm-Ww-:- Iq--aq-n- ]m-Xm-f-n-sh-v- C{Zyp-av-\-s-d- I-Y- ]-d-bp-- Iq--n-- D-]-tZ-in-p--Xm-Wv- Iq-]p-cm-Ws
- a-m-Wv- hn-izm-kw- .- C-Xn-s-d- \m-ev- kw-ln-XI
- f
- n- {_lv-
148
18.- kv-I--]p-cm-Ww-:- G--hpw- h-en--ta-dn-b- ]p-cm-W-am-WnXv.81100 tm-I--fm-Wn-Xn-ep--Xv.- {io- kp-{_-lv-a-Wy-eo-e-I-fpw- Xo

m-S\
- - kvYe
-
- f
- p-sS- am-lm-Xa
v- y-f
- pw- A-S
- n-bn-cn-p-- CXn,a-v- ]p-cm-W--fn-se- I-Y-I-fp-sS- kw-{K-l-hp-ap-sm-p-p.B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bp-sS- cq-]tam- A-Xn-e-S-p-- Bibtam- F-s-v- \-ap--dn-p-Iq-S.- A-Xn-\m- A-Xpw- C-v- e-`np-- ]p-cmW--fpw- Xn- H-p-t\m-n,- B-Zn-a- ]p-cm-W-k-wln-X-tbm-Sv- A-jv-Sm-Z-i- ]p-cm-W--fpw- D-]-]p-cm-W--fpw- F-{Xtm-fw- \o-Xn-]p-e-p-p-shv- ]-d-bm- \-ap-v- I-gn-bn-.- thZ-f
- n-epw- D-]\
- n-j
- p-If
- n-epw- a-pw- {]Xn-]Z- n-s
- -n-cn-p-- ]pcmW-n-s-d- ]q-- cq-]w- C-v- e-`y-a-s-v- am-{X-a-- A-Xv- F-ns\-bm-sW-v- Du-ln-m-t]m-epw- C-v- \-ap-v- km-[y-a-.- A-Xve-`y-am-Ip-Ib
- m-sW-n- ssl-h
- Z- -i\
-
- n-s-d- ASnkvYm-\i
- neIfn-te-v- sh-fn-w- ho-im- ]-cym-]X
v- a
- m-Ip-sa-v- \mw- {]Xyminp-I.B-Zn-a-]p-cm-W-kw-ln-X-bn-\n-- v- F-gp-s-Sp-X-s--h-bmsWv- A-\p-am-\n--s-Sp-- A-jv-Sm-Z-i-]p-cm-W--fn-\n-p
X-s- Ip-sd- `m-K--fpw- tm-I--fpw- \-jv-S-s--Xm-bn- \mw- Ip.C-v- A-h-ti-jn-p-- `m-K-p-X-s- ssl--h- ]-Wv-Un-X-mvA-\n-jv-S-I-c-am-b- {]kv-Xm-h-\-I-fp--Xn-\m- ]p-cm-W--sf- ]msS\n-tj-[n-p-I-bm-Wv- H-cp hn`mKw- sN-p--Xv.- e-`n-t-- a-v- `mK- Iq-Sn- e-`y-am-bm- Cu- "A-\n-jv-Sw'- h-n--p-I-tb-bp-qshv- \-ap-q-ln-mw.- B-Zy-Im-e- ]WvU
- n-X
- m-p-Xs
- - "A-\njvS'I-c-am-b- `m-K--fm-bn-cn-mw- A-h- ]p-cm-W--fn-\n-v- a-d-psh-Xv.- X--fp-sS- C-O-pw- ]m-c--cy- hn-izm-k--pw- B-am-ibn-\pw- "A-\n-jv-S-I-c'--fm-b- `m-K-- A-h- a-dp-sh-p-Ikzm`m-hn-I-am-Wv.- Cu- "\-jv-S-s-S'- \-S--Xv-t_m-[-]q--am-Im\m-Wv- km-[y-Xs
- b--w.- ]p-cm-W
- - P\--v- a-\
- n-emIp- `m-j-bn-em-sW--Xn-\m- Cu- a-d-p-sh-s-- `m-K-- ]pcmW-f
- n-ep-m-hp-X
- v- `m-hn-bn- A-]I
- S-f
- p-m-p-sa-v- Aha-\n-em-n-bn-cn--Ww.-
149
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
150
{X-s-p-dn-v- \-ap-v- e-`n-p- hn-hc

- w- a-lm-`m-cX
- w- im-n- ]n-se- 59mw- A-ym-b-n-\n-mWv.- Cu- Z-Wv-U- \o-Xn-im-kv
{X-tam- A-Xn-s-d- G-sX-n-epw- `m-K--tfm- C-v- In-m-\n-.-
7
kv-ar-Xn-I"ipXn'-sb- B-kv-]-Z-am-n- c-Nn--s-- E-jn-t{]m-Iv-X- h-N\-fmWv- kv-ar-Xn-I.- Cu- A--n- th-Zmw-K-,- C-Xnlmk-,- ]p-cmW ,- \o-Xn-im-kv-{Xw- F-n-h-sb-mw- kv-ar-XnI-fn- D-s-Spw.- P-\-fp sS Im-n-I- Im-cy--fpwcm-jv-{So-b\n-b-a--fpw- Ip-Spw-_- {]-iv-\-fpw- km-aq-lym-Nm-c--fpw- hn-h-cnp-- [-i
- m-k{v- X-am-Wv- {]-tXy-Ia
- m-bn- kva
- r-Xn-I- F-- t]cnA-dn-b-s--Sp--Xv.- {ip-Xn-sb- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-amn- c-Nn--s--XmsWv- I-cp-Xs
- -Sp-- kva
- r-Xn-I,- "{ip-Xn'- I-gn-m- ]n-sbp{]-am-W-am-Wv.B-Zy-Im-e-t-Xn-\v- hn-cp--am-bn,- Im-em--c-n- P-\-hnj-tb-Op--fm-bn- am-dn-b-tm- tZ-h-m-cpw- E-jn-am-cpw- tN-vkr-jv-Sn-I-m-hm-b- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d-b-Sp-- k--S-ap-W-nXn-s-d- A-Sn-kvY
- m-\
- n,- A-t-lw- am-\h
- k
- a
- p-Zm-b
- n-s-d- \ne
\n-n-\m-hi
- y-am-b- \o-Xn-im-kv{- Xw- \-In- A-\p-{K-ln-p.- C-XmWv{_-lv-a-Ir-X-am-b- "ZWv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-{X'-sa-m-Wv- hn-izm-kw.- H-cpe-w- A-ym-b--- A-S-n-bn-cn-p-- Cu- Z-Wv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-
{_-lv-am-hn-s-d- Ir-Xn-bm-b- Z-Wv-U-\o-Xn-im-kv-{X-s- `-K

hm- inh- kw-t-]n-v- ]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- A--ym-b--fp-- ""ssh
im-em-- \oXn-im-kv-{X''-hpw- C-{-- C-Xn-s\-bpw- kw-t-]n-v]-Xn-\m-bn-cw- A--ym-b--fp-- ""_m-lp-Z--I- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X-hpw''ip-{Im-Nm-cy- C-Xn-s\-bpw- kw-t-]n-v- B-bn-cw- A-ym-b--fp
- ""Hu-i-\-ko- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X''-hpw- c-Nn-p-sh-v- Im-Wp-p-sh-m-sX- Cu- {K-\v-Y--sfm-pw- C-tm- D]-e-_v-[-a-.- C-ve`y-am-Ip-- \o-Xn-im-kv-{X- {K-\v-Y--sf-p-dn-m-I-s- av- {K-\v-Y-fn-sem-pw-X-s- ]-cm-a-i--fp-an-.kv-ar-Xn-kw-Jy- \q-n-sb-m-sW-pw- A-Xn- Iq-Sp-X-em-sWpw- A`n-{]m-b-ap-v.- F-m- ap-Jy-am-b-h- C-cp-]-sX--am-Ip-p.a-\p-kvar-Xn-bpwbm-Pv-R-h-Iy-kv-ar-Xn-bp-am-Wv- C-h-bn-te--hpw{][m-\-s--Xv.- C-h- IqSm-sX-bp-- ]-Xn-s\-v- kv-ar-Xn-I-fm-Wv- AjvSm-Z-i-kv-ar-Xn-I- F--dn-b-s-Sp--Xv.- hn-jv-Wp-kv-ar-Xn,- A-{In-kvar-Xn,- lm-co-X-kv-ar-Xn,- Bw-Kn-c-kv-arXn,- b-a-kv-ar-Xn,- B-]-kv- Xw_kv-ar-Xn,- tZ-h-e-kv-ar-Xn,- kw-h--kv-ar-Xn,- ImXym-b-\-kv-ar-Xn,_rl-kv-]-Xn-kv-ar-Xn,- ]-cm-i-c-kv-ar-Xn,- hym-k-kv-arXn,- iw-J-kv-arXn,- en-Jn-Xk
- va
- r-Xn,- Z-k
-- va
- r- X
- n,- Ku-Xa
- k
- va
- r-Xn,- im-Xm-X]
- k
- varXn,h-kn-jv-T-kv-ar-Xn- F-n-h-bm-W-h.- A-{Xn,- hn-jv-Wp,- lm-co-X,Djm-\-v,- Aw-Kn-c-v,- b-a,- Im-Xym-b-\,- _r-l-kv-]-Xn,- ]-cm-ic,- hym-k,- Z--,- Ku-X-a,- h-kn-jv-T,- \m-c-Z,- B-]-kv-Xw_,- `rKp,- iw-J,- en-Jn-X- F-n-h-cm-Wv- A-jv-Sm-Zi-kv-ar-Xn-Ifp-sS- I-m-.a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-:- k-v-ar-Xn-I-fn-sh-v- G--hpw- {]m-No-\-am-Wv- a\pkv-ar-Xn-sb-m-Wv- ]-Wv-Un-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- B-bn-c-n-\pwAq-dn\p-an-S-bv-m-Wv- A-Xv- c-Nn--s--sX-m-Wv- H-cp- hn-`mKw]-WvUn-X
- m-cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw-1.- _n.-kn.- c-mw- \q-m-n-\v- tijamWv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS-cN-\ \-S--sX-m-Wv- B.-kn.- a-Pqw-Zm-dp-sS1.- `m-c-X-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 428.-
151
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
A-`n-{]m-bw1.- a-\p- Po-hn-n-cp--Xv- {io-_p--\p-ti-j-am-sW-m-Wvam-Iv-kn-kv-v- N-cn-{X-Im-c-\m-b- Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n-bp-sS2 ]-w._n.-kn.- C-cp-\q-dn-\pw- F.-Un.- C-cp-\qdn-\p-an-S
- v- t{Im-Uo-Ic
- n-s]a-\p-kvar-Xn-bn- ]-e-tm-gm-bn- ]-cnjv--c-W-- h-cpn-bn-pvF-m-Wv- F-kv.-B.- tKm-b3- F-gp-Xp-Xvv.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- B-Zy-Im
e-v- kq-{X-cq-]-n-em-bn-cp-p-sh-pw- ]n-o-Sv- `rKp-a-\p-hm-WvA-Xn-s\- kw-hm-Z-cq-]-n-ep-- tm-I-cq-]-n-em-n-bXv- FpamWv- hn-izm-kw.-
tm-I
- f
- p- bm-PR
-v h
- -Iy-ka
-v r-Xn-bm-W-v a-\p-ka
-v r-Xn- I-gn-m]n-s- G--hpw- {]-[m-\-s-- kv-ar-Xn.- C-Xn-\v- an-Xm--c- \n-b-awF-- t]-cn- H-cp- `mjyapv.-
]-{-v- A-[ym-b
- f
- n-em-bn- c-m-bn-c
- n-sb-gp-q-dv- tmI-fm-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bn-ep--Xv.- {]-]-tm-]-n,- Po-thm-n,- {]-fbw,- tjm-U-kw-kv-m-c-,- \m-ev- B-{i-a-,- ]-a-lm-bP
- vR
-
- - P-\\-ac
- W
- - hn-jb
- n-If
- m-b- I-
- ,- hn-hmlw,IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw,- Kp-cpip-{iq-j,- kv{Xo-[-w,- {_m-lv-aW-[-w,-{Xn--b-[-w,- ssh-iy-[-w,- iq-{Z-[-w,- I--^-ew,- tamwXp-S-n- H--\-h-[n- hn-j-b--sf-pdn- {]-Xn-]m-Z-\--fpv- a-\pkv-ar-Xn-bn.- Cu- hn-j-b--sf-mw- Nm-Xp--h-y-hy-h-kv-Y-bpsSA-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n-em-Wv- hn-h-cn--s-n-cn-p--Xv.- k- h--fp-sS-bpw- A--cm-f- Pm-Xn-m-cp-sS-bpw- [--- ap-gp-h- D]-tZ
in-p-sIm-Sp-p--Xn-\v- a-\p-hn-s-d- A-Sp-p-sN-- v- Nn-e- a-l-jnam- B-h-iy-s--X-\p-k-cn-m-Wv- h-m-{i-a-[--s-p-dn-vAt-lw- D]-tZ-in--sX-m-Wv- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-4 X-s- ]-d-bp--Xv.Hscm tkmjyenkv v XXzkwlnXpw {]Zm\w
sNm\mhm Hcp kpjvS kaqlnsd ASnkvYm\amWv
a\pkvarXn {]Zm\w sNpsXmWv {]apJ lnp ]p\cpPvPo
h\hmZnbpw B.Fkv.Fkv. ap kkwLNmeIpamb KpcpPn
tKmhm ]dXv5.
bm-Pv-R-h-Iy-kv-ar-Xn-:- B-Nm-cw,- hy-h-lm-cw,- {]m-b-iv-Nn
w- F-o- aq-v- A-ym-b--fn-em-bn- B-bn-c-n-ap--n-aq-v1. R.C. Majumdar: The History and Culture of Indian People, Vol.2.
2. D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the study of Indian History.
3. S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol.2
4.- a-\p-kva-r-Xn- 1:-2

5. From the Redfort grounds DcWw: amXr`qan BgvN]Xnv 1988 P\phcn 1713)
152
kv-ar-Xn-I-fpw- Pm-Xn-Nn--bpw-:- kv-a-r-Xn-I- s]m-Xp-sh{_mlv-a-Wm-[n-]-Xy-s-bpw- A-h-]o-U-\-s-bpw- t{]m-km

ln-n-p-Ib
- mWv- sN-p-X
- v.- _p-a
- X
-
- n-s-d- X-n-b
-
- t- m
sS- Pm-Xn-hy-h-kv-Y-pw- {_m-lv-a-W- ta-[m-hn-Xz-n-\pw- X-f-t\-cn-p.- A-Xn-s\- F-v- hn-e-sIm-Sp-pw- X-Ip-tXm-]n-pI{_m-lv-a-W-a-X-n-s-d- A-\n-hm-cy- Xm--c-y-am-bn- am-dn.- A-Xn\n-m-Wv- kv-ar-Xn-I-fp-sS- P--sa-mWv- sIm-kmw-_n-sb-tm-sebp- ]-Wv-Un-X-m- ]-d-bp--Xv.""hn-U-V
v- n-bm-bm-epw- hn-Zzm-\m-bm-epw- {_m-lv-a-W- Cu-iz-cXp-ey\mWv.- A-Kv-\n- A-Sp-n-em-bm-epw- Np-S-e-bn-em-bm-epw- ]q-Pns-tS-X
- m-Wv''-1 F-- {]-kvX
- m-h\
- b
- n-eq-sS- \m-cZ- k
- va
- r-Xn-bpw- ""{_mlv-a-W- Zp-am--n-bm-sW-n-epw- ]q-P-y\
-- m-Wv.- iq-{Z-\m-I-s,- PntX{n-b-\m-bm-t]mepw- ]q-Py-\m-hp-I-bn-''-2 F-- hm-Iy--n-eqsS]-cm-ic
- k
- va
- r-Xn-bpw- {_m-lva
- W
- t- a-[m-hn-Xz-n-\v- A-Sn-d
- - ]-WnbpI-bm-Wv- sN-p--Xv.- {_m-lv-a-W- ssZ-h-Xp-ey-\pw- \n-_-\v-[ambpw- A-\p-k-cn--s-tS--h-\p3am-sW-v- ]-Tn-n-p-- a-\p-kvar-Xn- th-Z-- ]-Tn-n-p-hm-t\m- kz-v- km-Zn-p-hm-t\m- DA-[n-Im-cw- iq{-Z-\v- C-s-m-Wv4 \n-jv-I-jn-p--Xv.- h-- ImcWh-im-epw- iq-{Z-s-d- ssI-hi
- w- kz-v- h-p-t]m-bm,- A-Xv- ]nSnsSp-v- kz--am-m-\p-- A-h-Im-i-hpw- {_m-lv-a-W-\ps-m-Wva-\p-kv-a-r-Xn-bp-sS- \n-b-aw-5.km-aq-ln-I\
-- n-b-a--:- km-aq-ln-I-- {]-iv-\--fn-epw- {_m-lva-W-\p-w- -{Xn-b-\pw- ssh-iy-\pw- iq-{Z-\pw- hy-Xy-kv-X- hn-[n-IfmWv- kv-ar-Xn-I- I-n-p--Xv.- -{Xn-b-s\- {_m-lv-a-W1.- A-hn-Zzmw- iv-ssN-h- hn-Zzm-iv-N- {_m-lv-a-tWm- ssZ-h-Xw- a-l{]m-Wo-X-iv-N- {]-Xn-Xi
-- v-N- b-Ym-\n- sZ-h-Xw- a-l-\m-c-Z- k-v-ar-Xn- 9:-317.2.- Zp-iotem f]n- Zzn-Px-]q-tPym-\-Xp- iq-t{Zm- Pn-tX-{-n-b-]-cm-i-c-kv-ar-Xn,- 8:-33.3.- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 9:317
4.- i-Iv-X-t\m-]n- ln-iq-t{Z-W- \- Im-tcym- [-\-k--bx-a-\p-kv-ar-Xn- 10129.5.- hn-{k-_v-[w- {_m-lv-a-Wx-iq-{Zm-Xv {Z-thym-]-Zm-\-am-N-tc-Xv- \-lnX-kym-Iv-Xn In-n-Xv- kzw- `-r lm-tcym-[-t\m-ln-kx-a-\-pk
-- -var-Xn-:- 8:-417.-
153
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
Bt-]n-m- A--Xp-]-W-am-Wv- ]n-g.- ssh-iy-s\- B-t-]nm- C-cp-]-n-b-v- ]-Ww.- iq-{Z-s\-bm-sW-n- sh-dpw- ]-{v]-Ww- am-{X-am-Wv- ]n-g.- iq-{Z- {_mlv-a-W-s\- A-]-am-\n-m- Ahs-d- \m-h-v A-dp-p-I-f-b-Ww.- Xm-gv-- h--n- P-\n-- HcmD-b-- h--n-- P-\n--h-s\- I-t-w- sNbv-Xm,- G-Xv- A-h
b-hw- sIm-m-tWm- A-Xv- sN-bX
v- X
- v- B- A-hb
- h
- w- ap-dn-p-If
- bWw.I-tm- h-Sn-tbm- Hm-n-bm- ssI- ap-dn-p-I-f-b-Ww.- Nhnn-bmIm- ap-dn-p-I-f-b-Ww1.- C--s\- t]m-Ip-p- a-\p-kv-ar-Xn-bnsekmaqln-Ii
-- n-m- \n-b-a-.-
kv-{Xo,- H-cn--epw- kzm-X-{-n-\-l-b-''1 F-m-Wv- a-\p-kv-arXnbp-sS- hn-[n.- kv-{Xo- bu--\-{]m-b-n-X-s- hn-[-h-bm-bm

t]mepw,- ]p-\-hn-hm-lw- a-\p-kvar-Xn- A-\p-h-Zn-p-n-2.- `-mhv- Pm-c-hr-n- sN-p--h-\m-sW-n-t]m-epw- kv-{Xo- A-bm-sf-ssZ-h-Xp-eyw- ]-cn-K-Wn--W-sa-v- A-\p-im-kn-p-- a\p,- A-tX{]-hr-n-- sN-p-- kv-{Xo-v- \-Ip-- in-- ]-c-ky-am-bn- ]-n
I-v- I-Sn-p-Io-dm- F-dn-p-sIm-Sp-p-I-bm-sW--Xm-Wv.kv{Xov- Ip-Spw-_k
- z-n-\v- A-hI
- m-ia
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
156
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157
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
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1. K.M. Munshi: The History and Culture of Indian People Vol. II Page 254.
-2 `m-c-X- hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- hm-eyw- 2,- t]-Pv- 558.3 hm-ao-In- cm-am-bWw-:- A-tbm-[ym-Im-W-vUw- 108mw- k-Kw.4 ln-p- [--]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 214.-
159
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
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{X- F-n-h-cm-Wv- a-v- c-v- `m-cy-am.- Zo-L-Im-ew- X-\n-v- k-m\--fn-m-Xn- Zpx-Jn-v- ]p-{X-Im-tajvSn-bm-Kw- \-S-p-I-bpwbm-K-n-sh-v- irw-K-ap\n- b-Pv-R-]n-Wv-Uw- X-m-dm-n- Z-i-c-Ys-d- aq-v- `m-cy-am-pw- sIm-Sp-pI bpw- sN-p-p.- Cu- ]n-WvU-- I-gn-v- aq-p-t]-cpw- K-`n-Wn-I-fm-bn.- Iu-k-ey- cm-a-t\bpw- ssI-tI-bn- `-c-X-t\-bpwkp-an-{X- e-v-a-W-t\-bpw- i-{XpLv\-t\-bpw- {]-k-hn-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.- Ip-sd-m-ew- I-gn-v- cmako-X-sb- hn-hm-lw- sN-p-p.- cm-a-\v- {]m-b-am-b-tm- A-t-ls- cmP-]-Z-hn- G-n-p-sIm-Sp-v- cm-Py-`-c-W-Im-cy--fn-\npw- hn-c-an-m- Z-i-c-Y- B-{K-ln-p-p.- B- k-a-b-v- Xm-\pam-bn- ap-p-m-n-b- D-S -Sn-b-\p-k-cn-v- F-tm-gm-h-iy-s-m-epw\-S-m-m- Z-i-c-Y- _m-[y-X-s--Xm-b- B-{K-lw-- k-^-e-am-n-c-W-sa-v- ssI-tI-bn- B-h-iy-s-Sp-p.- ssI-tI-bn- X-s-d]p-{X-\m-b- `-c-X-s\- cm-Pm-hm--W-sa-pw- cma- ]-{-v- h-jwh-\-hm-kw- \-S--W-sa-pw- B-h-iy-s-Sp-p.- ]n-Xmhn-s-d- hmKvZ-- ]m-e-\-n-\p-th-n- cm-a- ko-X-tbm-Spw- e-v-a-W-t\m-SpwIq-sS- h-\-hm-k-n-\v- t]m-Ip-p.- h-\-hm-k-n-\n-S--v e-m-cm-Pm-hm-b- cm-h-W- F-- cm--k- ko-X-sb- X-n-sm-pt]m-bn1.- am- \n-jm-Z-:- {]-Xn-jv-Tmw-Xz- a- K-a- iv-im-iz-Xox- k-amxb-Xv- {Iu--an-Yp-\m- tZ-I- a-h-[ox- Im-a-tam-ln-Xw-
160
Ir-Xbp-Kw,- t{X-Xm-bp-Kw,- Zzm-]c-bp-Kw,- I-en-bp-Kw- F-obpKfn- t{X-Xm-bp-K-n-em-Wv- {io-cm-a-s-d- `-c-W-w- \-S--sX

m-Wv- hnizm-kw.- I-en-bp-Kw- Xp-S-n-bn-v- 5092 h-j--fm-sbm-Wv- I-W-v.- Zzm-]-c-bp-Kw- 8,-64000 h-j-ap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-vIcp-Xs
- -Sp-p.- A-Xn\pwap-p-- t{X-Xm-bp-Kn- 12,-99,-000 hjap-m-bn-cp-p-sh-pwhn-iz-kn--s-Sp-p.- t{XXm-bp-K-n-s-dA-h-km-\-n-em-Wv- {io-cm-a- `cWw- \-S-n-b-sX-n-epw,- ]p-cm
W-- {]-Im-cw- 8,-69,-092 h-j-v- ap-m-Wv- B- Im-e-L-wF--\p-am-\n-t-n-h-cpw.- F-v- e-wh---j-v- ap-v- tem-In-se-hn-sS-sb-n-epw- \m-K-cn-I-X-bp-m-bn-cp--Xmbn- sX-fn-hpI-fn-.- Cu- A-Sn-kY
v- m-\
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v- m-\c
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hm-a
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-
- f
- pv.Aym-Xv-a- cm-am-b-Ww,- a-lm-cm-am-bW-w,- kw-hr-X-cm-am-b-Ww,- AKkvXy- cm-am-b-Ww,- tem-a-k- cm-am-b-W-w,- a-Rv-Pp-f- cm-am-b-Ww,- ku]-Xy- cm-am-bW-w,- ku-lm-- cm-am-b-Ww- Xp-S-n- Ip-sd- kw-kv-Ir
X- cm-am-bW--Xs
- -bp-v.- Xp-s
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- s-- -d- A-ymXva- cm-am-bm-Ww- In-fn-m-m-Wv- a-e-bm-f-n-se- G--hpw- {]-Nm-c-apcm-am-bW
- I
- m-hyw.- I-PvR
- i
- vi- cm-am-bW
- w,- cm-aI
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- h
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- h
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161
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
Cu- cm-am-b-W--sf-mw- \-Ip- cm-a-Nn-{Xw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.]-c-kv-]-c- hn-cp---fm-b- H--\-h-[n- Im-cy- Cu- cm-am-b-W-fn-ep-v.-
I-ew tm-I-- D-m-bn-cp--h-bn- `q-cn-]--hpw- {_-lv-atem-I-s- {]m-]n-p-sh-m-Wv-'- hn-izm-kw-1.- c-N-\m-Im-e-v- a-lm`m-c-X-n- Ctm-gp--Xn-Ip-d-v- tm-I-t-- f- D-m-bn-cp-pq-sh-pw- ]n-o-Sv- Iq-n-t--ep-I- \-S-n-p-s-pw- H-c-phn[w- F-m- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cpw- k--Xn-p-p-v.- Ir-jv-W-ssN-X\y- F-gp-Xp-p.- ""a-lm-`m-cX-n-s-d- aq-ew- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-mn-\v- ap-p-X-s- c-Nn--s--Xm-sWn-epw- A-Xn- ]n-m-ev- ]-e-Xpw- Iq-n-t-n-m-Wv- C--s- cq-]w- ssI-h--Xv.- tIhew- 24000 tm-I--f-S-n-b- H-cp- Im-hy-am-Wv- (A-Xn-s-d- t]"`mc-Xw'- F-m-bn-cp-p.)- ]n-o-Sv- H-cp- e--n-te-sd- ]-Zy--fp
- a-lm-`m-c-Xam-bn-o--Xv''-2.- a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\v- aq-v- ]-In-sb-gp-X-ep-I- \-S-n-p-s-v- bm-Ym-kv-Yn-Xn-I-m-t]m-epwk--Xn-p-- Im-cy-am-Wv-3.-
a-lm-`m-cXw-:- {io-Ir-jv-Wm-h-Xm-c-s-p-dn-- I-Y-\-am-balm`m-c-X-am-Wv- G--hpw- a-l-m-b- C-Xn-lm-k-{K-\v-Y-am-bn- Adnb-s-Sp--Xv.- th-Z-hym-k- c-Nn--sX-v- hn-i-z-kn--s-Sp-- a-lm`m-c-Xw,- ]--ath-Z-sa-- t]-cn- A-dn-b-s-Sp-p.- k-c-kz-Xo- \ZoXo-c-n-se- B-{i-a-nen-cp-v- th-Z-hym-k- c-Nn-- a-lm-`m-c-Xwin-jy-\m-b- ssh-i-m-b-\-s\- ]Tn-n-p-I-bpw- ]n-o-Sv- ssh-im-b-\- P-\-ta-P-b-\v- D-]-tZ-in-p-sImSp-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-shm-Wv- sF-Xn-lyw.- "`m-c-Xw'- F-- i-_v-Z-n-se- Hmtcm- A
chpw- Hm-tcm- a-l-m-b- B-i-b--sf- {]-Xn-\n-[m-\w- sNp-psh-v- ]-d-b-s-Sp-p.- "`m'- F-- A--cw-sIm-v- F-m- th-Z-fnepw- `m-kn-p--Xv- F-pw,- "c'- F-- A--cw-sIm-v- F-mPohn-I-fn-epw- cXn-bp--Xv- F-- "X'- F-- A--cw-sIm-v- FmXo---sf-bpw- X-cn-p--Xv- F-p-am-Wv- hn-h-n-p--X-s{X.-
162
C-v- Im-Wp-- a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\v- _n.-kn.- c-mw- \q-m-nte-s-d- ]-g--an-s-m-Wv- ]-W-vUn-Xm-\p-am-\w.- _n.-kn.- cmw- \qmn-\pw- F.Un.- c-mw- \q-m-n-\p-an-S-bv-m-Wv- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- C-s- cq-]-n-em-b-sX-m-Wv- Un.-Un.-sIm-kmw-_n-1bpw- tUm. cm[mI-a-ap--Pn-bpw-2 ]-db
- p-X
- .v - hn-d\n-k
-v n-s-d- A-`n-{]m-b
- n,a-lm-`m-c-X-n-\v- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- \q-m-n-e-[n-Iw- ]u-cm-Wn-I-Xtbm- F.-Un.- \m-emw- \q-m-n-e-[nIw- B-[p-\n-I-X-tbm- \-Im-I-gn-bn-.-3 hy-m-k- F-gp-Xn-b-Xv- tI-h-ew- 8800 tm-I--fp-- "Pb'F-- Im-hyw- am-{X-am-sW-pw- ssh-i-m-b- A-Xn-s\- 24000 tmI-f
- p-- "`m-cX
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a-lm-`m-c-X-n-s-d- I-m-hm-b- th-Z-hym-k-s\-p-dn-pwhn-cp-m-`n-{]m-b--fp-v.- D-]-cn-N-c-h-kp- F-- cm-Pm-hn-\n-vK-`n-Wn-bmb- A-{Zn-I-sb-- a-ky-I-\y-I- {]-k-hn-- k-Xy-h-Xnbn- ]-cm-i-c-a-l-jnv- P-\n-- Ir-jv-W-ssZz-]m-b-\m-Wv- th-Zhym-k- F--dn-b-s-Sp--sX-mWv- hn-izm-kw.- F-m- th-Zhym-k- F--Xv- H-cp- hy-Iv-Xn-b-s-pw- AsXmcp- kv-Ym-\-\m-awam-{X-am-sW-pw- ]-e- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-pw- A-`n-{]m-b-ap-sv- \tS- kq-Nn-n-n-p-v.- i--cm-Nm-cy,- t]m-v,- ]m-{Xn-bm-o-kv- XpS-n-b-h-t]m-se-bp-- kv-Ym-\-t-cv- am-{X-am-Wv- I-W-z,- hym-kF-n-h-sb-m-Wv- Kp-cp-\n-Xy- ssN-X-\y-b-Xn-4 ]-d-bp--Xv.- hym-kF- \m-an\v- kw-hn-[m-b-I,- {]-km-[-I- k-am-l-cn-- hy-IvXn- Xp-S-n-b- A---fp-s-pw- th-Z-- k-am-l-cn-- hy-Iv
Xn- th-Z-hym-k-\pw- a-lm-`m-c-Xw- Xp-S-n-b-h- k-am-l-cn--h- hyXy-kv-X- hym-k-m-cpw- B-Im-\m-Wv- km[y-X-sb-m-Wv- am-K-cpw- sP-bnw-kv- kv-s-Uv-se-Kpw-5 A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--Xv.-
F-m- "th-Z-hym-k- hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- aq-e-`m-c-X-n- A-t\-
- H-tIm- e-w- tm-I--fp-- a-lm-`m-c-X-n- ]-Xn1.- sI.- ]-c-ttiz-c-]n--:- ln-p-[-- ]-cn-N-bw,- t]-Pv- 216.-
1.
2.
3.
4.
D.D. Kosambi: An Introduction to the Study of Indian History, Page 133.

