Chng V khoan bng ng c y Bt u t nhng nm 30 ca th k trc, song song vi phng php khoan rto, ngi ta cn p dng nhng phng

php khoan khc, trong c phng php khoan bng ng c y. Trong phng php khoan bng ng c y, ng c truyn chuyn ng cho chong khoan c th l Tuc Bin khoan trc vt hay ng c in. ng c ny lp ngay bn trn chong khoan. Trong qu trnh khoan bng ng c y, ct cn khoan khng quay v to iu kin lm vic nh nhng cho chng. A - Khoan tuc bin Trong nhiu hng khoan bng ng c y, hng khoan Tuc Bin l c s dng rng ri nht. Nm 1923 K s Lin X Kapenciusnhikov ngh dng ng c chm quay chong khoan. Nm 1924 Tuc Bin ca Kapenciusnhikov c s dng khoan ging u tin trn th gii. Tuc Bin ny ch c mt tng, c hp gim tc. N khng c s dng rng ri v trong Tuc Bin mt tng cht lng chy vi tc cao. Dng chy vi tc cao mang theo cc ht ct lm cho cnh Tuc Bin rt chng mi mn. Nm 1934, K s Sumilp ngh dng kiu Tuc Bin mi gm nhiu tng. Trong mt Tuc Bin c ti 100 - 150 tng, cho php tng cng sut ln 10 - 20 ln, h thp tc quay xung nh vy m khng cn hp gim tc na. Tc chy ca nc ra gim nn cnh Tuc Bin t b mi mn. T nm 1940 - 1941. Ba Cu bt u s dng Tuc Bin khoan trong thc t. Nm 1944 khoan Tuc Bin bt u s 139

dng rng ri trong cc m du. Sau chin tranh th gii ln th 2 khoan Tuc Bin l mt trong nhng phng php khoan ch yu Lin X. Ngy nay cu trc Tuc Bin khoan cng ngy cng hon thin v ngi ta ch to nhiu loi Tuc bin c c tnh k thut khc nhau.
5.1 u nhc im, nguyn l lm vic v cu trc ca Tuc Bin khoan.

5.1.1.u nhc im ca Tuc Bin khoan So vi phng php khoan rto khoan Tuc Bin c nhng u im sau. 1. Trong khoan Tuc Bin ct cn khoan khng quay. Do trong qu trnh lm vic ct cn khoan chu ti nh hn. Hin tng mi sinh ra do ti trng ng c bit l ng sut un s c gi rt nh hay b trit tiu dn n s c v t cn khoan tha hn. Cho php khoan nhng su ln hn. 2. Ct cn khoan khng quay s gim c s mi mn cho cc b phn ca ct cn khoan v cc chi tit quay ca thit b trn mt. 3. s dng Tuc Bin khoan khoan nh hng d hn v nng sut hn. Nhc im: 1. c tnh ca Tuc Bin l lm vic vi s vng quay ln, nn cn phi s dng nhng loi chong c kh nng chu c nhng vng quay nh th. i vi chong chp xoay, chng lm vic vi ti trng ln v s vng quay gim. Do loi chong ny khng tho mn vi iu kin trong khoan Tuc Bin. Thi gian lm vic b rt ngn do s mi mn nhanh nht l ta. 140

