046 H1Do

Bao cao th nghiem cong nghe thc pham 1
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BAI 5:

CDSC SChl Chl bllS
SUOC QUA TkDSC

I. MUC CH TH NGHIEM:
Giup sinh vien tm hieu va thc hanh quy trnh che bien san pham nc qua trong t
da. Cac qua trnh co anh hng ln en chat lng san pham la qua trnh ep, loc va qua
trnh on nh o trong.
II. QUY TRNH CONG NGHE:
1. Quy trnh cong nghe:
Da
Chon la Qua h
Nghien xe
Ra Nc thai
Got vo Vo
U
Pectinas
Ep Ba ep
Loc tho Ba
N
Gia nhiet Bot tr loc
Loc tinh
Ba
Phoi tron
ng,
acid citric
Rot chai
Chai
ong nap
Nap
Bai kh
Thanh trung
Lam nguoi
San
1h
t
0
80
0
C
5 phut
90
0
C
20 phut
2. Chuan b nguyen vat lieu:
Da: 2 qua (1500g)
Nc: 100ml
ng: 5.5g
Acid citric: 2g
Kali sorbate: 0.2g
Bot tr loc:
Na
2
CO
3

3. Tnh toan:
3.1 Can bang vat chat:
Cac k hieu: G
V
khoi lng cua nguyen lieu au vao cua tng qua trnh (g)
G
R
khoi lng cua san pham au vao cua tng qua trnh (g)
T t le ton that cua moi qua trnh (%)
Qua trnh ra(1)
G
V,1
= 1500 (g)
Ton that = 0,4%
G
R,1
= 1500 1500*0,004 = 1494 (g)
Qua trnh cat cuong, got vo (2)
G
V,2
= 1494 (g)
G
R,2
= 1210 (g)
=> Ton that = 19%
Qua trnh nghien xe(3)
G
V,3
= 1210 (g)
Ton that: T
4
= 0,5%
G
R,3
= 1210 - 0,005*1210 = 1203,95 (g)
Qua trnh u (4)
G
V,nc qua
= 1203,95 (g)
G
V,pectinase
= 6,02 (g)
=> G
V,4
= 1203,95 + 6,02 = 1209,97 (g)
Ton that: T
4
= 0%
G
R,4
= 1209,97 (g)
Qua trnh loc tho va ep (5)
G
V,5
= 1209,97 (g)
G
R,5
= 1050 (g)
=>Ton that: T
4
= 13,22%
Qua trnh loc tinh (6)
G
V,nc qua
= 1050 (g)
G
V,bot tr loc
= 5,3 (g)
=> G
V,6
= 1050 + 5,3 = 1055,3 (g)
G
R,6
= 1025(g)
=> Ton that: T
6
= 2,87%
Qua trnh phoi tron (7)
Nau Siro:
Khoi lng ng RE (dang ran): G
V, ng RE
= 5,5 (g)
Khoi lng Acid Citric: G
V, citric
= 2 (g)
Khoi lng Kali sorbate: G
V, kali sorbate
= 0,2 (g)
Khoi lng nc : G
V, nc
= 100 (g)
Tong khoi lng nguyen lieu vao cua qua trnh nau siro la
G
V,siro
= G
V, ng

+ G
V, citric
+ G
V, kali sorbate
+ G
V, nc

=

5,5 + 2 + 0,2 + 100 = 107,7 (g)
G
R,siro
= 99 (g)
Ton that: T
7
= 8,08%
Phoi tron:
Khoi lng nc qua: G
V, nc qua
= 1025 (g)
Tong khoi lng nguyen lieu vao cua qua trnh phoi tron la
G
V,7
= G
R, siro
+ G
V, nc qua

=

1025 + 99 = 1124 (g)
Ton that: T
6
= 0,5%
G
R,7
= 1124 0,005*1124 = 1118,38 (g)
Qua trnh rot (8)
G
V,8
= 1118,38 (g)
Ton that: T
8
= 1 %
G
R,8
= G
V,8
- G
V,8
*0.01= 1107,1962 (g)
Qua trnh au vao (g) au ra (g)
Qua trnh ra
Qua trnh got vo
Qua trnh nghien xe
Qua trnh u
Qua trnh loc tho
Qua trnh loc tinh
Qua trnh phoi tron
Qua trnh rot chai

1500
1494
1210
1209,97
1209,97
1055,3
1124
1118,38
1494
1210
1203,95
1209,97
1050
1025
1118,38
1107,1962
Bang 1 : Tong ket can bang vat chat cua cac qua trnh

Tnh chat san pham Gia tr
o Bx
pH
16,2
4,6
Bang 2 : Cac tnh chat san pham nc qua trong da
3.2 Hieu suat qua trnh ep:
Nguyen lieu vao: 1500g
Sau qua trnh ep: 1050g
Hieu suat ep: (1050/1500)*100 = 70%
Ta co hieu suat ep thap do trong qua trnh bo cuong, got vo ta a got bo mat nen lng
tht qua b mat nhieu => hao hut cho qua trnh nay nhieu.

III. NHAN XET VA BAN LUAN
Trong qua trnh lam th nghiem dien ra 2 th nghiem song song la loc tinh s dung bot
tr loc co gia nhiet va khong co gia nhiet nhng th nghiem cho qua trnh khong gia nhiet
ch lam mot lng t e quan sat nen khong bao cao trong bai th nghiem nay.
Ket qua nhan c:
Khong gia nhiet: mau am va co 1 lng can di ay ly
Co gia nhiet: mau vang ep va khong co can
S d ta nhan c ket qua nh tren v oi vi s dung bot tr loc khong gia nhiet
th lng can trong nc qua con nhieu chung co the dang hoa tan hoac l lng vi dang
huyen phu nho nen khi ta thanh trung th se xay ra qua trnh oxyhoa va lam nc qua b
lang can. th nghiem co gia nhiet th trong khi gia nhiet a xay ra qua trnh oxy hoa xay
ra cong vi s tr giup cua bot tr loc se lam ket lang cac hat huyen phu va loc de dang
hn nen nc qua trong hn va co mau vang ep.
Sau 1 tuan: Nc qua trong 2 ly sau mot tuan theo doi th ieu a b uc tr lai va oi
vi ly khong gia nhiet th lng ket tua nhieu hn va oi vi ly gia nhiet th xuat hien ket
tua.
- Nc qua b uc la do nhng phan t keo con lai trong nc qua ket tu vi
nhau. Trong khi ghep m ta ghep m khong am bao va lng vi sinh vat cung co the lam
uc nc qua.
- ong thi trong qua trnh bao quan e theo doi do e nc qua ngoai
nhiet o moi trng cao a kch thch qua trnh oxy hoa va lam nc qua b lang can.
- Hien tng oxy hoa xay ra de dang do qua trnh rot nc qua vao ly ta a
cha khoang cach t nc qua en mieng ly nhieu => lng oxy trong ly nhieu ma khong
co qua trnh bai kh;
e tranh hien tng uc va ket tua ta co the lam nh sau:
- Nc qua trc khi loc nen un nong len nhiet o cao hn ca nhiet o thanh
trung, neu khong khi thanh trung protit tiep tuc b ong tu va nc qua b uc.
- Han che s tiep xuc nc qua vi oxy bang cach bai kh nc qua, va khi
ghep nap cho hut chan khong.
- Bao quan nc qua bang kh tr
- Thanh trung nc qua nhiet o cao va thi gian ngan
- Tranh bao quan nc qua nhiet o gan 0
0
C.

BAI 6:

CDSC SChl SAS XUAT
ThACh DUA DSC lY ShUA

Giup sinh vien lam quen trc tiep vi nguyen lieu, cac cong oan trong cong nghe san
xuat thach da ong ly nha.
II. C S LY THUYET:
1. Bao b thc pham:
nh ngha:
Bao b la vat cha ng, bao boc thc pham thanh n v e ban. Bao b co the bao gom
nhieu lp bao boc, co the phu kn hoan toan hay ch bao boc mot phan san pham.
Bao b phai am bao chat lng cho san pham, co the phan phoi, lu kho, kiem tra va
thng maimot cach thuan li.
Chc nang:
- am bao so lng va chat lng.
- Thong tin, gii thieu san pham, thu hut ngi tieu dung.
- Thuan li trong phan phoi, lu kho, quan ly, tieu dung.
Phan loai:
Ngi ta co the phan loai bao b thc pham da theo: loai thc pham; tnh nang ky thuat
cua bao b; vat lieu bao b nhng thng ngi ta van hay phan loai theo vat lieu cua bao
b. Da theo s phan loai nay ta co cac dang bao b sau:
- Giay ba cng, ba carton gn song.
- Thuy tinh.
- Thep trang thiec.
- Nhom.
- Cac loai plastic nha nhiet deo.
- Mang ghep nhieu loai vat lieu.
2. Bao b plastic
Nguyen lieu san xuat plastic la nguon hydrocarbon t dau hoa, c tach trong qua trnh
loc dau. Vi tr lng dau hoa t quang mo rat ln nen nguon hydrocarbon cung vo cung
phong phu, g thanh thap. Do o cong nghe che tao vat lieu plastic cung vi cong nghe bao
b plastic a phat trien nhanh, a dang, phong phu ve chung loai; bao b at tnh nang cao
trong cha ng, bao quan cac loai thc pham. Bao b plastic thng khong mui, khong v,
co loai co the at o mem deo, ap suat be mat thc pham khi c tao nen o chan khong
cao trong trng hp san pham can bao quan trong chan khong, cung co loai bao b at o
cng vng cao, chong va cham c hoc hieu qua, chong tham kh hi do o am bao c
ap lc cao ben trong moi trng cha thuc pham. Bao b plastic co the trong suot nhn thay
ro san pham ben trong, hoac co the m uc, che khuat hoan toan anh sang e bao ve thc
pham; ben canh o, co loai co the chu c nhiet o thanh trung hoac nhiet o lanh ong
tham o. Cac loai bao b plastic c in an nhan hieu de dang, at c o my quan yeu
cau. Ngoai ra, tnh chat noi bat hn ca la bao b plastic nhe hn tat ca cac loai vat lieu bao
b khac, rat thuan tien trong phan phoi, chuyen ch.
Mot so loai plastic:
Dang homopolyme:PE (polyethylene): LDPE, LLDPE, MDPE, HDPE; PP
(polypropylene) ; OPP (oriented polypropylene); PET (polyethyleneglycol therephthalate);
PS (polystyrene); OPS (oriented polystyrene); EPS (foamed polystyrene); PVC (polyvinyl
chloride); PVDC (polyvinylidene chloride); PA (polyamide); PVA (poly vinylacetat); PC
(polycarbonate)
Dang copolyme:EVA (ethylene + vinylacetat); EVOH (ethylene + vinylalcohol); EAA
(ethylene + axit acrylic); EBA (ethylene + butylacrylate); EMA (ethylene + methylacrylate);
EMAA (ethylene + axit methylacrylic).
Trong thc pham thng dung cac loai bao b plastic dang homopolyme sau:

PE:

PE c phan lam 3 nhom chnh sau:
LDPE LLDPE HDPE
ac iem:
- Ty trong 0.91 0.925
g/cm
3

- Trong nhng co anh hi
m, o bong be mat kha cao

- B keo dan va de b t
di tac dung lc
- Tnh chu nhiet:
t
nc
= 93
0
C
t
min
= -57
0
C
t
han
= 100

- 110
0
C
- Kha nang chong lai cac
tac nhan:

- Ty trong 0.91 0.92
g/cm
3

- Trong hi m, o bong
be mat cao, tnh mem deo
cao.
- t b gian, kho t.

- Tnh chu nhiet:
t
nc
= 95

- 180
0
C
t
min
= -57
0
C
t
han
= 120

- 150
0
C

- Ty trong 0.941 0.965
g/cm
3

- Trong m, mc o mem
deo kem hn LDPE va
LLDPE, tnh cng vng cao.
- Co tnh chat c ly cao
nhat so LDPE va LLDPE
- Tnh chu nhiet:
t
nc
= 121
0
C
t
min
= -46
0
C
t
han
= 140

- 180
0
C

Chong tham nc tot
Chong tham cac kh
O
2
, CO
2
, N
2
va hi nc
kem
Chong tham dau m
kem.
Ben oi vi axit, kiem,
muoi vo c.
B h hong trong dung
moi hu c.
- Kha nang in an tren bao
b kem
- Khi b chieu xa th tr
nen vang, trong suot, cng
gion hn
ng dung:
- Dung lam bao b thuy san
- Dung lam lp trong cung
cua bao b nhieu lp

Chong tham cac kh
O
2
, CO
2
, N
2
va hi nc
cao hn LDPE
Chong tham dau m
c cai thien hn.
Ben oi vi axit,
kiem, muoi vo c.
B h hong trong dung
moi hu c.
b cao hn LDPE

- Dung lam bao b thuy
san
cua bao b nhieu lp hoac
lam lp ngoai cung e
chong tham nc cho cac
loai bao b giay.

Chong tham cac kh
O
2
, CO
2
, N
2
va hi nc cao
hn 2 loai tren.
Chong tham dau m
c cai thien hn.
Ben oi vi axit, kiem,
muoi vo c.
B h hong trong dung
moi hu c.
b kem

- Dung lam bao b thuy san
cua bao b nhieu lp, tao
hnh dang cac ly chen, lo
bnh cha cac loai vat pham
can thanh trung.

PP

Ty trong 0.885 0.905 g/cm
3

t
nc
= 132 - 149
0
C
t
min
= -18
0
C
t
han
= 140
0
C
- Tnh ben c hoc cao (ben xe va ben keo t), kha cng vng, khong mem deo nh
PE, khong b keo gian dai do o c che tao thanh si. ac biet kha nang b xe rach de
dang khi co mot vet cat hoac mot vet thung nho.
- Trong suot, o bong be mat cao cho kha nang in an cao, net in ro.
- Chu c nhiet o cao hn 100
0
C. Tuy nhien nhiet o han dan m (than) bao b PP
(140
0
C), cao so vi PE.
- Co the gay chay h hong mang ghep cau truc ben ngoai, nen thng t dung PP lam
lp trong cung.
- Co tnh chat chong tham O
2
, hi nc, dau m va cac kh khac.
ng dung:
- Dung lam bao b mot lp cha ng bao quan thc pham, khong yeu cau chong
oxy hoa mot cach nghiem ngat.
- Tao thanh si, det thanh bao b ng lng thc, ngu coc co so lng ln.
- PP cung c san xuat dang mang phu ngoai oi vi mang nhieu lp e tang
tnh chong tham kh, hi nc, tao kha nang in an cao, va de xe rach e m bao
b (do co tao san mot vet t) va tao o bong cao cho bao b.
OPP:

3

t
nc
= 140 - 146
0
C
t
min
= -50
0
C
t
han
= 150
0
C
- OPP chnh la san pham cua qua trnh nh hng lai PP bang cach keo gian theo
phng ngang (vuong goc vi chieu doc). Do o OPP khong b gian dai di tac dung cua
lc keo, luon c che tao dang mang.
- Rat ben c hoc, nhng b xe rach de dang khi a co mot vet t nho, trong suot, o
bong be mat cao hn PP.
- Kha nang chong tham dau m rat tot; ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem, muoi vo c,
b h hong trong dung moi hu c.
ng dung:
Dung lam lp mang ngoai cung cua bao b ghep dang tui v co tnh chu nhiet, ben c
hoc, chong tham kh, hi nc tot va de xe rach.

PA:
Ty trong 1.13 g/cm
3

t
max
= 220
0
C
t
min
= -73
0
C
- Mang co tnh mem deo cao, trong suot.
- Khong ben c hoc, b gian di lc keo.
- Tnh chong tham nc va hi nc rat kem (so vi bao b plastic), tnh chong tham
dau m kem.
- Ben hoa hoc vi muoi, axit, kiem, muoi vo c, h hong trong dung moi hu c.
- Chong tham cac kh rat tot.
ng dung:
- Lam mang co boc thc pham e ch tieu thu trong mot thi gian ngan.
- Mang boc trong lo vi ba.
- Ghep ngoai vi mang PE tao cac bao b dang tui e ng cac thuy san lanh hut chan
khong.

PET:

3

t
max
= 225
0
C
t
min
= -70
0
C
t
han
= 90
0
C
- La loai nha cng trong suot, dang mang co tnh mem deo.
- Co o ben c hoc cao, co kha nang chu ng lc xe va lc va cham, chu ng s
mai mon cao, co o cng vng cao.
- Tr vi moi trng thc pham.
- Chong tham kh CO
2
, O
2
tot hn cac loai polyelefin.
- Mang PET luon luon c phu mot lp plastic khac ben ngoai e co the han dan
nhiet ghep m bao b, thng dung la PVDC nham ong thi lam tang tnh chong tham hi
nc va kh O
2
, hoac cung co the dung lp phu PE nham e han dan nhiet tot.
- Khong b h hong bi dung moi hu c.
- Chong tham dau, m rat cao.
ng dung:
- Lam chai lo ng nc giai khat co gas.
- Tui ng thc pham kho can chong oxy hoa.

PS

3

t
nc
= 100
0
C
t
min
= -70
0
C
t
han
= 180 - 200
0
C
- La loai nha cng trong suot, khong co mui v, chay cho ngon la khong on nh.
- Khong mau va de tao mau, hnh thc ep, de gia cong bang phng phap ep va ep
phun.
- Hoa tan trong cacbua hydro thm, cacbua hydro clo hoa, este, ceton; khong hoa tan
trong cacbua hydro mach thang, ru thap (ru co o ru thap), ete, phenol, axit acetic
va ncc.
- Ben vng trong cac dung dch kiem, axit sulfuric, photphoric va boric vi bat k nong
o nao. Ben vi axit clohydric 10 - 36%, axit acetic 1- 29%, axit formic 1-90% va cac axit
hu c khac. Ngoai ra PS cung ben vi xang, dau thao moc va dung dch muoi. Axit nitric
am ac va cac chat chong oxy hoa khac se pha huy PS.
- Tnh chat c hoc cua PS phu thuoc vao mc o trung hp. PS co trong lng phan t
thap rat don va co o ben keo thap. Trong lng phan t tang len th o ben c va nhiet
tang, o don giam i. Neu vt qua mc o trung hp nhat nh th tnh chat c hoc lai
giam. Gii han ben keo se giam neu nhiet o tang len. o gian dai tng oi se bat au
tang khi at ti nhiet o 800C, vt qua nhiet o nay PS se tr len mem va dnh nh cao
su.
ng dung:
- Lam chen, khay ng thc an dang trong hoac bot xop uc.
- Lam vat chem xop chong va cham c hoc.