Radha Kamal Mukharjee: The Culture and Art of India. Page 214.
Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India, Vol. 11 Page 17.
B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 53.
2. Krishna Chaithanya: A New History of Sanskrit Literature Page, 200.
3.- sh-w-am-Wn-:- ]-p-cm-Wn-Iv- F-ssk-tm-]o-Un-b,- t]-Pv- 875.4. Nithya Chaithanya Yathi- The Bhagavad Gita, Page 1.
5. Margerette and James Stutleg: A Dictionary of Hinduism, Page 151.
163
s\-v- ]---fn-em-bn- c-m-bn-cw- A-ym-b--fpw- \q-dv- D-]-]-

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b- H-cp- C-Xn-hr--amWv- `m-c-X-n-t-d-Xv.- Ir-jv-W-s\-- {]-[m-\IYm-]m-{X-s- Np-n-bp-- IY-\-n-eq-sS- H-v- F-n-t\-m-mw.bm-Z-h- hw-i-n-s-- D-{K-tk-\-s-d- a-I-\m-b- hm-kp-tZh-\mWv- {io-Ir-jv-W-s-d- ]n-Xm-hv.- D-{K-tk-\-s-d- k-tlm-Z-c-\mbtZ-h-I-s-d- aI- tZ-h-In-bm-Wv- A-t-l--n-s-d- am-X-m-hv.- tZ-hIn-bp-sS- F-m-a-s- a-I- X-s- sIm-p-sa-v- A-i-co-cn- tI-tZh-In-bp-sS- a-p-\- Iwk- tZ-h-In-sb- sIm-m- {i-an-p-p.tZ-h-In- {]-k-hn-p-- Ip-p--sf-sb-mw- Iw-k-\v- \-Im-sa\n-_-\v-[-\-bn- A-h-sf- sIm-e-bn-\np-sam-gn-hm--s-p-sh-nepw,-- tZ-h-In-bpw- `-m-hpw- X-S-hn-em-s-Sp-p.- tZ-h-In-p-mbB-dv- Ip-p--sf-bpw- Iw-k- sIm-p-p.- G-gm-as- Ip-n-bm-b_-e-cm-a- hm-kp-tZ-h-s-d- a-sm-cp- `m-cy-bm-b- tcm-ln-Wn-bpsSK-`-]m-{X-n-te-v- am--s-Sp-I-bpw- tcm-ln-Wn-bp-sS- a-I-\m-bnPohn-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-Xp.F-m-a-s- ]p-{X-\m-b- Ir-jv-W- P-\n--tm- X-s,- hnjvWp-hn-s-d- \n-t-i-{]-Im-cw- ]n-Xm-hv- c-l-ky-am-bn- b-ap-\m-\-Zn-bpsS- a-dp-Ic
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
164
-Xm-bn- a-lm`m-c-Xw- hn-h-cn-p-p.hm-kp-tZ-h-k-tlm-Z-cn-bm-b- Ip-n-sb- l-kv-Xn-\-]p-c-n-secm-Pmhm-b- ]m-Wv-Up-hm-Wv- hn-hm-lw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- am-{Zn-sb-- asmcp- `m-cy-Iq-Sn-bp-m-bn-cp-p- ]mWv-Up-hn-\v.- `m-cy-am-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[
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- m-i
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165
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
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v- p.- Zn-p-If
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m-Wv- G--hpw- {]-kn-w.- hym-k-`m-c-X-tm-Sv- \o-Xn- ]p-e-nsm-m-Wv- C-Xn-s-d- c-N-\- \-S--sX-n-epw- Ihn-I-fp-sS- `m-h-\A-h-sb- kzm-[o-\n-np-v.- {io-h-S-pw-Iq- cm-P-m-cm-P-h-- F-gp
Xp-p-:- ""`m-c-Xw- aq-e--n-\pw- F-gp--Nv-O-s-d- In-fn-m-n\pw- H-cp{]-[m-\- h-y-Xym-k-ap--Xv- k-hn-ti-jw- kv-a-c-n-t--Xm-Ip-p.hymk-hn-c-Nn-X-am-b- C-Xn-lm-k-n- [--n-\m-Wv- ]-c-aam-b{]m-[m-\yw- \-In-bn-cn-p--Xv.- A-Xn- `-Iv-Xn-v- kv-Ym-\w- In-n-p-v.- A-Xv- A-{][m-\w- A-s-n- [--n-\v- Xm-sg-bmIp-p.- k--{X- Kn-cn-in-J-cw-t]mse- {]-tim-`n-p--Xpw- A-sXmp-X-s.- In-fn-m-n- a-lm-`-Iv-X-\mb- Xp--mNm-cy- aq-ens-d- B- kv-Yn-Xn-v- A-w- H-cp- am-w- hcpn-bn-p-v''-1.-
a-lm-`m-c-Xw- H-cp- kw-`-h- I-Y-b-s-v- A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp--hcp-v.- A-Xv- sh-dp-sam-cp- I-Y-bm-sW-pw- Ir-jv-W,- A-Pv-Pp-\F-n-h- I-Ym-]m-{X-fm-sW-p-am-Wv- A-h-cp-sS- ]-w.- th-Z
km-ln-Xy-n-sem-cn-S-pw- a-lm-`m-c-X- bp--s-p-dn-- ]-cm-ai--fn-se--Xpw- _n.-kn.- \m-emw- i-X-I-n-\v- ap-p-- H-cp- IrXnbn-epw- a-lm-`m-cX
- s
- -p-dn-v- ]-d
n-n-s-X
- p-am-Wv- A-Xv- \ntj[n-p--Xn-\p-- Im-c-W-am-bn- ]-db-s-Sp--Xv.- C-y-bn- a-lm`m-cX
- b
- p-w- \-S
- p-sh-v- ]-db
- s
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- v- h-en-b- cm-Py\n-e-\n-n-cp-p-sh-pw- C-hn-sS-sb-mw- hnI-kn-X-am-b- \m-K-cn-IX-I- kr-jv-Sn--s-n-cp-p-sh-pw- A-h-v- h-tXm-Xn-ep-ssk-\n-I- i-Iv-Xn- D-m-bn-cp-p-sh-pw- C-cp-v- C-y-bn- kp-e`-am-bn- D-]-tbm-Kn-n-cp-p-sh-pw- I-cp-Xp--Xv- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-lnXam-sW-pwhm-Zn--s-Sp-p.- tUm.- kn.-kn.- k-m,- tUm.- Fv.Un.- k-m-en-1 Xp-S-n-b- {]-K-`-cm-b- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- A-`n-{]m-bwC-Xm-Wv.hym-k-s-d- aq-e- a-lm-`m-c-X-s- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-am-n- hn-hn[- Cy- `m-j-I-fn- a-lm-`m-c-X- `m-jy--fpw- a-pw- {]-kn-o-Icn--s-n-p-v.- hymk-a-lm-`m-c-X-Xn-s-d- ]-Zm-\p-]-Z- a-e-bm-f- ]cn-`m-j-bm-Wv- sIm-Sp--q- Ip-n-p-- X-p-cm- \n-h-lnn-cn-p--Xv.- Xp--s-gp--Nv-O-s-d- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw- In-fn-m1. Quoted by B.B. Lal: Mahabharatha: Myth and Reality, Page 4,5
1. h-S-pw-Iq- cm-P-cm-P-h--:- {io-a-lm-`m-c-Xw,- t]-Pv.- 15.-
166
167
ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
9
`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X]-Xn-s\-v- ]---fp-- a-lm-`m-c-X-n-se- B-dm-a-s- ]-amb- ò-jv-a-]--n-se- C-cp-]--v- ap-X- \m--n-c-ph-sc- Aym-b--fm-Wv- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X.- C-Xv- H-cp- kz-X-{-{K-\v-Y-as-n-epw- G--hp-a-[n-Iw- D--cn--s-Sp-I-bpw- h-ym-Jym-\n--s-SpI-bpw- sN-p-- ssl--h- {K-\v-Y-sa-- \n-e-v- C-Xn-\v- {]-k-Iv-Xnbp-v.- ln-p- ]p-\-cp-Pv-Po-h-\-hm-Zn-Ifpw- \-thm-m-\-\m-b-I-m-cpwG-Io-I-c-W-kn-m--m-cp-samw- H-cp-t]m-se- A-h-ew-_n-p-{K-\v-Y-am-Wv- Ko-X.- B-cm-[-\m-kv-Y-e--fpw- co-Xn-I-fpw- cq-]--fpwaq-n-I-fpw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-b,- kn-m---fpw- X-Xz--fpw- hncp-am-b- hnhn-[- ln-p-{Kq-p-I-sf- H-n-n-m-\p-- B-bp-[-am-bpwC-v- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- D-]-tbm-Kn--sSp--Xv- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bm-Wv.Ko-X- ]-e-cp-sS-bpw- ]p-I-gv--ep-I-v- hn-t[-b-am-bn-p-v.kzm-X-{y-k-a-c-n-\v- A-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Ko-X-sb hym-Jym-\n-m-A-m-e
- v- {i-a
-
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v- - Z-v- Xp-S
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- sf1. Dilip Bose- Marxism and the Bhagvath Geetha. Page. 55
168
kw-L-Sn-n-n-cp--Xv.- kzm-an- hnthIm-\--s-d- in-jy-b-m-b- ]m-ivNm-X-y-h-\n-X- kn-kv-- \n-th-Zn-X- ]-d--Xv- ""C-y-bp-sS- c-Iv-Xn-s-d- c-IvX
- h
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- p-am-Wv- Ko-X''-1sb-mWv.B-Nm-cy- hn-t\m-_-`m-sh- F-gp-Xp--Xn--s\-bmWv.- ""Ko-X-bp-ambp- F-s-d- kw-_-\v-[w- X-m-Xo-X-am-Wv.- am-Xm-hn-s-d- ap-e-mev- F-s-d- ico-cs
- - F-{X-am-{Xw- ]p-jvS- n-s-Sp-n-bn-p-tm- AXne-[n-Iw- Ko-Xm-Zp-Kv-[w- F-s-d- lr-Z-b-s-bpw- _pn-sb-bpw- t]mjn-n-n-p-v''-2.- km--{Xn-I-am-b- k-t-i-am-Wv- Ko-X-bp-tS-sX-vtUm.- Fkv.- cm-[m-Ir-jv-W-\pw-3 Ko-X- i-Iv-X-nbp-sS- D-d-hn-S-am-sWvkzm-an- hnth-Im-\--\pw-4 hn-ti-jn-n-p-p.`m-c-X-n-ep-m-b- Z-i-\--fp-sS- I-m--sf-mw- A-hcp-sS- Nn-I
- -\
- p-Iq-ea
- m-bn- Ko-Xs
- b- hym-Jym-\nn-p-v.- AssZzXm-Nm-c-y\mb- i--cm-Nm-cy- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n--Xv- Pv-Rm-\-am-n-eq-sS- B-Xv-a-km-m-m-cw- A-Y-hm- tam-w- t\-Smw- Fcq-]-n-em-Wv.- Ko-XbpsS- i--c-hym-Jym-\-am-Wv- C-v- D-]-e-_v-[am-b-h-bn- G--hpw- ]-g-bXv.- hnin-jv-Sm-ssZ-z-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- c-m-am\p-P-\pw- ssZz-Xm-Nm-cy-\m-b- am-[z-\pw- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n--Xv- ÌvXn-am--n-eq-sS- tam-w- t\-Sm-sa-- Bi-b-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bm-Wv.c-ho-{-\m-Y- SmtKm,- A-c-hn-,- hn-th-Im-\-- F-n-h- Ko-Xsb- hym-Jym-\n-p--Xv- I--am--n-\v- {]m-[m-\yw- sImSp-psIm-m-Wv.- Km-\v-[n-Pn,- Xn-e-I- F-n-h- kzm-X-{y- k-a-c-n\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym-\n--tm- {_n-o-jp-Im- km{amPy-Xz-n\v- A-\p-Iq-ea
- m-b- {]-Nc-W
- n-\pw- h-o-bh
- m-Zn-I- apkven-I-s-Xn-cmb- I-em-]--p-th-n-bp-w- Ko-X-sb- hym-Jym\n-p-5.]-Xn-s\-v- Aym-b
- f
- n- e
- m-bn- B-sI- F-gp-q-dv- tm-I
- fmWv- Ko-X-bn-ep--Xv.- Cu- A-ym-b--sf- I--Im-Wv-Uw,- D-]mk\m- Im-Wv-Uw,- Pv-Rm-\-Im-Wv-Uw- F-n--s\- aq-m-bn- Xn-cnncn-p-p.- Hm-tcm- Im-Wv-U--fn-epw- B-dp-ho-Xw- A-ym-b--sf1. Quoted by Prmnath Bazaz: The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, Page 290.
2. B-Nm-cy-hn-t\m-_-`m-sh-: Ko-Xm-{]-h-N-\w,- t]-Pv- 1.3. Dr. S. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol II, Page 479.
4 Swami Vivekananda: Thoughts on Gita, Page 73.
5. Dilip Bose: Marxism and the Bhagvath Geetha, Page 14.
169
bm-Wv- D-s-Sp-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.- B-Zy- A-ym-b-am-b- A-Pv-Pp\-hn-jm-Z- tbm-K-n- \m--n-tb-gv- tm-I--fm-Wp--Xv.""kRv-P-bm...-[--t-{X-am-b- Ip-cp-t-{X-n- bp-w- sN-m\m-bn- F-n-t-- F-s-d- B-fp-I-fpw- ]m-Wv-Up-]p-{Xm-Zn-I-fpwF-v- sN-bv-Xp''2- sh-- [r-X-cm-jv-{S-tcm-Sp-- tNm-Zy-tm-sS- Bcw`n-p-- Cu- A-ym-b
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ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--
170
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I-s-d- A`n-{]m-bh
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- -bm-Wv.- B.-Pn.- `-WvUm-- ]dbp-X
- v Ko-X
- -v {In-kX
-v p-hn-\-v \m-e-v \q-m--v ap-s-n-epw- ]-g
- aps8
m-W .- _n.-kn.- aq-mw- \q-m-n-\v- ap-s-n-epw- KoX- c-Nn-s
- np9
s-m-W-v sI.-Sn.- sX-ew-Kn-s-d- hn-izm-kw.- Ko-Xb
- p-sS- aq-ew- _n.kn.c-mw- \q-m-n- \n-n-Xa
- m-bn-p-s-nepw- A-Xv- C-s
- - cq]n-em-bX
- v- F.-Un.- c-mw- \q-m-tm-sS-bm-sW-m-Wv- Km-s_bpsS-10 A-`n-{]m-bw.- P-hl
- -em- s\-lvdphn11sd- A-`n-{]m-bw- Ko-Xm
1. Quoted by Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1, Page 523.
2. Bal Gangadar Tilak: Bhagvat Geeta Rahasyam Page 785.
3. Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 524.
4. G.S. Khair: The Quest for Original Gita, Page 106.
5. PremNath Bazaz. The Role of Bhagavad Gita in Indian History, Page 66.
6. Indian Philosophy, Vol 1, Page 524.
7. Gita Rahasyam, Page 270.
8. R.G. Bhandarkar: The Original Gita, Page 14.
9. Quoted by K.N. Upadhyaya: Early Budhism and Bhagavad Gita, Page 1.
10. Ibid
11. The Discovery of India, Page 90
172
k-aI
- m-eo-\
- f
- m-b- hy-Xy-kvX
- - Z-i\
-
- s
- f- k-a\
- z-bn-nm\p- {i-a-am-Wv- Ko-X-bn- Im-Wp--Xv.- Z--i-\--fp-sS-sbm-pwt]-sc-Sp-v- ]-db
- m-sX- C-sX-mw- X-n- \n-p-X
- m-sW-v- hmZn
p-Ib
- m-Wv- Ir-jvW- sN-
- X
- v.- hy-Xy-kvX
-
- f
- pwhn-cp-
- f
- pam-b- Z-i\
-
- - H-scm- ssZ-h
- n--\n-v- h-cm-\p-- km[y-X3
bn-s-v- Un.-Un.- sIm-kmw-_n- Nq-n-m-Wn-p-p-v.- F-m- am-f
- pw- X-n-te-m-sW-v- ]-db
- p- Ir-jv-W-Xs
- - sshZn-IbPvR
-
- s
- f-bpwbm-K
- s
- f-bpw- a-v- B-Nm-c
- s
- f-bp-sa-mw- hn-ain-p-p-v.- hn-cp-
- f
- m-b- Z-i\
-
- s
- f- Iq-n-bn-W
- m-- th-nbp- {i-a
- m-em-W-v Ko-Xb
- n- ssh-cp-y-- I-Sp-Iq-Sn-bsXpwhmZn-s
- -Sp-p.cm-[m-Ir-jvW
- - F-gp-Xn-:""Ko-XI
- m-e
- -v [-m-Nc-Ws
- -p-dn-- hy-Xy-kX
-v - A-`n{]mb- {]-Nm-c
- n-ep-m-bn-cp-p.- I-m-\pj-vT
- m-\
- s
- f-n-bp-ssh-Zn-I- knm-
- ,- bmYm-y-s- A-t\z-jn-p- D-]\
- nj-Xv- X-Xz-,- F-m-hn-[- I-
- s
- f-bpw- D-t]-n-m-\p-]t- Z-inp-- _u-N
- n-I
- ,- B-kX
v- n-I
- m-cp-sS- Cu-iz- c
- m-cm-[\
- m- knmw-C-s
- \- hn-hn-[- Nn-m-[m-cI
- s
- f-sb-mw- tN-
- v- ]-ck
- v]
- c
- kmw-KX
- y-ap-- H-cp- ]-X
- n-bm-m- {i-an-p-Ib
- m-Wv- `Kvh
- Z- vK
- o-X''4.]-ck
- v]
- c
- - hn-cp-
- f
- m-b- Z-i\
-
- - Iqnbn-Wm-th-n- {ianp-tm- ssh-cp-y-ap-m-hp-I- kzm-`m-hn-Ia
- mW-tm.1.
2.
3.
4.
D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, Page 16.

Ibid.
D.D. Kosambi: The Culture and Civilization of Ancient India, Page 207.
Dr. Radha Krishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 526,
173
174
Ko-X- Nm-Xp-h-Wy-hy-hk
- vY
-
- v- F-Xn-c
- .- ""Kp-W
- -pwI--p-a\
- p-kc
- n--v Rm- X-s-bm-W-v \m-e-v Pm-Xn-Is
- f- krjvSn-X
- v'- '1 F-v- hy-IvX
- a
- m-bn- {]-kvX
- m-hn-p-- Ir-jvW
- - amt\m-\nba-\w,- C-{nb- \n-ba
- \
- w,- {h-Xw,- iu-Nw,- {]-Xn-Im- t- c-Om- `m-hw,- BPvP
- h
- w,- PvR
- m- \
- w,- hn-PvR
- m-\w,- B-kvX
- n-Iyw F-n-h- {_-lva
- W-I-f
- pw- ]-cm-{I-aw,- tX-P
- v,- ss[-cyw,- km-a-yw,- bp-n- ]n-aS-
- m-Xn-cn-p-I,- k-]m-{X-Zm-\w,- {]-`p-iI
- vX
- n- F-nh- -{Xnb-I-
- f
- pw- Ir-jn,- ]-ip-]c
- n-]m-e\
- w,- hm-Wn-Pyw- Xp-Sn-bh
- - ssh2
iy-I-
- f
- pw- ]-cn-Nm-cI
- h
- r-n- iq{Z-I-h
- p-am-sW--v kw-ib
- tei-at- \y- hn-hc
- n-p-p-v.- F-m- ""kv{Xo-It- fm- ssh-iy-m-tcmiq-{Z-tcm- \o-NI
- p-e
- n- P-\n-h
- t- cm- B-cm-bn-cpm-epw- F-sth--t]m-se- tk-hn-p--]-w- D--a-K-Xn-sb- {]m-]n-p-XmWv''3 F-pw- Ir-jvW
- - ]-db
- p-p-v.- C-Xv- `-Kvh
- Z- vKo-X- P-m-Sn
kvY
- m-\
- n-ep-- Pm-Xo-bX
- - Aw-Ko-Ic
- n-p-n-sb-X
- n- \
- v- sX-fnhm-bn- D-c
- n-s
- -Sm- d
- p-v.- b-Ym-
- n- Cu- hN-\w,- kv{- XoIfpwssh-iym-cpw- iq-{Z-cpw- \o-N-Ip-e--n- P-\n--hcpw- {_m-lv-a-W-{Xn-bm-Zn-Is
- f- A-t]-n-v- A-[a
- -am-cp-amsW-p-Xs
- -bm-Wvhy-IX
v- a
- m-p-X
- v.A-im- k
- v{- Xo-ba
- m-b- H-\
- h
- [
- n- ]-cm-a-i
- f
- pw- Ko-X- Dsmpp-v.- A-Xv- Ko-Xm-Im-cs
- -d- A-dn-hnm-bva
- b
-
- ;- - A-m-e
- p- APvR
- m-\a
- m-W-v hy-IX
-v a
- m-p-X
- .v - `-Kh
-v Z- K
-v o-X- ln-p-aX
-
- nsdA-Sn-kvY
- m-\m-[m-ca
- m-bm-Wv- C-v- A-hX
- c
- n-n-p-s
- X-n-epw- hyIvX-hpw- kvJ
- e
- n-Xc
- l
- n-Xh
- p-am-b- H-cp- {]-]
- h
- o-W
- t- am- Po-hn-XZ- i-\t- am- kw-`m-h\
- - sNp-X
- n- Cu- {K-\vY
- h
- pw- ]-cm-Pb
- s
- -Sp-Ibm-Wv- sN-p--Xv.- hy-Xy-kv-X- Z-i-\--sf- Iq-n-bn-W-m-\phy-am-b- {i-a
- n-\n-S
- v- hyIvX
- a
- m-b- ssZ-hk
-
- -]w-t]m-epwA-hX
- c
- n-n-m- Ko-X
- v- I-gn-bp-n-.- ln-p-cm-jv{- S-nsd- A-Snkv-Ym-\- t{km-X-s-v- tLm-jn--s-Sp-- KoXbn- cm-jv-{So-bkm-aq-ln-I-- Ip-Spw-_- \n-ba
-
- s
- f-p-dn-- hn-iZ- a
- m-b- hnh-cW
-
- fpw- A-S
- p-n-.- H-cp- k-q-- Po-hn-XZ-
- i
- \
- w- - k-w`- m-h\- sNmKo-X
- v- I-gn-bp-n-s-w.1. Nm-Xp-h-Wyw- a-bm- kr-jv-Sw- Kp-W-I-- hn-`m-K-ix-`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X,- 4:-13.2.- `-Kv-h-Xvo-X- 18:-4145
3. Ibid 9:32
`m-Kw aq-v-
A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-in-e-I-
176
hn-izm-k
- n-se-n-t-p-sh-m-Wv- N-cn-{X-]c
- a
- mb- ù-XnIhmZw- kn-m-n-p--Xv-1.- G-I-tZ-iw- C-tX- ho--Ww- X-sb-m-Wv- tamK\pw2 tKm-U- ssN-Up-sa-mw-3 ap-tm-psh-p--Xv.- ]t,- Cu- ho-Ww- A-Sn-kv-Y-m-\-c-ln-X-amsW-pw- B[p-\n-I- D-J-\-\- K-th-j-W- Cu- hn-izmk-n-\v- hn-cp--am-b- h-kv-XpX-I-fm-Wv- ]p-d-p-sIm-p-hp-sIm-n-cn-p-s
- X-pwhm-Zn-p-- ]-WvU
- n-X
- m-cp-apv.hn-b-m- bq-Wnthgv-kn-nbn-se-- s{]m-^.- U-yp.- jv-an-v- FgpXpp:- ""]u-cm-Wn-I- \m-K-cn-I-X-Ifn- B-cm-[n--s-n-cp-Xv- GI-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-{]-Im-c-ap-- b-Ym-- ssZhhpwA-h-bp-sm-p-- aXw- ip-- G-I-ssZ-h-n-e-[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b- aXhp-am-bn-cp-p.- Cm-cy-n-ep-- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-m-cpsSF-Xn-p-I-sf- t\cn-Sm-- C-v- \-ap-v- Ign-bpw.- A-Xn-]p-cmX\
tKm{X-h---fn- `q-cn-]--n-s-d-bpw- ssZ-h-n-\pXv,bYm- - G- I - s sZ- h hn- i zm- k - n- e p- - B- c m- [ y- s - d kz`mhw- X-s-bm-sW-v- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i- ]T-\-n-\n-pX-s- hyIv-X-am-hp-p-v''-4.-
- cn-{X-s-p-dn-v- C-kv-em-an-\v- hy-Iv-X-am-sbm-cp-
Im-gv-N-m-Sp-v.- D-]-t`m-K-hy-h-kv-Y-bn-tem Dm-Z-\-am---fn-tem- am-{Xw- Du-n-\n-p-sIm-p-ù-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X--fp-sS- N-cn-{X-ho--W-n-\n-v-XnI-pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-W-Xv.- ù-Xn-I- X-Xz-im-kv-{X--fp-sSA-Sn-d- b
- n-- kvYm-]n-s
- -- N-cn-{X-hym-Jym-\
- s
- f-mw- hyh-kv-Yn-Xn-bpw- k-w-kv-Im-c-hp-amWv- Z-i-\--sf- krjv-Sn-p-sX-- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-Z-i-n-t-em-Wv- kvYm-]n-X-am-bn-cnp--Xv.- F-m- Z-i-\-fpw- A-Xn-s-d- {]-tbm-K-hp-amWv\m-Kc
- n-IX
- b
- p-sS-bpw- kwkvI
- m- c
-
- n-s-db
- pw- kr-jvS- n-v- \nZm\-am-Ip-s
- X-- X-Xzn-t-em-Wv- Ck-ve
- mw- N-cn-{X-hym-Jym\w\n--ln-p--Xv.- "kw-kv-I-m-cw'- F-- ]-Z-n-s-d- Xs\n--N-\-n- ùXnI- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X-- h-kv-Xp-\n-jvTXv- A-an-X{]m-[m-\yw- \-Ip-tm,- -C-kv-emw- B-Xv-a-\njvTX-mWv- {]m-[m-\yw- I-]n-p--Xv.ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-s-p-dn-pw- A-Xn-s-d- D--nsbkw_-\v-[n-p-ap-- ù-Xn-I- {]-Xy-b-im-kv-{X--fp-sS k-w- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-X-am-Ip--Xv- C-hn-sS-bm-Wv-.- {]Ir-Xn- {]Xn`m-k--tfm-Sp-- `-b-n-\nv- D-cp-n-cn-v,- ]n-Xp-cm-cm[-\-bn-eq-sS- h-fp-h-- ssZ-hhnizmkw,- ap-X-em-fn-Ime-L-
- n- A-Xn-s-d- G-hpw- D-X
- cq-]a
- m-b- GIssZh-
`q-an-bn-se- J-eo--^-bm-b- a-\p-jy-s\- A-m-lp- krjv-Sn

n-cn-p-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-bm-bn-sm-m-Wv.- ""G-IssZ-h-hnizm-kn-bm-bn- \o-\n-s-d- ap-J-s- a-X-n\v- hnt[b-am-p-I.- A-mlp- a-\p-jy-sc- G-Xv- {]-Ir-Xn-bn- kr-jv-Sn
p-thm- B- {]-Ir-Xn- (kzo-Icn-p-I)''-5.- G-I-ssZh- hn-izmkwX- - f p- s S- Po- h n- X m- Z - i - n- s d- A- S n- - d - b m- b n- c p- Imev- k-aq-l-n- km-tlm-Z-c-y-hpw- kvt\l-hpw- k-lh-n--hpw- \n-e-\n-n-cp-p.- a-\p-jy-s-d- ip--{]-Ir-Xnbn-\n-v- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-n-\n-v- A-h- hyXnN-en-p-hm-\pw- {]-Ir-Xn-sb-bpw- ]q--]n-Xm--sf-bpw- a-pwBcm[n-m-\pw- Xp-S-n-b-tm- A-h-n-S-bn- kv]-Ifpw- kw-L--\--fpw- A-kzm-c-ky--fp-ap-m-bn.- A-Xn-\nva\p-jy-sc- ]nn-cn-n-m-\pw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-n-te-vXn-cn-p-sIm-p-h-v- km-tlm-Z-c-y- k---n-\v- aq-1.
2.
3.
4.
Marx and Engels: On Religion.