2. mt s t do, i hi mmen ph ln, rt nhiu cc loi Tuc Bin thng thng khng t c nhng momen nh vy. 3. Vng lm vic n nh ca s vng quay Tuc Bin hp. Nu ra ngoi gii hn ny c th a n ngng Tuc Bin. 4. Trong khoan Tuc Bin cng sut thu lc ca my bm ln hn rt nhiu so vi khoan rto. Trong khoan rto, cng sut thu lc ch yu tiu th trong h thng tun hon. Nhng trong khoan Tuc Bin ngoi thnh phn in, cng sut bm cn cung cp cho Tuc Bin v cho chong ph . Do i hi nhng thit b bm c cng sut ln v cn s dng nhng thnh phn cu to trong h thng tun hon bo m an ton trong iu kin lm vic p sut ln ca Tuc Bin . Thng thng kh nng lm vic ca bm gii hn chiu su lm vic ca tuc bin 5. Nhng ch tiu cho vic bo dng, bo qun, sa cha Tuc Bin a n vic tng gi thnh khoan Tuc Bin. 5.1.2. Nguyn l lm vic ca tuc bin khoan. Tuc Bin dng cho khoan l Tuc Bin dc nhiu tng ging nhau, v ca Tuc Bin c ni vi phn di ca ct khoan, trc ca tuc bin ni vi chong khoan. Mi mt tng Tuc Bin gm 2 phn chnh (hnh 1).

141

Hnh 1

Hnh: Phn quay c ni vi trc go l rto. Phn ng yn ni vi v gi l stato, stato gm vng thp (1), trong c cc cnh un cong (5). Mp trong ca cc cnh c lin kt vi nhau bng vng (3) Rto gm vng (2),cc cnh (6) c un cong theo chiu ngc vi cnh Stato. Cc mp ngoi ca cnh c gn vi nhau qua mp (4). Gia rto v stato c khong h rto quay t do. Trong cnh qut ca Tuc Bin , nng lng thy lc ca dng nc ra c chuyn ho thnh c nng quay trc c mang theo chong khoan. Dung dch khoan i qua cc rnh cc cnh palt un cong ca a stato. Dng dung dch n tip tc i hng. Khi ra khi stato vn tc tuyt i C 0 c coi l bng vn tc tuyt i vo cc rnh ca cc cnh palt un cong ca a rto C 1 ( C 0= C 1). Khi vo rto dng dung dch tc dng xung cc cnh un cong ca rto l cho a rto quay. Khi vo rto cht lng tham gia hai chuyn ng. 142

- Vn tc tng i U 1 quay theo a rto - Vn tc tng i

theo 1

hng ca palt un cong.

Thnh phn U lm quay Tuc Bin khoan, vc t ca vn tc tuyt i tip tc i hng v ra khi rto l C 2 vi vn tc ny dng dung dch vo trong rnh ca a Stato tng tip theo. y qu trnh li c lp li.

143

5.1.3 Cu trc ca Tuc Bin khoan. Trong khoan thng s dng cc loi Tuc Bin: n v Ni 5.1.3.1. Tuc Bin n. Tuc Bin n c to thnh bng v Tuc Bin (1) v n gn cht vi a Stato ca Tuc Bin. pha bn trong c trc Tuc Bin (2) gn vi a rto. treo trc bn trong Tuc Bin nh ta dc (5) vi loi ma st trt kim loi trn cao su hay cao su trn cao su. Do dng ca ta ny nn ngi ta vn gi l ta rng lc. gi khng cho dung dch khoan xm nhp vo ta rng lc mt s cu trc ca Tuc Bin ta c lp phn di. trnh b cong trc tuc bin ngi ta ly 2 hay 3 ta ngang (6). Cc ta ny c lp khong cch tng i bng nhau v gia chng l cc tng Tuc Bin . phn trn ca Tuc Bin c u ni chuyn tip ni vi phn di ca ct cn khoan. Pha di c (7). (7) ny n bt kn gia thn tuc bin v trc nh m bt kn (15) bn trong . Trong khi vn vo Tuc Bin, p cht vng thp bn ngoi ca a stato gn cht chng vi v Tuc Bin. phn trn trc Tuc Bin c ren. Ren ny c vn cht vo c (9). N p cht cc vnh thp bn trong ca a rto vo trc Hn h3 trc c 2 l thot (11) liu thng dung dch xung chong tuc bin, c hm (10) gi c (9). Phn di ca khoan. Tuc Bin n thng dng l loi T12M 5.1.3.2. Tuc Bin ni. 144