III. QUY TRNH CONG NGHE:

1. Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat thach da tho
can
Bo sung dinh dng
Thanh trung
Len men
Chnh PH
Tach khoi cellulose
Lam nguoi
Nc da
gia
Thach da
tho
ng SA,
DAP
Giong
10 12 ngay
10 15 phut

2. Giai thch quy trnh:
2.1 Giong:
Vi khuan acetobacter xylinum:
ac iem
- Chung Acetobacter xylinum nay co nguon t Philippin. Acetobacter xylinum thuoc
nhom vi khuan acetic. Theo he thong phan loai cua nha khoa hoc Bergey th Acetobacter
xylinum thuoc: lp Schizommycetes, bo Pseudomonadales, ho Pseudomonadieae.
- A.xylinum la loai vi khuan dai khoang 2 m, ng rieng le hoac xep thanh chuoi, co
kha nang tao vang hemicellulose kha day, bat mau vi thuoc nhuom Iod va H
2
SO
4
.
- A.xylinum sinh trng pH < 5. t
o
= 28-32
o
C va co the tch luy 4.5% acid acetic.
Acid acetic la san pham sinh ra trong qua trnh hoat ong cua vi khuan, nhng khi chung
vt qua mc cho phep, chung se quay ngc tr lai lam c che hoat ong cua vi khuan.
Sinh ly, sinh hoa
- A.xylinum hap thu ng glucose t moi trng nuoi cay. Trong te bao vi khuan,
glucose nay se ket hp vi acid beo tao thanh mot tien chat nam tren mang te bao. Ke o
no c thoat ra ngoai te bao cung vi mot enzyme. Enzyme nay co the polyme hoa
glucose thanh cellulose.
- A.xylinum tao nen lp cellulose day la do moi trng nuoi cay nc da co bo sung
cac chat dinh dng can thiet. Cellulose la nhng polisaccharide khong tan trong nc ma
tan trong moi trng kiem. o cung la thanh phan chnh cua mang te bao thc vat.
- Polysaccharide cua vi sinh vat thng c tch tu ang ke trong cac moi trng long.
Vi sinh vat co kha nang tong hp cac oligo va polysaccharide. Lng cac oligo va cac
polysaccharide noi bao co the at ti 60% trong lng kho cua te bao.
- Tat ca cac oligo va polysaccharide c tong hp bang cach keo dai chuoi
saccharide co trc nh vao viec them vao n v monosaccharide. n v monosaccharide
c them vao tham gia phan ng dang nucleotide, monosaccharide c hoat hoa
thng la dan xuat cua cac uridin diphosphat (UDP-X) nhng oi khi cung vi cac
nucleotide, purin va cac pirimidin khac.
- S tong hp dien ra theo cac phan ng sau:
X-X-X-X- + UDP-X = X-X-X-X-X + UDP
n nhanh (n+1) nhanh
- C che qua trnh sinh tong hp dien ra theo s tong hp cac loai polysaccharide phan
nhanh hien cha ro.
- Ngi ta cho rang th t cac goc ng va tnh ac trng tham gia cua chung vao
chuoi polysaccharide phu thuoc vao cac enzyme transferase.
- Acetobacter xylinum song thch hp nhiet o 28-32oC. nhiet o nay qua trnh
hnh thanh cac san pham trong o co thach da la tot nhat.
Chuan b giong e san xuat:
- Giong Acetobacter xylinum c nuoi trong moi trng thach nghieng, thanh phan
gom:
SA 8g
DAP 2g
Saccharose 20g
Agar 20g
Nc da 1l
- Cac ong nghiem cha moi trng thanh trung 121
0
C trong 20 phut.
- Cay giong , e trong tu am 3- 4 ngay.
- Tien hanh nhan giong, co the qua 1 cap hoac hai cap hoac nhieu hn tuy theo qui mo
san xuat. Thanh phan moi trng nhan giong nh tren nhng khong co Agar goi la moi
trng dch the. Moi trng c kh trung 100
0
C trong 30 phut. e nguoi en 30
0
C,
cay giong theo t le 10%. Lac hay suc kh trong thi gian 18- 20 gi. Sau o giong c
a vao san xuat.
2.2 Giai thch quy trnh:
Bc 1:Chuan b moi trng:
- Nc da gia c thu nhan cac nha may san xuat cm da nao say. Thanh phan
gom: ng, protein, dau beo, khoang ,vitaminhoa tan va mot so tap chat khac.
- Dung vai loc e loai bo tap chat.Vai loc c co nh tren ro loc.Dch nc da sau
khi loc c thu vao thung cha. Can tren vai loc c tach ra ngoai.
- Bo sung dinh dng: SA, (NH
4
)
2
HPO
4
, ng glucose la nguon cung cap Nit,
khoang tao moi trng toi u cho qua trnh sinh tong hp san pham.
- Moi trng sau khi bo sung dinh dng c thanh trung bang cach un soi khoang
10- 15 e tieu diet cac vi sinh vat co trong moi trng. Sau o lam nguoi.
- Dung acid acetic 40% chnh ve pH = 3 - 3,5, chnh nhiet o en 28-31
0
C (pH, nhiet
o thch hp cho qua trnh len men).
Bc 2: Len men.
o moi trng vao cac dung cu, cay giong theo ty le 1:10. ay thau, chau bang vai
mong hoac giay bao. Gi nhiet o phong 28-31
o
C trong vong 48 gi. Trong thi gian nay
tranh khuay ong moi trng e tranh anh hng en lp thach ang hnh thanh.
Bc 3: Thu nhan va hoan thien san pham.
Dung vt e vt khoi cellulose ra khoi dch len men. Sau o ra khoi cellulose bang
nc lanh.
2.3 C che tao thanh san pham:
- ieu kien toi u, 1lit nc da (cha khoang 110g saccharose) se tao thanh
khoang 483g thach da tho, cha qua x ly vi o am khoang 96-98%.
- Qua trnh hnh thanh cellulose c nha bac hoc Muhlethaler s dung knh hien vi
ien t e nghien cu va cho rang: au tien cac te bao vi khuan se tiet ra chat nhay bao
boc xung quanh chung, tiep o la s hnh thanh cac si cellulose c polime hoa t cac
n phan glucose v tr -1,6 di tac dung cua enzym co trong bao nhay. Cac si nay
ngay cang day len va c ket noi vi nhau tao thanh lp cellulose ben trong bao nhay.
Lp cellulose nay sau o c thoat ra khoi te bao hoan toan.
- Dung dch moi trng ban au co dang huyen phu mn, chuyen sang dang ri rac,
sau o ket lai thanh khoi ln hn dang gel cha cac te bao vi khuan trong o. Bo khung
cua gel la mang lI cellulose vi thanh phan chu yeu la nc. No c hnh thanh mc
toi a ch 30 phut sau khi co s tiep xuc gia vi khuan Acetobacterium xylium vi glucose
va oxy.

IV. BAN LUAN:


BAI 7:

CDSC SChl CA SDT CA
DSC hDP


Giup sinh vien lam quen vi cac cong oan trong cong nghe san xuat ca sot ca ong hop.
II. C S LY THUYET:
1. Tong quan ve ca:
1.1 Phan loai:
Phan loai theo am ( protid):
Da vao ham lng nit cua ca va thi gian che bien, ngi ta chia thanh cac loai sau:
- Ca co am cao: >30
0
N (>=20% protid) nh: ca Cm Kien Giang, ca Ve, ca Nuc
- Ca co am thap:<30
0
N (<=18.50%) nh ca Cm Duyen Hai, ca Linh non, ca bo
Phan loai theo chat beo ( lipid ):
Da vao lng m hay dau trong ca ma ngi ta chia thanh cac loai sau:
- Ca t m : nho hn 4% lipid, co hau het cac loai ca nc mam ke ca ca Linh non.
- Ca co m va: 4 8% lipid nh ca Linh , ca Trch
- Ca co lng m nhieu: ln hn 15% lipid, a so la ca nc ngot, nc l nh ca
Basa, ca Tra Bien Ho
Phan loai theo tap tnh sinh song:
- Ca sinh song tang noi va tang lng ( ca an noi) gom co ca cm, ca Trch, ca Lam,
ca Moi, ca Nuc
- Ca sinh song tang ay va tang lng (ca an ay) gom co ca liet tht, ca Xo tap, ca
Bo
1.2 Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca:
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca khac nhau rat nhieu, tuy theo loai va tng ca cu the, phu
thuoc tuoi, giong (c, cai), moi trng va mua vu.
S bien oi thanh phan cua ca lien quan mat thiet vi thc an ma chung an, vi s di c
va nhng bien oi sinh duc lien quan en s sinh san.
Cac thanh phan hoa hoc c ban cua ca co the c trnh bay tom tat qua bang sau:

Thanh phan
Ch tieu
Nc Protein Lipid Muoi vo c
Tht ca 48 85.1 10.3 24.4 0.1 5.4 0.5 5.6
Trng ca 60 70 20 30 1 11 1 2
Gan ca 40 75 8 18 3 5 0.5 1.5
Da ca 60 70 7 15 5 10 1 3
Bang : thanh phan hoa hoc cua ca

1.3 Cac bien oi cua ca:
Cac qua trnh song cua ca va cac ong vat thuy sinh khac eu do cac chat mem ieu
chnh. Chung la loai ong vat mau lanh, tc la nhiet o cua c the thay oi thch ng vi
nhiet o cua moi trng nc. Cac men trong ca hoat ong manh khong cao lam, nen khi
ca c anh len b lam cho nhiet o than ca tang len dan en lam tang hoat ong cua
cac men va tao ieu kien cho vi sinh vat pha huy tht ca.
Nhng bien oi cua ca khi len b (ca song):
Ca c gi lau trong ieu kien nhan tao nh khi rong khoang tau, trong cac thiet b
rong ca th se b tieu hao. Ham lng chat beo, protit b giam, chat lng kem. Ngoai ra do
thieu thc an, moi met ve sinh ly, he than kinh trong mau va trong mo tch luy cac chat
phan huy, cac chat hu c tham gia cho s hoat ong bnh thng cua c the ca. Nh phan
huy glycogen va axit malic tch luy trong mau lam c che than kinh, lam mat dan kha nang
tieu thu oxy, ieu o dan en nguyen nhan lam ca chet ngat. Axit tch luy ngay cang nhieu
va khuech tan vao mau o la nguyen nhan c ban lam ca chet nhanh.
Neu bat ca ra khoi nc th mang ca lap tc cha ay mau co mau o ti. V lng oxy
khong u e cung cap cho mau, nen mang ca b tha mau va ket qua ca b chet ngat. Tht
ca trong thi gian nay co cau truc nhao. Hien tng tren xay ra do chuyen nguyen sinh
chat thanh dang long (hien tng t mach lien ket cua cac chat cha nit).
S tha mau co the xay ra khong ch mang ma con xay ra cac phan khac cua c the
ca. The hien khi xuat hien ro tren be mat co nhng vet o. Khi nc song b nhiem ban,
hien tng tren thng xuat hien (khong phai do nhiem xa hay do vi sinh vat). Tht ca b
cac hien tng tren khong c dung vi muc ch thc pham, thong thng lam thc an
gia suc.
Nhng bien oi cua ca sau khi chet:
Ca sau khi chet th xay ra hang loat bien oi phc tap ac biet la cac bien oi sau sac ve
hoa hoc o la cac qua trnh phan huy t nhien lam cho nguyen lieu bien chat hoan toan
khong the s dung c na.
Nhng s bien oi tren ay khong tuan theo mot th t nhat nh. S bien oi o co the
xay ra ong thi hay giai oan nay xay ra trong long giai oan kia, hoac la cuoi qua trnh
nay la au cua qua trnh khac tiep noi. Tuy nhien, e tien li trong nghien cu, ngi ta
coi nh cac giai oan bien oi dien ra oc lap.
S bien oi o tam tom tat theo s o sau ay:

2. Cac phu gia, gia v dung trong san xuat o hop ca
2.1 Ca chua:
Thanh phan cua ca chua nh sau:
- Gluxit: 4.5%
- Protit: 1.0%
- Lipit: 0.3%
- Vitamin A: 400 g/100g
- Vitamin B1: 40 g/100g
- Vitamin B2: 7 g/100g
- Vitamin C: 15-30 g/100g
No cung cap chat sat va kali cho nhu cau hang ngay, cung cap vi lng cobalt co chc
nang xuc tac tao hong cau. ac biet, do cha t Natri nen c khuyen khch s dung
thng xuyen cho ngi mac benh tang huyet ap cao. Ngoai ra, do cha axit hu c (1%)
va chat x (0.6%) nen cung co the dung e cha tr benh tao bon ngi gia.
ng 2 dang: fructoza va glucoza, de dang hap thu trc tiep vao c the.
Vitamin: ca chua co nhieu vitamin C va A, giup tamg trng va boi bo te bao niem mac
mat, phong nga chng kho giap mac, viem giac mac can thiet cho c the e tang sc e
khang.
Ca chua tao cho san pham ca hop mau sac, mui, v ac trng va lam tang gia tr dinh
dng cua o hop.
Ca chua dung e an dang ti, muoi chua hay dam dam, va la nguyen lieu cua cong
nghiep o hop.
2.2 Pure ca chua:
La loai phu gia pho bien nhat trong san pham ca ong hop. Pure ca chua c tao ra
bang cach lay ca chua ra sach chan trong nc soi, vt ra boc bo vo, cha qua li 0.7-
1mm roi lay bot. Pure ca chua co o kho khoang 12,15,20%(khac vi bot ca chua co o
kho 88-95%).
2.3 Tinh bot bien tnh:
Chon bot mn, ti, co mui v thm du de chu, khong co mui v la, khong co mui moc,
khong b sau mot va khong co lan tap chat. Tinh bot co tac dung tang o seat tao nen cau
truc dch sot, giam v chua cua nguyen lieu lam tang gia tr kinh te. Lng bot s dung qua
nhieu se lam giam chat lng san pham
2.4 Dau an thc vat:
S dung dau au nanh a c tinh luyen
2.4 Gia v:
Muoi an: chon muoi tinh che, tinh the mau trang eu, sach, khong co tap chat,
khong co v la, o am khong qua 12%, khi hoa tan trong nc cat nhan c dung dch
trong va ong nhat.
Ngoai cong dung tao v cho thc an, muoi an con la chat c che vi sinh vat khi co nong
o cao bi v khi nong o muoi trong san pham tang len th lng nc t do trong moi
trng giam i, vi sinh vat kho ton tai va phat trien.
ng: hnh dang tinh the ong eu, ti, kho, khong von cuc, hoa tan hoan toan
trong nc, v ngot, khong co v la, khi pha thanh dung dch phai trong, khong co lan tap
chat.
Bot ngot (mono natri glutamat) : tinh the ong nhat, trang, kho, co the s dung canh
to hay canh nho, khong co lan tap chat, co v ngot ac trng, khong co v la.
Chat mau t nhien: carotenoid ( t pure ca chua, t hat ieu nhuom)
3. Cac san pham o hop ca.
3.1 Ca ng ngam dau:
San pham ca ngam dau la mot loai san pham mi, co chat lng va gia tr sinh nang lng
cao

X l s bo
Lanh ong
p muoi
Ra
Cat mo
Ra s bo
Phan loai
Ra ong
Ca
Xep hop
Hap
Say
Ghep m
Bao on
Hoan thien
Lam nguoi
Thanh trung
San pham
Rot hop
Nc
Dau
3.2 Ca hun khoi ngam dau

X l s bo
Lanh ong
p muoi
Ra
Cat mo
Ra s bo
Phan loai
Ra ong
Ca
Hun khoi
Xep hop
Rot hop
Ghep m
Bao on
Hoan thien
Lam nguoi
Thanh trung
San pham
Hop sat tay
Mun ca
Dau
Ca ti
Cha qua ray
Phoi che
un nong
Ca hop
Ca chua
Xay
Chan
Ra
Ra
X l c hoc
Cat khuc
Ngam nc
Ra lai
e rao
Xep hop
Hap
Doc bo nc tanh
Rot dung dch sot
Ghep nap
Tiet trung
Lam nguoi
Hat ieu
Gan, loc
Cho vao dau nong
Hop, nap
Ra, say
Nc thai
Nc thai

3.3 Ca sot ca:


III. QUY TRNH TH NGHIEM:
1. Chuan b nguyen lieu
*Nguyen lieu chnh: Ca nuc : 1.3kg
*Nguyen lieu phu: -Ca chua : 800g
-Tinh bot bien tnh : 3.5%
-Cac gia v: +Muoi : 1.8%
+ng : 3.5%
+Bot ngot : 2%
+Bot nem : 2%
+Dau an : 50ml
+Hat ieu : 50g

2. Thuyet minh quy trnh cong nghe
2.1 X l s bo:
Ra, cat uoi, anh vay, anh vay, cat au mo bung, moi het noi tang. Neu ca ln
( 1 con > 100g) th cat oi, nho th e nguyen.
Muc ch:
Dung nc ra s bo loai tr nht ca, tap chat c hoc nh at cat, bui, va mot phan
vi sinh vat tren c the ca.
Tao kch thc ca phu hp cho cac giai oan tiep theo va phu hp vi ngi tieu
dung.
Cac bien oi:
Chu yeu la cac thay oi vat l: giam trong lng, thay oi hnh dang ben ngoai cua
ca.
2.2 Ngam nc muoi:
Pha dung dch muoi co nong o 15 % cho ca vao ngam 20 phut nhiet o phong.
Muc ch:
- Tang tnh chat bao quan, c che hoat o cua vi sinh vat, tranh hong ca.
- Lam ket cau ca c vng chac, lam cho san pham ca ong hop t b v nat.
- Lam cho ca co v ngon hn.
Cac bien oi:
- Vat ly
Khoi lng: Nc b tham thau t ben trong te bao ra ngoai te bao. ieu
nay lam trong lng ca giam xuong. Lng nc thoat ra cang nhieu th trong lng
giam cang nhieu. Ngoai ra trong lng ca b giam xuong mot phan do protide b phan
huy . Lng nc thoat ra ngoai phu thuoc vao:
Nhiet o: Nhiet o cua ca giam xuong.
- Hoa l: Do ap suat tham thau nc b khuech tan t ben trong te bao ra ngoai.
- Hoa hoc : Cac phan ng hoa hoc xay ra khong ang ke.
- Hoa sinh : Cac bien oi hoa sinh xay ra khong ang ke do enzyme b vo hoat
va vi sinh vat b c che.
- Sinh hoc: Vi sinh vat b c che.
- Dinh dng: Hao hut chat dinh dng trong o chat beo hao hut t, protein hao
hut nhieu, do ham lng Nit hoa tan khuech tan ra dung dch muoi, lng protein
trong nc tang. S hao hut protein phu thuoc vao phng phap muoi (phng phap
khuay ao b hao hut nhieu protein hn phng phap khong khuay ao).
2.3 Ra lai :
Ca sau khi p muoi xong th vt ra, dung nc sach e ra ca, nham lam cho ca co
v man eu.
2.4 e rao:
Nham giam lng nc muoi ca e tranh lam loang khi xep hop.
2.5 Xep hop:
Muc ch:
- Tao hnh thc gon , ep mat, on nh cac khuc ca xep trong hop nham chuan b
tot cho qua trnh hap cung nh qua trnh rot nc sot vao trong hop.
- Hop trc khi khi s dung phai tien hanh kiem tra lai pham chat va ra sach
- Sau khi kiem tra xong ra hop. Nc ra co nhiet o t 80 85
o
C giup ra
sach hop, loai bo chat la, bui ban, chuan b tot cho giai oan xep hop.
2.6 Hap:
Thc hien qua trnh hap bang hi nhiet nhiet o 100
0
C trong 15 phut. Sau khi hap
xong, em doc bo toan bo nc tanh co trong lon. Trong cong nghiep, ngi ta s
dung cac loai thiet b hap co the lam viec lien tuc hoac gian oan, ap suat thng
hoac ap suat cao, hoac ap suat chan khong c cau tao loai hai vo hay loai ong
( n , kep , ruot ga..).
Muc ch:
- Ngng qua trnh sinh hoa, tieu diet mot phan vi sinh vat, chu yeu la vi sinh vat
bam tren be mat cua nguyen lieu.
- Lam bien tnh protein, tach loai nc nham on nh san pham
- Lam giam hoat tnh cua cac enzyme cua mo c tht, lam cho tht ca va xng
ca tr nen mem hn do collagen b mem hoa, mo c de dang tach ra khoi xng.
- Tang gia tr cam quan do bay hi mot so kh sinh ra do phan ng thuy phan
protein nh H2S, NH3, lam cho ca bt tanh.
- uoi kh trong nguyen lieu tranh phong hop khi tiet trung.
Cac bien oi:
- Vat l:
Tang nhiet o cua ca len.
o cng cua ca mem hn trc khi hap.
The tch cua ca tang len.
- Hoa l: Nc luc au trong ca di dang long se hoa thanh hi sau o hi
nay cung vi hi c phun vao chuyen thanh dang long.
- Hoa hoc :
Co s bien tnh cua protein.
Co s thuy phan cat mach cua cac polisaccharide.
Co s thuy phan chat beo.
- Hoa sinh: t xay ra do cac enzyme b vo hoat.
- Sinh hoc: t xay ra do trong ieu kien nhiet o tren vi sinh vat b tieu diet
hoac b c che.
2.7 Chuan b dung dch sot ca chua:
- Nguyen lieu: Chon ca ti, chn that o, khong b dap, nhun.
- X l: Ra ca trong nc sach nham loai bo tap chat, at, cat. Loai bo nhng
qua b thoi khong u tieu chuan che bien.
- Chan: Muc ch vo hoat enzyme pectinase e gi cho san pham khong b tach
nc. Ben canh o, enzyme oxy hoa cung b vo hoat ong thi chan lam cho cau truc
mem hn nham tang hieu suat thu hoi dch qua. Nhiet o chan : 850C , chan t 2 5
phut.
- Ep, cha: Nham tach vo, hat va lam nho tht ca trong te bao nguyen lieu e thu
hoi pure.
- Tao mau ieu: Bac noi len bep cho nong sau o cho dau an vao, tat bep. e
yen cho lang sau o gan lay dau trong e tao mau ieu ket hp cung mau t nhien
cua ca chua tao nen mau sac hai hoa, hap dan cho hop ca sot ca.
- Phoi tron: Can cac phu gia tao mui, tinh bot bien tnh theo khau v roi cho vao
pure va nau soi thanh dch sot.
2.8 Rot nc sot
Dung dch c rot vao lon ca a hap cach mep khoang 0,2 mm.
Muc ch:
- Lam tang gia tr cam quan cua san pham, tao mau sac va hng v ac trng
cho san pham ca ong hop.
- Tang cng kha nang bao quan cho san pham. Bao t cua vi sinh vat chu
nhiet hoat ong kem moi trng acid. Vi nc sot ca chua th pH= 4.5 lam han che
s phat trien cua vi khuan cung nh giup lam giam nhiet o tiet trung sau nay
- Lap ay cho trong trong hop e loai bt kh trong hop, tranh hien tng phong
hop sau nay(bai kh).
- Tao ra mau, mui, v ac trng cho san pham ca ong hop sot ca chua.
Cac bien oi:
- Vat l : t co bien oi nhieu.
- Hoa l: Tao ra trang thai set
- Hoa hoc : pH giam do trong moi trng axit t dch rot ca chua.
- Hoa sinh: t co bien oi nhieu do enzyme b vo hoat.
- Sinh hoc: Tao nhiet o cao va moi trng acid c che s phat trien cua vi sinh
vat.

