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Circuite Logice: 3.1. Generalitã 3.1.1. Elemente de Algebrã Logicã
Circuite Logice: 3.1. Generalitã 3.1.1. Elemente de Algebrã Logicã
Circuite logice
3.1. Generalit
)LHPXO LPHD=
^`2IXQF LHORJLF
pe Z
LOXvQGYDORULvQ=
f :Z
Z.
6LPEROXO XWLOL]DW SHQWUX IXQF LD 18 HVWH R OLQLH GHDVXSUD YDULELOHL FDUH HVWH
complementat.
%)XQF LDORJLF
)XQF LD 6$8 HVWH R IXQF LH GH GRXm YDULDELOH GH LQWUDUH L HVWH
&)XQF LDORJLF
).
LH$1'vQOLPEDHQJOH]
)XQF LD 6, HVWH R IXQF LH GH GRXm YDULDELOH GH LQWUDUH L HVWH
L FDUH VXQW
3HQWUX FHOH WUHL RSHUD LL GHVFULVH PDL VXV VH SRW VWDELOL R VHULH GH SURSULHW
A.(B.C)=(A.B).C
$
$$$%
4. Distributivitatea: A . ( B + C ) = ( A . B ) + ( A . C ) ; A + ( B . C ) = ( A + B ) . ( A + C )
,GHPSRWHQ D$$
$$$
30
$
6. Element unitate :
A+0=A
/HJLOHOXLL$
(OHPHQWXOGHQHJD LH
'XEODQHJD LH
A.1=A
$
A A = 0
A + A =1
A= A
5HOD LLOH'H0RUJDQ
A B = A + B
A + B = A B
0XO LPHD = SH FDUH VDX GHILQLW FHOH WUHL RSHUD LL FDUH vQGHSOLQHVF SURSULHW
structur de algebr logic sau boolean n raport cu cele trei opera LL
&HOH WUHL RSHUD LL 6, 6DX 18 PDL SRDUW numele de opera LL ORJLFH HOHPHQWDUH VDX IXQF LL
ORJLFHHOHPHQWDUH&XDMXWRUXODFHVWRUIXQF LLHOHPHQWDUHVHSRDWHH[SULPDRULFDUHDOW func LH
logic de oricte variabile de intrare - Aceste func LLIRUPHD] un sistem complet.
2EVHUYD LL :
- Propriet LOH QX VXQW LQGHSHQGHQWH vQWUH HOH XQHOH SRW IL GHGXVH SH
baza celorlalte.
3HQWUX WUHLSDWUX YDULDELOH GH LQWUDUH R IXQF LH ORJLF poate fi descris
cu ajutorul tabelului de adevr care n definitiv prezint coresponden D GLQWUH ILHFDUH
SXQFW DO GRPHQLXOXL GH GHILQL LH L YDORDUHD IXQF LHL vQ DFHO SXQFW $FHVW OXFUX HVWH
posibil pentru c mul LPHD = HVWH GLVFUHWm L DUH SX LQH HOHPHQWH )XQF LLOH GH PDL
multe variabile ns sunt descrise cu ajutorul expresiilor matematice utiliznd simbolurile
pentru SAU, SI, NU.
)XQF LLOH 6$8 6, VH SRW H[WLQGH Ir probleme la mai mult de dou
variabile ( sunt asociative, comutative )
RSDUWHLVLPEROXULOHLSHGHDOWmSDUWHVHSRDWHVWDELOLIXQF LDORJLF
- logic negativ
.
VLWXD LDDQWHULRDU
31
de
n general nu este nici un avantaj al utilizrii uneia dintre variantele de mai sus. Noi vom
utiliza logica pozitiv. Trecerea de la o logic la alta are drept efect trecerea opera LHL ORJLFH
vQGXDODVD6,vQ6$8LLQYHUV
Circuitele care realizeaz func LLOH ORJLFH HOHPHQWDUH 6, 6$8 18 SRDUW numele de
circuite logice elementare sau SRU L ORJLFH $D FXP SHQWUX GHVFULHUHD XQRU IXQF LL ORJLFH
PDL FRPSOH[H VXQW IRORVLWH H[SUHVLL ORJLFH FRQVWUXLWH FX OLWHUH FDUH GHVHPQHD]m YDULDELOH L
VLPEROXULOHRSHUD LLORU SHQWUX LPSOHPHQWDUHD DFHVWRU IXQF LL VH YRU IRORVL FLUFXLWH RE LQXWH
SULQFRQHFWDUHDSRU LORUORJLFHvQWUHHOH
3DUDPHWULLSRU LLORJLFH
A. Caracteristica de transfer
Caracteristica de transfer Uo = f ( Ui) asigur compatibilitatea ntre nivelele logice furnizate la
LHLUHDXQHLSRU LLQLYHOHOHQHFHVDUHODLQWUDUHDSRU LLFDUHXUPHD]. n principiu dac se face
RFRUHVSRQGHQ mvQWUHVLPEROXULOHLSHGHRSDUWHLQLYHOHOH(0L(1 pe de alt parte ca n
fig. 3.3.b , caracteristica de transfer ce ar caracteriza o poart inversoare ar arta ca n fig.