Trong mt s trng hp khi khoan qua cc tng t do, momen quay ca Tuc Bin khng thc hin qu trnh ph , hay cc ging khoan su, lu lng dung dch nh, do gi tr ca momen v cng sut khng p ng cho qu trnh khoan. thu c momen quay v cng sut ln ca Tuc Bin m khng thay i ng knh ca chng. Chng ta ch gii quyt bng cch tng s tng ca chng ln. Do cn phi ch to nhng Tuc Bin di, ngi ta cng ch to nhng Tuc Bin n 150 tng a. Nu ch to nhng Tuc Bin c di qu ln, gy kh khn cho vic nng th v s dng n ging khoan, trong khu lp rp vn chuyn v bo qun. gii quyt nhng kh khn trn, ngi ta ch to loi Tuc Bin ni. Cu trc ca n c t 2 - 4 on v c ni vi nhau to thnh Tuc Bin ni. Mi mt on l mt Tuc Bin n c t nhiu thay i v mt cu trc. V ca tng on Tuc Bin c ni vi nhau bng ren. Cc on phn trn khng c v thay vo l nhng on ni ni cc trc ca cc on Tuc Bin c ba phng n cu trc. a. Cc trc c ni vi nhau bng khp ni c rnh (then hoa). Trong phng n ny, cc on Tuc Bin c ta chnh lp pha trn. Cc ta ca cc on Tuc Bin pha trn lm vic sut thi gian vi chu ti c hng t trn xung. Do cc chi tit ca ta cng b mi mn i rt nhanh v cc chi tit ca khp ni c rnh cng b mn nhanh, nn loi ny s dng hn ch.

145

b. Cc trc ca cc on Tuc Bin c ni vi nhau bng khp ma st.

Hnh 4 Trong qu trnh ni v li vi nhau th u ni c v u ni ci n s p cht li vi nhau v Tuc Bin c gn cht vi nhau qua chng. c. Cc trc ca cc on Tuc Bin ni vi nhau qua khp ni kp. Loi khp ni ny va kt hp khp ni ma st hnh nn ct cn rnh. 5.1.3.3. Tuc Bin c trc Spenden. Trong Tuc Bin khoan d n hay ni, thnh phn chu mn nhiu nht l ta chnh ( ta rng lc). Khi cn sa cha hay thay th ta, phi tho ton b Tuc Bin, vic ny phi a vo xng, mt nhiu thi gian. trnh phi vn chuyn v vic tho lp Tuc Bin, ngi ta ch to c Tuc Bin c lp trc Spenden. Spenden l trc c lp sn ta chnh c cu trc c lp v lp pha di Tuc Bin n hay on di ca Tuc Bin ni. Chng c lp vi nhau bng khp ni ma st hay khp rnh . Trong trng hp mn ta chnh th chng ta ch vic thay trc Spenden ngay ti ming l khoan. Qua vic dng Spenden c th gim c mt dung dch .
5.2. Chuyn vn ca dung dch bn trong Tuc Bin .

146

S chuyn vn ca dung dch khoan qua l thot nc gia cc mng palt ca a rto v stato l mt hin tng phc tp. Nghin cu qu trnh chuyn vn ca n nhm xc nh bng l thuyt cc gi tr ca cc thng s hot ng ca Tuc Bin khoan, chng ta cn mt s gi thit nhm n gin ho. - Chng ta coi rng dung dch khoan c lu thng tuyt i, cc lc cn do nht l khng ng k. - Lu lng ca dung dch khoan qua cc rnh thot nc ca a rto v Stato l khng i Q = Const.