2.9 Ghep nap:
La qua trnh quan trong nham tao cho thc pham cach li hoan toan vi moi trng
khong kh ben ngoai, co tac dung quan trong en thi gian bao quan thc pham va
chat lng cua no. Nap hop phai c ghep m that kn va am bao khi thanh trung
khong b bat nap hay h moi ghep.
Hien nay co nhieu loai may ghep co cau tao khac nhau tuy mc o t ong hoa,
ngi ta chia cac may ghep thanh 3 loai:
Loai thu cong : nang suat 6 -10 hop trong mot phut. Loai nay co nhc iem
la ton sc, cac moi ghep de b khuyet iem.
Loai ban t ong : hop a vao lay ra bang tay qua trnh ghep c t ong.
Nang suat 20 -25 hop trong mot phut.
Loai t ong : toan bo qua trnh c t ong hoa. Nang suat 120 hop trong
mot phut.
Neu cac c cau ghep nap lam viec khong bnh thng va kch thc hop khong
ung qui nh se gay ra h hong moi ghep.
2.10 Tiet trung:
Sau khi ghep nap hop, hop c ra sach dau m dnh tren than va nap bang nc
nong co nhiet o t 80 85
o
C, sau o em i tiet trung ngay 121
0
C trong 60 phut.
Sau o lay ra lam nguoi ngoai khong kh ti nhiet o khoang 70
0
C-80
0
C th lam nguoi
nhanh bang nc lanh cho ti khi lon at nhiet o bang nhiet o khong kh. ay la
khau quan trong no anh hng en chat lng va kha nang bao quan thc pham.
Cac yeu to anh hng ti che o tiet trung:
Vi sinh vat:
Trong moi loai o hop ngi ta chon ra oi tng vi sinh vat nguy hiem nhat e
tieu diet. oi tng thng la cac vi sinh vat ben nhiet, sinh nha bao va khong gay
oc oi vi con ngi. Vi sinh vat cang ben nhiet va so lng vi sinh vat ban au
nhiem vao cang nhieu th oi hoi mot che o tiet trung cang cao va thi gian cang dai.
Trong o hop tht ca, viec tieu diet Clotridium botulinum va nha bao cua no c
xem la tieu chuan tiet trung toi thieu cua o hop. Vi khuan Clotridium botulinum la
loai vi khuan ben nhiet va k kh, phat trien thuan li trong moi trng hop ghep kn,
no khong b tieu diet 100oC trong nhieu gi. Nha bao cua no rat ben nhiet co kha
nang khang nhiet 100oC trong 5 gi 30 phut, 115oC trong 10 phut va 120oC trong 4
phut. oc to Clotridium botulinum tiet ra gay oc tren he than kinh va gay chet ngi.
Ngoai ra, trong o hop tht ca con co loai vi khuan ben nhiet hn Clotridium
botulinum nh : C.Sporogenes, C.putrificum. hai loai vi khuan nay gay thoi hong o
hop nen nhiet o tiet trung cac loai o hop nay la 115 121oC
ac tnh san pham:
Moi trng thc pham khac nhau th kha nang tieu diet cac loai vi sinh vat cung
khac nhau. Moi trng co nhieu acid lam cho tnh chu nhiet cua vi sinh vat kem i,
do o rut ngan thi gian tiet trung. Chat beo tao ra mang bao boc khong tham nc
lam cho protein kho ong tu, tang kha nang chu nhiet cua vi sinh vat. Muoi va ng
nong o thap th kha nang tieu diet vi sinh vat giam i, muoi va ng nong o
cao th kha nang tieu diet vi sinh vat cao hn.
Tnh chat vat l cua san pham cung anh hng ti kha nang tiet trung. Thc pham
dang long truyen nhiet bang oi lu. Thc pham dang ran truyen nhiet bang dan nhiet
can co thi gian dai. Do o ngi ta xep ca trong mot chat long sao cho han che thap
nhat ton that ve thi gian. Ngi ta tm cach tang toc o truyen nhiet trong hop bang
phng phap xoay tron. Chuyen ong cua khoang khong tren nh hop trong khi quay
se ay nhanh s chuyen ong cua chat long.
Bao b san pham:
Che o tiet trung phu thuoc vao vat lieu lam bao b, hnh dang va kch thc bao
b oi vi bao b lam bang kim loai th be mat truyen nhiet cang ln, thi gian tiet
trung cang nhanh
Kha nang k thuat cua thiet b thanh trung:
Thiet b thanh trung lam viec lien tuc co ap suat cao th co nhieu u viet hn thiet
b gian oan hay ap suat thap.
2.11 Lam nguoi:
o hop thc pham sau khi tiet trung phai lam nguoi nhanh chong tranh b tiep tuc
gia nhiet lam anh hng en chat lng ca hop va chuan b e bao on san pham.
Lam nguoi san pham la khau quyet nh en chat lng san pham cuoi cung trong
qua trnh san xuat, lam nguoi tot tranh cac tac hai sau:
- Giam mau sac, mui v cua san pham.
- Pha huy ket cau to chc cua thc pham.
- Tang tac dung an mon cua o hop.
V vay, qua trnh lam lanh cang nhanh cang tot, nhng khi nhiet o bien oi ot
ngot gay ra hien tng bien dang hop hay b h nap.
Toc o lam nguoi phu thuoc vao nhieu yeu to nh:
- Tnh chat cua thc pham.
- The tch hop ln, nho.
- Hnh dang cua hop
- Vat lieu lam bao b.
- Hieu so nhiet o trong va ngoai hop.
Moi trng lam nguoi thng la nc lanh. Nc lam nguoi phai c kh trung
giai oan nay. Nc c kh trung bang Clo. T luc bo sung Clo cho en khi dung
nc o e lam lanh can t nhat 20 phut e Clo lang xuong nc. Mc Clo khong
c qua cao neu khong se dan en an mon hop.
Khi lam lanh can phai chu y en ap suat neu khong se dan ti hien tng meo mo
hop
Ngoai ra nc lam lanh can phai mem v neu nc co o cng cao , thanh noi se
ong mot lp can lam giam he so truyen nhiet, nong o sat cao se dan en s r set .

2.12 Bao on:
Trong ieu kien ky thuat cha at o tin cay cao, bao on la cong oan phat hien
cac san pham cha at o thanh trung hoac o kn tot.
Thi gian bao on: khong di 15 ngay. Trong thi gian nay nhng n v san pham
khong at yeu cau ve o kn hoac che o thanh trung khong at, vi sinh vat se phat
trien gay len men, sui bot, phong hop.
Neu phat hien thay t le h hong vt qua mc cho phep, can phai xem xet lai qua
trnh che bien, tm nguyen nhan khac phuc.
IV. NHAN XET VA BAN LUAN:
Nhn chung, ca hop lam ra
San pham ca hop co mau sac o cua ca chua va hot ieu ( ep nhng nang ve
mui ieu)
San pham ca ong eu trong toan khoi, con nguyen ven, khong b dap nat, v
mieng.
V thm ngon, man va phai.
Tuy nhien o ac sanh cua nc sot khong at do khong s dung ham lng
tinh bot bien tnh ( ch dung trai ca chua).
Mot so hop b phong nguyen nhan la do: s bai kh khong triet e trc khi
ong nap va lng nc sot rot vao hop qua nhieu.
e xuat:
Gia thanh san pham tnh cho tng hop cao hn so vi ngoai th trng nen can
cho sinh vien i cu the hn vao tnh toan cong nghiep
Lng dau cho vao phai vi lng nhat nh
Sau khi thanh trung xong phai lam nguoi lien, tranh lam nguoi trong moi
trng t nhien v khi o bao t vi khuan se phat trien va de lam h hong san
pham.
Can kiem tra s chenh lech ap suat ben trong va ben ngoai hop e ieu chnh
phu hp tranh hien tng phong hop hay hop b mop meo.
Can co s nhat quan vi nhau gia cac nhom lam th nghiem e co loai
nguyen lieu giong nhau e cho qua trnh che bien at c hieu qua v oi vi
tng loai ca khac nhau ta se co che o thanh trung khac nhau.