Lewis Henry Morgan: Ancient Society.
Gorden Childe: What Happened in History.
W. Schmidt: The Origin and Growth of Religion, Page 8.
5.- Jp-B- 30:-31
177
178
cq]w- \-I-p-hm-\pw-th-n- {]hm-N-I-m- \n-tbm-Kn--sp.

""P-\- G-I-k-apZm-b-am-bn-cp-p.- A--s\- A-m-lpktm-j-hm-- A-dn-bn-p--h-cpw- Xm-o-Xv- \-Ip-h-cp-am-bn- {]-hm-N-I-m-sc- A-b-p.- A-h-tcmsSm-w- b-Ymhp-am-bn- th-Z-{K-\v-Y-hpw- A-h- A-h-X-cn-n-p.- a-\pjybm-sXm-n- `n-m-`n-{]m-b-n-em-tbm- A-Xn- A-h-n-Sbn- hn-[n- I-n-p--Xn-\p-thn''-1 ssZ-hnI- am--Zi\w- kzo-I-cn--h- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-I-fpw- Xnc-kv--cn--hk-Xy-\n-tj-[n-I-fp-am-bn- am-dn.- Cu- {]-hm-N-I- ]-c--c- ]-Xn\mev- \q-m-p-I-p-ap-v- A-td-_y-bn- ap-l--Zv- (k)- BKanp--Xp-h-sc- Xp-S-bm-bn- \n-e-\np.- G-sXm-cp- k-aq-lamtWm- k-Xy-n-\n-p-w- hyXn-Ne
- n-p-X
- v- B- k-aq-l
- n{]-hm-N-I-m- -I-S-p-hcn-I-bpwam--Z-i-\w- \-Ip-I-bpwsN-bv-Xp.- C--s\- {]-hm-N-I-m-cp-sS- B-K-a-\-ap-m-Im-H-scm-- k-ap-Zm-b-hp-an-.- ""A-m-lp-hn-s\- Bcm-[n-p-hn.A-h-\m-- Bcm-[y-m-sc- sh-Sn-bp-hn-- F-v- {]-t_m-[\wsN m- F-m- k-aq-l--fn-te-pw- \mw- Zq-X-m-sc- A-b
n-p-v''-2.- Xmo-Xp-Im-c-\n-m-sX- H-cp- k-aq-lhpw- I-gnpt]m-bn-n-''-3.A-tm,- C-y-bn-te-pw- {]-hm-N-I-m- I-S-p-hncn--Ww.- A-h-cn-em-cp-sS-bpw- t]-cv- Jp-B- ]-d-bp-n-sXv- t\cm-Wv.- H-cp- e-n-e-[n-Iw- {]-hm-N-I-m-cn- C-cp-]n-b-m-fp-I-fp-sS- t]-cv- am-{X-sa- Jp-B- sh-fn-s-Sp-pp-q.- ""Nn-e- Zq-X m-sc-p-dn-v- \mw- Xm-v- hn-h-c-W-wX-n-p-v.- Nn-e- Zq-X-m-sc-p-dn-v- Xm---v- \mw- hn-h-cWwX-n-n-''-4 F-m-Wv- ssZhw- hy-Iv-X-am-p--Xv.- sh-fn-s--Sp-s-Sm-- {]-hm-N-I-m-cn- `mc-Xo-b- {]-hm-N-I-m-cp-apm-bn-cn--Ww.- A-h-cpw- a-v- {]-hm-N-I-msc-t]m-se- {]-t_m
[-\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k-am-bncpp.- ssZ-hn-It_m-[-\--fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n-em-bn-cp-p- Ah- kw-kmcn-n-cp--Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-hpw- X-Pv-P-\y-fm-b- {]h-\--fpw- \n-e-\n-n-cp-- Im-e-v- C-y-bn- k-aXzhpw1.- Jp-B- 2:-213.2.- Jp-B- 16:-36
3.- Jp-B- 35:-16.4.- Jp-B- 4:-164.-
km-tlm-Z-cy-hpw- \n-e-\n-p.- ]n-o-Sv- {]-Ir-Xn-]q-P-bn-te-pwaq-o-]q-P-bn-te-pw- ]n-Xp-cm-cm-[-\-bo-te-pw- a-\p-jyh-gn-sX-n.- A-tm- A-k-a-Xz-hpw- PmXo-b-X-bpwkv-]-Ifp-ap-m-bn.- Ah-km-\-s- {]-hm-N-I- a--bn- A-hXcn-p.- A-t-l-s- ]n-]-n-b-h- tam-w- t\-Sn.- a-\p-jy\nn-X--fm-b- k-p-Nn-X-Xz-fn- \n--v tam-N-\-hpw- t\-Sn.ssZ-hn-I- a-X-n-s-d- hn-izm-k-{]-am-W--fn- {]-[m\ambn-p-Xv- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw,- a-e-p-I-fn-ep-- hn
izmkw,- {]-hm-N-I-m-cn-ep-- hn-izm-k-w,- ssZ-hn-I- {K-\v-Y-fn-ep-- hn-izm-kw,- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izmkw,- \--Xn--IssZ- h n- - \ n- m- s W- - hn- i zm- k w- F- n- h - b m- W v . `mcXob- {]-hm-N-I-m-cpw- {]t_m-[\w- sN-bv-X-Xv- Cu- hnizmk-- X-s-bm-bn-cn--Ww.- ]-t,- {]mNI- {]t_m-[-\sf-p-dn-- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- hn-h-c-- X-cp- tc-J-Isfhn-sS?- C-v- e-`n-p-- ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y-tf-sX-n-epw- hyIvX-am-b- H-cp- tc-J- X-cp-p-tm?- C--X-s.GI-ssZ-h- hn-izm-k
- n-\n-v- hy-Xn-Ne
- n-p-sIm-ncnp- H-cp- k-aq-l
- n-s-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- th-Z
- f
- n-epw- D-]\
- njp-If
- n-epw- \apv- Im-Wm- I-gn-bp-X
- v.- A-h- ]p-cm-W
- fnse-p-tm-tg-v- _-lp-ssZ-hm- c
- m[-\b
- p-sS- G-h
- pwaq-
amb- cq-]a
- mWv- Zr-iy-am-Ip-Xv.]-t,- Cu- {K-\vY
-
- f
- n-Xs
- - ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[\
- nsd- ASn-kv-Ym-\-n-ep-- hn-izm-k--fp-sS- ]-cn-W-an-- cq]- ImWm- I-gnbpw.- ]p-cm-X-\- `m-c-X-n-se- ssZ-hn-IaX-s-p-dn-- A-t\z-j-W-n\v- "ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--sf'b-m-sX- A-he
- w-_n-p-Ib
- pw- h-.- Imc-Ww- a-v- H-cp- tcJbpwC-v- In-m-\n-.- ln-p-a-X- {K-\v-Y--fn-- X-s-bp-- ssZhnIa- X - n- s - d - kzm- [ o- \ amWv - \mw- ]- c n- t im- [ n- m- H- c ppXv.- ssZ-hn-I- a-X-n-\n-- v hn-{K-lm-cm-[-\-bn-tepwA-tXm-S-\p-_-\v-[n- hn-izm-k--fntepw- F--s\- ]-cn-Wan-p-sh-pw- C-v- Im-Wp-- hnizm-k-fpsS- aq-esa-mbn-cp-p-sh-p-ap-- A-t\z-j-W-am-Wv- A-Sp-- t]-PpIfn.......-
179
180
A-Sn-kvY
- m-\i
- n-eI
- -
1
G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izm-kw
ap--n-ap-tm-Sn- ssZ-h--sf- sh-m-cm-[n-p--h-cm-Wvlnp-.- ln-p-hn-s\- kw-_-\v-[n-n-S-tm-fw- Hm-tcm- in-e-bpwa-c-hpw- aW--cn-bp-sa-mw- ssZ-h-am-Wv.- Hm-tcm- D--d--Sn-bpw]q-Pm-hn-{K-l-amWv.- GI-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bp-sS- em-Rv-O-\-t]m-epwkm[m- c - W - ln- p- f p- s S- hnizmkm- N m- c - - f n- Im- W p- I km[ya.- Cu- _-lp-ssZ-h-hn-`m-h-\-bn- A`n-am-\n-p--h-cmWv- A-`n-\-h- lnp- _p-n-Po-hn-I.- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm- k--sssl--h-X-bp-sS- am-{X-am-b- k--mw-Ko-I-c-W-n-s-d- D-Zm--amXr-I-bmbn- A-h- A-h-Xcn-n-p-p.- {io-.- ]n.-]-c-ta-iz-c- F-gpXpp:- ""`q-X-t{]-X-- ap-X- ]-c-{_-lv-aw-h-sc,- I-pw- a-c-hpwapX- \ncmImc-\n-Kp-W- {_-lva
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181
""C-y-bn-se- B-Zn-hm-kn-Is
- f- ]n-o-Sv- h-- B-cy-
- m- "Zkyp'- F-- lm-ky-\m-a-n-em-Wv- hn-fn-n-cp--Xv.- Z-ky-p-fp-sSA-Sn-kvYm-\- ssZ-h-k--w- G-I-Xz-n-e-[n-jv-Tn-X-am-bn-cp-p.A-h- hn-{K-lm-cm-[-I-cm-bn-cp-n-.- A-h-cp-sS- G-I-ssZ-h-n-sdt]-cv- Huw- F-m-bn-cp-p.- A-Xn-\v- Xp-ey-am-b- H-cp- kw-kv-Ir-X]Zw- C-p-hm-- B-Ip-p.- B- G-Imkv-Xn-Xz-n-s-d- A-[n-Im-cwk-I-e- N-cm-N-c--fp-sS-bpw- F--m- tZ-h-m-cp-sS-bp-w-ta- hym-]-Iam-Ip-p.- B- a-lm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- \n-b-a-a-\p-k-cnm-Wv- tZ-h-m-scms- {]-h-n-p--Xv.- B- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- H-cp- Kp-Ww- "ZoZn-hn-I'F-m-Ip-p.- H-cn--epw- A-{i-- _m-[n-m-- Zr-jv-SntbmSp-IqSn-bp--h- F--w''-1.- s{]m-^-k- entbm-t]m-Uv- t]mNtdm-U-dpw- B-dn-enw-Kp-sa-mw2- \-S-n-b- ]-T-\--fpw- B-Zy-Ime`m-c-Xo-b- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kn-I-fm-sW-m-Wv- hy-Iv-X-amp-Xv.ln-p-aX
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cn-p-p-sh--Xv- t\-cmWv.- ]-t,- A-h-bp-sS- c-N-\-- v- ap-v- kaql-n-ep-m-bn-cp-- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- Cu- {K-\v-Y--fn- kzm[o-\w- sN-ep-n-b-Xm-bn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- th-Z--fn-epw- D]\njp-If
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2.- Quoted by A-ô-^v- F.-F-^v.- Xz-m-d-: C-kv-emw- a-X- X-Xz-,- t]-Pv- 75,-76
182
ln-c-Wy-K-`,- hn-iz-I-m-hv,- {]-Pm-]-Xn- Xp-S-n-b- \m-a

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m-ko-{Z- tPm-t\m- thym-am- ]-tbm-c-X-v
Io-am- h-co-h-x- Ip-l- I-ky- i-aw-`xIn-am-ko-Zv- K-l-\w- Kw-ò-cw\-ar-Xyp- cm-ko-Z-ar-Xw- \- Xln\-cm-{Xym- A-lv-\- B-kn-Xv- {]-tI-XxB-\o- Z- hm-Xw- kz-[-bm-X-tZ-IwX-kv- am-ym-\y-- ]-cx-Inw-N-\m-k- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-129:1,-2).2.- tIm- Am- thZI Cl{]tam-NXvIq-X BPm- Ip-X Cbw- hn-kr-jv-SnxA-hm-K-vtZ-hm- A-ky- hn-k-P-t\\m-Ym- tIm-th-Z- b-X- B-_-`q--hC-bw- hn-kr-jv-Sncy--X- B-_-`q-hb-Zn- hm-Z-t[- b-Zn-hm-\tbm- A-kym-[y-x- ]-c-ta- thym-a
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183
A-h-\m-Wv- k-- `p-h-\--fp-sS-bpw- A-[o-im-[n-Im-cn.- A-h- `qansb-bpw- kz--s-bpw- AXXv- kv-Ym-\--fn- kv-Ym-]n-p.- A-h\n- \n-m-Wv- k-- Ncm-Nm-c--fp-ap-m-b-Xv.- tem-Iw- ap-gp-hln-cW
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am-{Xw- l-hn--n-p-I'' .- km-a-th-Z-hpw- G-I-ssZ-h-s- ln-cWyK-`- F-v- hn-fn-p-p-v.G-I-ssZ-h-s-X-s- hn-hn-[- \m-a--fn- hn-fn-p-- k{Zmbw- ap-p-ap-X-p-X-s- D-m-bn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv- a-\-n-emm-- I-gn-bp--Xv.- ln-c-Wy-K-`-s-d- A-tX- kz-`m-h--X-shn-iz-I-m-hn-epw- Btcm-]n-n-cn-p--Xn-\m- C-h- c-pw- H-tcssZ-h-s-p-dn-- k---n-s-d- hn-hn-[- \m-a-- am-{X-ambn-cn-mw.- ""{]-]---sf-bpw- tZh-m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn--Xpw- kz-hpw- `q-an-bpw- a-pw- \n-n--Xpw- hn-iz-I-m-hm-Wv.- k--hym]n-bm-b- A-h- F-m-hn-[- kp-J--fp-sS-bpw- Dd-hn-S-am-Wv.- A-Xn\m- hn-iz-I-m-hn-s\- h-n-p-I''2.- E-tKz-Z-n- X-s- hn-cmSv]p-cp-js
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s]m-Xn-p-sh-n-cn-p-p-''4.- Cu- {]-Pm-]-Xn- k-I-e- N-cm-Nc-fp-sS-bpw- \m-Y-\m-W-v- Im-Wn-p-- H-cp- {]m--\- t\m-p-I-:-''1.- ln-c-Wy-K-`x- k-a-h--Xm-t{K`q-X-ky- Pm-Xx- ]-Xn-tc-I- B-ko-Xvk-Zm-[m-c- ]r-Yn- how,- Zym-ap-tX-amwI-kv-ssa- tZhm-b- l-hn-jm- hn-t[-a.- (E-tKz-Zw- 10:-121:-1).2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-81:-1.3 E-tKz-Zw 10:90:2.
4.- Inw- kzn-Zm- ko-Z-[n-jv-Tm-\- am-cw-`W-wI-X-a-Xv-kzn-Xv- I-Ym-kzo-Xvb-tXm- `q-aow- P-\-b\w-hn-iz-I-m- hn-Zym-au-tWm- a-ln-\m- hn-iz-N-m-x- (ip--b-Pp-th-Zw- 17:-18).-
184
NXp-p-\n-e--fp-sS-bpw- \-S-h-gn-I-fp-sS-bpw- \m-Sn-s-d-bpw- Im-Sn

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n-se- ]-n-e-I-fp-sS-bpw an- sImgn-- C-e-I-fp-sS-bpw- \mY\m-b- A-t-bv-v- \-a-kv-Im-cw''1.G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-n-\v- k-am--c-am-cn-s- bm-Ymywth-Z- D-tLm-jn-p-p-v.- ""G-I-\m-b- A-h-- G-I-\m-bn-Xs- Fspw- \n-e-\n-p--h-\m-sW-v- hn-iz-kn-p-I.- cma-sXm-cp- ssZ-hw- C- -X-s''2 F-m-Wv- A-Y--th-Zw- ]dbpXvv.- ""A-h-\v- k-am--c-mcn.- A-h-s-d- Io-n,- k-Xy-ambpw
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3.- \- X-ky- {]-Xn-am- B-kv-Xo- b-iy-\m-av- a-l-Zy-k-tl- (b-Pp-th-Zw- 32:-3)4.- A-b-ta-I- C-m- ]p-cq-- N-jvtS- hn- hn-i-]-XoxXky-hr-Xm-\y-\p-- h-iv-N-cm-a-ko- (E-tKz-Zw- 8:25:16).-
185
F-m-hn-[- ssZ-hn-I- i-Iv-Xn-I-fp-w- A-h-\n- tI-{o-I-cn-p-sIm-vsF-Iy-s-n-cn-p-p''1.Cu- te-mI

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k-q-Tv-a-ky- ]m-T-kp-tc- (A-Y--th-Zw- 7:-26:-4).4.- X-Zn-Zm-k-`p-h-t\-ip- tPy-jv-Twb-tXm-P-vPv-R- D-{K-kv-tX-z-iz-\r-a-W
v- k-tZym-P-Pv-Rm-t\m- \n- cn-Wm-Xn- i-{Xp\-\q-bw- hn-tiz- a-Zyp-am-lx-- (EtK-z-Zw- 10:-120:-1).-
186
th-Z--fn-se- {]m--\-I-fn-epw- Cu- G-I-ssZ-h- Z-i-\w\ng-en-p-Im-Wp-p-v.- th-Z{]m-\

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- v.- ""HmwImc-n- aq-v- tZ-h-m-cpw- aq-v- tem-I-hpw- aq-v- th-Z--fpwaq-vAK-v-\n-I-fpwaq-v- am-{X-I-fpw- Aam-{X-I-fp-sa-mw- A-S-n-bncn
p-p-sh-v- ]-d-b-sSp-p.- F-s-m- A-Xv- B- ]-c-a-in-hXXz-k-z-cq-]-am-Wv''1 F-m-Wv- {]-kv-Xp-X- D-]-\n-j-v- ]dbp--Xv.A,-D,-a- F-o- aq---c--fp-sS- k-a-\z-b-am-Wv- Hmw- Im-c-i-_v-Z
sapw- A-h- A-\m-Zn,- D--c-Ww,- a-c-Ww- F-\o- kw-Pv-R-I-sf--bmWv{]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-p--sX-p-am-Wv- Nn-e ]Wv-Un-Xm-cp-sS A`n{]mb-w.- A-P--\pw- A-\m-Zn-bpw- a-\p-jy-sc t\-am--n-te-v- \-bn
p--h-\pw- a-cn-n-p--h-\pw- Fm-am-b- G-I-ssZ-h-s-bmWvCu- i-_v-Zw- D-sm-p--sX--w.kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-b- H-cpth-Z-{]m--\- t\m-p-I:
""Hmw- A-k-tXm-am-kXv- K-a-b
X-a-tkm-am- tPm-Xn- K-a-bar-tXym-m- A-ar-Xw- K-a-b.""Hmw- Im-c- i-_v-Z-ta......- A-\n-Xy-am-b- A-k-Xy-n-\n-v\n-Xy-a-m-b- k-Xy-n-te-v- F-s- \-bn--\p-{K-ln-t-W-ta.APvRm-\a
- m-Ip-- A-\[
v- I
- m-cn-\n-v- PvR
- m-\t- Pym-Xn-n-tevF-s- \-bn-\
- p-{K-ln-Wt- a.- a-cW
-
- n-\n-v- A-ac
- X
- z-n-tevF-s- \-bn--\p-{K-ln--W-ta''.{Xn-Ime-PvR-m-\n-bm-b- G-I-ssZ-h-s-p-dn-- k---fm-Wv- an-- th-Z{- ]m-\
- I
- f
- n-epw- Im-Wp-X
- v.- G-I\m-b- {_lvaw{Xn-Im-e-Pv-Rm-\n-bm-sWv- AY--th-Z-n-se- Xm-sg--d-bp-1.- X{X-tZ-hm-kv-{X-bx- t{]m-Iv-Xmtem-Im- th-Zm- kv-{X-tbm-Kv-\-bxXn-t{km- am-{Xm- [-am-{Xm-N{]-Xy--y- in-h-k-y-X-Xv- ({]-W-thm-]-\-n-j-v 3).-
187
{]m--\- hy-Iv-X-am-p-p:
""`q-X- `-hn-jy-Xv- h--am-\- ]-Zm---fn-se-mw- F-m-bv
tm-gpw- hym-]-I- kz-cq-]-\m-bn-cn-p-,- k-m-\--a-b-\m-b- {_lva-n-\v- \-a-kv-Im-cw''-1.tX-P-n-s-d-bpw- Hm-P-n-s-d-bpw- ho-cy-n-t-d-bpw- _e
n-sd-bpw- ]-c-a-am-b- t{km-X-n-t\m-Sv- A-h-sb- B-h-iy-s--psIm-v- sN-p-- th-Z-n-se- Xm-sg- ]-d-bp-- {]m--\-bpw- ssZh-n-s-d- G-I-Xz-am-Wv- hy-Iv-X-am-p--Xv:-- ""tl- k-t-iz-cm....tXP-m-b- A-v- F-s-bpw- tX-P-kzn-bm-t-W-ta.- ho-cy-am-bA-hn-Sp-v- F-s-bpw- ho-cy-hm-\m-tW-ta.- A-hn-Sp-v- _e-amWv.F-s-bpw- _-e-hm-\m-t-W-ta.- Hm-P-m-b- A-v- F-s-bpwHmPkn-bm-t-W-ta.- A-v- D-km-l-kz-cq-]-\m-Wv.- F-s-bpwD-km-l-hm\m-t-W-ta.- A-hn-Sp-v- k-l-\-i-Iv-Xn-bm-Wv.- Fs
bpw- k-l-\-iIv-Xn-bp--h-\m--W-ta...''-2.C--c-sam-cp- {]m--\-v- {io- Z-bm-\-- k-c-kz-Xn- \Ip- hymJym-\w- {i-t-ba
- m-Wv:- "kr-jvS- n-p-ap-v- tX-tPm-ab
-
- fmb- kq-cym-Zn- k-Ie
- - tem-I
- f
- p-sS-bpw- D-
- n- kvY
- m-\h
- pw- B[mc-hp-am-bncp--Xv- G-sXm-tm,- C-Xn-\v- ap-p-m-bn-p--Xpw- C-\nD-m-Ip--Xp-am-b- kIe- ]-Zm---fp-sS-bpw- {Xn-Im-e-n-sekzm-an- G-sX-tm,- A-Xv- k--tem-I--sf-bpw- \n-n-v- c-npsIm-n-cn-p-p.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-hm-hns\- R-- `-Iv-Xn-]q-w- \anp-p''-3.D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn:- D-]-\n-j-p-I- s]m-Xp-sh- Zm-i-\nI{]iv\
-
- f
- m-Wv- ssI-Im- c
- yw- sN-p-X
- v.- {]m-]
- n-I- {]-Xn-`m-kv- ]nn-se- bm-Ym-y-s-p-dn-- A-t\z-j-W-tm-sSm-wX-s- B- bm-Ym-y-hpw- a-\p-jym-kv-Xn-Xz-hpw- X-n-ep-- _\v[s-p-dn-- A-t\z-j-W-hpw- Iq-Sn- D-]-\n-j--p-I- D-smp
1. tbm-`q-Xw- N- `-hyw- N- k-w- b-iv-Nm- [n-Xn-jv-T-Xnkz-c-ky-N- tI-h-ew- X-k ssa- tPyjv-T-m-b- {_-lv-a-tW- \-a-x2.Hmw- tX-tPm-kn- tX-tPm-a-bn-t[-lnho--a-kn- ho-cy-abn-t[-ln_-e-a-kn- _-ew- abn-t[-lnHm-P-tkym-tPm- a-bn-t[-ln3.\-tc-{- `q-j-:- th-Z- ]-cy-S-\w- ]p-dw--:- 53.-
188
p.- Cu- A-t\z-jW