- Chng ta xem rng dng dung dch chuyn vn gia khong khng gian ca hai mt tr ng tm. Dung dch cng chy thnh tng lp hnh tr ng tm. Gi thuyt ny cho php p dng nh lut cular v my thu lc. - h gia a rto v Stato nh. 5.2.1. ng knh l thuyt ca tuc bin khoan. nghin cu hot ng ca Tuc Bin khoan, ta hy tch mt lp hnh tr trung bnh ca dng dung dch. Lp dung dch ny chuyn vn ng knh l thuyt (Dlt) hay ng knh trung bnh ca Tuc Bin. mt tia dung dch ca mt tr ni trn c coi l mt tia trung bnh hay mt tia tng ng c vn tc chuyn ng trung bnh v khng thay i theo thi gian. V chng ta gi thit rng cc tia dung dch tng ng ny chuyn ng trong cc khong khng gian gia mng palt un cong v n c hiu qu nh nhng tia tht chuyn ng ti cc im khc nhau ca rnh thot nc.

147

Hnh 5 Mt ct dc ca mt Tuc Bin . Nh vy ng knh l thuyt nm gia ng knh ngoi v trong ca mng phalet. ng knh l thuyt c th tnh bng 2 cch. 1. ng knh trung bnh gia ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong. dlt = gia Dn v Dt thnh hai phn bng nhau. = T rt ra dlt = (2) 5.2.2: H s s dng ca tuc bin khoan. (h s gim rnh thot nc Strangular) Hin din ca palt trong mng ca a rto v stato lm gim din tch rnh thot nc ca dung dch. Chng ta gi H h s s dng ca Tuc Bin l t s gia din tch tht ca rnh thot nc Ac v din tch rnh thot nc trong iu kin khng c hiu din ca cnh palt. H= (3) Ac = .dlt .h h= Ac = Ac- AP Din tch Ac c tnh bng cng thc: h - l chiu cao ngang ca rnh palt: Ac - Din tch tht ca rnh thot nc: 148 (1) 2. ng knh m n chia tit din vnh xuyn gii hn

Trong AP l din tch ca cc cnh palt AP = Z. h = t- l bc ca palet. Ac = dlt .h - dlt .h Ac = Ac (1 - ) H= =1Z= (4)

Hnh 6 5.2.3: Cc tam gic vn tc Dung dch khoan sau khi i qua rnh thot nc ca a Stato. Trong thi im dung dch ra khi a Stato, hng ca dng dung dch tin ti hng ca palt ra ra. Hay ni cch khc gi tr ca gc thu lc tl gn bng gi tr ca gc cu trc c , ch thu khng sc. tl = c rnh thot nc ca a r t, mt phn t nc tham gia 2 chuyn ng tng i - u: Vn tc tng i chuyn ng theo a rto - : Vn tc tng i chuyn ng theo hng palt. Tng hp ca 2 chuyn ng trn chng ta c vn tc tuyt i C. 149

 mi im ca rnh thot nc tng ng vi mt im ca tam gic vn tc. Vi mc ch nghin cu s chuyn vn ca dung dch bn trong Tuc Bin. Nhm xc nh cc thng s hot ng ca Tuc Bin chng ta ly 4 im c trng nm ra ra v ra vo ca a Stato v a rto ca mt tia dung dch trung bnh chuyn ng ng knh l thuyt vo Tuc Bin .
0

Khng k hiu

0 k hiu : ra vo rnh thot nc a Stato Khng k hiu : ra ra a stato 1: 2.: ra vo a rto ra ra a rto

u1 A

c1 u 1
2
B

u2

2
u2

c2

Hnh 7 Stato l khng ng k, v vy chng ta xem rng.

Chng ta hy xem khong cch gia hai a rto v - Tt c cc hin tng xy ra ra vo rto trng vi cc hin tng xy ra ra ra Stato. - Tt c cc hin tng xy ra ra ra rto trng ra vo Stato. Nh vy ti hai im A v B ca tia dung dch trung bnh chy ng knh l thuyt chng ta v c hai tam gic vn tc.