3.3.c. n realitate o asfel de caracteristic nu este viabil pentru c este definit numai n dou
SXQFWH L RULFH SHUWXUED LH FDUH DU PRGLILFD WHQVLXQHD GH LQWUDUH QHDU SODVD vQ ]RQH vQ FDUH
deosebit) :
- VOHWHQVLXQHGHLHLUHSHQWUXQLYHOPDUHODLHLUHORJLF++LJK
- VOLWHQVLXQHGHLHLUHSHQWUXQLYHOPLFODLHLUHORJLF//RZ
- UL = VOH VOL impuls ( amplitudine ) logic.
- $ L % SXQFWH GH IXQF LRQDUH VXQW SXQFWHOH GH SH FDUDFWHULVWLFD GH WUDQVIHU FH
corespund la abscise VOLLUHVSHFWLY9OHVHFRQVLGHUmSRDUWDFRPDQGDWmGHXQDVLPLODUmL
DWXQFLWHQVLXQHDGHLHLUHDSULPHLSRU LHVWHWHQVLXQHGHLQWUDUHSHQWUXDGRXDSRDUW ).
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& SXQFW SUDJ SXQFWXO GH LQWHUVHF LH DO GUHSWHL FH XQHWH FHOH GRX
puncte de
IXQF LRQDUH$L%FXFDUDFWHULVWLFDGHWUDQVIHU
SRU LXQHD PDUJLQLL GH ]JRPRW SDQWD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL GH WUDQVIHU DUH PRGXOXO VXEXQLWDU DGLF
U 0
< 1 ; rezult faptul c orice pertuturba LH
U i
DPSOLWXGLQHDPLFRUDWmODLHLUHDFLUFXLWXOXL
&DUDFWHULVWLFD GH WUDQVIHU SRDWH IL GHILQLWm vQ SULQFLSLX L SHQWUX WHQVLXQL GH LQWUDUH PXOW PDL
mari dect VOH sau tensiuni de intrare negative de orice valoare - n realitate ns circuitul
HOHFWURQLFVHGHIHFWHD]mGDFmODLQWUDUHLVHDSOLFmWHQVLXQLFHGHSmHVFJDPDSHUPLVm
%,PSHGDQ DGHLQWUDUH
$DFXPVDILJXUDWvQILJLPSHGDQ DGHLQWUDUHvQWUXQFLUFXLWORJLFVHSRDWHSUH]HQWDVXE
)LJ&LUFXLWXOGHLQWUDUHDOXQHLSRU LFXUHQWXO,ILDUHVHQVXOGHLHLUHGLQSRDUWm
C.
,PSHGDQ DGHLHLUH
&LUFXLWXO
GH
LHLUH
DO
XQHL
SRU L
Datorit rezisten HORU GH LHLUH HVWH SRVLELO FD WHQVLXQHD GH
)LJ&LUFXLWGHLHLUHvQFRQWUDWLPSLFLUFXLWGHLHLUHDVLPHWULF
QILJVXQWSUH]HQWDWHGRXmYDULDQWHGHFLUFXLWGHLHLUH
FkQG XQXO HVWH GHVFKLV FHOmODOW HVWH vQFKLV L LQYHUV &HOH GRXm UH]LVWHQ H DX vQ FD]XO LGHDO
valoarea 0; ele reprezint de fapt rezisten HOH UH]LGXDOH DOH FRPXWDWRDUHORU FDUH VXQW
implementate fie cu tranzistoare bipolare fie cu tranzistoare MOS.
- HWDMXO GH LHLUH DVLPHWULF DUH DYDQWDMXO QHFHVLWm LL XQXL VLQJXU FRPXWDWRU GDU
dezavantajul c rezisten D GH LHLUH 5OH FRLQFLGH GH IDSW FX 5 L DFHDVWD WUHEXLH Vm ILH PXOW
PDL PDUH GHFkW UH]LVWHQ D UH]LGXDOm D FRPXWDWRUXOXL DFL QRWDWm FX U L FDUH DUH GHFL YDORDUH
ct mai mic n mod ideal 0 ) R >> r att pentru a nu aprea curent periculos ntre cele
GRXm VXUVH DWXQFL FkQG . HVWH vQFKLV FkW L SHQWUX D IL[D QLYHOXO GH LHLUH FkW PDL DSURDSH GH
EOLvQDFHHDLVLWXD LHGH.vQFKLV
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Fig.3.8 Fan-out
7RW vQ OHJmWXUm FX HWDMXO GH LHLUH VH GHILQHWH SDUDPHWUXO QXPLW IDQRXW FDUH UHSUH]LQWm
QXPmUXO GH LQWUmUL VWDQGDUG FDUH SRW IL FRPDQGDWH GH R LHLUH L VH FDOFXOHD]m FX UHOD LD
n=
IO
II
DSOLFDWm DWkW QLYHOXOXL + FkW L QLYHOXOXL / HYLGHQW VH DX vQ YHGHUH YDORULOH VWDQGDUG
DOHFXUHQ LORUVSHFLILFLIDPLOLHLGHFLUFXLWHORJLFH
D. Timp de propagare
$FHVW SDUDPHWUX FDUDFWHUL]HD]m vQWkU]LHUHD FX FDUH DSDUH VHPQDOXO GH OD LHXLUHD FLUFXLWXOXL
nivel H.
tpLH timp de propagare la
YDULD LD LHLULL GH OD QLYHO + OD
nivel L.
De regul cei doi timpi nu sunt
HJDOLLVXQWSXWHUQLF LQIOXHQ D LGH
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