BAI 8:

CDSC SChl SAS XUAT
Hl AS lllS

Tm hieu va lam quen vi cong nghe san xuat m an lien
II. C S LY THUYET:
1. Tong quan ve m an lien:
1.1 Ngi phat minh ra m an lien
Theo hang tin Kyodo, ong Momofuku Ando ngi phat minh ra m an lien
Nhat Ban nam 1958 va la ngi sang lap ra cong ty thc pham Nissin a qua i em
ngay 5/1/2007 do benh tim tai thanh pho Osaka, tho 96 tuoi.
San pham m an lien au tien ra i co ten la Chicken Ramen
Y tng san xuat m an lien en vi ong rat tnh c khi chng kien canh ngi dan
xep hang trong em lanh e ch mua nhng vat m ti tai mot ca hang khong lau
sau chien tranh the gii II.
Nam 1971, cong ty Nissan cho ra i loai m to.
Momofuku Ando ngh hu thang 6/2005. c tnh moi nam cong ty nay san xuat
khoang 10 t goi m an lien ln nhat tai Nhat Ban.
1.2 Lch s m an lien mot so quoc gia
- T cuoi the k 18, ngi chau Au a bat au san xuat va s dung san pham m
si.Va no tr thanh thc pham truyen thong cua cac nc chau Au, ac biet la Y va
Phap . Sau o, san pham du nhap vao chau A . e tiet kiem thi gian che bien, nam
1958 ngi chau A ( au tien la Nhat ) a a ra cong nghe san xuat m chuan b ba
an nhanh goi la m an lien . Nhng no ch bat au tran ngap phan con lai cua chau
A va phng Tay t au thap nien 1970.T o en nay, m an lien a khong ngng
c cai tien va phat trien ve san lng va chat lng . Cong nghe san xuat m an
lien luon c nang cao.
- Hien nay tieu thu tai Nhat len en 5,3 ty goi/nam.
- M an lien tham nhap vao mien Nam Viet Nam vao au nhng nam 70.
- T Trung Quoc en Viet Nam, hien tng m an lien ang phat trien manh. Th
trng nay len en 6 ty USD/nam.
- Hien nay The Gii moi nam tieu thu 50 ty goi m va se phat trien en 100 ty goi
vao au nam 2010.
- Con trong nam 2005, Trung Quoc van chiem v tr hang au ve tieu thu m an
lien vi 44.3 t goi ban ra. Indonesia ng th 2 vi 12.4 t goi va Nhat ban th 3 vi
5.4 t goi. Han Quoc la nc tieu thu nhieu m an lien nhat tnh theo au ngi vi
trung bnh 69 goi/mot ngi mot nam. Tiep theo la Indonesia 55 goi va Nhat ban 42
goi.
1.3 San pham m an lien
- c tao dang vat tron hay ch nhat
- S dung nhanh bang cach ngam m trong nc soi
- Thng s dung luon ca nc ngam m
- Cung cap u nhu cau dinh dng cho mot ba an nhanh
- M co the qua qua trnh chien hay khong chien
1.4 Tnh hnh phat trien m an lien Viet Nam
Hien nay, tai Viet Nam, cac san pham m an lien c s dung rong rai trong moi
tang lp nhan dan v tnh tien dung va gia tr dinh dng cua chung . Co the noi san
pham m an lien ngay nay a phan nao i vao i song cua ngi dan, tr thanh mot
san pham c a thch rong rai .
Trc nhu cau to ln cua th trng, nganh cong nghiep m an lien a va ang co
nhng bc phat trien manh me, ac biet la khi nen kinh te nc nha chuyen sang c
che th trng . Cac cong ty quoc doanh nh MILIKET, COLUSA , cung nh cac
lien doanh nh VIFON ACECOOK, A-ONE , a khong ngng nang cao san lng
va chat lng san pham, a dang hoa chung loai va mau ma e ap ng nhu cau th
hieu cua ngi tieu dung . Hien nay, tren th trng co hn mi nhan hieu m an lien
nh MILIKET, COLUSA, VIFON, A-ONE ,
Gia tr dinh dng va tnh tien dung:
San pham m an lien c s a chuong cua ngi s dung v no co cac u iem
noi bat sau :
ng ve kha canh dinh dng, ay la loai san pham co gia tr dinh dng cao do
c che bien t bot m ( la nguon tinh bot tot ) va phu gia co cha cac chat dinh
dng nh protein, lipit, vitamin, khoang . Nh vay, ve c ban san pham m an lien co
cha tng oi ay u chat dinh dng c ban . Trung bnh 100 gr m cung cap 359
calo .
Bang1 : Thanh phan hoa hoc cua m si :
Thanh phan(%) Nc Protein Lipit Gluxit Xenlulo Tro
M si 15,5 11 1.1 74 0.5 1.0

Bang 2 : Ham lng vitamin va khoang trong m an lien ( mg / 100g)
- Qua trnh bao quan m an lien tng oi n gian.
- Qua trnh van chuyen nhanh, gon .
- De s dung, de che bien : ch can cat bao goi, cho nc soi vao ch khoang
mot vai phut la co the an c .
- Tuy theo phu gia them vao ma ta co san pham theo khau v cua mnh .
2. Nguyen lieu:
M an lien c san xuat t nguon nguyen lieu chnh la bot m va nc . Ben canh
o tuy theo yeu cau dinh dng cu the ma co them cac phu gia: trng, tom, bot, ca
chua, bot ngot, hanh, tieu, t, ng, muoi
2.1 Bot m:
Bot m c che bien t hat lua m. Lua m co 2 loai la lua m en va lua m trang,
do o, ngi ta cung chia bot m thanh 2 loai:
Bot m en: che bien t hat lua m en, thng dung lam banh m bang cach
len men lactic, co v chua, ch thch hp cho mot so khau v cua mot so vung tren the
gii.
Bot m trang: che bien t hat lua m trang. Tuy theo chat lng bot ta chia lam
cac loai bot: thng hang, loai I, loai II, nghien lan. Nuc ta ch nhap loai bot thng
hang va loai I.
Tuy thuoc vao giong lua m e san xuat bot m mabot m co thanh phan hoa hoc
khac nhau. Nhng nhn chung, bot m co cac thanh phan c ban nh sau :
- Chat vo c: chiem t 15 17 %, chu yeu gom nc va muoi khoang.
- Chat hu c:chiem t 83 87% gom glucit, lipit, protit, vitamin, sac to, enzym
Loai bot Ty le o tro Cellulose Tinh bot Protein Lipid Pentose
Thng hang 10,5 0,47 0,13 80,16 10,28 0,25 1,59
Loai I 22,4 0,53 0,22 77,84 11,15 1,20 1,84
Loai II 47,5 1,20 0,48 75,52 14,80 2,02 3,44
Bot cam 18,4 5,40 8,35 13,8 16,17 4,77 22,02
Hat 100 1,74 1,51 68,99 15,51 2,06 6,42
Vitamin Khoang
B1 B2 PP Ca P Fe
0.1 0.04 1.1 3.4 97 1.5
Bang 3 : Thanh phan mot so loai bot (%)
Thanh phan hoa hoc cua bot m:
Gluxit
Trong bot m gluxit chiem t 70 90 % trong lng kho tuy theo loai bot m va
giong lua m dung e san xuat bot . Thanh phan c thong ke trong cac bang sau :

Gluxit ng extrin Tinh bot Cellulose Hemicellulose Pentoza
T le (%) 0.6 1.8 1 5 80 0.1 2.3 2 8 1.2 3.5
Bang 4: Thanh phan cac gluxit trong bot m

ng Glucoza Fructoza Maltoza Sacaroza Rafinoza
T le ( % ) 0.01 0.05 0.015 0.05 0.005 0.05 0.1 0.55 0.5 1.1
Bang 5: Thanh phan cac loai ng trong bot m
Protein
Protein trong bot m la protein khong hoan hao, chiem khoang 8-15% chat kho.
Ten axit amin Bot m Trng
Lysin
Mentionin
Tryptophan
Phenylalanin
Treonin
Valin
Lsin
Isolsin
Arginin
Histidin
_
_
1.0
5.5
3.4
4.5
6.8
3.3
2.8
1.5
7.2
4.1
1.5
6.3
4.9
7.3
9.2
8.0
6.4
2.1
Bang 6 : So sanh thanh phan aa trong bot m va trong trng (g/100g)
Protein gom 2 dang:
- Protein n gian: albumin (9%), globumin (5%), prolamin (10%), glutenin
(46%). Trong o albumin va globumin rat t do chung ch co chu yeu trong vo.
- Protein phc tap: gluco proteit, nucleo proteit, cremo proteit.
Trong bot m, prolamin goi la gliadin; glutelin goi la glutenin. Glutenin va gliadin
co tnh a hnh manh me v co xu hng t lien ket vi nhau bang cac tng tac a
beo, lien ket hidro, cau sunfua. Khi hut nc tao thanh mang phan bo eu trong khoi
bot. Mang nay va dai, va an hoi c goi la gluten, co tac dung gi kh, gi nc
lam n khoi bot nhao.
Gluten t cha 65-70% la nc, thanh phan chat kho gom 90% protein, 10%
gluxit, lipit, chat khoang va cac enzym Trong o ch co lipit la lien ket vi gluten,
con cac chat khac la do gluten hap thu.
Chat lng gluten c anh gia bang cac ch so ly hoc: mau sac, o an hoi, o
dai, o dan.
Trong qua trnh che bien, gluten b bien oi ve tnh chat hoa ly. Cac yeu to anh
hng la: nhiet o, s nhao tron, nong o muoi Nhiet o cao lam gluten trng
nhanh va vun nat. Muoi co tac dung lam gluten chac hn, tang kha nang hut nc va
c che enzym thuy phan protein. Cng o nhao tron, thi gian nhao tron tang lam
tang tnh an hoi cua gluten. Mot t tac nhan oxy hoa cung lam tang o ben chat cua
gluten.
Lipit
Ham lng chat beo trong bot m khoang t 2 3%, trong o 3/4 la chat beo trung
tnh, con lai la phosphatit, sterin, sac to va vitamin tan trong chat beo . Trong qua
trnh bao quan bot, chat beo de b phan huy, giai phong axit beo t do, anh hng en
o axit va v cua bot, ong thi anh hng en tnh chat gluten.
Sac to hoa tan trong chat beo bot m gom carotenoit va clorofil .Vitamin co trong
bot m chu yeu la vitamin E . Ca sac to lan vitamin ieu co ham lng rat t.
Enzym
Trong bot m cung co u cac he enzym nh trong hat lua m nhng ham
lng va hoat o khac nhau tuy theo loai bot, bot loai thap th co hoat o cao va
ngc lai.
Men thuy phan protit gom proteaza va polypeptidaza. Khi co s hien dien cua
chat kh th hoat tnh proteaza tang, nhng vi chat oxi hoa va muoi an th b km ham.
Men thuy phan tinh bot gom -amilaza, - amilaza, - amilaza thuy phan tinh bot
thanh maltoza giup bot nhao len men nhanh.
Ngoai hai loai men tren, trong bot m con co lipaza, lipoxidaza, tirozinaza cung
anh hng en chat lng bot m. Lipaza thuy phan lipit thanh glycerin va axit beo
con lipoxidaza oxi hoa chat beo khong no thanh peroxyt, ay la mot chat oxi hoa
manh co anh hng ti gluten va trang thai cua proteaza. Tirozinaza oxi hoa tirozin
tao thanh melmin co mau en.
e anh gia chat lng bot m ta co bang anh gia sau :