- a
- m-Wv- Im-Sp-Ib
- d
- n- "A-lw- {_-lva
- m-kva
- n'-sbkn-m--n-te-v- Nn-e-sc- \bn--Xv.- ssZ-hm-kv-Xn-Iy-s-p-dnN-I
- - ]p-tcm-Ka
- n-v- A-hs
- -d- krjvS- n-sb-p-dn-pw- cq-]s
- pdn-p-sa-m-ap-- Im-Sp-Ib
- d
- n-b- N-b
- n-tep-Iq-Sn- D-]\
- n-j
- p-IF-n-s-Sp-Xv- Im-Wmw-.A-Zzn-Xo-b-\m-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-am-Wv- {]-]--krjv-Sn-p-]n-n{]-hn--sX-v- D-]-\n-j-p-I- tLm-jn-p-p.- Cu- G-I-iIvXn-sb-bmWv- A-h- "{_-lv-aw'- F-v- hn-fn-p--Xv.- {_-lv-a- i_v-ZwssZ-h-i-_v-Zw -t]m-se-X-s- \-]pw-k-I-enw-K-am-Wv.- tZ-h-mcpsStZ-h-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\pw- \ncm-Im-c-hp-am-b- A-kv-Xn-Xz-s-bm-WvD]-\n-j-Zv-Im-e-v- {_-lv-a-i-_v-Zw-sImv- hn-h-n--sX-v- {io
cm-lpkmw-Ir-Xym-b-1 hy-Iv-X-amppv.th-Z-n- "B-Xv-am-hv-'- F-- {]-tbm-Kw- {]m-W-s\-tm- a\stm- am-{Xw- A--ap-sm-p--Xm-bn-cp-p.- F-m- D]\n-j-p-I-fn- ]-c-ta-iz-c-s-d- ]-cym-b-am-bpw- B-Xv-am-hv- F-v{]tbm-Kn--Xm-bn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-se- B-Xv-ai-_v-Zw c-v- am-\--fp-sm-pp.- H-v,- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv-.- c-v,
Po-hmX-v-am-hv.- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- {]-]-- krjv-Sn-p-ap-v- \n-an--am-bn\n-e-sIm--h-\pw- Po-hm-Xv-am-hv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\m- kr-jv-Sn--svPo-h-I-fn- tN-X-\- \n-e-\n-p--h\
-- p-am-Wv.- Ch- -c-pw- D-]-\njp-I-fn- B-Xv-a- i-_v-Zw-sIm-m-Wv- {]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-s-Sp-Xv.Po-hm-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- A-h-bp-sS- Kp-W-[-h--\-I-fn-\n-t- \-ap-v- th-Xn-cn-v- a-\-n-em-m- I-gn-bq.G-I-\pw- A-Zzn-Xo-b-\p-am-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hp-X-s-bm-Wv- {_lva-sav- D-]-\n-j-p-I-X-s- hy-Iv-X-am-p-p-v.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv
am-hm-Wv- k--n-\pw- B-[m-cw.- {]-Pv-Rm-\- kz-cq-]-bm-b- Cu]c-am-Xv-am-hv- Xs-bmWv- {_-lvaw''2 F-m-Wv- sF-X-tc-tbm-]\nj-v- ]-d-bp-Xv.Cu- ]-ca
- m-Xva
- m-hm-Ip-p- tem-I
- s
- f-bpw- tem-I]
- m-eI
-
- msc1.- cm-lpkmw-Ir-Xym-b-:- hn-iz-Z-i-\-- ]p-dw- 557.2.- {]-Pv-Rm-t\- {]-Xn-jv-Tn-Xw- {]-Pv-Rm-t\-t{Xm-tem-Ix{]-Pv- Rm-{]-Xn-jv-T- {]-Pvm-\w- {_-lv-a-(sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-Xv- 3:-1:-3)-
189
bpw- kr-jvS- n-X

- v.- A-h\
- m-Ip-p- A-hs
- b- ]-cn-]m-en-p-X
- v.- AhG-I-\m-Ip-p.- ""A-Zzn-Xo-b-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- P-{K-{Zq-]-Pm-e-skr-jv-Sn-v- Xsd- kz-cq-]-`q-X-am-b- im-k-\m- i-Iv-Xn-bm- A-Xns\`-cn-p-p.- B- hn-hn-[- im-k-\m-_-e-m- k-a-kv-X- tem-I-sfbpw- tem-I-]m-e-I-m-sc-bpw- b-Ym-tbm-Kyw- `-cn-p-p.- G-I-\m-bn
-s- k-ak
- vX
- - P-K
- n-s-db
- pw- D-
-
- n-pwhn-kvX
- m-c
- n\pwk-a--\m-bn-cn-p-- B- {_-lv-a-s- X-tXz-\- A-dn-bp-- a-lm]p-cp-j-m- A-a-c-m-cm-bn- `-hn-p-p''-1.""Pv-Rm-\-k-z-cq-]-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- k--{k-jv-Sm-hpwkPv-R-\pw- B-Xv-a-tbm-\n-bpw- Im-e-Im-e-\pw- k--Znhy-Kp-Wk-\pw- k-t- -bpw- A-dn-bp-h
- \
- p-am-Ip-p.- A-h- {][m\t-{X-PR
v- ]
- Xnbpw- ({]-Ir-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- Po-hm-Xa
v- m-hn-s-db
- pw- A[n]-Xn)- k-a-kv-X- KpW-fp-sS-bpw- im-k-I-\pw- P-\-\-a-c-W- k-z-cq-]
am-b- kw-km-c-n- _-\v[\-n-\pw- kv-Yn-Xn-bv-v- tam--n\pwIm-c-W-`q-X-\p-a-m-Ip-p''2.""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- X--b-\pw,- A-ar-X-kz-cq-]-\pw,- B-Xv-a-kzcq]-n- tem-I]
- m-e
- m-cn-epw- kvY
- n-Xn-sN-p-h
- \
- pw- k-P
- vR
- \pwk--K-\pw- Cu- `q-h-\-n-s-d- kw-c-I-\p-am-Ip-p.- A-h- Cuk-q-- P-K-n-s\-bpw- \n-Xy-hpw- `-cn-p-p.- F-s-m- Cu{]-]--s-- `-cn-p-hm- a-sm-cp- tl-Xp-hp-an-''-3.th-Z--fn- k--n-\pwap-p-m-bn-cp--Xm-bn- hn-tijnn-n-p-- ln-c-WyK-`-s\-tm-epw- kr-jv-Sn--Xv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hmsWpw- C{mZntZ-h-m-sc-sb-mw- ]-S--Xpw- A-Xp-X-s-bm-sW-pwtiz-Xm-iz-Xt- cm-]\
- n-j
- v- hy-IX
v- a
- m-p-p-:v- '- '-C{- m-Zn-tZ-h
- m-cpsS1.- b- G-tIm- Pm-e- hm-\-o-i-X- Cu-i- \o-`nxk-m- tem-Im-\o-i-tX- Cu-i-\o-`nxb- G-ssh-I- D-Zv-`-th- kw-`-th-iv-N-bG-XZv-hn-Zq-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-n(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-v- 3:-1)2. k- hn-iz-Ir-Xv- hn-iz-n-Zm-Xv-a-tbm
-\n-Pv-Rm-- Im-e- Im-tem- Kp--Wo-- k--hn-Zy{]-[m-\-t-{X-Pv-R- ]-Xn-Kp-tW-ixkwkm-c-tam-- kv-Yn-Xn-_-\v-[- tl-Xp-x- (AtX{K\v-Yw- 6:16)
3.- k- X-a-tbm- lr--ar-X- Cu-i-kw-kv-tYmPv-Rx-k--tKm- `p-h-\-kym-ky- tKm-]v-Xmb- Cu-ti- A-ky- P-K-tXm- \n-Xy-ta-h
\m-t\ym- tl-Xp- hn-Zy-tX- Cu-i-\m-b- (AtX{K\v-Yw 6:17)
190
D-
- n-pw- hr-n-pw- tl-Xp-`q-X\-mb
- n-cn-p-h
- \
- pw- k-m[n
]-Xn-bpw- k-hP
- vR
- \pw- B-Zy-am-bn- ln-cW
- y-K-`s
- \- k-rj
- vS- n-h\pam-b- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- \-s- ip-`-_p-n-bp--h-cm-n-o--s''1.{]-Ir-Xn-bn-se- hy-Xy-kX
v- - {]-Xn-`m-k
- -t]m-epw- kw-`h
- npXv- Cu- ]-c-{_-lv-a-s- `-b-n-m-Wv-.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-n-m-Wvhm-bp- N-en-pXv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-m-Wv- kq-cy- D-Zn-p--Xv-.- CXns\- `-b-n-p-X-s-bmWv- A-Kv-\n-bpw- C{-\pw- ]--a-\m-b- ar-Xyp
hpw- I-- A\p--jvTn-p--Xv''-2.-P-K-n-s-d- Im-c-W-sa-m-Wv?- kz-`m-h-am-tWm-?- Im-e-am
tWm?- A-X-s.- P-K-ns-d- Im-c-Ww- ]-c-tK-iz-c- am-{X-amWv.""Cu- P-K-n-\v- Im-c-Ww- kz-`m-h-amsW-v- Nn-e- _p-n-am-mc-pwIm-e-am-sW-v- a-p-Nn-ecpw- ]-d-bp-p.- C-h- tam-l-{K-kv-X-cm-b-Xn\m- P-K-Xv-Im-c-W-sa-s--dn--p-Iq-Sm.- k--i-Iv-Xn-am-\m-b- ]cta-iz-c-s-d- a-lm-hn-ti-j-am-WnXv.- B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s-d- a-ln-asIm-m-Wv- Cu- {_-lv-a-N-{Iw- I-d-n-sm-n-cn-p--Xv''-3.kq-cy-N{- m-Zn-I- {]-Im-in-p-X
- v- ]-c{- _-la
v-
- n-s-d- I]\-bm-em-Wv- ""A-hn-sS- kq-cy- {]-Im-in-p-n-.- N-{-\pw- \-{X-fpw- {]-Im-in-p-n-.- Cu- hn-Zyp-p--fpw- {]-Im-in-p-n-.]n-s- Cu- A-Kv-\n- F-hn-sS?- tX-tP-m-a-b-am-b- B- ]-c-{_-l-va-sA-\p-k-cn-v- asmw- {]-Im-in-p-p.- A-Xn-s-d- tim-`-sIm-pX-s-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-]-w- apgp-h- {]-Im-in-p-X-v''-4.1.- tbm- tZ-hm-\mw- {]-`-h-iv-tNm-Zv-`-h-iv-Nhn-izm-[n-t]m- cp-t{Zm-a-l-jnxln-c-Wy-K-`w- P-\-b-m-am-k- ]q-wk- t\m- _p-ym- ip-`-bm- kw-bp-\-Iv-Xp(AtX{K\v-Yw 3:4)
2 ò-jm- kv-am-Xv-hm--Xx- ]-h-tX,ò-tjm-tZ-Xn- kq-cyxò-jm- kv-am-Z-Kv-\n-iv-tN-{-iv-N.ar-Xyp-- [m-h-Xn- ]--a- C-Xn(ssXn-co-tbm-]-\n-j-v- 2:8:-1)3.- kz-`-m-h-ta-tI- I-h-tbm- h-Z-nIm-ew- X-Ym-t\y- ]-cn-ap-ly-am-\mx- tZ-hssky-j- a-ln-am-Xp-tem-t-Itb- t\-Zw- {`-m-ay-tX- {_-lv-a-N{I(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-v- 6:-1)4.- \- X-{X- kq-tcym-`m-Xn- \- N-{-Xm-c-Iwt\-am- hn-Zyp-tXm- `m-n- Ip-tXm -f-b-a-Kv-\nxX-ta-h- `m--a-\p- `m-Xn-k-wX-ky-`m-km- k-h- an-Zw- hn-`m-Xn(ap-Wv-W-tIm-]-\n-j-v- 2:-2:-11)-
191
]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-\v- C-{n-b--fn-.- ]-s,- A-h- Im-Wp-I-bpwtI-p-I-bp-sa-mw- sN-p-p-v.- "" B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- I-c-N-c-W-cln-X-\m-sW-n-epw- k-a-kv-X- h-kv-Xp--sf-bpw- {K-ln-p--h-\pwA-Xn-th-Kw- k-h{- X- K-an-p-h
- \
- pw- I-p-IIq-Sm-sX- k-hpwIm-Wp--h-\pw- ImXp-I- Iq-Sm-sX- F-mw- tI-p--h-\p-am
Ipp.- A-h
- - A-dn-tb-X
- m-bn-p-X
- v- F-mw- A-dn-bp-p.- FmA-h-s\- A-dn-bp--h-\m-bn-v- Bcp-an-.- Pv-Rm-\n-I- A-h-s\- alms\-pw- B-Zn-]p-cp-j-s\-pw- ]-d-bp-p''1.C-{n-bm-Xo-X-\m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv.- A-h-s\- Im-Wp-hm- I-gn
bn-.- ""Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s-d- cq-]w- Zr-jv-Sn-p- hn-j-b-a.- Cu]c-am-Xva
- m-hns\- amw-kN
-
- p-p-sIm-v- B-pw- Im-Wp-hmkm
[y-a-.- km-[-I-m- lr-Z-b-kv-Yn-X-\pw- A--cym-an-bp-am-b- ]-c-amXv-am-hn-s\- `-Iv-Xn-tbm-Sp -IqSnb- l-r-Z-b-tm-Spw- \n--e- a-\-tmSpw,- C-{]-Im-cw- A-dn-bp-h
- - A-ac
- m-cm-bn- `-hn-p-p''2- .- C-mcywX-s- I-tTm-]-\n-j-v- Ip-d-p-Iq-Sn- hy-IvX-am-bn- hnh-cn-p-p.""B- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- hm-n-\pw- Im-Xn-\pw- _p-npw- A-{]m-]y-amWv.F-m- B-cp-sS-ta- A-h-\v- Ir-]-bp-tm- A-h-\v- B-`m-Kyw- e`np-p.- F-s-m- A-h- Ir-]m-]m-{X--n- am-{X-sa- kzbw{]-Xy--s-Sp-I-bp-q''3.I-pw- Im-Xpw- a-\
- p-sa-mw- {_-lva
- s
- - t\-cn- A-dnbmAi-Iv-X-sa-n-epw- C-h-sb-mw- i-Iv-Xn- t\-Sp--Xv- {_-lv-a-n-\mem-sW-v- D]-\n-j-p-I- tLm-jn-p-p.- ""A-hn-sS- I-tmhmtm- a-\-tm- Fp-n-.- A-Xn-s\--n- F--s\-bm-Wv- ]-dtb-s
- X-pw- \-ap-d
- n-p-IqSm.- a-p-h
- c
- n- \n-pw- tI-v- a\n1.- A-]m-Wn-]m-tZm- P-h-t\m- Kr-lo-Xm]-iy-Xy-Iv-jpx- k- i-r-tWm-Xy- I-xk-th-n- th-Zyw \-N- X-kym-kv-Xn- th-mX-am-lp- c-{Kyw- ]p-cp-jw- a-lm-w(tiz-Xm-iz-X-tcm-]-\n-j-v- 3:-19)2.- \- kw-Zr-ti- Xn-jv-T-Xn- cq-]-a-ky
- \- N-Iv-jp-jm-]-iy-Xn- I-iv-N-ss\-\.lr-tZm-lr-Zn-kv-Yw- a-\-km- b- G-\
ta-hw- hn-Zp-c- ar-Xm-kv- tX- `-h-n- (tiz-tXm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j--v 4:-20)-.3. \m-b-am-Xv-am- {]-h-N-t\-\- et`ym
- \- ta-[-bm- \- _-lp-\m- {ip-Xt-\b-ta- ssh-j- hr-Wp-tX- tX-\- e-`ykv-X-ssky-j- B-Xv-am-hn-hr-Wp-tX- X-\qw- kzmw(I-tTm-]-\n-j-v- 1:2:-23).-
192
em-p-hm-\pw- I-gn-n-n-.- F-s-m- A-Xv- A-dn-b-s--h-bn\n-pw- `n-a

- m-Wv.- A-dn-bs
- -Sm-h
- b
-
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- n-ep-- hn-Nn-{X-am-b- _-lp-ssZhhnizm-k-n-te-v- ln--p-a-X-s- B-]-Xn-n--Xv.G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw-X-s-bm-Wv- i-cn-sb-v- a-\-n-em-pIbpw- F-m- k-aq-l-n- h-f-p-h-- _-lp-tZ-h-Xm-hn-izmks- s]s-v- hn-a-in-p--Xv- X--fp-sS- hy-Iv-Xn-Po-hn-X-s{]-Xn-Iq-e-am-bn- _m[n-p-sa-v- `-b-p-I-bpw- sN-bv-X- a-sm-cp- hn`mKw- ]-WvU
- n-X
- m-sc-Iq-Sn- Nn-e- th-Zk
- q-IvX
-
- f
- n- \-ap-v- Im-WmI-gn-bp-p.- ""tZ-h-m-cp-sS- \m-a--sf- [-cn-n-p-- hy-Iv-Xn- H-p-X
s-bm-Ip-p''-3 sh-- D-]-tZ-i-n-eq-sS- P-\--sf- G-I-ssZ-hhnizm-k-n-te-v- sIm-p-h-cm- A-h- {i-an-p-sh-n-ep-w,- ]noSv- _-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-n-s-d- `m-K-am-sW\ym-bo-I-c-W-n-\-\p-Iq-e-am-bn- A-h-cp-sS- h-N-\-- hym-Jym\n-s-Sp-I-bm-Wv- sN-bv-X-Xv.G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kw- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-v- sh-fn-s-n-pw- ]macam-cn- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-n-bn-s-- bm-Ym-yw- tUm-Iv-Scm-[mIr-jv-W- k--Xn-p-p-v.- A-t-lw- F-gp-Xp-p:- ""Nn-e{]-tXy-I-m-cpsS- a-kv-Xn-jv-Iw- cq-]-h--cn-- Z-i-\m-Xv-a-I-am-b1 G-Iw- k-Zzn-{]m- _-lp-[m-h-Z-n- (E-tKz-Zw- 2:-3:-6)2.- G-Iw- k-w- _-lp-[m- I--b-n- (EtKz-Zw 8:6:6)
3.- tbm-tZ-hm-\mw- Xm-a-[m- G-I- G-h- (EtKz-Zw- 8:-3:-3)-
198
199
G-I-ssZ-h-k--w- ]ma-c-P-\--fp-sS- A-\v-[-hn-Im-c--fp-am-bnH-cp- ]-c-kv-]-c- [-m-c-W-bn-se-n-bn-cp-p.- hm-kv-X-h-n-en-Xp-aqew]-Wv-Un-X-m-cp-sS-bpw- ]m-a-c-m-cp-sSbpw- C-S-bn- Nn-m-]-c-am-bH-cp- k-\v-[n-bp-sS- A--co-w- kw-Pm-X-am-bn.- A-Xn-tm-gpw- Xp-S
p-h-cp-p''-1.- ]-W-vUn-X-m-v- sh-fn-s-- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-kwkm-[m-c-W-m-cn-\n-pw- a-d-p-sh--s-p-sh--w.- CXn\vIm-c-Ww- kzm--X-bm-hmw.- A-s-n- ]-c--cm-K-X- hn-izm-ksf- F-Xn-m-ep-m-hp-- `-hn-jy-p-I-sf-p-dn-- `-b-am-hmw.Fmbn-cp-m-epw- B- a-d-p-sh--em-Wv- C-v- Im-Wp-- cq-]n,- G-Is
- sZ-h
- n-s-d- kzm-[o-\s
- -p-dn-p-t]m-ep-ad
- n-bm-hn-[-n-ep-- _lpssZh- hn-izm-k-n-te-v- ssl--h- Z-i\w]cn-W-an-m-\p-- ]-e Im-cW--fn-sem-v.-
jn-n-s
- -Sp-- {io-Ir-jvW
- - ]-db
- p-p-:- ""Cu- P-K
- n-s-d- ]nXmhpw- am-Xm-hpw- ]n-Xm-a-l-\pw- I--^-e-ZmXm-hpw- A-dn-b-s-tS-h-kv-Xp-hpw- ]-cn-ip-- h-kv-Xp-hpw- Hm-m-c-hpw- E-tKz-Z-hpw- km-a-th
Z-hpw- b-Pp-th-Zhp-w- Rm-X-s-bm-Ip-p''-1 ""N-cm-N-cm-Xv-a--fmbF-m- `q-X--fpw- Fsd- c-p-X-c-n-ep-- {]-Ir-Xn-bn-\n-pm-b-h-bm-Ip-p.- A-Xn\m- Rm- k-I-e- tem-I-n-s-d-bpwD--npw- eb-n-\pw- Imc-W-`q-X-\m-Ip-p''-2 ""{]m-]y-kv-Ym\-hpw- `-c-W-I-m-hpw- \n-bm-hpw- {]-Xy--n- I--dn-bph-\pwhm-k-kv-Ym-\-hpw- c--I-\pw- ln-XIm-cn-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-I-mhpw- kw-lm-c-I-m-hpw- ]m-e-\-I-m-hpw- {]f-b-kv-Ym-\-hpw- \mi-c-ln-X-am-b- aq-e-Im-c-W-hpw- Rm--X-s-bm-Ip-p''-3.-
F-m ssZ-h--sf-bpw- tbm-Pn-n-v- G-I-ssZ-h-am-m-\p-H-cp- {i-aw- Ko-X-bn-eq-sS-bpw- \-S--s-Sp-p-v.- ""tl....- Ip-o]p{Xm-!- {i--tbm-sS- A-\y-tZ-h-X-I-sf- B-cm-[n-p-- `-Iv-X-mhn[n-{]-Im-c-a-m-sX- F-s--s-bm-Wv- B-cm-[n-p--Xv''-2 FIr-jvt- Wm-]t- Z-i
- n-eq-sS- hn-hn-[- ssZ-h
- s
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""C-{m-Zn- tZ-h-m-sc- D-t-in-v- {h-X-a-\p-jv-Tn-p--h- C{m-Zn-IsfX-s- {]m-]n-p-p.- ]n-Xr-tZ-h
- m-sc- `-Pn-p-h
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- n-v- Ah-s\-am-{Xw- B-cm-[n-n-t-- Im-cy-ap-q-sh-pw- hyIvX-am--p-I-bm-Wv- sN-pXv.-
H-cp-h-i-v- {io-Ir-jv-W]q-Pbn-e[n-jv-Tn-Xam-b G-I-ssZ-hhn-izm-kw- {]-t_m-[-\w- sN-p-- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-X-s- a-dp-h-i-vtZ-h-]q-P-v- A-\p-a-Xn- \-Ip-I-bpw- hy-Xy-kv-X- tZ-h-X-I-sf- B-cm[n-p-X
- n-eq-sS- G-Is
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- n-ep-- {i-s
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- n-ca
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- yw- \-Im-\m-Wv- Ko-Xm-Im-c- {i-an-p-s
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- s
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a-v- ssZ-h--sf-sb-mw- hn-jv-Wp-hn- e-bn-n-m\-p-- {iaam-Wv- Ko-Xb

- n- Im-Wp-X
- v.- hn-jvW
- p-hn-s-d- Ah-Xm-cs
- a-v- hnti1.-Dr. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I Page 145.
2.- tbf ] -\y- tZ-h-Xm- `-Iv-Xm- b-P-t- {i--bm-\zn-XmxtX -]n- am-ta-h- sIu-t-b- b-P-- hn-[n- ]q--Iw- (`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 9:-23)3.- bm-n- tZ-h-{h-Xm- tZ-hm- ]n-Xr- bm--n- ]n-Xr-{h-Xmx`q-Xm-\n- bm-n- `q-tX-Pym- bm-n- a-Zym-Pn-t\m-]n-amw- (Ko-X- 9:-25)-
1.- ]n-Xm-fl-a-ky- P-K-tXm- am-Xm-[m-Xm- ]n-Xm-a-l-xth-Zyw- ]-hn-{X-tam-m-c- E-Iv-km-a- b-Pp-tc-h -N- (-Ko-X 9:17).
2.- G-X-tZym-- \o-\n- `q-Xm-\n- k-m-Wo-Xyp-]-[m-c-bA-lw- Ir-Xv-kv-\-ky- P-K-Xx -{]-`-hx- {]-f-b-kv-X-Ym- -(Ko-X 7:6).
3.- K-Xn-`-m- {]-`px-km-o- \n-hm-kx-i-c-Ww- kp-lrXv{]-`-hx-{]-fbx-kv-Ym-\w- \n-[m-\w- _o-P-a-hy-bw- (Ko-X 9:18)
4.Ko-X 7:21,22.
200
_-lp-ssZ-hm-cm-[-\-bn-\n-v- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-n-tevlnp--sf- sIm-p-h-cp--Xn-\v- {i-an-- \-thm-m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\fp-sS- ]-e-Xn-s-d-bpw- X-I--bm-Wv- `m-c-Xo-b- N-cn-{X-n- \apvIm-Wm-- I-gn-bp--Xv.- cm-Pm-dmw- tam-l-tdm-bn-bp-sS- "{_-lv-a-kamPw'- C-s-hn-sS-?- dm-\s
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- v
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- X-s-bp-s-- h-kv-Xp-X-bm-Wv- G-sd- hnNn{X-am-bn-p--Xv.th-Z--fn-se-bpw- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-se-bpw- G-I-ssZ-h- hn-izmk-n-e[
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a-s-m-Wv- ssl--h-\-thm-m-\- {]-kv-Ym-\--fp-sS- ]-cm-Pbn
- \n-v- a-\-n-em-t--Xv.- G-I-ssZ-h-m-Z-i-n-s-d- {]mtbmKnI-h--c-W-n-\v- A{]-am-Zn-X-am-b- ssZhn-I- t{km-Xp-I-tI-gn-bq-.- ssZ-hn-I- t_m-[-\-n-s-d- am-\p-jn-I- I-c-hn-cp-Xp-I-fn\n-v- ap--am-b- k-am-lm-c---t- km-[n-q.- A-cw- kv-JenXc-ln-X-amb- ssZ-hn-I- t{km-X-m-bn- tem-I-n-\v- ap-n- A-hXcnn-m- -]-p-- G-I-{K-\v-Yw- hn-ip-- Jp-B- am-{X-am-Wv.-
201
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202
{]-I-Sn-n-pp-v.- ]-t,- am-em-J-am- ssZ-h-I--\-I-f-\p-kcnv- am-{Xw- {]-h-nm- hn-[n--s--h-cm-sW-- hn-izm-k-hpambn- s]m-cp--s-Sm- Bcy-tZ-h- k----n-\v- I-gn-bp-n-.- thZ]p-cm-W--fn- {]-kv-Xm-hn-p- tZ-h-m-cn- ]-e-pw kz-X{am-b- \n-b-{-Wm-[n-Im-c--fpw- ssI-Im-cy-I-r-Xz-hpw- I-ns-Sp-p-v.a-XN
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n- \n--Nn-n-cn-p--Xv.- ""a-v- a-\p-jy-v- Zm-\w- \-Ip-hn-Zzm-\m-b- a-\p-jy-\pw- tZ-h-X-s-bm-Wv- (hn-Zzmw- tkm-ln- tZhx)1.- Jp-B- 43:-20.2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52
3.- k-lo-lp- ap-kv-enw.-
203
kr-jv-Sn-v- ap-gp-h-\pw- sh-fn-w- \Ip--Xn-\m- kq-cy,- N-{,A--co-w- F-n-h-bpw- tZ-h-am-X-s.- ANv-O