150

Nh vy: Tam gic vn tc ra vo rto trng tam gic vn tc ra ra Stato. Tam gic vn tc ra ra rto trng tam gic vn tc ra vo Stato. bn) u C1u
u 1 = u2 = u 2 1 c2u

Nh vy chng ta c th v tng hp cc

tam gic vn tc ti bn im c trng di dng: (hnh v

1 c1

2 z c2

Hnh 8 C1 = C , C2 = C0 , w1 = w u1 = u , u2 = u0 , w2 = w0 T cc tam gic vn tc chng ta rt ra c cc cng thc sau y. V cng chung tc quay nn: u1= u2 = u C1z = C2z = w1z = w2z = Cz C1u= Cz cotg1 (5) (6)
0

C2u= - (Cz cotg2 - u) = u - Cz cotg2 ca Tuc Bin.

Cc gi tr C1u , C2u quyt nh n cc thng s hot ng 5.2.4 nh lut ca euler v Tuc Bin dc theo nh l th hai ca enuler, lc tc dng ln cc cnh cong palt gy nn momen quay ca trc tuc bin ln c xc nh bng cng thc: F= Nh vy momen quay ca Tuc Bin vi s tng l k s l. 151

M = k.

(7)

Trong : ret = bn knh l thuyt ca Tuc Bin , Q t trng v lu lng ca dung dch. Nu chng ta bit c lu lng dung dch l Q, vn tc quay u Cng sut hiu dng ca Tuc Bin s l. N = .M = N = k. (8) p sut bn trong Tuc Bin c biu din di dng chiu cao thu lc hay chiu cao thc. Hthc = = Hthc = (9) p sut tiu th bn trong Tuc Bin ph thuc vo s tng Tuc Bin k, vn tc quay u v hiu vn tc C 1u - C2u
5.3. c tnh l thuyt ca Tuc Bin

(c tnh bn trong hay n gin ca Tuc Bin ). Qua c tnh l thuyt lm vic ca Tuc Bin khoan, chng ta hiu rng l s bin thin cc thng s hot ng ca chng nh mmen, cng sut, p sut, hiu sut vi s vng quay, trong iu kin lu lng Q khng i. Trong khi nghin cu c tnh l thuyt, chng ta b qua nh hng ca cc ta ca Tuc Bin. Chng ta thay C1u, C2u cng thc (5), (6) vo cng thc tnh M (7) M = k. Nu nh trong thi gian hot ng trc Tuc Bin khng chu ti, lc momen ca Tuc Bin bng khng. T cng thc trn chng ta c Cz cotg1 - Ukt + Czcotg 2 = 0 152

Ukt = Czcotg1 + Czcotg 2 V biu thc tnh momen s l. M= Nu nh chng ta thay U = 2retn v Ukt = 2retnkt Vo cng thc trn chng ta thu c M = K. Trong trng hp Tuc Bin ngng quay cho chu ti ln n = 0 Momen Tuc Bin s bng momen hm. Mf = K. Thay gi tr momen hm vo cng thc tnh momen, chng ta c M = Mf(1 - ) Hm s M = M (n) l mt hm tuyn tnh n=0 M = Mf

n = nkt M = 0 Cng sut ca Tuc Bin : N = . M = 2n.M N = 2 Mf(n - ) Hm N = N(n) l mt hm parabol bc 2 N=0 n = nkt Gi tr s vng quay ti u n0 m ti N t gi tr cc i s l . = 0 1 - = 0 T chng ta suy ra: ta thu c : M0 = Gi tr cng sut cc i N0 s l. 153 n0 = Momen tng ng vi s vng quay ny, thay n 0 vo M chng Ti im n = 0

N0 = M0.0 = = Chng ta xem th bin thin cng sut. Hiu sut ca Tuc Bin chng ta xem bng hiu sut thu lc : t = th = = Trong : Pt - p sut tiu th trong Tuc Bin thng thng khng thay i theo s vng quay. Pt = const Q - lu lng bm. Tch Pt .Q = const Nh vy bin thin t = f(n) ch yu bin thin theo N v chng ta v c th dng parabol ging N m Mf
= f(n) N= f(n)

m=f(n)

no nkt n Hnh 9 ca Tuc Bin khoan 5.4. Cc thng s lm vic 5.4.1. Phn loi Tuc Bin khoan. Mt trong nhng ch tiu phn loi Tuc Bin khoan l h s tun hon : = ( trong ch lm vic ti u) ngi ta phn loi Tuc Bin theo nh sau : 154