Loai bot Tro (%) Gluten(%) o axit
Thng hang
Loai I
Loai II
0.55
0.75
1.25
28
30
25
3.4
3.5
4.0
Nghien lan <0..07 20 5.0
Bang 7 : Bang ang gia chat lng bot m

Bot m a vao san xuat phai am bao cac yeu cau chat lng theo bang sau:
Ten tieu chuan Yeu cau
Mau sac
Mui
V
Tap chat vo c
Sau mot
o am
o mn

Ham lng gluten t
Ham lng tro
o axit
Tap chat Fe
- Trang hoac trang nga ac trng .
- Mui cua bot t nghien, khong hoi .
- Khong moc, chua, ang, co mui la, v la.
- Khong co san .
- Khong co .
- Khong ln hn 13.5% .
- Khong ong cuc , lot qua ray 118 mm x118mm t
86% tr len .
- Khong nho hn 28 % .
- Khong ln hn 0.75% .
- Khong ln hn 3.5
- Khong ln hn 3mg/kg .

Bang 8 : Ch tieu chat lng cua bot m ( TCVN 4359 : 1985)
2.2 Tinh bot:
Thng s dung tinh bot giau Amylosepectin thng la bot nang. Bot nang giup bot
hap thu c nhieu nc trong qua trnh hap ong thi giup tang o dai cho si m.
2.3 Dau chien: (Shoterning)
Dau chien m c s dung trong cong nghe san xuat m an lien la Shortening .
ay la loai dau c tinh luyen va hiro hoa e cai thien tnh nang s dung. No co
mot so tnh chat sau :
- Nhiet o nong chay cao (40-42oC ).
- Co o ben nhiet, nhiet o trung hp san pham cao.
- Co o ran can thiet nhng deo thch hp.
- Co o on nh.
- Gi c mot so lng glucid cau tao bi acid beo can thiet theo quy nh.
- t b hoi, tr mui, co kha nang nhu hoa nhieu, nhat la them vao 4-6% mono va
diglycerid.
- t b oxy hoa hn.
Cac san pham thc pham dung Shortening e chien th tot hn cac dau khac ve
nhieu mat nh cam quan, chat lng . ac biet la m an lien . Khi chien bang
Shortening th si m kho rao, khi bo vao bao b th dau khong b tham ra ngoai, thi
gian bao quan lau hn v giam c oxi hoa cua oxi khong kh len cac noi oi .

STT Ten ch tieu Yeu cau

1 Ch so Acid (ml NAOH N/gr mau ) 0,2 _ 0,3
2 Ch so Peroxit ( ml Na
2
S
2
O
3
0,002 N/g ) 0,6 _ 1,25

3 % am va chat lng bay hi 0,1
4 Phan ng Kracing

Khong co
5 Mau sac, be mat Mau trang uc ,long

6 Mui v Thm , ac trng , khong oi
chua
7 Ch tieu vi sinh Theo tnh chat cua bo y te
8 Tap chat Khong co

Bang 9: Ch tieu chat lng cua dau

3. Phu gia:
Nc:
Nc la tac nhan hoa deo
Lam trng n gluten va tinh bot, tao o dai can thiet cua khoi bot nhao
Hoa tan cac phu gia e de phoi tron
Chiem khoang 30% tong lng bot.
Chat lng nc co anh hng rat ln ti chat lng san pham . Nc s dung trong
qua trnh che bien phai at cac yeu cau cu the nh sau :
- Trong suot, khong co v la, khong co vi sinh vat gay benh .
- Ch so E. coli 20cm/l .
- PH : 6,5 _ 9 .
- o cng : 7,9mg/l .
Nc cua he thong nc may Thanh pho Ho Ch Minh hoi u cac tieu chuan nay.

Muoi:
Nham lam tang them v cua san pham ong thi lam cho si m dai hn . Ngi ta
thng cho muoi vao vi ty le 1-1,2% . Khi cho muoi vao, Na
+
co tac dung lam cho
Gluten chap lai, si m san xuat co o dai ln .
Nhng neu lng muoi a vao qua ln se co tac dung ngc lai, lam o chap cua
Gluten tang qua mc, anh hng ti chat lng san pham .
Nc tro:
Nc kiem (nc tro): la dung dch kiem NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3 e lam tang qua
trnh ho hoa, giam s thoai hoa cua cau truc bot, do o lam tang o dai cua si m v
bo sung cac kim loai, tang o ln lc ion co tac dung lam chat khung gluten
Trung hoa o chua cua bot, giup bot nhanh chn trong giai oan hap.
CMC (Cacboxyl methyl cellulose)
La chat ran khong mau, khong mui, khong v, dung lam chat on nh va chat nhu
hoa. Co tnh keo dnh, co tac dung on nh bot khi nh hnh.
CMC dung ty le 0,5-1% e tao nhu hoa va mau dung trong san xuat m co ty le
rat nho e tang mau vang cho si m, nang cao gia tr cam quan, thng s dung mau
vang Carotene .
Natripolyphotphat:
Gi nc nen san pham mem mai tao nen s trn lang cho bot m ong thi giup
cho bot m de vao truc can
Cac gia v khac: bot ngot, ng, muoi, bot sup, hanh, tieu, toi, t, dau an, bot
trng, bot tom c phoi che vao trong nc tron bot va trong goi bot nem. Tuy theo
loai san pham: m ga, m tom, m chay ma gia v s dung se khac nhau.
III. QUY TRNH CONG NGHE:
1. Quy trnh cong nghe san xuat m an lien:

2. Thuyet minh quy trnh:
2.1 Chuan b nc tron:
Muc ch:
Hoa tan phu gia va gia v vao nc e khi tron vi bot m th chung phan tan vao
nhau tot hn, tang gia tr dinh dng.
Qua trnh bien oi:
Cac chat ran (gia v va phu gia) phan tan vao moi trng nc tao hon hp dung
dch ong nhat.
Thong so cong nghe:
Cong thc pha gia v, phu gia cho 1 me tron ng vi 200kg bot m + 30kg bot nang
H
2
O
Nguyen lieu
Nhao tron
Phu gia
Nc
H
2
O
H
2
O
Phu gia
Hap
nh lng
Nhung nc leo
Vo khuon
Can, cat si
Shortening
Chien
Lam nguoi
Vat m
Nc tron:
Nc : 100g
Muoi : 3g
Nc tng : 1g
Nc tro : 1g
Mau Tatrazin : 0.02g
2.2 Nhao tron bot:
Nguyen lieu:
Bot m : 200g
Bot nang : 200g
Phu gia : - CMC :1g
- Natri polyphotphate :0.4g
- Caxi carbonat :0.4g
Muc ch:
- Lam protein trong bot m hut nc, trng len tao gluten ket dnh cac hat tinh
bot b trng n, nh o tao nen khoi bot nhao co o ong nhat cao va co o dai, o
an hoi.
- Phan phoi nc, gia v va phu gia ong eu trong khoi bot nhao nham tang
chat lng san pham va tang gia tr cam quan.
- Ho tr cho cac qua trnh cong nghe tiep theo: can, cat si, chien
Qua trnh bien oi:
- Trang thai long cua nc tron va trang thai ran cua bot m ket hp vi nhau
tao trang thai nhuyen deo.
- Protein hut nc tao trang thai deo, hat tinh bot hut nc va trng n.
- Nhng cau t ri rac lien ket vi nhau tao khoi ong nhat.
Thong so cong nghe:
- Thi gian tron bot kho: 3-5 phut.
- Thi gian tron bot t: 20-25 phut.
- o am khoi bot nhao: 30-31% (31%).
Trong qua trnh tron luon co khong kh phan tan vao khoi bot nhao lam anh hng
xau ti s trng n cua gluten va lam cho m co mau xam do qua trnh oxy hoa chat
mau. Do o, trong may nhao ep lien tuc ngi ta co gan them bo phan tao chan khong.
Mat khac, qua trnh nhao tron lam tang nhiet o cua khoi bot dan ti s bien tnh
cua protein nen may nhao tron cung can phai co bo phan lam mat. Khoi bot nhao
phai ong nhat, am eu, khong qua t hoac qua kho.