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v- {- ]-Im-ca
- m-sW-v- hyIvXam-p-- D-]-\n-j-Xv-kq-Iv-X--fp-v.- ssX-n-cn-tbm-]-\n-j-v- ]dbp-p.- ""C-Xn-s\- `-b-n-m-Wv- hm-bp- N-en-p--Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `bmWv- kq-cy- DZn-p--Xv.- C-Xn-s\- `-b-n-p-X-s-bm-Wv- A-Kv-\nbpwC-{-\pw- ]--a-\m-b- ar-Xyp-hpw- A-h-cp-sS- I--- A-\pjv-Tnp--Xv''-2
C-{-,- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp- Xp-S-n-b- {]-[m-\- tZ-h-m-sc
mw- ssZ-h-kr-jv-SnI-fm-sW-v-3 D-]-\n-j-p-I- hy-Iv-X-amppv.- A-h-sc- ]-cn-]m-en-p--h-\pw- {_-lv-aw-X-s-bm-Wv.C-Xn-\n-s-mw- tZ-h-m-sc-mw-X-s- G-I-ssZ-h-n-s-d- krjvSn-I-fp-w- B-Pv-Rm-\p-h-n-I-fp-am-Wv- F-pw- A-h-v- k-z-X-{am-b- ssI-Im-cy-I-rXz-an-s-pw- X-s-bm-Wv- a-\-n-em-mI-gn-bp--Xv.D-Xv-`-h-Im-c-W--:- tZ-h-k---n-s-d- D-]n- aep-I-fn-ep-- hn-izm-k-n-em-bn-cn-m-\p-- km-[y-X- \mw- a-\nem-n.- G-I-ssZ-h-hn-izm-k-n-\n-pw- _-lp-tZ-h-k---nte-p-- ssl--h-X-bp-sS- ]-cn-Wm-a-n-\v- H-n-e-[n-Iw- ImcW-fp-v.- B-cy-Z-kyp-- kw-L--\--fm-Wv- tZ-hk---n-sdD--n-v- \n-Zm-\-am-b-sX-v- k--n-p--h-cp-v.- {]-Ir-Xn]q-P-bn-\n-m-Wv- ssl--h-tZ-h-k--w- cq-]m--c-s--sX-vhm-Zn-p--h-cp-v.- Z-kyp--fp-sS- hn-izm-k--fpw- B-cy-m-cp-sShn-izm-k--fpw- Iq-Sn- \-S-- k-e-\-n-s-d- D-t]m---am-WvtZ-h-m-cn-ep-- hn-izm-k-sa-- A-`n-{]m-b-hpw- Nn-e-p-v.- Cu1. Quoted by: Drs. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol 1 Page 52.
2. ssX-o-co-tbm-]-\n-j-v- 8:-4.3.- tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-v- 4:-12
204
A-`n-{]m-b--fn-se-mw- bm-Ym-y-n-s-d- Aw-i--fn-s-v- ]dp-Iq-S.- ]-t,- C-Xn-se- G-sX-n-epw- H-c-`n-{]m-b-n-s-d- am{Xw]-cn-[n-bn- H-Xp-n-\n-p-sIm-v- tZ-hh
- n-izm-k
- n-s-d- D-nsb-bpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-s-bpwhn-i-Zo-I-cn-p-I- km-[y-a-.- C-h-sbmwX-s- H-cp- hn-[
- n-es
- -n- a-sm-cp-hn-[
- n- tZ-hh
- nizm-kns-d- D--n-v- \n-Zm-\-am-bn-p-s--Xm-Wv- hm-kv-X-hw.ssl--h- tZ-h-k---n-s-d- D--n-v- {]-[m-\-am-bpwaqv- Im-c-W-fm-Wv- \-ap-v- Im-Wm-- I-gn-bp--Xv.H-v.- D-]-\n-j-p-I-f-p-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\m-i-b-am-b- G-I-ssZhhn-izm-k-tm-sSm--w- {]-hm-N-I-m- {]t_m-[-\w- sN-bv-X- am-emJam-cn-ep-- hn-izm-kw- ]-cn-W-an-v- a-\p-jy-cq-]-n-te-v- h-cn-I-bpwA-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-I-v- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- \-In- hn-Ir-X-am--s-SpIbpw- sN-bv-Xp.c-v.- k-aq-l-n- B-Z-cn--s-n-cp-- B-fp-I- a-c-Wtijw- B-cm-[n-s
- -Sp-Ib
- pw- tZ-h
- m-cm-bn- hy-hl
- c
- n-s
- -Sp-IbpwsN-bv-Xp.aq-v.- {]-Ir-Xn- {]-Xn-`m-k--fpw,- a-\p-tjy-X-c-am-b- A-tNX\-fpw- k-tN-X-\--fp-am-b- h-kv-Xp--fpw- A-h-tbm-Sp-- `-bwsImtm- A-hb
- n-\n-v- e-`n-p-- D-]I
- m-cw-sIm-tm- tZ-h
- mcmbn- hy-h-l-cn--s-p.th-Z--fn- {]-[m-\-s-- E-tKz-Z{]-Im-cw- `q-an,- A--co-w,kz-w- F-n-h-bn- B-sI- ap--n-aq-v- tZ-h-m-cm-Wp--Xv.C{,- hm-bp,- A-Kv-\n,- tkm-a,- an-{X,- k-q-cy,- ]-Pv-P-\y,hcp-W,- hn-jv-Wp,- D-j-v,- c-v- A-izn-\n-am,- cp-{Z,- {]-Pm-]-Xn,]q-j
- m-hv,- b-a,- B-cy-am-hv,- a-cp-p-,- _r-lk
- v]
- X
- n,- k-ck
- zXn,A-Zn-Xn,- B-Zn-Xy-m,- E-`p-,- C-f-Xzm-jv-Sm-hv,- ssh-izm-\-c-,k-hn-Xm-hv-,- h-cp-Wm-\n,- C-{m-Wn,- A-Kv-t\-bn-h-kp-,- `m-c-Xn,am-X-cn-izm-hv,- \m-k-Xy-m- F-n-h-cm-W-h.- C-h-cn- Nn-e- tZhX-I-fm-Wv.- Cu- tZ-h-m-cn- B-sc-mwap-I-fn- ]-d-- aq-vhn`m-K--fn- D-s-Sp-p-sh-v- Ir-Xy-am-bn- IW-m-p-I- h.Nn-e- tZ-h-m-sc- k--n-p--Xn-\v- ap-I-fn- ]-d- H-n-tesdIm-c-W-- kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-n-b-Xm-bn- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.-
205
B-Zn-B-cy-m-v- tZ-h-m-sc- B-cm-[n-p-- ]-Xn-hp-mbncp-n-s-pw- ]n-o-Sm-Wv- hn-hn-[- tZ-hn-Im-tZ-h-m-sc-bpwhn-{Kl-sf-bpw- B-cm-[n-p-- k-{-Zm-bw- D-S-se-Sp--s-X-pw- {]-ap-JK-th-j-I-m- A-`n-{]m-b-s-n-p-v.- hniz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tIm-iw- FgpXp-p-:- "" A-Y-th-Z-n-s-d- Im-e-am-b-tm-tg-pw- B-cw-`-nhn-{Klm-cm-[-\- io-en-n-nm-bn-cp-- B-cy- P-\-X- a-{-hm-Zn
epw- ]-e-X-cw- tZ-ho-tZ-h-m-sc- B-cm[n-p--Xn-epw- X--c-cmbn-gn-n-cp-p''-1.{Xn-aq-n-I-:- {_-lv-am-hv,- hn-jv-Wp,- in-h- F-n-s\aq-v- aq-n-If
- n-em-bn- \n-cm-Im-c- \n-Kp-W- {_-lva
- w- kvY
- n-Xn- sNpp-sh-m-Wv- ssl--h- hn-izm-kw.- {_-lv-am-hv- kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS-bpwhn-jvW
- p- kvY
- n-Xn-bp-sS-bpw- in-h- kw-lm-c
- n-s-db
- pw- tZ-h
- mcmWvv-.- Cu- {Xn-aq-n- k---n-s-d- th-cp-I- ssZ-hn-I-a-Xnse- am-em-Jm- k---n-em-bn-cn-m- km-[y-X-bp-v.- ]-t,C-h-bv-pw- a\p-jy-hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bpw- k-z-`m-h--fpw- kn--Xn-\m- G-sd- hn-Nn-{X-am-b- H-cp- Nn-{X-am-Wv- \-ap-n-vA-h-sb-p-dn-v- e-`n-p--Xv.]p-cm-W--fn-em-Wv- Cu- aq-v- tZ-h-m-cpw- {_-lv-a-n-s-daq-v- aq-n-I-fm-sW- B-i-bw- sX-fn-p-Im-Wp--Xv.- hm-bp]p-cm-Ww- ]-d-bp-p-:- ""{_-lv-am-hv- N-cm-N-c--sf- krjv-Sn-p-p.Im-e-\-h-sbkw-l-cn-p.- ]p-cp-j- C-h-sb-sb-mw- hy-Xy-kvX-fm-bn- \n-e\
- n-p-p.- C-h- aq-pw- {]-Pm-]X
- n-bp-sS- aq-v- L-2
f-s{X'' .- Iq--]p-cm-Ww- ]-d-bp--Xv- C--s\-bm-Wv:- ""kr-jv-Sn-bpwkv-Yn-Xn-bpw- kw-lm-c-hpw- A-h-s-d- hy-Xy-kv-X- cq-]-- am-{X-am
Ip-p.- k-z-bw- k-z-am-b- hn-jv-Wp-`-K-hm-\m-Wv- kr-jv-Sn-I-sf- ap-gp
h- \n-e\
- n-p-X
- v.- k-zb
- w- c-P
- m-b- {_-la
v- m-hv- kr-jSv- n-pIbpwX-a-v- kw-l-cn-p-I-bpw- sN-p-p-''3.D-]\
- n-j
- p-I- Cu- aq-v- tZ-h
- m-sc-p-dn-pw- {]-Xn-]mZnpp-s-n-epw- A-h- H-n-t\m-sSm-v- _-\v[
- s
- -p-sIm-msW-tm1.- hn-iz-hn-Pv-Rm-\-tImiw,- hm-e-yw- 2,- ]p-dw- 281.
2.Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol: II Page 75.
3.Ibid Page 76.
206
G-Is
- sZ-h
- n-s-d- aq-v- aq-n-If
- m-sWtm- hy-IvX
- a
- m-p-n.kr-jv-Sn-bp-sS- aq-n-sb-v- hn-iz-kn--s-Sp-- {_-lv-am-hn-s\H-cp- tem-I-]m-e-I- am-{X-am-bn-m-Wv- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- kr-jv-Sn--sXvsF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-v- hy-Iv-X-am-p--Xv- t\m-p-I-:- ""C-{]-Imcwk-I-e- tem-I--sf-bpw- kr-jv-Sn--Xn-\p-ti-jw- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hv- C-{]
Im-cw- hn-Nm-cn-p "tem-I--sf-mw- kr-jv-Sn-p.- C-\n- tem-I--sfkw-c-n-p-- tem-I-]m-e-I-m-sc-bpw- Xo--bm-bpw- kr-jv-Sn
Ww-'.- C-{]-Im-cw- Nn-n-n-v- A-t-lw- P-e-n-\n-pw- ln-c-WyK--`-cq-]n-bm-b- ]p-cp-j-s\- k-ap--cn-v- A-Xn-s\- k-mwK--bpIv-X\m-n- aq--cq-]w- sIm-Sp-p''-1.- C-Xn- ]p-cp-j-- F-v- {]-tbmKnn-cn-p--Xv- H-m-a-Xm-bn- kr-jv-Sn-n-cn-p-- {_-lv-am-hn-s\-pdnm-sW--v X-s-d- "`m-h{- ]-Im-iw'-- F-- D-]\
- n-j
- -v hym-Jym-\nsI.- `m-kv--c- \m-b-2 hy-Iv-X-am-p-p-v.D-]\
- n-j
- p-If
- n- Nn-eh
- ,- C-Xn-se- Nn-e- {]-tXy-I- tZ-hmcpsS- D-]m-k-I-m-cp-sS kzm-[o-\-n-\v- hnt[-b-am-bn-p-s-v- a-\nem-m- I-gn-bpw.- Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-p-I- in-h-s\- k-I-e- tZ-h-mcn-epw- D-X
- \
- m-bn- hm-gv
- p-tm- a-p- Nn-eh
- - hn-jvW
- p-hn-s\bmWvhm-gv-p--Xv.- ]p-cm-W-- ]-d-bp-- kr-jv-Sn- kv-YnXn- kw-lm-cn-s-d- tZ-h{- I-aw- D-]\
- n-j
- p-If
- n- Im-am-\n-.- {_-la
v- m-hmWvkr-jv-Sn-p--sX-- ]p-cm-W- k---n-\v- hn-cp--am-bn- ""k-akv-X- {]m-Wn-I-sf-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-p--Xv- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW''3 m-Wvi-c-t`m-]-\n-j-v- ]-Tn-n-p--Xv.- F-m- C-tX- D-]-\n-j-p-Xs- in-h- am-{X-am-Wv- \n-Xy-s\-pw- h-n-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpwav- tZ-h-m-cp-sa-mw- an-Yy-I-fm-bXn-\m- Xy-Pn--s-tS--XmsWpw- ]-Tn-n-p-p-v.- ""H-tc-sbm-cpin-h-X-s-bm-Wv- \nXy\m-bn-p-X
- v.- a-p-s
- X-mw- an-Yy-bm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-m-Wv- hn-jvWpap-X-em-b- k-a-kv-X- tZ-h-m-sc-bpw- Xy-Pn-v- k---kwkm-c-_-\v-[\-f
- n-\n-pw- tam-Nn-n-p-- G-Ia
- m-{X-am-b- A-t-ls
- - [ym\n1.- k- Cu-Iv-j-tX- ta- \p- tem-Im- tem-Im-]m-em-p- kr-Pm- C-Xntkm- f Zv-`y-x- G-h- ]pcpjw- k-ap-Zv- [r-Xym- aq-O-b-Xv(sF-X-tc-tbm-]-\n-j-v- 1:-1:-3).2.- sI.- `m-kv--c- \m-b-:- D-]-\n-j-Zv- Zo-]v-Xn,- hm-eyw- 2 t]-Pv- 87
3.- hn-jv-Wp-- hn-iz- P-K-tZym-\nx(i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-v- 22).-
207
t--Xv.- k--kw-lm-c-I-m-hm-b- B- a-tl-i-z-c-\m-bn-smv\-a-kv-m-cw''-1.C-Xn-\p-t\-sc- hn-]-co-X-am-bn- {Xn-]m-Zzn-`q-Xn- a-lm-\mcmb

tWm-]\
- n-j
- n- hn-jvW
- p-hn-s\- D-X
- \
- pwin-h-t]m-epw- At\zjn-p--h-\p-am-b- tZ-h-\p-am-bn- k--n-n-cn-p--Xv- Im-Wm-I-gn-bpw.- ""A-v- (hn-jv-Wp)-X-s-bm-Wv- k--Pv-R-\pw- k--kzcq]-\pw,- k-t-iz-c-\pw,- k--n-\pw- A-[-n-jv-Tm-\-am-bn-p--h-\pwk--i-Iv-Xn-bpw,- k-- {]-h--I-\pw,- k--tc-bpw- ]-cn-]m-en
p--h-\pw,- k-- \n-h--I-\pw,- k-Z-km-Xv-a-I-\p-w,- k-Z-k-Zzne-W-\pw,- A--_-lnhym-]n-bpw- kq-v-a-X-c-\pw,- A-Xn-a-ltXma-ln-bm-\pw- k--n-s-d-bpw- A-Pv-Rm-\- \n-h--I-\pw,hn-Zym-hn-lm-cn-bpw-,- hn-Zym-[m-c-I-\pw,- hn-Zym-th-Zy-\pw,- hn-Zym-k-z-cq]\pw,- hn-Zym-Xo-X-\pw,- k--Im-c-W--pw- tl-Xp-`q-X-\pw,- kIm-c-W-k-a-jv-Sn-bpw,- k--Im-c-Why-jv-Sn-bpw,- A-J-Wv-Um-\--\pw,]-cn-]q-m-\--\pw,- \n-c-Xn-i-bm-\--\pw,- Xp-co-b-Xp-co-b-\pw,-- Xpcobm-Xo-X\
- pw,- A-\
- -fm-b- D-]\
- n-j
- p-If
- n- A-t\z-jn-s
- Sp-h-\pw- k-I-e-im-kv-{X--fm- A-t\z-jn--s-Sp--h-\pw,- {_lvam-hv,- in-h,- C-{- Xp-S-n-b- tZ-h-m-cm-epw- A-\y-tZ-h-m-cmepwA-t\z-jn--s-Sp--h-\pw- A-ar-X-a-b-\pw- k--hpw- k--hpw- k-hpw.- A-p-X-s-bm-Wv- tam--hpw- tam--km-[-\-hpw''-2.Cu- ssh-cp-y-ap-m-b-Xv- ssi-h-- ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L--\n- \n-m-sW-v- hy-Iv-X-am-Wv.- ssh-jv-W-h-m- X--fp-sStZ-h-\m-b- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- k--i-Iv-X-\m-bn- {]-Xn-jv-Tn--tmssi-h-m- X--fp-sS- tZ-h-\m-b- in-h-s\- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- t]mepwtZ-h-\m-bn- A-h-X-cn-n-p.- Cu- kw-L--\-n-s-d- kzm-[o-\w- Ztim]-\n-j-p-I-sfm-gn-v- _m-n- H-cphn-[-sa-m- D-]-\n-j-p-I-f-n-epwIm-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- C-h-bn-\n-v- \-ap-v- a-\-n-em-m- I-gn-bp
1.- G-I- G-h- in-thm- \n-Xy-x- -X-tXm- f \yXv- k-I-ew- ar-jmX-kv-am-Xv- k-m--- ]-cn-Xy--Py- t[y-bmXv- hn-jv-Wzm-Zn-Im-- kp-cmin-h- G-h-- k-Zm-t[y-bx- k-- kw-km-c- tam-N-IxX-kv-ssa- a-lm-{Km-km-b- a-tl-iz-cm-b- \-ax(i-c-t`m-]-\n-j-v- 30:31).2.- {Xn-]m-Z-z-n-`q-Xn- a-lm- \m-c-mb-tWm-]-\n-j-v- 1:-17
208
-Xv,- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- in-h-\pw- H-scm-- ssZ-h-n-s-daq-v- aq-n-If

- m-sW-m-bn-cp-n-,- {]-Xyp-X- aqv- tem-I]
- meIm
- am-{X-am-sW-m-bn-cp-p-,- B-Zy-Im-e- ssl-h
- h
- n-izm-ks
- a-mWv.ssi-h-ssh-jv-W-h- kw-L--\-n-s-d- kzm-[o-\w- D-]-\njp-I-fn-se- Cu- tZ-h-m-sc-p-dn-- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W--fn- am-{X-a-D--Xv.- A-h-sc {Xn-aq-n-I-fm-bn- A-h-X-cn-n-p-- ]p-cm-W-X-s,- C-h- aq-p-t]-cpw- hn-jvW
- p-hn-s-d- aq-v- cq-]
- f
- ms-WpwA-X-- in-h-s-d- aq-v- cq-]--fm-sW-pw- ]-d--v X-n-p-Xm-bn- Im-Wmw.- ""ssh-jv-W-h- a-Xw- Cu- aq-v- aq-n-I-fp-sS-bpw]n-n-ep-- G--Ii-Iv-Xn- hn-jv-Wp-hm-sW-v- A-h-Im-i-s-Sp-tmssi-h]p-cm-W--fpw- Xm-{n-I- {K-\v-Y--fpw- Cu- Kp-W--sf-mwin-h-\pw,- im-Iv-X-]p-cm-W-- i-Iv-Xn-pw- tZ-hn-p-am-Wv- B-tcm]n-p--Xv''-1 F-m-Wv- B-cy-cm-a-N-{- Xn-hm-cn- k-a-n-p--Xv.Cu- aq-n-I-fn- Hm-tcm-cp--sc-bpw- ]p-I-gv-n- ]p-I-gv-nh-f-sc- hn-I-e-hpw- hn-Nn-{X-hp-am-b- H-cp- k---am-Wv- ]pcm-W\-ap-v- ap-n- A-h-X-cn-n-p--Xv.{_-lv-am-hv-:- {]-]--n-s-d- ap-gp-h-- {k-jv-Sm-hm-b- {_-lvam-hv- P-\n--Xv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- \m-`n-bn-\n-p-b-p-h-Xm-a-c-bn-\n-m-Wv.- A-t\-Iw- h-j--fp-sS- I-Tn-\-X-]-n-\p-tij-am-Wv- {_-lv-am-hv- k-]v-X-jn-I-sf-bpw- {]-Pm-]-Xn-I-sf-bpw- krjvSn-p--Xv.- A-h-cn-\n-m-Wv- a-v- Po-h-Pm-e--fp-m-b-Xv.- kz-wi-co-c
- n-s-d- A-`
- m-Kw-sIm-v- kr-jvS- n-- i-Xc
- q-]bm-Wv- {_lvam-hn-s-d- `m-cy.- X-s-d- `m-cy-sb- ap-Jw- Xn-cn-m-sX- GXp-`m-Kp-\n-pw- Im-Wp-X
- n-\m-bn- X-eb
- p-sS- ]m-iz-f
- n-epw- ]p-dI
- nepwHm-tcm- ap-J--Iq-Sn- kr-jv-Sn-v- NXp-ap-J-\m-bn- am-dn.- i-X-cq-]B-Im-i
- n-Iq-Sn- k-c
- n-t- m- ap-If
- n- H-cp- ap-Jw- Iq-Sn- - krjvSn-p.- ]p-cm-W-- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d- `m-cy-bm-bn- k-c-kz-Xn-sb-qSnA-h-X-cn-n-p-p.- k-c-k-z-Xn-bpw- i-X-cq-]-bpw- H-cm-fm-tWm,- AXhy-Xy-kv-X- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fm-tWm-sb-- Im-cyn- ]p-cm-W-Xn- A-`n-{]m-b-h-Xym-k-ap-v.1 Tiwari-Arya Ramachandra G: Evolution of Brahmanical Pantheon,
Quoted by S.R. Goyal: A Religious History of Ancient India Vol II Page 76.
209
H-cn-- hn-jv-Wp-hpw- {_-lv-am-hpw- X--fn- B-m-Wval-Xzw- Iq-Sp-X-se-- Im-cy-n- X--ap-m-bn.- in-h- am-[ykv-Y-n-s\-n.- in-h-s-d- \n-t-i-{]-Im-cw- {_-lv-am-hv- in-h-enwK-n-s-d- ap-I-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- ap-I-fn-te-pwhn-jv-Wpinhenw-K-n-s-d- A-Sn-`m-Kw- Im-Wm-\m-bn- Io-tgm-pw- A-Xn-Zq-cwk-cn-p.- hn-jv-Wp- X-s-d- ]-cm-P-bw- k--Xn-p.- ssI-X-q-hns\km-n-bm-n,- Xm- P-bn--Xm-bn- {_-lv-am-hv- kz-bw- {]-Jym-]np.X--Ww- A-hn-sS- {]-Xy--s-- i-n-h,- I-w-]-d-- {_-lv
am-hn-s-d- A-m-a-s- X-e- \p-n--f-p-sh-m-Wv- tZ-ho-`m-Kh-Xw- ]-d-bp--Xv.- tIm-Sn--W-n-\v- h-j--p-ti-jw- {_-lvamhv- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn- e-bn-p-sa-pw- ]n-o-Sv- A-t\-Iw- {_-lv-am
hp-I- hn-jv-Wp-hn- \n-v- D-m-bn- hn-jv-Wp-hn- hn-e-bw- {]m]np-sa-pw- `m-K-h-Xw- ]-d-bp-p-v.hn-jW
v- p-:- Po-hn-X
- n-s-d- A-[n-\m-bI
- \
- m-b- hn-jW
- v- p,- ]m
- S- e
- n- A\-i
- b
- \
-
- n- tbm-K\n-{Z- sN-p-Ib
- m-Wv.- e-vanbpw`q-an-bp-am-Wv- ]-Xv-\n-am.- K-cp-V-\m-Wv- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- hm-l-\w.A-[-s
- - kw-lc
- n-p-hm-\pw- [-w- kvY
- m-]n-p-hm-\pw- bpK
- tXm-dpw- hn-jv-Wp- A-h-X-cn-p-sa-m-Wv- ssl--h-hn-izm-kw.H-cn-- } E-jn-am- Iq-Sn-bn-cp-v- {Xn-aq-n-I-fn- BcmWv]q-Pm-ls
- \-v- kw-hZ- n-p.- `r-Kp-al
- -jn-sb- C-m-cyw- ]conm
-th-n- \n-iv-N-bn-p.- in-h-\pw- {_-lv-am-hpw- `r-K-p-hn-s\- A-hKWn-tm- A-t-lw- A-h-sc- i-]n-p.- ]n-o-Sv- tbm-K-\n-{Z-bn- kvYnXn- sN-p-- hn-jv-Wp-hn-\-Sp-m-Wv- sN--Xv.- tIm-]n-v- `r-Kp-aljn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- s\-n- N-hn-n.- hn-jv-Wp- D-W-v- `r-Kp-hns-d- Im-ep-XS- h
- n- t-aa
- t- \z-jn-p.- hn-jvW
- p-Xs
- -bm-Wv- ]qPmls\-v- ap-\n-am- \n-iv-N-bn-p.- `r-Kp-hn-s-d- N-hn-p-sIm-- ]m-Sm-Ws{X- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s-d- s\-n-se- {io-h-kw.- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- GIssZ-h-am-bn- hn-iz-kn-p--h-cm-Wv- ssh-jv-W-h-am.in-h-:- kw-lm-c-aq-n-bm-b- in-h-s-d- P-\-\-s-p-dnvhy-Xy-kX
-v m-`n-{]m-b
- f
- p-.v - A-Xn- G-h
- pw- {]-[m-\s
- -- A-`n{]mbwhnjv-Wp-]p-cm-W-n-te-Xm-sW-v- I-cp-X-s-Sp-p.- {_-lv-amhns\h-[n-p--Xn-\p-th-n- a-[p,- ssI-S-`- F-o- c-- A-kp-c-m--
210
]m-s-n.- Cu- A-{I-aw- I-v- tIm-]n-jv-T-\m-b- a-lm-hnjv-Wphns-d- s\-n-bn-\n-pwin-h- iq-e-]m-Wn-bm-bn- P-\n-p.- in-hsds\-n-S-
- n-se- k-Z- m-lI
- a
- m-b- aq-mw- I-v- A-S
n-cn-pp.`-kv-aw- ta-em-sI- ]-q-ip-I-bpw- k--s- am-e-bm-bn- k-zo-I-cn-p
Ibpw- sN-p-- ]-c-a-in-h- th-Z--fn- cp-{Z-s\-- t]-cn-em-W- vA-dn-b-s-Sp--Xv.in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-n- ]-e-tm-gpw- A-`n-{]m-b-h-yXym-k
- f
- p-m-bn-p-s-n-eqw- A-]q-a
- m-tb- kw-L- \
-
- f
- p-mbn-p-q.- A-hb
- n- {]-[m-\s
- -- c-v- kw-L- \
-
- s
- f-p-dn-v- ]pcmW-- hn-h-cn-p-p-v.- A-h-bn- H-sc-w- in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wphpw- t\-cn-m-Wv- \-S--sX-n- a-t-Xv- in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wp-A-h-Xm-cam-b- \m-cm-b-W-jn-bpw- X-n-em-Wv- \-S--Xv.- A-Xn- in-h-\pwhn-jv-Wp-hpw- X-n- \-S-- kw-L--\-n-s-d- hn-h-c-W-n\nv- ]-cn-ip--cm-b- am-em-J-am-v- am-\p-jn-I- cq-]w- I-n-s-t- m- F-{X-am-{Xw- hn-Ir-Xa
- m-b- k--
- f
- m-Wp-m-bs
- Xva-\-n-em-m- I-gn-bpw.in-ht- \-m- hn-jvW
- phn-t\m- B-m-Wv- _-e
- q-Sp-Xs
- e-v- ]cntim-[n-m- tZ-h-X-I- Xo-cp-am-\n-p.- X--fp-sS- Xo-cp-am-\-sp-dn-v- A-h- {_-lv-am-hn-s\- A-dn-bn-p.- {_-lv-am-hv- G-j-Wn-I]-d--v in-h-s\-bpwhn-jv-Wp-hn-s\-bpw- X-n- ]n-W-n.- A-hX-n- bp-w- Xp-S-n.- {_-lv-am-hv- c-p-t]-pwhn-p-m-nsm-Sp-v- kw-L--\-s- t{]m-Xv-km-ln-n-p-sIm-n-cp-p.- {]kvXp-X- bp--n- A-h-km-\w- ]-c-a-in-h- ]-cm-P-b-s-p-sh-mWv]p-cm-W-- ]-d-bp--Xv.{Xn-aq-n-I-pw- \m-i-ap-v.- B-bn-cw- N-Xp--bp-Kw- Iq-Sp
-Xm-Wv- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d- Hcp- Zn-h-kw.- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d- B-bp-jvIm-e-v- ]-Xn-\m-ev- C-{-m-- kz--n-\n-v- ho-Wv- a-cn-pt]mIpw.- C-s
- \- c-v- {_-la
v- m-bp-v- Iq-Sn-bX
- m-Wv- hn-jW
v- p-hnsdB-bp-j
v- m-ew.- hn-jW
v- p-hn-s-d- B-bp-n-s-d- C-c- n- b
- m-Wv- inhmbpv1- .- C-tm-gs
- - {_-la
v- m-hv- \-in-m- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la
v- m-hv- P\npw.C-tm-g-s- {_-lv-am-hn-s-d- Im-e-v- ]-Xn-\m-ev- a-\z--c--fmWp
1.- tZ-hn-`m-K-h-Xw-:- ]--a-kv-I-\v-[w.-
211
-Xv.- Hm-tcm- a-\z--c-n-epw- C-{-\pw- tZ-h-am-cpw- th-sd-th-sdbm

Wv.- C-\n-bpw- G-gv- a-\z--c--Iq-Sn- I-gn-bp-tm- C-tm-g-s{_-la
v- m-hv- \-in-p-Ib
- pw- ]p-Xn-b- {_-la
v- m-hv- P-\n-p-Ib
- pw- sNpw1.C-{-:- E-tKz-Z
- n-se- {]-[m-\n-bm-b- H-cp- tZ-h\
- m-Wv- C{.tZ-h-m-cp-sS- A-[n]-\m-b- C-{-,- I-iy-]-\v- A-Zn-Xn-bn- P-\n-]p-{X-\m-Wv.- A-jvS- Z- n-Iv]
- m-eI
- c
- n- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- C-{-s\-v- EtKzZw- ]-d-bp-p.- tZ-th-{-k-t-X-am-b- A-a-cm-h-Xn- k-- sF-izcyfp-sS-bpw- C-cn-n-S-am-Wv.- C-{-\v- Ip-n-bn- P-\n-- ]p-{X-\m-WvA-Pp-\-s\-v- ]p-cm-W-- ]-d-bp-p.- Ku-Xa-s-d- ]-Xv-\n-bm-bA-l-ey-sb- {]m-]n--tm- Ku-X-a- C-{-s\- i-]n-p.- A--s\tZ-th-{- k-l-{k-enw-K-\m-bn.- im-]-tam-w- e-`n--tm- kl
{km-Iv-j-\p-am-bn.- C-{-s\- a-g-bp-sS- tZ-h-\m-bpw- k--n-sSpp.D--a-cm-bn- I-cp-X-s-n-cp-- hy-Iv-Xn-I-fp-sS- hn-tbm-K-n\p-ti-jw- A-h- tZ-h-kv-Ym-\-v- A-h-tcm-[n--s--Xn-\p-- hyIvX-am-sbm-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv- tZ-th-{.- E-tK-Z-kq-Iv-X-- kqva-am-bn- ]-cn-tim-[n-m- C-{- H-cp- B-cy-cm-Pm-hmbn-cp-p-sh-vt_m-[y-s-Spw.- C-{- F-- ]-Z-n-s-d- D--n- "C',- "{Z'F-o- A-c
-
- f
- p-sS- k-a\
- z-b
- n- \n-m-sW-m-Wv- ]-WU
- v- nXm`n-{]m-b-w.- _m-_n-tem-Wn-b- `m-j-bn- "C'- F-- ]-Z-n-s-dA-
- w- tbm-m-hv- F-pw- "{Z'- ]-Z
- n-s-d- A-w a-pJ
- yw- Fpam-Wv -.- C-Xn-\n-pw- C-{- F--Xp-sIm-p-- hn-h-- ap-Jy
tbmm-sh-m-sW-v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-p.th-Z--fn-se- tZ-h-m-kp-c- kw-L--\-- C-ybn-se- B-Zn
hm-kn-I-fm-b- Z-ky-p--fpw- Ip-Sn-tb-dn-h-- B-cy-m-cpw- X-n-ep-kw-L--\--fm-sW-m-Wv- {]-K-`- ]-Wv-Un-X-m-cm-b- Un.-Un.sImkmw_n,- sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c,- cm-lpkmw-Ir-Xym-b-2 F-n-h
cp-sS- A-`n-{]m-bw.- tZ-h-m-cm-bn- A-h-tcm-[n--s-- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-fn- ]-e-cpw- B-c-yZkyp- kw-L--\--fn-se- B-cy-`m-K-p-\np-- tP-Xm--fm-bn-cp-p-sh-v- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- t\-sc-a-dn-v,1.- hn-jv-Wp- ]p-cm-Ww-.- Aw-Kw- 2 A-[ym-bw- 1.2 D.D. Kosambi: Myth and Reality, sI.- Zm-tam-Z-c-:- C-y-bp-sS- B-Xv-am-hv,- cm-lpkmw-Ir-Xym-b-:- km-aq-ly-tc-J- C-h- t\m-p-I.-
212
Cu- kw-L- \
-
- n- s
- e- Z-kyp-t\-Xm-
- m-sc-sb-mw- A-kp-c
- m-cmbnk---n--Xm-bpw- \-ap-v- a-\-n-em-m-\m-hpw.E-tKz-Z
- n-se- kq-IX
v-
- f
- n- ]-eX
- pw- C-{-s\-- cm-Pmhns\kvXp-Xn-p-sIm-pw- A-t-ln-s-d- sN-bX
v- n-Is
- f- ]p-Ig
-
v- n-smp-ap--Xm-Wv.- B-{in-X-p-th-n- bp-w- sN-bm- k---\mb-Xm-Wv- C-{-\v- C-{X-tb-sd- {]m-_-eyw- e-`n-m-\p-- Im-c-W-savk-Zm- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn--1 Nq-n-m-p-p-v.C-{-\v- A-t-l-n-s-d- _-\v-[p-hm-b- Xzm-jv-Sm-hv- \-In-b{]-tXy-IX
- c
- w- h-{Pm-bp-[a
- p-]tbm-Kn-m-Wv- A-t-lw Zm-k\
- K
- c
-
- \-in-n--sX-pw- H-Sp-hn- Zm-k-t\-Xm-hm-b- hr-X-s\- h-[n-pshpw- E-tKz-Zw- tLm-jn-p-p.- A-kp-c-cm-Pm---m-cm-b- hr-On,Ir-jv-W,- ip-iv-W,- ]n-{p,- E-Pn-izm-hv- F-n-h-sc-bpw- C-{-tXm-]n--Xm-bpw- ]--W--sf- ]n-f-p--h- F--Yw- h-cp]pc-\v-[-c- F-- t]-cp-Iq-Sn- A-t-l-n-\v- e-`n--Xm-bpw- E-tKz-Zw]-d-bp-p-v.E-tKz-Z-n-se- C-{-s\-p-dn-- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-- t\m-pI.""B- Cu- `p-h-\--sf- ho-gm-Xm-n-tbm,- B- Xm-- ap-Sn-b-m-scIp-gn-bn- aq-Sn-tbm-;- e-y-s- sh-p--h-\m-b- B- i-{Xp-hnsdk-ar-n-sb- H-cpth-S-s\--t]m-se- ssI--em-n-tbm-,- B-fp-ItfA-t-l-am-Wv- C-{''.- ""B- k---\p-w,- B- Z-cn-{Z-\pw,- Bbm-Nn-p- kvX
- p-Xn-p-- {_lva
- P
- R
v- \
- pw- [-\w- A-b
- p-sIm-Sp-ppthm-;- A-g-sIm-- in-c-p-- B- tkm-aw- A-n-p-g-sIm-vNXp-]n-gn--h-s\- c-n--cp-fp-tam,- B-fp-Itf-,- A-t-l-am-WvC{''- ""B-fp-I- B-sc-q-Sm-sX- P-bw- t\-Sn--tbm-;- s]m-cp-Xp-h- c--v- B-sc- hn-fn-p-p-thm-;- k--tem-I-n-\pw- {]-Xn
\n-[n- B-tcm-;- B- ho-gm--h-tb-bpw- hogn-bv-ptam-;- B-fp-I-tf,A-t-l-am-Wv- C-{-''.- ""X--m-\-dn-bm-- h-f-sc- a-lm-]m-]n-Isf- B- h-{Pw-sImv- h-[n-p-thm-;- B- D-p-Im-c-\v- D--a-I-wsIm-Sp-n--tbm-;- B- ap-Sn-b-s\- ap-Sn-p-tam,- B-fp-Itf- A-t-lam-Wv- C-{''.- ""B- a-e-b-I-fn-sem-fn-- iw-_-c-s\- \m--Xmwkw-h-k-c-n- I-p-]n-Sn-p-thm-;- sI-s-Sp-p-s]m-cp-Xn-b1.- k-Zm- sI.-Fw.- ]-Wn--:- h--tm-fn-s-d- E-tKz-Z- kwln-X-:- B-ap-Jw- t]-Pv-:- 16.-
213
B-Zm-\-h-s\- B- sIm-p-ho-gv-n-tbm-;- B-fp-Itf- A-t-l-a-m-WvC-{''.- ""hm-\q-gn-I- B-sc- h-W-p-p-thm-;- ]--X-- BcpsS- _-e-s- t]-Sn-p-p-thm- tkm-a-]m-\pw- Zr-V-Km-{X-\-pw- h-{PXp-y-_m-lp-hpw- h-{P-]m-Wn-bpw- B-tcm- B-fp-I-tf- A-t-l-am-WvC-{-''1- .A-Xn-i-tbm-Iv-Xn-bpwcm-P-{]o-W-\-n-\p-th-n-bp-- A-am
\p-jn-I- Ignhp-I-fp-sS- B-tcm-]-W--fpw- \n-d-p-\n-p-p-shn-ep-w- Cu- kq-Iv-X- cm-P-`-Iv-Xn-bp-sm-v- c-Nn--s--hbm-sW-v- H--t\m--n-X-s- hy-Iv-X-am-hp-p-v.- C-{Bnse- P-ew- Ip-d-v- kp-Zm-- cm-Pm-hn-s-d- tk-\-I-v- X-c-WwsN-m-dm-n-sb-pw- kp-{i-h-v- \n--lm-b-\m-b-tm- tX- N{IwsIm-v- 20 cm-Pm-m-sc-bpw- 60099 ]-Sbm-fn-I-sf-bpw- \-in-n-psh-pw- E-tKz-Zw- ]-db
- p-p.- C-{- Xz-jvS- m-hn-s-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- hnizcq-]s
- \- ]p-tcm-ln-X\
- m-p-Ib
- pw,- hn-h
- `- b
-
- m- A-bm-sf- sImpI-bpw- sN-bv-Xp-sh-v- E-tKz-Z-n-epw- b-Pp-th-Z-n-epw- {]-kv-Xmhn-p-p-v.C-{-t\m-Sp-- E-tKz-Z-n-se- {]m--\-I-fpw- A-t-lw- Hcptk-\m-\n-bm-bn-cp-p-sh-m-Wv- hy-IvX
- a
- m-p-X
- v.- ""_p-n-bn-mZpjvS-
- m-cm-b- Z-ky- p-- Np-p-]m-Sp-If
- n-\n-pw- R-s
- f- h-fncn-p-p.- A-h- a-\p-jy-Xz-an-m--h-cm-Wv.- sX-m-b- \n-b-a-sh-p-]p-e-p--h-cm-Wv.- A--tbm- i-{Xp-kw-lm-c-I-! Zm-k-s-dB-bp-[--sf- C-Sn-p-X-I-p-I''-2.- "ap-t-dp-I,- i-{Xp-h- t\-cn-Sp-I,ss[-cy-im-en-bm-bn-cn-p-I-,- \n-s-d- C-Sn-sh-v- A-P--a-m-Wv.- C-{-!]u-cp-ja
- m-Wv- \n-s-d- _-ew-;- hr-Xs
- \- B-n-tbm-Sn-p-I.- \-Zn-IfpsSta- B-[n-]-Xyw- t\S-p-I!- kz-cm-Pyw- D-tLm-jn-p-I''-3.B-cy-tZ-h-\m-b- C-{- a-Zy-]-\m-bn-cp-p.- C-{- am-{X-a-,a-v- ]-e- tZ-h
- m-cpw- "tkm-aw'- F-- a-Zy-n-s-d- A-Sn-aI
- f
- m-bncpp.tkm-a-c-kw- Ip-Sn-v- A-h- a-tZm---cm-b- I-Y-I- th-Z--fnIm-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- ""C-{- A-`n--hn-I-Zn-\--fn- tkm-a-c-kw1.- E-tKz-Zw-:- a-Wv-U-ew- 2 kq-Iv-Xw- 12-\n-v.2.- E-tKz-Zw- 10:-22:-8.3. EtKz-Zw-: 1:80: 3,4
214
Ip-Sn-p.- A-Xn-s-d- a-n- hrX-s\ h-[n-p''-1sh-m-Wv- C-{-sdKp-WK

- W
-
- - h-n-p-sIm-v- Kp-ka
- Z- - E-jn- ]-db
- p-X
- v.- tkma-c-k-n-s-d- a-n- C-{-,- B-Im-i-n tZym-hn-s\- D-d-n-
Xm-bpw- h-en-b- A--co--s-bpw- hm-\q-gn-I-sf-bpw- \n-d--Xmbpw`q-an-sb- Xm-n- hn--kv-Xm-c-s-Sp--n-b-Xm-bpw- \-Zn-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-h-i-sf- h-{Pw-sIm-v- s]m-fn--Xm-bpw- Z-Zo-Xn-sb- ]n-Sn-p-sIm-pt]m-Ip--h-tcm-sS-Xn-v- A-h-cp-sS- B-bp-[--sf-mw- I-p-Xo-bn- F-cn--Xm-bpw- a-lm-\-Zn-bn-sesh-w- Np-cp-n-b-Xm-bpwkn-\v-[p-hn-s\- h-S-tm-sm-gp-n-X
-- m-bpw- D-j-n-s-d- h-n- h{PwsI-m-v- X-hn-Sp-s]m-Sn-bm-n-bXp-sam-s- E-tKz-Z-n-se- c-m-wa-Wv-U-e-n-se- ]-Xn-\-mw- kq-Iv-X-n- hn-i-Z-am-bn- hn-h-cnpp.- tkm-ac
- k
- s
- a-- D-Ir-jvS- - (?)- a-Zyw- tk-hn-n-cp-- B-cyt\Xmhm-b- C-{-s-d- Nn-{X-am-Wv- Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- h-c-p-Im-Wn-p--Xv.C{-s-d- B-fp- I
- -v- F-v- s\-dn-tI-Spw- {]-h-n-m-saA-h-kv-Y-bn-te-m-Wv- Nn-e- kq-Iv-X-- \-s- \-bn-p--Xv.- Iuj-XI
- o- D-]\
- n-j
- n- C-{- ]-db
- p-p-:- ""F-s- A-dn-bp-I!- AXmWv- a-\p-jy-v- ln-X-I-c-am-bn-p--Xv.- F-s- F-s\-sb-n-epwA-dn-b-W-w!- Xz-jv-Sm-hn-s-d- ]p-{X-\m-b- {Xn--io--j-s\- Rm-\m-WvsIm--Xv.- A-cp-W-a-K- F-p-t]-cp-- H-cp- b-Xn-sb- Rm-- ]-n
sb-sm-v- Xo-n-p.- A-t\-Iw- k-Xy-ew-L-\-- sN-bv-Xv- Zn-hytem-I-n- {]-m-Z-s- A-\p-bm-bn-I-sf-bpw- A--co--n]utem-am-sc-bpw- `q-an-bn- Im-e-Im-iy-m-sc-bpw- Rm-- \n-{Kln-p.- A-Xp-sIm-sm-pw- F-s-d- H-cp- tcm-a
- n-\p-t]m-epw- lm\nkw-`h
- n-p-an-.- - Cu- hn-[
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215
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1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page: 88.
2. Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy, Page 62.
218
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bpw- sIm-p-h-cn-I''-4sb-pw- ""_e-hm-\pw- tim-`-\-I-m-hp-am-b1. H.D. Griswold: The Religion of Rigveda, Page 163.
2.- -E-tKz-Zw- 10:-150:53. -E-tKz-Zw 2:4:15-18.

4. -E-tKz-Zw 10:70:17.
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A-Kvt- \,- H-en-sIm-p-- `-hm- R-f

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-E-tKz-Zw 10:7:28.
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5. E-tKz-Zw- 1:-92:-14.-
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2. E-tKz-Zw 8:48 36.
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bpw- a-l-p--sf-bpwam-em-J-am-cp-sS- kv-Ym-\-t-v- D-b-nbtm--X-s,- am-em-J-am-sc- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xo-I-am-ba\p-jy-cq-]-n-te-v- C-d-n-sh--Xm-bpw- \mw- Im-Wp-p.- X-e-Ifp-sS-bpw- ssI-I-fp-sS-bpw- a-v- A-h-b-h--fp-sS-bpw- F-w- Iq-Sp-Xep-- tZ-h-m-sc- k--n--Xv- A-h-cp-sS- i-Iv-Xn-sb- {]-Xn-\n-[oI-cn-m-\m-sW-v- Du--ln-m-hp--Xm-Wv.- G-I-\m-b- ssZ-h-sp-dn-pw- A-t\-Iw- A-h-b-h--fp--h-\m-bp-- hn-h-c-Ww- D-]-\nj-p-I-fn-t]m-epw- Im-Wm- I-gn-bpw.- ""F-m- `m-K-pw- I-pIfp--h-\pw- k--{X- ap-Jap--h-\pw- F-m-`m-K-pw- _m-lp--fp-h-\pw- F-m- `m-K-pw- ]m-Z--fp--h-\pw- B-Im-i-s-b-pw`qan-sb-bpw- kr-jv-Sn--h-\pw- B-b- G-I-am-{X-\m-b- B- ]-c-am-Xm-hv,a-\p-jym-Zn-I-sf- c-v- ssI-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-Sn-b-h-\pw- ]-n- ap-X-em-b-h
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n-s-d- i-Iv-Xn-sb- hn-i-Zo-I-cn-m-th-n-bp-- hn-h-c-W-am-bXp-t]m-se- tZ-h-i-Iv-Xn-sb- hy-Iv-X-am-m-\m-bn-cn-mw- A-h-b-h-
1. Whitny: Journel of American Oriental Society-iii:292.

Quoted by Dr. S. Radhakrishnan: Indian Philosophy Vol I page 62.
2.- t_m-[m-b-\-[-- kq-{Xw- 1:-1:-10.-
223
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226
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- - AhXm-c- k---n-s-d-bpw- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-sa-v- Cu- tm-I-n\n-v- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-p.- ]-s,- [-- kw-kv-Ym-]-I- `-K-hmXs- a-\p-jy-cq-]w- ]q--Xm-sW-- ssl--h- hn-izm-k-hp-am-bns]m-cp--s-Sp-hm- C-kv-em-an-\v- Ign-bn--.- ss{I-kv-X-h- Z-i-\nepw- ssZ-hw- P-U-w- kzo-I-cn-p-I-sb-- hn-izm-k-ap-s-n-epw- AXv{In-kv-Xp-hn- am-{Xw- ]-cn-an-X-am-Wv.- ssl--h- ]p-cm-W- {]Imcw- A-h-Xm-c--sf-mw-X-s- hy-Xy-kv-X--fm-b- A-h-k-c-n[--kw-kv-Ym-]-\-n-s-d- B-h-iym-w- ssZ-h-w-- P-Uw- k-zoIcn-m-Wv- D-m-bn-p--Xv.- ]-Zm-m-Xo-X-\pw- ]-cn-ip--\p-am-bssZ-hw- P-Uc
- q-]w- kzo-Ic
- n-v- a-\p-jy-cp-sS-bpw- ar-K
- f
- p-sS-bpw- kIe-hn-[- Nm-]-ey--tfm-Sp-w-Iq-Sn- {]-Xy--s-Sp-sa-- hn-izm-kw- Ahs-d- hn-ip-n-sb- I-f
- s
- -Sp-p-X
- m-sW-v- C-kve
- m-an-I- {]-amW
- {]-Jym-]n-p-p.ssZ-hw- a-\p-jy-cq-]-n- A-h-X-cn-p-sh-- hn-izm-k-s]-c-ky-am-bn- hn-a-in-- ssl--h- \-thm-m-\- \m-b-I-m-cp-m1.A.C. Bouquet: Comprative Religion, Page 97.
2. -b-Zm- b-Zm- ln- [--ky- m-\n-`-h-Xn- `m-c-XA-`yp-m-\-a-[--k-y- X-Zm-Xv-am-\w- kr-Pm-ay-lw]-cn-{Xm-Wm-b- km-[q-\mw- hn-\m-im-b- N- Zp-jv-Ir-Xmw[--kw-kv-Ym-]-\m-m-b- kw-`-hm-an- bp-tK- bp-tK- (`-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X- 4:-7,-8.-)
228
bn-p-v.- A-h-cn- {]-[m-\n-bm-Wv- I-_o.- ""{]-]--n-s-d- D-S-akv-Y-\m-b- ssZ-hw- Zp--e-m-cpw- {]-_-e-m-cpw- X-n-ep-- A-ka-Xzw- I-n-v- {io-cm-a\
- m-bn- A-hX
- c
- n-p-sh-v- ln-p-- ]-db
- pp.I-_o- ]-d-p-:- ""P-\n-p-I-bpw- a-cn-p-I-bpw- sN-p-- bm-sXmcm-fp-sS- ap-n-epw- in-c-v- Ip-\n-m- ]m-Sn-.- B-fp-I- ]-d-bp-Z-im-h-Xm-c-hp-am-bn- F-\n-v- bm-sXm-cp- _-\v-[-hp-an-''-1.-
A-sXm-cp- N-cn-{X- Ir-Xn-b-s-v- F-\n-v- tXm-n-bn-cp-p.- imcocnI- bp---n-s-d- _-m-l-y-`m-h-tm-sS- a-\p-jy-s-d- D-n- \-S
p-- A-\
- a
- m-b- Zz-b
- p-a
- m-Wv- C-Xn- hn-hc
- n-p-X
- v.- a-\n\-S-p-- Cu- bp--s- Iq-Sp-X- hy-Iv-X-am-p--Xn-\p-th-nbm-Wv- i-m-co-cn-I- bp--n-s-d- I-Y-sIm-p-h-cp--Xv''-1.-
hn-izm-kn-bpw- ssh-jv-W-h-Ip-Spw-_-n- P-\n-- hy-Iv-Xn-bpam-b- \-p-sS- cmjv-{S-]n-Xm-hv- Km-\v-[n-Pn-bp-sS- ho--Ww- C-Xn\n-s-mw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-Wv.- A-t-lw- F-gp-Xn:- ""ssZ-hw- H-cp- hyIvXn-b-.- a-\p-jy-cq-]-n- A-t-lw- A-h-X-cn-p-sa-v- ]-d-bp-Xn- `m-Kn-I-am-tb k-Xy-ap-q.- A--cwhy--Iv-Xn-I- ssZ-h-tmSvA-Sp-v- Po-hn-n-cp-p-sh-v- am-{X-sa- A-Xv- hy-Iv-X-am-p-p-q.k--hym-]n-bm-b- ssZ-hw- F-m- a-\p-jy-cn-epw- h-kn-p-p.- AXpsIm-v,- ssZ-h-n-s-d- A-h-Xm-c-sa-v- B-sc--n-bpw- ]-d-bw.- CXv\-s- F-hn-sS-bp-sa-n-p-I-bn-.- cm-a,- Ir-jv-W- Xp-S-n-b-hsc- ssZ-hm-h-Xm-c--sf-v- hn-fn-p--Xv- \mw- A-h-v- Nn-e- ZnhyKp-W-- \-Ip--Xp-sIm-m-Wv.- b-Ym--n- A-h- a-\pjy-`m-h-\-bp-sS- kr-jv-Sn-I-f-m-Wv.- A-h- Po-hn-n-cp-p-thm- C--tbmsb--Xv- a-\p-jy-a-\-n- A-h-sc--n-bp-- Nn-{X--sf- _m-[np-n-.- cm-a-s\-bpw- Ir-jv-W-s\-bpw- N-cn-{X- ]p-cp-j-m-c-m-m{i-an-m- ]-e-X-c-n-ep-- hm-Z-K-Xn-I-v- a-dp-]-Sn- ]-d-bm-\mIm-sX- hn-ja
- n-t-n-hc
- pw''-2.- ""F-s- kw-_\
- v[
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- w- H-cp- A-Km-[a
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- a
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- I
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- m-b- AXvH-c--n-epw- N-cn-{X-tc-J-b-.- \-p-sS-bp-n- A-\--am-bn\-S-p-- Zz--bp--n-s-d- Nn-{Xo-I-c-W-am-W-Xv.- \-ap-v- Nn-np--Xn-\p-th-n-bp-- ku-I-cy-n-\v- A-Xv- a-\p-jy- \-S-n-bXm-bn- hn-h-cn-p-p-sh-p-am-{Xw.- \-p-sS- I-n- C-tm-gp-alm-`m-c-Xw- aq-e-n-s-d- Ip--a-- {]-Xn-bm-sW-pw- Rm- I-cp-Xp
n-.- t\-sc-a-dn-v- A-Xv- \n-c-h-[n- Xn-cp--ep-I-v- hn-t[-b-am-bnp-v''-3.- ""Rm- Ko-Xb
- p-am-bn- B-Zy-am-bn- ]-cn-Nb
- s
- -Sp-tm Xs-
A-h-Xm-c-hpw- A-ssZz-X-hpw-:- A-h-Xm-c- k--w- {io- ic-sd- A-ssZz-X-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- Xm-Xzn-I-am-b- ssh-cp-yw- ]p-e-p
p.- "{]-]--n-em-sI- Fs-mw- \n-e-\n-p-p-tm- A-sX
mw- {_-lv-awam-{X-amsW'-m-W-tm-2 A-ssZz-X-n-s-d- ASnkv
Ym-\-hm-Iyw.- Rm-\pw- \n--fpw- \-ap-v- Np-p-ap-- A-tN-X-\-hpwktN-X-\-hp-am-b- k-I-e-Xpw- {_-lv-a-am-sW-n- ]n-s- F--s\bm-Wv- ssZ-hw- H-cp- {]-tXy-I- hy-IvX
- n-bn- am-{Xw- A-hX
- c
- n-pXv?GsXmcp- km-[m-c-W-m-c-\n-epw- ssZ-h-n-sd- Aw-iw- \n-e-\nppsh-n- F-n-\p-th-n-bm-Wv- \-ap-v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-p-Xcm-th-n- ssZ-hw- (ssZ-h-hpw- \mw- X-s-!)- a-sm-cp- ]p-cp-j-s\A-b-p--Xv-!?.- "Po-h- X-s-bm-Wv- {_-lv-a'-3sa-- A-ssZz-X-hN-\w- i-cn-bm-sW-n- a-kyw- ap-X- I-n-h-sc-bp-- A-hXm-c--v- \-n-\n-pw- hy-Xy-kv-X-am-bn- F-v- {]-tXy-I-Xbm-Wp-X
- v?- A-h- ssZ-h
- n-s-d- A-hX
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- .- \-t- fm- ssZhwX-s-bpw-!- ]n-s- \-ap-v- am-Xr-I- Im-Wn-m-\-h- A-l-cm-tWm?A-h-v- F-v- {]-tXy-I-X-bm-Wp--Xv?- A-h-Xm-c-n-\v- F-v- {]k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp--Xv?A-h-Xm-c- kw-Jy-:- "A-h-Xm-tc-ly- kmw-tJy-b- l-tcx- kXz-\n-t[-Zzn-Pm'- F-- `m-K-h-X- h-N-\-{]-Im-cw- `-K-hm-s-d- A-hXm-c-- A-kw-Jy-am-sW-n-epw- {]-[m-\-am-bpw- ]-v- A-h-Xm-c-sf-p-dn-m-Wv- km-[m-c-W- hy-h-l-cn--s-Sm-dp--Xv.- a-Xv-kyw,Iq-w,- h-cm-lw,- \-c-knw-lw,- hm-a\-,- ]-c-ip-cm-a,- {io-cm-a,{io-Ir-jv-W,- _ecm-a4 I-n- F-n-h-cm-Wv- Z-im-h-Xm-c-.{io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]-Im-cw- a-lm-hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- C-cp-]-n-bmdv5
1. M.K. Gandhi: The Teaching of the Gita, Page 18.
1. Dr. Thara Chand: Influence of Islam on Indian Culture, Page 163.