Cam quan:
Bot sau khi tron phai deo, dai, be mat ti xop, phai at o ong eu, khong von
cuc ln, khong qua kho hay qua t. Khi nam bot tren tay buong ra bot khong b ri
rac, bot co o deo mem nhng khong dnh tay, bot co mau vang nhat .
2.3 Can:
Muc ch:
- Can bot e tao ra nhng la bot co kch thc theo yeu cau.
- ong hoa khoi bot nhao e tang o dai.
- Giam bt lng khong kh lan vao khoi bot nhao.
- Tao ieu kien tot cho cac cong oan sau: cat si, hap, chien,
Qua trnh bien oi: chu yeu la bien oi ve vat ly
- Giam o xop cua khoi bot do uoi c mot phan khong kh va giam lng
nc t do.
- Tang s ket dnh gia cac phan t lam khoi bot dai va an hoi hn.
- Tao hnh tam cho khoi bot.
Thong so cong nghe:
o day cua la bot qua tng lo can phai giam dan:
- Lo can tho 1: 3-3,5mm
- Lo can tho 2: 1,8-2,5mm
- Lo can tho 3: 1,5-1,8mm
- Lo can tinh 4: 1,2-1,5mm
- Lo can tinh 5: 1-1,2mm
- Lo can tinh 6: 0,9-1mm
La bot sau khi can phai nhan, mn, lanh, khong b rach 2 ben.
2.4 Cat si:
Muc ch:
- Tao hnh si m theo kch thc mong muon.
- Ket hp vi bang tai hng si m e tao dang song cho si m.
Qua trnh bien oi:
Ch co bien oi vat ly: bot nhao t dang tam chuyen thanh dang si m theo mong
muon.
Thong so cong nghe:
- Si m sau khi cat phai ong nhat ve o gn song va kch thc.
- Si m khong b t, khong dnh cuc, be mat si bong.
- Dao cat phai sac ben, khong b me, cac khe cua dao cat phai cach eu nhau,
kch thc dao cat t 1-2mm.
2.5 Hap
Muc ch:
- Ho hoa tinh bot, lam bien tnh protein e giam o va nat cua si m, tang o
dai trong nc soi, lam chn si m e co nh dn song, lam tang hng v cho si m.
- Di tac dung cua nhiet o, nhng phan t gay mui la b loai bo, lam tang gia
tr dinh dng va kha nang hap thu ding dng cua c the, lam tang gia tr cam quan
cua san pham.
- Bao quan: Hap nhiet o cao lam mat hoat tnh cua cac enzym co trong
nguyen lieu, ngan nga nhng bien oi xau, ong thi cung tieu diet cac vi sinh vat
co trong si m.
- Ho tr cho cac giai oan tiep theo: cat nh lng, nhung nc leo, vo khuon,
chien.
Qua trnh bien oi:
- Tinh bot c ho hoa.
- Protein b bien tnh.
- Enzym b vo hoat.
- Vi sinh vat b tieu diet.
Thong so cong nghe:
- Thi gian hap 2-3 phut.
- Noi hap phai kn, hi khong c lot qua 2 ben thanh phong hap.
- Si m hap xong phai chn eu, mem mai nhng co tnh an hoi (85-90% tinh
bot c ho hoa), khong t mat di, khong b nhao va dnh bet.
2.6 Nhung nc leo:
Muc ch:
- Lam cho cac si m ti ra khong dnh vao nhau e viec vo khuon c de dang
do sau khi hap tinh bot b ho hoa nen rat hao nc.
- Tang gia tr dinh dng cho si m, tao hng v ac trng, mau sac vat m ep
hn, si m khong b chai cng.
Qua trnh bien oi:
- o am si m tang.
- Ham lng chat kho (ng, bot ngot, bot sup, muoi,) tang nhng khong
ang ke.

Thong so cong nghe:
- Nc leo c tao thanh t nc dung nau t ga hoac tom ap suat cao co bo
sung them mot so gia v.
- Cong thc tieu hao gia v oi vi nc leo:
Nc : 150g
Bot nem : 2g
Muoi : 2g
Bot ngot : 2g
ng : 2g
- Thi gian lu cua mot vat m trong chao nc leo la 7-10 giay.
- Si m sau khi nhung phai tham eu, khong dnh vao nhau, khong b bien dang.
2.7 Vo khuon:
Muc ch:
- Tao hnh dang ong nhat cho vat m.
- Co nh vat m trong qua trnh chien.
Qua trnh bien oi:
Ch co bien oi vat ly: hnh dang vat m thay oi theo hnh dang khuon.
Thong so cong nghe:
Vat m phai eu an, nam gon gang trong khuon.
2.8 Chien:
Ban chat cua qua trnh chien la qua trnh gia nhiet ma dau m va la chat tai nhiet
va la thanh phan cua san pham cuoi cung.
Muc ch:
Che bien:
- Tang o calo cua san pham do nc b tach ra va c thay the bang dau m,
do o tang gia tr ding dng cua m.
- Lam tang gia tr cam quan cua san pham: chac, gion, v ac biet, mui thm
hap dan, mau sac ac trng,o la ket qua cua s bien oi hoa hoc, cau truc vat ly
cua san pham. Chien lam cho vat m tr nen gion xop, chn va co hng v ac trng
cua m an lien.
Bao quan: do qua trnh tien hanh nhiet o cao (120-180
o
C ), hau het cac
loai vi sinh vat eu b tieu diet, cac loai enzym b vo hoat.
Bien oi:
Nguyen lieu:
- Bien oi vat ly va cau truc vat lieu:
Giai oan1: Khi nhiet o san pham thap hn nhiet o dau chien, trong san pham co s
tang nhiet o hng ti can bang vi nhiet o au. Luc nay, trang thai be ngoai va
hnh dang cua san pham cha co thay oi ln lam.
Giai oan 2: Khi nhiet o u cao e lam thay oi cau truc si m, the tch cua san
pham tang len do b trng n, nc trong san pham bat au bay hi va dau t ngoai
tham vao manh hn. Do b mat nc nen cuoi thi ky nay si m co lai (the tch giam
dan con the tch khoang trong gia cac phan t tinh bot tang len).
Giai oan 3: La giai oan xay ra s bay hi manh me cua nc t si m.
Giai oan 4: Hnh dang b bien oi sau sac, cau truc cua si m cung b bien oi sau
sac lam cho si m tr nen kho cng (gion).
- Bien oi hoa hoc:
Tinh bot cua bot m di anh hng cua nhiet o b phan huy thanh cac chat trung
gian nh destrin, lam cho san pham chien co v ac trng. Destrin tiep tuc phan huy
thanh ng, roi ng b caramel hoa tao mui thm, mau va v thch hp vi khau v
ngi tieu dung. Nhng san pham cuoi cung cua qua trnh phan huy destrin nh acid,
aldehyt va mot so chat khac t nhieu tham gia tao nen lp vo cua san pham chien,
tang o chac va v ngot cua san pham.
Tao ieu kien thuan li cho phan ng tao thanh melanoidin t acid amin va ng
n. ay cung la mot nguyen nhan lam sam mau san pham.
- Bien oi ve gia tr cam quan:
Do s bien oi cac thanh phan hoa hoc va s hap thu dau, chat lng san pham
c nang cao ro ret, lam tang gia tr cam quan len ang ke. Hau het cac ch tieu chat
lng cua san pham chien nh mau, mui v,eu rat thch hp vi ngi tieu dung.
Dau: tham gia vao qua trnh chien nh la chat tai nhiet, ong thi la nguyen lieu
chu yeu quyet nh chat lng san pham.
Oxy hoa nhiet la nguyen nhan c ban dan en s thay oi thanh phan, cau truc cua
dau lam cho chat lng dau a chien giam ro ret anh hng trc tiep en chat lng
san pham.
Chat lng cua dau co the b bien oi do tac ong cua mot so yeu to sinh hoa. Khi
co s tiep xuc gia dau va nc trong thiet b chien se tao ra 1 lp huyen phu dau
nc. Lp nay rat de b tac ong hoa hoc va vi sinh vat de hoat ong.
Trong thi gian chien va sau khi chien, mau sac cua dau tr nen toi, trang thai sanh
ac hn, mui v giam han, gia tr ding dng giam i ang ke, xuat hien mot so hp
chat oc hai. Chat lng chung cua dau giam dan. Mat khac, trong qua trnh chien,
cac phan t co ng, tinh bot, cellulose, t san pham ri bam vao thanh thiet b
truyen nhiet tiep xuc vi nhiet o cao, b chung tao thanh mui khet, mau sam cho dau,
lam dau b van uc.
Thong so cong nghe:
- Nhiet o dau t 160-170oC .
- Thi gian chien t 2-3 phut.
- Dau phai luon ngap vat m 5cm, do o dau c bo sung lien tuc.
- San pham sau khi chien phai c kiem tra cac ch so acid, peroxit, mau sac,
mui v cua dau chien.
- S dung BHT pha vao dau e han che qua trnh oxy hoa va tang thi gian bao
quan san pham.
- Sau khi chien, o am cua m la 4,5%, ham lng lipid 15%.
2.9 Goi dau:
Nguyen lieu:
- Hanh : 40g
- Toi : 10g
- Hanh tay : 10g
- t : 10g
- Dau : 100g
Tien hanh: Cat, bam nho nhng nguyen lieu tren. Cho dau vao trc khi nhiet o
dau khoang 120
0
C, cho nguyen lieu vao theo th t, nguyen lieu nhieu nc hn th
cho vao trc (hanh tay, hanh, toi, t). Khoang thi gian cho nguyen lieu vao da
theo o am cua rau va kinh nghiem cam quan.
Sau mot thi gian xao da vao o bay hi va bot kh noi len cung nh mc o vang
kho cua nguyen lieu e chon la nguyen lieu tat bep.
o dau vao to, can, lam nguoi. Dau sau khi chien can ta c 80g
Hieu suat xao dau: (80/100)x100=80%
2.10 Bot nem: cho 5 to m vi lng nc 2l
Nguyen lieu: - Muoi : 13,5g
- ng :10g
- Bot ngot : 10g
- Bot nem : 4,2g
IV. NHAN XET VA BAN LUAN
San pham lam ra vi cac ac tnh sau:
- Mau sac vang nhng khong ieu cho toan khoi m v trong khi nhao tron co the
la do tron khong ieu
- V va phai, de an ( v chua cay)
- Si m dai v lng nc cho vao (72g) va thi gian nhao tron thch hp

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