2. Harijan-22-6-1947.
3. Young India 1-10-1925.
229
2.- {_-lv-ssa- th-Zw- hn-izw- k-a-kv-Xw- C-Zw- P-K-Zv3.- Po-thm- {_-v-ssa-h- \m-]-cx4.- Nn-e- _-e-cm-a-\p- ]-I-cw- {io-_p--s\-bm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c-am-bn- I-W-m-p--Xv-.5.- {io-a-lm-tZ-hn- `m-K-h-Xw-kv-I-\v-[w- 1 A-ym-bw- 3.-
230
A-hX
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- n- tb-ip-{In-kvX
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Wy-I-in-]p-hn-s\- Xq-Wn-\n-v- \-c-knw-l-aq-n-bm-bn- ]p-d-ph-v- \-in-n-v- {]-lv-fm-Z-Ip-am-c-s\- k-am-iz-kn-n-p-I-bm-Wv- \-cknw-lm-h-Xm-cw- sN-bv-X-Xv.- ]n-Xm-hm-b- P-a-Z-Kv-\n-bp-sS- in-c-tO-ZwsN-bv-X- Im--ho-cm--Pv-Pp-\-s\-bpw- -{Xn-b-cm-Pm--m-sc-bpwl-\n-p-I-bm-bn-cp-p- ]-c-ip-cm-am-h-Xm-c-n-s-d- e-yw.- tI-c-f\m-n- kp-J-kp--c-am-b- `-c-Ww- Im-gv-N-sh-- a-lm-_-en-sb- ]-co
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h-Xm-c-n-s-d- B-K-a-t\m-t-iyw.- ko-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- \-S-n- A[-n-s-d- ]-Xm-Im-hm-l-I-\m-bn- am-dn-b- cm-h-W-s\- \-in-n-pIbm-bn-cp-p- {i-o-cm-am-h-Xm-c-n-s-d- [-w.- Iu-c-h- ]m-Wv-U-hbp--n- -{Xn-b-[--n-s-d- kw-c--W-n-\v- APv-Pp-\
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ay-n- Zp-jv-S- P-\-a--\-n-\p-th-n-bm-bn-cn-pw- I-n-b-hXcn-pI.
hn-jv-Wp-hn-\v- A-h-Xm-c-sa-Sp-t-n-h--Xv- H-cpim-]w- sIm
m-sW-m-Wv- {io-a-lm-`m-K-h-Xw-1 ]-d-bp--Xv.- I-iy-]-]p-{X-\m-bI-in-]p- tZ-hm-kp-c-bp--n- h-[n--s--Xn-\p-ti-jw,- hn-jv-Wphn-s\-bpw- C-{-s\-bpw- H-cn-- tbm-K-i-Iv-Xn-sIm-v- ip-{I-a-ljn-bp-sS- A-- kv-Xw-`n-n-p-I-f-p.- D-S-s\- hn-jv-Wp- kp-Z-i-\wsIm-v- ip-{I-am-Xm-hn-s-d- in-c-v- tO-Zn-p.-- C-Xp-I-v- tcm-jw]q- `r-Kp-a-l-jn- hn-jv-Wp-hn-s\- i-]n-p-.- ""`q-an-bn- A-h-Xm-c-fm-bn--gn-bm- C-S-h-c-s''.- Xp-S-v- hn-jv-Wp- ssI-sm-A-h-Xm-c--fm-W-s{X- Z-im-h-Xm-c-.A-h-Xm-c-hpw- ]-cn-Wm-a-hpw-: Z-im-h-Xm-c- k--s- B[p-\n-I- ]-cn-Wm-a-hm-Z-hp-am-bn- k-a-\-z-bn-n-m-- C-v- Nn-e- A{im-]-cn-{i-aw- \-S-n-sm-n-cn-p-p-v.- _m-h-Sv-kv-In- ap-X- Pn\cm-P-Zm-k-h-sc-bp-- Xn-tbm-k-^n-kv-p-I-fm-Wv- Cu- ]p-Xn-bhymJym-\-n-s-d- {]-t_m-[-I.- B--n-s-d- \n-Kq-VX
-- -I-fn\-S-cm-P-\r-w- Z-in-- {^n-tPm-^v-Im-{]-bp-sS-2 Ir-Xn-I-fpw- Z-im-h
Xm-c- ]-cn-Wm-a- k-e
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N--Xn-n- G-Xm-\pw- h-j--v- ap-s-gp-Xn-b- "]-cn-Wm-a-n
1.- {io-a-lm-`mK-h-Xw-:- A-jv-S-a-kv-I-\v-[w- 24:-913.-
1.- kp-Ip-am- A-go-tm-Sv-:- X-z-hp-w- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 7484.-
231
2. Fritjoph Capra: The Tao of Physics.
232
s\-Xn-sc- sh-p-hn-fn-I'-1 F-- te-J-\w- X-s- Cu- hm-Z-nsdA-]l

- m-ky-X- h-yI
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- m-bpw- ]n-o-Sv- {]m-Ir-Xa
- m-b- h-cm-la
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- m-c
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233
jy- ]-n-bm-bpw- ]n-s- a-\p-jy-\m-bpw- ]n-o-Sv- a-ky-hp-am-bpsa-mw- ]-cn-W-an--p-sh-v- k--Xn-t-n-h-cpw.B-cm-Wv- A-h-Xm-c--:- ssZ-hw- P-Uw- kzo-I-cn-p- `q-anbnen-d-p-I-sb-- B-i-bw- ssl--h-Z-i-\-n-s-d- A-Sn-kvY-m-\{ip-Xn-I-fm-b- th-Z--fn-tem- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-tem- H-pw- Im-Wpn.- "A-h-Xm-c'-sa-- ]-Zw- `-Kv-h-Zv-Ko-X-bn-t]m-epw- Im-Wp-n-.]t,- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-m-sc-p-dn-- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-I- C-h-bn-semw- D-p-Xm-\pw.- i-X-]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-n-epw- Om-tm-tKym-]-\nj-n-epw- a-p-Nn-e- D-]-\n-j-p-I-fn-ep-sa-mw- A-h-Xm-c--fm-bnC-v- hy-hl
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- m-sc-p-dn-- hnizmk-n-em-bn-cn-m- km-[y-X-bp-s-v- am-{X-am-Wv- C-hn-sShnhn-p--Xv.1.- Jp-B- 16:-36
2.- km- {^m-kn-kv-tIm- {]-kw-Kw- 8:-41990
234
th-Z--sf- \m-em-bn- hy-kn-- th-Z-hym-k-s\-p-dn-- ]-cmai-- C-Xn-s\m-cp- D-Zm-l-c-W-am-Wv-.- {io-a-lm-tZ-ho- `m-K-h-X-{]Imcw- ]-c-ip-cm-a-\p-ti-jw- {io-cm-a-\pap-m-bn h-- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wvth-Z-hy-m-k.- th-Z-hp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-Sp-n-bm-Wv- hym-k- B-ZyIm-ew- ap-X-p-X-s- hy-h-l-cn--s-Sp--sX-- Im-cyw- {]-tXy
Iw- {i-t-b-am-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s- hym-k- H-cp- {]-hm-N-I\m-bn-cn-m-\p-- km-[y-X- I-p-a-S-v- X-n--f-bm-\m-hn-.a-ky-Iq-- h-cm-l- \-c-knw-lm-Zn-I,- C-kv-em-an-I- hnizmk-{]-Im-cw- {]-hm-N-I-m-cm-Im-- bm-sXm-cp- km-[y-X-bp-an-m-h-bm-Wv.- ]-t,- {]-hm-N-I-m-cp-am-bn- _-\v-[-s-- A-am-\p-jn-IZr-jv-Sm---fp-sS- h--\-bm-bn-cn-mw- C--s\-bp-- A-h-Xm-c-sf-p-dn-- hn-izm-k
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- -v- \ndw]-I-cm- k-lm-b-I-am-bn-cn--Ww.- A-h-Xm-c--fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-sbp---fn- ]-e-Xpw- B-cy-Z-kyp-kw-L--\--fp-am-bn- _-\v-[-ap-Xm-bn-cn--Ww.A-h-Xm-c- I-Y-I-:- ]p-cm-tW-Xn-lm-k--fn-se- A-h-Xm-c-fp-sS- {]-h--\--fn- ]-e-Xpw- ]p-Wy-]p-cp-j-m-cp-sS,- hn-in
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v- X
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Sp-n-bn-p-X
- v.- A-Im-e- N-ca
- a
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235
e-N-c-aw- {]m-]n-- X-s-d- a-I-s-d- i-h-hpw- Np-a-v- cm-a-s-d- sImm-c-hm-Xn-en- h-v- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W-- A-e-ap-d-bn-Sm- Xp-S-n.cm-a- X-s-d- ]-Wv-Un-X- k-Z-p-am-bn- Iq-Sn-bm-tem-Nn-p.- A-tm\m-c-Z-a-l-jn,- cm-Py-n-se-hn-sS-sb-n-epw- [--hn-cp--am-bniq{Z- X-]-v- sN-p-p-m-Ip-sa-v- ]-d-p.- cm-a- X-s-d- ]pjv]-I-hn-am-\-n-te-dn- cm-Pyw- ap-gp-h- Np-n.- Z-n-W-`m-K-p-\n-pwA-I-se- tLm-c-h-\-n- D-S-tem-sS- kz-w- ]p-I-W-sa-- Bibp-am-bniq-{Z-\m-b- iw-_q-I- X-]--v sN-p--Xm-bn- Im-WmIgn-p.- C-Xv- I--bp-S-s\- cm-a- iw-_q-I-s-d- X-e-b-dp-p.XZ-h-k-c-n- {_m-lv-a-W-_m-e-\v- Po-h- Xn-cn-p-In-n.- C-Xp-I- tZ-h-m- cm-a-s\- A-\p-tam-Zn-v- B-Im-i-p-\n-v- ]p-jv-]-hrjv-Sn- \-S-n.Cu- I-Y-bn- \mw- Im-Wp--Xv- cm-a-s\-- [--kw-kvYm]-I-s-d- {]-h--\-am-tWm?- A-X-,- {_mlv-a-Wta-[m-hn--n\pw- A-h--cn-\n-pw- A-dn-hv- A-I-se- \n-m-\pw-th-n- ]cn{i-an--h-cp-sS- k---kr-jv-Sn-tbm?- B-Zy-t-Xm-Wv- i-cn-sb-ncm-a-s\-- [--kw-kv-Ym-]-I- iq-{Z-sc- a-\p-jy-cm-bn- a-\-n-emn-bn-cp-n-s-v- ]-d-tb-n-h-cpw.cm-as
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236
A-tbm-[y-bn-se-n-b- ko-X- am-k

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237
H-cp- [--kw-kv-Ym-]-I-\n-ep-m-hm-- ]m-Sn-m-- ]-e- kz-`m-hfpw- \mw- Ir-jv-W-\n- Im-Wp-p.- tKm-]n-Im- h-kv-Xm-]-l-c-Ww- ap
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v- n-Is
- f- F-p-sIm-v- A-h-v- kz-w- tZ-io-b- ]p-cp-j
- mcmbn1. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Riddles in Hinduism. Appendix III: Riddles of Rama and Krishna.
238
K-Wn-p-Iq-Sm''-1.ssZ-h-w- PU-n A-h-Xc-n-p-sh-- hn-izm-kw,- G-I-ssZh-n-s-d- a-l-Xz-n-\pw- A-h- A-h-X-cn-n-- {K-\v-Y--fn-seB-i-b--p-sa-Xn-cm-sW-v- ap-kv-enw-I- hn-iz-kn-p-p.- cma\pw- I-r-jv-W-\pw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cm-bn-cn-mw-.- F--,- A-h- [kw-kv-Ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp-p-sh-n- Xo--bm-bpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-cmbn-cn--Ww.- ]-t,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I-cn--W-sa-n- A-h-sc-pdn- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-am-b- N-cn-{X-sa-hn-sS-bp-v?- C-Xn-lm-k- ]p-cmW-fn-se- A-h-X-m-c- eo-e-I-fn- k-I-e-Xpw- A-\p-I-c-Wo-b-am-sW- A-`n-{]m-bw- tKm-hm--p-t]m-epw- D-m-Ip-sa-v- tXmpn-.- ""a-lm-`m-c-Xw- B-[p-\n-I- A--n-ep-- H-cp- N-cn-{X-{K-\v
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-
- n-s-d- kzm[o-\a
- p-s-- \nKa-\-n-se-m-\m-Wv- t{]-cn-n-p--Xv.- ]t,- A-h-sc- A-\p-I1.- tKm-hm--:- hn-Nm-c-[m-c,- t]Pv- 576.2 Young India Oct 1, 1925-Quoted from The Encyclopaedia of Gandhian Thoughts,
Page 190.
3.- Jp-B- 4:-150.-
239
cn-m-- A-h-sc-p-dn-- hy-Iv-X-hpw- kv-J-en-X-c-ln-X-hp-am-b- tc-JI-sf-hn-sS?- C-v- \n-e-\n-p-- C-Xn-lm-k--tfm- ]p-cm-W-tfm- h-c
- p-Im-Wn-p-- cm-as
- \-bpw- Ir-jW
v- s
- \-bpw- A-\p-Ic
- n-mB-m-Wv- I-gn-bp-I?- tKm-hm--tm- A-t-l
- n-s-d- A\pbm-bn-I-tm- I-gn-bp-tam?- A-Xp-sIm-p-X-s- cm-a-s\-bpw- IrjvW-s\-bpw- A-\p-I-cn-m-- ap-kv-enw-I,- tZ-io-b-t_m-[-an-m-h-cpw- tZ-io-b-[m-c-v- hn-e-v- \n-p--h-cp-am-sW-- ho--WwA-Sn-kY
v- m-\c
- l
- n-Xh
- pw- ]-cn-lm-ky-hp-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\v- ln-p-aX
- - hnizmkn-bm-b- Km-\v-[nPn-X-s- ap-v- D--cn-- h-N-\--fn-eq-sS- a-dp-]-SnsIm-Sp-n-p-v.I-n- A-h-km-\-s- A-h-Xm-cw-:- Z-im-h-Xm-c-kn-m-{]-Im-c-hpw- {io-tZ-hn- a-lm-`m-K-h-X-n-se- C-cp-]-n-bm-dv- AhX-m-c-- F-- X-Xz-{]-Im-c-hpw- I-n-bm-Wv- A-h-km-\-sA-h-Xm-cw.- I-en-bp-K-n-s-d- ]m-c-ay-n- Zp-jv-S-P-\- a--I-\mbnI-n- A-h-X-cnp-sa-m-Wv- h-n-izm-kw.- I-n-sb-p-dn-ssl-h- k---n-s-d- H-cp- G-I-tZ-i-Nn-{Xw- t-{- Xsd"Z-im-h-Xm-c- N-cn-{X'-n-se- [ym-\-tm-I-n-eq-sS- h-c-p-Im-Wnpp-v.- A-Xn--s\-bm-Wv-:- ""\o-c-\v-{[-am-b- C-c-p-fn-s-d- Np-cp-fn\n-v hn-iz-s- hn-tam-Nn-n-p-- {]`m-Xm--s\-tm-se,- tOtZm-jw- Xo-m-- im-n-kp--c-am-b- H-cp- tem-I-n-s-d- D-Z-bhpam-bn- I--n- {]-Xy--s-Spw''1.-I-n- A-h-Xm-cw-sIm-v- hn-h-n-p--Xv- ap-l--Zv- \-_nbm-sW-v- ]-e- {K-\v-Y-Im-c-m-cpw- k-a-n-n-p-v2- .- hn-jv-Wp-]pcm
Ww- C-cp-]-n-\m-emw- A-ym-b-n- ]-d-bp-- I-n- kz-`m-h-fn- ]-eX
- pwap-l
- Z- v- \-_n-bp-am-bn- km-ayw- ]p-e-p-p-shXv- H-cp- h-kX
v- p-X- am-{X-am-Wv.- - G-Xm-\pw- km-ay-- Xm-sg- ]dbpp.H-v,- I--n- A-h-km-\-s- A-h-Xm-c-am-Wv.- I-en-bp-K-nem-Wv- A-t-lw- A-h-X-cn-p-I.- ap-l--Zv- \-_n- A-h-km-\-s1.- kz-O-- t{]m-Nv-O-e- t-OXn-an-tcm-Zv-t`-Z- k-Nv-O-hnI-n- hn-jv-Wp- {]-Im-im-b{]-`m-Xm-- C-am-kv-Xp-hkp-Ip-am- A-go-tm-Sv Dcn-Xv,- Xz-hpw- a-\p-jy-\pw- t]-Pv- 77)2.- ap-l--Zv- l-ao-Zp-:-- :- ap-l--Zp-d-kq-ep-m-lv,- t]-Pv- 2528.-
240
{]-hm-NI
- \
- m-Wv.- I-en-bpKw- B-cw-`n-p-X
- v- _n.-kn.- 3102em-sWmWv- hm-Zn--s-Sp--Xv.- A-tm- ap-l-a-Zv- \-_n- P-\n--Xv- I-en-bp-K
n-s-d- ]m-c-ay-n- X-s-bm-Wv.c-v,- I-n- - A-hX
- c
- n-p-I- knw-^m-es
- b-- a-W-Zzo-]nem
Wv.- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- P-\-\-hp-w- A-td-_y- a-W-em-c-WynemWv.aq-,v - I-n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s-d- \m-aw- hn-jW
-v p-`K
-
- -v Fmbn-cn-pw.- ssh-jv-W-h- a-X-{]-Im-cw- G-I-ssZ-h-n-s-d- t]-cm-Wvhn-jv-Wp.- `K-v- F-- ]-Z-n-\-w- Zm-k- F-m-Wv.- ap-lZv\-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hn-s-d- t]-cpw- A-_v-Zp-m- A-Y-hm- ssZ-h-Zm-kF-m-bn-cp-p.
\m-ev,- I-n-bp-sS- a-m-Xm-hn-s-d- t]-cv- "kp-a'Xn-sb-m-Wv.im-n-sb-- [m-Xp-hn-\n-p-m-b- Cu- ]-Z-n-s-d- A-whn-iz-kv-X-sb--s{X.- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- am-Xm-hv- B-an-\- A-Yhmhn-iz-kv-X-sb-- t]-cp--h-cm-bn-cp-p-.A-,v - I-n- ]-ci
- p-cm-a\
- n-\n--v a-eb
- n-sh--v hn-Zy- - kzoIcn-p-sa-v- ]-d
n-cn-p-p.- ap-l
- Z- v- \-_n- ssZ-hn-I- k-t-iB-Zy-am-bnkzo-I-cn--Xv- H-cp- a-e-bn-sh-m-bn-cp-p.B-dv,- I-n- A-t-l-n-s-d- \mev- Iq-m-fn-I-tfm-Sp-Iq-sS\n-v- A-[--s- \-in-n-p-sa-v- {]-h-Nnn-cn-p-p.- ap-l-Zv\-_n-bpw- X-s-d- {]-[m-\-s-- \m-ev- Ip-p-Im-tcm-Sv- (A-_q-_-,D-a,- D-kv-am,- A-en- (d)-)-Iq-sS-bm-Wv- A-k-Xy-n-s\-Xn-sc- kacwsN-bv-X-Xv.G-gv,- I-n-bp-sS- B-Im-im-tcm-lW
- s
- -p-dn-v- ]-d
ncnp-p.- ap-l
- Z- v- \-_n-bpw- B-Im-im-tcm-lW
- w- (an-Avd
- m-Pv)- \-Sn.F-v,- I-n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t-l-n-s-d- P-\-\-n-\pap-pw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-p- Ip-d-p-Im-ew- I-gn-pw- a-c-W-s-Sp-sa-v{]-kv-Xm-hn-n-cn-p-p.- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-bp-sS- ]n-Xm-hv,- A-t-lnsd- P-\-\-n-\v- ap-pw- am-Xm-hv- P-\n-v- G-Xm-\pw- h-j-p-ti-j-hpw- C-l-tem-I-hm-kw- sh-Sn-p.
Cu- sX-fn-hp-I-fp-sS- A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-n- I-n,- A-td-_y
241
bn- P-\n-- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-bm-sW-v- A-`n-{]m-b-s-Sp-- ]-WvUnX-m-cp-v.- Cu- \n-K-a-\-{]-Im-cw- A-[--n-s-d- kw-lm-cmwA- h - k m- \ - s - A- h - X m- c - h pw- Atd- _ y- b n- h- p- I - g n- ncnpp.a-lm-a-Zv- F-- hn-izm-Nm-cy-:- `m-hn-sb-p-dn-- {]-h-N-\f-S-n-b- ]p-cm-W-am-Wv- `-hn-jy- ]p-cm-Ww.- Cu- ]p-cm-W-nap-l
- Z- v- \-_n-sb-p-dn-- hy-IvX
- a
- m-b- Nn-e- ]-cm-a-i
- - Dsmp-p.- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-W-w- {]-Xn-k-- ]---n- ]-d-bp--Xvt\m-p-I-:- ""A-tm- a-lm-a-Zv- F-- t]-cn- hn-tZ-in-bm-b- H-cpB-Nm-cy- X-s-d- A-\p-N-c-m-tcm-Sv- Iq-Sn- {]-Xy--s]-Spw''-1.- Cukq-Iv-X-n- "a-lm-a-Zv'- F-v- t]-sc-Sp-v- X-s- {]-kv-Xm-hn-Xn-\n-p-w- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-sb-p-dn-p-X-s-bm-Wv- Cu- {]-h-N\
- F-v- kp-X-cmw- hy-Iv-X-am-Ip-p.`-hn-jy-- ]p-cm-Ww- Xp-S-cp-p-.- ""ssZ-h-Zq-X- k-Zr-i-\m-b- Cua-cp-`q-\n-hm-kn-sb- cm-Pm-hv- Kw-Km-P-e-n-epw- a-v- A-p-X-cw- ipoI-cW
- - P-e- (]-K
- h
- yw)-f
- n-epw- kv\
- m-\w- sN-n-v- `-IvX
- n-hn-izmkk-a-\zn-Xw- ]q-Pn-v- C-{]-Im-cw- {]m-n-pw.- "A--tbm- a-\p-jyh--n-s-d- A-`n-am-\-kv-Xw-`-am-bn- ]n-d-- a-lm-\p-`-hm-!- Zp-jv-S\n-{K-l-n-\p-- Zn-hy-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- am-lm-Xv-ay-m- i-{Xp-]o-UI-fn-\n-pw- c--{]m-]n-p- ]-cm-i-Iv-Xn-bp-sS- {]-Xy--e--Wam-bn- ]-cn-e-kn-p-- ]p-Wym-Xv-am-th-!- A--bp-sS- ]m-Z-N-c-W-
fn- A-Sn-]-Wn-bp-- Cu-bp--h-s\- A-p-v- H-cp- A-Sn-a-bm-bnkzo-I-cn--\p-{K-ln-m-epw''2.h-cm-\n-cn-p-- {]-hm-N-I-s-d- A-\pbm-bn-I-fp-sS- kz-`m-hk-hn-ti-j-X-I-sf-p-dn-p-w- kmw-kv-m-cn-I- Nnlv-\--sf-p-dn-pt]m-epw- `-hn-jy-]pcm-Ww- hn-h-cn-p-p-:- "A-t-l-n-s-d- A\p1 G-X-kv-an---tc- t-O- B-Nm-tcy-W- k-a-\zn-Xa-lm-a-Z- C-Xn-Jym-Zx- in-jy-im-Jm- k-a-\zn-Xwx(`-hn-jy-]p-cm-Ww- 3:-3:-3:-5)2.- \y]m-iv-tN-h- a-lm-tZ-h- a-cp-kv-Y-e- \n-hm-kn-\pwK-w-Km-Psse-iv-N-kw- kv-\m-]yw- ]-iv-N-K-hy- k-a-n-Xm
Nw-Z-\m-Zn- Z-cn-Zy- Ny- Xp-jv-S-h- a-\k-w-lm-cwt`m-P-cm-P- D-hm-Nx-\-a-kvsX- Kn-cn-Pm- \m-Ym- a-cp-kv-Y-e-\n-hm-kn-t\{Xn-]p-cm-kp-c-\m-im-b- _-lp-am-bm- {]-h-n-\wt-ssO-Kp-]v-Xm-b- ip-m-b- k-n-Zm-\-- cq-]n-ssWXzw- amw- ln-In--cw- hn-n- i-c-Wm-Xv-Y-ap-]m-K-Xw- (AtX{K\v-Yw-: 3:3:3:6-8)
242
bm-bn-I- tN-em-I-w- sN-pw.- A-h- Ip-Sp-a- sh-p-Ib

- n-.- AhXm-Sn- h-f-pw.- A-h- hn--h-Im-cn-I-fm-bn-cn-pw.- {]m--\-vh-cm- A-h- D-d-s- B-lzm-\w- sN-pw.- ]-n-sb- H-gn-v- a-v- an-ar-K--sf-bpw- A-h- `-n-pw.- ip-n-sN-m- Z-`- D-]-tbm-Knp
-Xn-\p-]-I-cw- k-a-cw- sN-bv-Xv- A-h- ]-cn-ip--cm-hpw.- a-X-saen-\-s-Sp-p--h-cp-am-bn- bp-w- sN-p--Xn-\m- ap-ssk-e-h\-m- F-h
- - A-dn-bs
- -Spw.- Cu- amw-k`- p-p-If
- p-sS- B-hn-`mKwF-n-\n-m-bn-cn-pw''-1.Cu- kq-Iv-X--fn-eq-sS- `-hn-jy-]p-cm-W- I-m-hm-b- hym
k-ap-\n- ap-l--Zn-(k)-s- B-K-a-\w-X-s-bm-Wv- {]-h-Nn-n-p--sXv- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-an-m-sX-s- a-\-n-em-mw.- C-Xn- \n-v- aqvh-kv-Xp-X-I-fm-Wv- \-ap-v- ap-n- sX-fnp-h-cp--Xv-
1.- ln-p- {]-Xo-n-n-cn-p-- I-en-bp-Km-h-Xm-c-am-bIn- ]-Xn-\m-ev- \q-m-p-I-p-ap-v- A-td-_y-bn- P-\n-ncnp-p.11.- A-h-Xm-c- k---n-s-d- A-Sn-th-cp-I- {]-hm-N-IXz-s-p-dn-- hn-izm-k-n-em-Wv- kv-Yn-Xn-sN-p--Xv.
111.- ap-l--Zv- \-_n-sb-p-dn-v- {]-h-Nn-- th-Z-hym-k- H-cp{]-hm-N-I-\m-hm-\p-- km-[y-X-bp-v.Hcp Imcyw ChnsS {]tXyIambn kqNnntXpv.
Cu {]hN\fSp `hnjy]pcmWnsd tImn
t_mws_ shntSizc {]kn ASnXmsW Imcyw CXv
Dcnncnp F.Fv. hnZymn, bp. Aen Fnh Ah
cpsS {K\vYn hyIvXamnbnpv. (A.H. VIDYARTHI &
U. ALI: Muhammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures, Page
36). `hnjy ]pcmWnsd HdnPn\ tImnI Cv
1.- e-nw-K-tO-Zn-in-Jm- lo-\x-iv-a-{ip-[m-cn- k-Zp-j-ID-m-e-]o- k--`-n- `-hn-jy-Xn- P-\-tamwhn-\-Iu-i-ew- N-h-i-h-kv-tXm- jmw- `--bm- a-Xm-amwap-ssk-sse-\-h- kw-kv-Im-cx- Ip-ssi-cn- `-h-hn-iz-XnX-kv-am- ap-k-e- h-tm-ln- Pm-X-tbm- [-- Zq-j-IxC-Xn-ss]-im-N- [--iv-N- `-hn-jy-Xn- ambm-Ir-X-
Ibid 3:3:3:25-28. Quoted by A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in
Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.
243
D]e_v[a. Ctm ]pdndp ]cn`mjIfn anXpw

{]km[IcpsS CNvOm\pkcWw am hcpnsmmWv
]pdndpsXmWv a\nemhpXv. Ahbn Nneh
aplZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[nv hymkaljn ]dXmbn
DcnsSp tmI ASn hnpIfbpIbmWv sNbv
XncnpXv. XfpsS CjvSm\pkcWw ]pcmX\ {K\vYsf
hymJym\npXpXs sXmsWncns, Ahbn\nv
adpshpIbpw IqntpIbpw sNpXv alm]m]am
sWv am{Xw kqNnns.
`hnjy]pcmWnsd B[nImcnIXsb \ntj[np
hm lnpaX ]WvUnXmsmpw Ignbn. AXpsImp
Xs, aplZv \_n(k)sb kw_\v[nv Cu ]pcmWn
]dnp Imcy ]noSv ASp Imev FgpXnt
XmsWmWv ]etmgpw hmZnsSmdpXv. CXn Ign.
]pcmWfn ISnqphm apkvenwIv GXmbncp
mepw Ignbntm. kwkvIrX `mjm ]T\hpw thZPvRm\
kmZ\hpw {_mlvaWcpsS am{Xw IpIbmbn IcpXsn
cp Imev hntZinIfmb apkvenwIsf AhcpsS CNvO{]
Imcw XfpsS aXhnizmkn\v A\pKpWamb Imcy
]pcmWfn ISnqphm {_mlvaW A\phZnpshv
]dbpXv ISv CcpmpXn\v XpeyamWv. aplZv \_n
(k)sbpdn ]cmai ISnqphm\mbn `hnjy
]pcmWspdnv Adnbmhp ]WvUnXmscmw HcnSv
HpIqSnsbv hnNmcnpXpw ip Akw_\v[amsX
asmpa. AXpsImpXs Cu `mK {]n]vXam
sWp ]dbpXv Xosc \ymboIcWalnpn.
AY- thZn-se Ip-] kq-Iv-Xw-: AY- thZwhnwi (Ccp-]Xv)- Im-Wv-Uw- 127mw- kq-Iv-Xn-se tm-IfmWvIp-]kq-IX
v- w- Fdn-bsSp-Xv.- Cu- kq-IX
v- w- kp-{][m-\fm
b bPv-RthZn-Ifn- ]p-tcm-ln-Xm- Be]n-m-dp-sn-epwCXn-s-d A-w- hfsc \n-Kq-Vam-sWm-Wv- ]Wv-Un-Xm]dbm-dp-Xv.- kp-{]kn- C-tUm-fPn-k
v- p-Ifm-b {Kn-^n-v,- amIv-
244
kv-ap-,- sshv-\n,- q-ô-Uv- Xp-Sn-bhcpw- Ip-] kqIv-XwHcp- {]tlfn-Ibm-sWv- Aw-Ko-Icn-n-p-v.- `m-cXo-bam-b kml
Ncy-- shp-sIm-v- Cu- kq-Iv-Xs hym-Jym-\n-p-I Zp-jvIcam-sWXn-\m-em-Wv- Chscmw- Xs CXn-s\ AXn-\n-KqVam-bn- In-p-Xv.Ip-] kq-IvX
- n-se Hp- ap-X- aq-p- hscbp- tmI
- Im-Wp-I:
Atbm- P\tf,- \n-- _lp-am-\ ]p-ccw- {inpI.- kvX
- p-Xy-l\mbh hm-g
v- sSpw-.- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cn-sm
qdv- i{Xp-fp-sS a[y-n-\n-v- \mw- Atls kzo-Icnpw.Atln-s-d hm-l\w- Ccp-]Xv- B-s]- HIfm-bncn
pw.- Atln-s-d alXzw- kz-Ktem-Iw-hscsbn- AXns\
Xm-gv-pw.- Ah- amam-Ejn-v- ]p- NXp-cfpw- \q-dp- kz-W
\m-Wbfpw- ap-q-dv- Ad_n-p-Xn-cIfpw- ]Xn-\m-bn-cw- ]ipfpw\-Ipw1 Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- ap-lZv- \_n-(k)sbbm-W- v- ]cm-a-in-psXv- A`n-{]m-bsSp- ]Wv-Un-Xm-2 Xm-sgdbp- hkvXp-XIfm-Wv- Ahcp-sS A`n-{]m-bn-\v- Dt]m-_eIam-bn- Dcnp-Xv.Hv-: Cu- kq-Iv-Xw- hy-Iv-Xam-b Hcp- {]hN\ap-sm-pp-shv- CXn-se kw-t_m-[\co-Xn- hy-Iv-Xam-p-p.- ""CZw- P\mD]{ip-Xm''- (Atbm- P\tf,- \n-- _lp-am-\ ]pccw{in-p-I)- Fp- ]dp-sIm-m-Wn-Xv- Xp-Sp-Xv.- NXp-thZfn-sehn-sSbpw- CtXt]m-se P\sf {]tXy-Iam-bnkwt_m-[\sNbv-Xp-sIm-v- Hcp- Im-cy-hpw- ]dn-n-.- AXpsImp-Xs Cu- kqIv-Xw- P\- ap-gp-h\pw-- Adn-tb Hcp{]hN\ ap-sm-p-p-shv- CXn-s-d kw-t_m-[\m-co-Xn- hyIvXampp.1. CZw- P\m- D]{ip-Xm- \cm-iw-k kv-X hn-jy-tX
jjv-Snw- kl{km- \hXnw- N Iu-ca Acp-j tajv-T ZZv-atl
Djv-Sm- bky- {]hm-ln-tWm- h[p- atm- Zzn- Zi
h-jv-a cYky- \n- Pn-lo-UtX Zn-h Cu-jam-Wm- D]m-kv-]r-ixGjm- -Ejtb am-atl iXw- \n-jv-Im- Zi {kPx{Xo-Wn- iXm-\y-hXmw- kl{km-Zi tKm-\mw(AY- thZw- hnw-iIm-Wv-Uw- kq-Iv-Xw- 27,- tm-Iw- 13)2. A.H. Vidhyarthi, U. Ali: Mohammed in Parsi, Hindu and Budhist Scriptures.
245
cv-: Chn-sS "kv-Xp-Xy-l\m-bh-'- Fv- ]cn-`m-jsSpsn-cn-p-Xv- ""\cm-iw-k'-'-sb kw-kv-Ir-X ]Zam-Wv.- Cu]Zn-\v- "kv-Xp-Xn-bpw- {]iw-kbpw- bYm-Yn- A-ln-ph-'- F A-w- ]dbmw.- "ap-lZv-'- F Ad_n- kw-Pv
Rm-\m-an-s-d A-w- kv-Xp-Xn-sSp-h- Fp-Xsbm
Wv.- AYhm- ap-lZv- F Ad_n- kwPvR
- m-\m-an-\v- Xp-eyamb
kw-kvI
- r-X ]Zam-Wv- "\cmiw-k'.- AXp-sIm-v- CXv- ap-lZv- \_n(k)-sbp-dn-m-sWv- a\n-em-mw.aq-v-: \cmiw-ksb kw-Pv-Rm-\m-an-\p- tijw- {]tbm
Kn-n-cn-p- "kv-Xhn-jy-tX'- F ]Zw- Hcp- kw-kv-Ir-X `m-hnIm-e {In-bbm-Wv.- "Ah- hm-gv
- sSp-w'- Fm-Wv- Cu- ]Zn\w.- AY-thZIm-en-\p- tijw- "\cm-iw-k'-sbp- t]cmb
Bscn-epw- tem-INcn-{Xn- hm-gv
- sXm-bn- \mw- Im-Wpn; ap-lZv- \_n-(k)-bm-sX Cu- t]-Xs `m-cXn-tematsXn-epw- tZitm- {]Nm-cn-en-m-bn-cp-p-shXm-Wv- hm
kv-Xhw.- "\cm-iw-k'-sbp- t]cp- Hcm-sfbpw- \ap-v- ]p-cmtWXn-lm-kfn-sem-pw- Im-Wm- Ign-bp-n-.- ap-lZv- \_n(k)-v- ap-v- Atd_y-bn-epw- B-pw-Xs B t]cp-m-bn-cpn-.- AXp-sIm-p-Xs "\cmiw-k kvX
- hn-jy-tX'- F hN\wsIm-v- a{{Z-jv-Sm-hv- Aam-n-bXv- "ap-lZv- hm-gv-sSpw'Fm-bn-cn-m-sav- A\p-am-\n-m-hp-Xm-Wv.- Cu- {]hN\n\p-tijw- P\n-hcn- Ghpw- A[n-Iw- hm-gv-sn-p-Xpwap-lZv- \_n- (k)- Xs.- eWn-\v- ap-kv-enw-I- Zn-t\\
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v- ]dv- hm-gv-n-sm-n-cn-p-p.- kXy-k\v-[am-bn- Ncn
{Xs kao-]n- Aapkv-enw- _p-n-Po-hn-Ifpw- ap-lZv- \_n(k)-sb ]p-Igv
- n-bn-p-v.- tem-INcn-{Xs Ghp-a[n-Iw- kzm[o\n- alZvh
- y-IX
v- n-Ifn- {]Ya KW\o-b\m-bn- ]p-Igv
- sSpXvap-lZv- (k)-bm-sW Im-cyw- kp-hn-Zn-Xam-Wtm.\m-ev-: Cu- kq-Iv-Xn- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cn-sXm-qdvi{Xp-sfp-dn-v- ]dn-cn-p-p.- {]hm-NI Im-eLn-se
abn-se P\kw-Jy- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cn-\pw- Fgp-]Xn-\m-bn-
246
cn-\pw- CSm-bn-cp-p-shm-Wv- hnZKv-[m-`n-{]m-bw-.- Ahcnan-hcpw- i{Xp--Xsbm-bn-cp-p-htm.- i{Xp-fp-sS kwJybm-bn- AY- thZn- ]dn-cn-p- Adp-]Xn-\m-bn-cnsXm-q-dv- F kw-Jy-t]m-epw- ap-lZv- \_n- (k)-bn- ]qoIcn-sSp-p-shv- km-cw.Av:- Ip-]kq-IX
v- n-se Hm-as tm-In- "\cmiw-k'-sb hn-tijn-n-p-hm- thn-bp-]tbm-Kn- ]Zam-Wv- "Iu
ca'.- Cu- ]Zw- Hcp- `cWm-[n-Im-cn-bp-sS \m-aam-sW cq-]nemWv]etm-gpw- ]cn-KWn-sSm-dp-Xv.- bYm--Yn- Iu-ca F
]Zw- Hcp- \m-ahn-tijWam-Wv.- "kam-[m-\s t{]m-km-ln-np-Ibpw- {]Ncn-n-p-Ibpw- sNp-h'- Fm-Wv- Cu- ]Zn\-w.- F An-epw- ap-lZv- \_n(k)-v- tbm-Pn-p
Hcp- hn-tijWam-Wn-sXXn- kw-iban-.- Pm-Xo-bhpw- hKobhpw- h-W]chp-am-bn- \n-e\nn-cp- kv-]-ZIsfmw- CmbvasNbv-Xv- ]ckv-]cap- km-tlm-Zcy-hpw- kam-[m-\hpw- Ddp-hcpp-Xn-\p-thn- {]h-n-p-Ibpw- hn-Pbn-p-Ibpw- sNbv-X
hy-Iv-Xn-bm-Wtlw.- B A-n- "kam-[m-\s {]Ncn-nh'- Fv- ap-lZv- \_n-(k)-sb hn-fn-m-hp-Xm-Wv.- "Ckvemw'F ]Zn- \ v - "ka- Ww',- "kam- [ m- \ w'- Fn- s\
Afp-v.- k-iIv-X\v- kz-s kq-Wam-bn- kan-p-Ihgn- IcKXam-Ip kam-[m-\am-Wv- Ckve
- mw- Fv- ]dbmhp-Xm-Wv.- Ckv-em-am-Ip- kam-[m-\s {]Ncn-n-p-hm-\pw]q-o-Icn-m-\pw- thn- BKXam-bh- F An-embn-cn-mw- thZa-{-n-s- {Zjv-Sm-hv- "Iu-ca'sbv- hn-fn-sXv\ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-m-hp-Xm-Wv.Bdv-: Ip-]kq-Iv-Xn- cm-as a{w- "\cm-iw-k's\pdn-v- ]dbp-Xv- "h[q- atm- Zzn-Zi'-sbm-Wv.- CXn-s\
cp- cq-]n- ]cn-`m-jsSp-m-sav- ]Wv-Un-Xm- A`n{]m-bsSp-p.- Hv-,- Atlsbpw- `m-cy-am-scbpw- HIw- ]qnb
cYw- hln- p- p- s hm- W v - . - cm- a tXv , - Atls
HIsbpw- CWsbbpw- ]q-n-b cYw- hln-p-p-shm-Wv-.ap-lZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS {][m-\s hm-l\w- HIam-bncp
247
tm.- (Cu- kq-Iv-Xn- ]dn-cn-p- hy-Iv-Xn- Hcn-epw- Hcny-m-c\m-Im- km-[y-Xbn-s hkv-Xp-X hy-Iv-Xam-hp-XvChn-sSbm-Wv.- ln-p--n-Sbn-- \n-e\n-n-cp- \n-ba{]ImcwHIbm-{Xbpw- ]m-epw- {_m-lva
- W-v- \n-jn-am-bn-cp-p.- "HIpdtm- Igp-Xp-dtm- bm-{X sNp-Xpw- \Kv-\\m-bn- kv-\m\wsNp-Xpw- {_m-lv-aWs\ Aip-am-p-w'(a\p-kv-ar-Xn- 11:201)Fm-Wv- a\p-kv-ar-Xn-bp-sS hn-[n).- \_n- (k)- Xs-d `m-cy-am-tcmsSm-w- HIp-dv- bm-{X sNbv-XXm-bn- \ap-dn-bm-hp-XmWv."`m-cy-am-'- F {]tbm-Kw- {]tXy-Iw- {itbam-Wv.- \_n(k)bp-sS _lp-`m-cy-Xzw- {]kn-am-Wtm.- Cu- kq-Iv-Xn-\v- \Imhp c-{]Im-chpw- CXv- ap-lZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS Po-hnXhp-am-bn- ]q-Wam-bn- tbm-Pn-v- {]ISn-n-p-p.Ggv:- "Ahs-d alXzw kz-Ktem-Iw- hscsbn- AXns\
Xm-gv-pw'- Fv- ]dXv- Hp-In- ap-lZv- \_n- (k)-bp-sS
alXz-s Db-n-m-Wn-p-hm-t\m- AXsn- Atlns-d BIm-im-tcm-lW(an-Av-dm-Pv)-sp-dnp-hm-t\m- Bbn-cnm-sav- Du-ln-m-hp-Xm-Wv.Fv-: Ip-]kq-Iv-Xn-s-d aq-m-as a{n- Ejnbp-sS t]cv- ]dn-cn-p-Xv- "am-am-Ejn'-sbm-Wv.- `m-cXo-b
]p-cm-Wfnsem-pw-Xs am-am-Ejn-sb t]cp- Hcp-BNmcy
s\p-dn-v- ]cm-a-isfm-pw-Xsbn-.- AXp-sImp-Xs
`m-cXo-b Ncn-{Xn-- am-am-Ejn-sb sXcbp-Xv- hy-am-Wv.ap-lZv- F ]Zam-bn-cn-mw- a{{Zjv-Sm-hm-b Ejn- am-am-EjnsbXp-sIm-v- hn-hn-sXv- \ym-bam-bpw- A\p-am-\n-m-hpXm-Wv.- skan-kv-n-Iv- \m-a- `m-cXo-b `m-jIfn-tev- ]cmh\w- sNp-tm- Dm-cWam-- Dm-hp-I kzm-`m-hn-IamWtm.HXv-: am-am-Ejn-v- \-IsSp-Xm-bn- Ip-]kq-IvXn- BZy-w- ]dbp-Xv- ]p- NXp-cfm-Wv.- CXv- ap-lZv\_n-(k)-bp-sS Ghpw- ASp- ]v- A\p-Ncm-scpdn-mImsav- A\p-am-\n-m-hp-Xm-Wv.- kzKw-sIm-v- ktmj
hm Adn- b n- s alm- m- c m- b ]v - klm- _ n- I - . -
248
"Zi{kPx'sb {]tbm-Kn-\v- "]p- lm-c-'- Ftm-- "]vNXp-c-'- Ftm- A-w- ]dbm-hp-Xm-Wv.- {]hm-NIs-d
Po-hn-Xn-\v- Xm-pw- XWep-am-bn-cp- Ckv-em-an-\p- thnXymK- kln- ]p- t]- Xsbm-hWw- Zi{kPx- FXpsIm-v- Dtin-sXv.]v: amamEjnv \IsSpXmbn ]noSv ]dbpXv
\qdv kzW\mWbfmWv. aplZv \_n (k)tbmsSmw
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b iIvXnsb kqNnnpsImv kzWsa {]tbmKw `mcXob
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sfbpw AXnPohnpIbpw kzw \mSpw hoSpapt]nv
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sImpXsbmhWw \qdp kzW\mWb Fp {]tbm
KnsXv A\pam\nmhpXmWv.
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apqdv Ad_npXncIsfbpw amamEjnv \Ipsav Ip]
kqIvXn ]dncnpp. {]hmNI Ncn{Xnse {]kn
amb {]Ya bpn ]sSp hoccmb kJmsf Dtinp
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kzlm_nIfmbncpphtm. CXn AhnNmcnX ImcWfm
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249
bncw kzlm_nIsf DtinpsImmbncnmw ]Xn\mbncw

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m Ignbpp. "Ip]'sa ]ZwXs aplZv \_nbpambn
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250
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251
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tm-Kyw -X-s- ]-d-bp--Xv- t\m-p-I-:- ""C-h-cn- ]p-Wy-I-n-Ifm-bn-p--h- kz-I-m-\p-k-c-Ww- {_m-lv-a-W-tbm-\n-bn-tem,-
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252
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m-Zn-- v- k--i-Iv-X-\m-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-t\m-Sv- tN-cp--Xp-h-sc- Cu]-cn-Wm-a- {]-{In-b- Xp-S-cpw--.- C-Xm-Wv- ]p-\--P--n-s-d- s]m-cp.A-Sn-kv-Ym-\-c-ln-Xw-:- C-X-\p-k-cn-v- C-tm- {_m-lv-a-Wcpw- -{Xn-bc
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dn-v- t_m-[-hm-m-c-.- {_m-lv-a-W-tcm-tSm- a-v- Ip-eo-\- Pm-Xn-bns]--h-tcm-tSm- X-s-d- I-gn-- P--s-p-dn-v- tNm-Zn-m-- A-h
c-Xn-s\-p-dn-v- A-Pv-R-cm-bn-cn-pw.- ]-n-tm- ]-n-tm- N-WvUme-t\m- kz-w- ap-Pv-P--]m-]-a-Wv- C-tm- A-\p-`-hn-p--sX-t_m-[hp--an-.X-s-d- sN-bv-Xn-I-v- {]-Xn-^-ew- e-`n-p-tm- A-XvGtXXv- {]-h-\--p-- {]-Xn-^-e-am-sW-v- A-dn-bp-ns-n- ]n-s- B- {]-Xn-ê
-- -n-s\-v- {]-k-Iv-Xn-bm-Wp--Xv?1.- X-Zy- C-l- c-a-Wo-b- N-c-Wm- A-`ym-ix- l- b-t- c-a-Wo-bmw- tbm-\owB-]-tZy-c- {_m-lv-a-W-tbm-\nw- hm- -{Xn-btbm--\nw-.- hm- ssh-iy-tbm-\nw-.hm- A-Y-b- C-l- I-]q-b-N-c-Wm- A-`ym-ix-l- b-t- I-]q-bmw- tbm-\nwB-]-tZ-y-c- iz-tbm-\nw- hm -kq-I-c-tbm-\nw-.- hm- N-Wv-Um-e-tbm-\nw- hm(Otm-Kyw- 5:10:7)
2.- Nm-Xp- h-y-n- s]-Sm--h.-
253
]p-\-P-kn-m-- {]-Im-cw- {]-Xn-^-ew- \--I-s-Sp--h- C-Xv{]-Xn-^-eam-tWm- F-p-t]m-epw- t_m-[-hm-m-c-.- A-Xp-sIm-pX-s- Cu- kn-m-w- k-Xv-I-n-I-v- {]-Xn-^-e-hpw- Zp-jv-InI-v- in-bp-sa-- ]-ctem-I- hn-izm-kh
- p-am-bnbm-sXm-cp- s]mcp-hpw- {]-ISn-n-p-n-.th-Z-hn-cp-w-:- ]p-\-P--kn-m--s-p-dn-v- bm-sXm-cpkq-N-\-bpwth-Z--fn- {]-[m-\-s]-- E-tKz-Z-n- \mw- Im-Wpn.- F-m- a-cW
- t- i-jw- a-sm-cp- Po-hn-Xa
- p-s-- Im-cy-n-tevA-Xv- hn-c-Nq-p-Ib
- pw- sN-p-p-v.- C-Xn-\n-v,- - th-ZI
- m-es
- B-cy-m- ]-c-tem-I- hn-izm-k-I-fm-bn-cp-p-sh-p-w- ]n-o-Sm-Wv]p-\-P--kn-m-w- D-S-se-Sp--sX-p-ap-- \n-K-a-\-n-em-Wv]Wv-Un-X-m- F-n-bn-p--Xv.- {io- cm-lpkmw-Ir-Xym-bF-gp-Xp-p-:- ""th-Z-n-se- E-jn-am- Cu- tem-I-n-\n-pwhn-`n
-am-b- a-sm-cp- tem-I-ap-s-v- hn-iz-kn-n-cp-p.- A-hn-tS-m-Wva-c-Wm-\--c-w- k-Zv-I-n-I- t]m-hp-I.- A-h-c-hn-sS- B-\--]qwPo-hn-p--Xm-Wv.- Xm-sg-bp-- ]m-Xm-fw- A-\v-[-Im-c-a-b-am-b- \-cI-tem-I-am-Wv.- A-hn-tS-m-Wv- Zp-jv-I-n-I- t]m-Ip--Xv''-1.th-Z--fn-sem-pw-X-s- ]p-\-P--kn-mw- ]-cm-a-inpn-s-v- Om-tm-tKym-]-\n-j-n-se-X-s- Nn-e- {]-kv-Xm-h-\-Ihy-Iv-X-am-p-p-v.- A-mw- Aym-b-n-se- aq-mw- J-Wv-Un- ]-{-v- h-jw- th-Zw- ]-Tn-- tiz-X-tI-Xp-thm- ]n-Xm-hm-bKu-Xa
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- m-fm-Wv- tiz-Xt- I-Xp-sh-m-Wv.- A-tlhpw]n-Xm-hpw- Kp-cp-hp-am-b- Ku-X-a-\p-sam-pw- Cu- kn-m--s--ntI-n-cp-n-.- A-h-c-Xv- ]-Tn-p-tm- ]-d-bp--Xv,- Cu- kn-mwtk-\-bn-s-- -{Xn-b-m-cp-tS-Xm-sW-m-Wv.- A-tm- B-Zyambn-m-Wv- H-cp- {_m-lv-a-W- hn-`m-K-n-\v- A-Xv- shfn-s]-Sp-p--Xv.1.- cm-lpkmw-Ir-Xym-b-:- hn-iz-Z-i-\-- ]p-dw--:- 552.-
254
a-c-Ww,- A-y-hn-[n,- a-c-Wm-\--c- Po-hn-Xw- F-n--s\-bp-A-h-kv-Ym--c--sf--n- E-tKz-Z-n- Im-Wp-- hn-izm-kw- hy-IvXn-bp-sS- tZ-h-tem-I-p-s-v- ]-d-b-s-Sp-- A-\-iz-c-Po-hn-X-amWv.- ]p-\-P--kn-m--n-s-d- B-Zy-cq-]w- Im-Wp--Xv- AY-th-Z-n-em-Wv.- A-Xv- hf-sc- hy-Iv-X-am-bn- {]-Xy--s-Sp--Xv- iX]-Y-{_m-lv-a-W-n- am-{X-am-Wv.- F-n-epw- ]n-m-e-v- \n-ehn-h-- ]p-\-P-kn-m--n-s-d- cq-]w- D-]-\n-j-p-Ifnt]m-epw- Im-Wm-\n-''-1.Cu- {]-]-w- \-in-p-sa-pw- ]-c-amXv-am-hv- A-Xn-s\- ]p-\
kr-jv-Sn- \-S-p-sa-p-ap-- h-kv-Xp-X-I-fn-te-v- D-]-\n-j-p-Ikq-N\
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- v- A-Xn-s\- kw-lc
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v- m-hm-b- Cu-iz-c- hopwap-n-e-s-tm-se- k-a-kv-X- tem-I-]m-e-I-m-sc-bpw- kr-jv-Sn-vkz-bw- F-m-n-epw- k-m-[n-]-Xyw- kv-Ym-]n-p-p''-2.]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\- i-cn-pw- a-\-n-em-n-b-h- k-z--n{]-th-in-p-p.- kz-
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-
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- - {]m-]n-p-p''3- sh-m-Wv- D-]\
-Xv.Cu-im-hm-tkym-]\
- n-j
- v- C-m-cyw- Ip-sd-q-Sn- hy-IvX
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- mbn]-d-bp-p-v:- ""A-hn-\m-in-bm-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-bpw- tZ-h- ]n-Xram\-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- \--Xp-t]m-se- a-\-n-em-n-bn-p--h- -hn-\mi
m- ar-Xyp-hn-s\- X-c-Ww- sN-bv-Xv- A-hn-\m-in-I-fm-bn- A-a-r-X1 Robert Ernest Hume: The Thirteen Principal Upanishads, Page 54.
2 G-ssI-Iw- Pm-ew- _-lp-[m-hn-Ip-h\-kv-an- t-{X- kw-lm-c- tXy-j-tZ-hx

`q-bx- kr-jv-Szm- ]-X-b-kv-X-tY-ixk-m-[n-]-Xyw- Ip-cp-tX- a-lm-Xv-am(tiz-Xm-i-X-tcm-]-\n-j-v- 5:-3)3 A-tX-{K-w- 3:10
255
Xz-s- A-\p-`-hn-p-p''-1.Cu- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-q-Sm-sX- tZ-h- ]n-Xr- am-\-hm-Zn-I-sfD]m-kn-p--h- \-c-I-n-em-Wv- ]-Xn-p-I-sb-pw- D-]-\n-j-pI-X-s- hy-Iv-X-am-p-p-v.- \-c-I-am-I-s- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-a-bam-Wv.- ""\-iz-c--fm-b- tZ-h- ]n-Xr- am-\-hm-Zn-I-sf- D-]m-kn-p-h- A-Pv-Rm-\-am-Ip-- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-n- ]-Xn-p-p.- A-hn\m-in-bm-b- ]-c-am-Xv-am-hn-s\-p-dn-v- an-Yym`n-am-\-tm-Sp-Iq-Sn-bncn-p--h-cpw- tLm-cm-\v-[-Im-c-n-X-s- ]-Xn-p-p''-2sh-mWv- Cu-im-hm-tkym-]-\n-j-v- X-s- hy-Iv-X-am-p--Xv.- Cu- \-cI-am-I-s- Zpx-J-`q-bn-jv-T--fmWv.- ""kq-cy-c-ln-X-fm-b- Cu- temI- A-Pv-Rm-\m-\v-[-Im-c- k-am-hr-X--fm-Ip-p.- B-Xv-a-Lm-Xn
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2.- A-tX-{K-w 12.
3.- A-kq-cym- \m-a- tX- tem-Im- A-\v-t[-\- X-a-km- hr-XmxXmw-kv-tX- t{]-Xym-`n-K-Nv-O-n- tb-tI- Nm-Xv-a-l-t\m-P-\mx- (A-tX-{K-w 3.)
4.- kz-tK-tem-tI- \- `-bw- In--\m-kv-Xn- \-X-{XXzw- \-P-c-bm- _nt`-XnD-t`,- Xo-zm-i-\m-bm- ]n-]m-tk- tim-Im-Xn-tim- tam-Z-tX- kz--temt-I(I-tTm-]\
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256
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O-tm-Ky-tm-Iw t\m-p-I.- ]-n-bp-sS-bpw- ]-n-bp-sS-bpw- Iq-sSbm-Wv- c-p-Im-en \-S-p-- N-Wv-Um-e-s\-- F-n-bn-cn-p--Xv.A-h-s\-bpw- H-cp- ar-K-am-bn-m-Wv- ]p-\-P--hm-Z-n-s-d- {kjvSm
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257
\-ap-n-Xn--\n-- v- a-\-n-em-mw.N-WvU
- m-e
- m-cpw- A-h-c
- pw- a-v- Io-gvP
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v- W
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258
259
acWw-t]m-epw- t{i-b-m-Wv.- A-\y-[--m-\p-jv-Tm-\w- `-bm-h-lam-Wv''-1 F-v- ]-Tn-n-p-- Ko-X-bpw- ]p-\-P--hm-Z-n-\pw- A-Xneq-sS- k-h--ta-[m-hn-Xz-n-\pw- ]--sm-Sn- Im-p-I-bm-Wv- sNp-Xv.- ap-Pv-P-- ]m-]-n-s-d- ^-e-am-Wv- A-[x-kv-Yn-X-h--mC-v- A-\p-`-hn-p-- I-jv-S-X-I-sf-- hn-izm-kw- Km-\v-[n-Pn-sbtm-epw- kzm-[o-\n-n-cp-p-sh-v- Nq-n-m--sSp-tm-gm-Wv-2 Cuhm-Z-n-s-d- Ku-c-hw- F-{X-tm-f-am-sW-- t_m-[-m- \mwsR-n-tm-Ip--Xv.b-Ym-- ]-c-tem-I-hn-izm-k-n- C--cw- D--\o-N-Xz-
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Iq-Sp-X-e-dn-b-m-:U-b-d-Iv-S\n-v- Hm-^v- {Sq-vI-em-`h- tdm-UvsIm-n - 682 018

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