1) < 1 Tuc Bin tun hon thp 2) =1 Tuc Bin tun hon bnh thng 3) > 1 Tuc Bin tun hon cao V Tuc Bin i xng nu nh trc din ca cnh palt ca a Stato ging trc din ca cnh palt a rto. Cc tam gic vn tc ca mt tia dung dch trung bnh, chuyn ng mt tr c ng knh bng ng knh l thuyt c xc nh qua cc biu sau: u
c1

u
2

c2

c1

c2

c1

c2

a) > 1

b) = 1

c) < 1

Hnh 10 Thay i gia hiu sut ca Tuc Bin, p sut i vi 3 loi Tuc Bin nh sau:
>1 =1 <1
P

>1 =1 <1 n n

Hnh Loi Tuc Bin c h s > 1 l loi Tuc Bin chm .

<1 l loi Tuc Bin cao tc . Trong khoan thng thng chng ta hay s dng loi Tuc Bin = 1 5.4.2. Xc nh cc thng s hot ng ca Tuc Bin 155

thng thng ( = 1) Chng ta v cc tam gic vn tc cho mt tia dung dch trung bnh chuyn vn mt tr c ng knh bng ng knh l thuyt nm gia rnh thot nc ca h palet. loi Tuc Bin thng thng = 1 hng ca vct vn tc 1 v C2 song song vi trc ca Tuc Bin. Tuc bin lm vic trong ch ti u (cng sut cc i) . u1 = u2 = u0
u1 = u2 = 1 u 0
1 C1 2 C2

Hnh 12 T tam gic vn tc trn chng ta thu c Cz C1u = u0, C2 u = 0 Vy: U0 = C1u = Cz cotg1 mt khc U0 = det . n0 c : n0 = . cotg1 Nu chng ta thay cng thc : Cz = 0 0 = , cn bng hai phng trnh ta W 1 = C2 =

Trong 0 l hiu sut th tch ca tuc bin: Qth -l lu lng thc t truyn qua tuc bin .

Q - l lu lng truyn xung tuc bin khi cha b mt mt qua cc khe h gia cc tng tuc bin . Ac - l din tch thc ca rnh thot nc : Ac = Ac H = det . h . h. V nu chng ta thay Ac vo cng thc trn y ta thu c: n0 = . 0 Q 156

T cng thc : M0 = = . det2 nkt; (nkt = 2n0) M0 = k . 02c Q2 Trong c l hiu sut c hc ca tuc bin, do mt nng lng cc a tuc bin v ta. Cng sut cc i ca tuc bin. N0 = M0 0 = det. n0M0 = k. ()20.c.Q3. N0 = k. 0.c.Q3. T cng thc: Pt = Pt = k. . Q2 Trong : th - Hiu sut thu lc t - Hiu sut tuc bin. Cc h s ca tuc bin. An = . 0 ; v Ap = k. AM = .20. c AN = k. Cc thng s hot ng ca tuc bin s l: n0 = An.Q M0 = AM. Q2 N0 = AN. Q3 Pt = AP. Q2 Kt lun: Mun tng cc thng s hot ng ca tuc bin: Cn tng k S tng ca tuc bin, tng lu lng bm Q. Khi tng Q mmen v p sut s tng theo bnh phng v cng sut Q tng theo lp phng. 3: Xc nh cc thng s ch khoan c hc ti u trong trng hp b qua s tn tht nng lng ta chnh. 157 t = 0.c.th

Mmen chong khoan c tnh bng cng thc: Mc = G.Mr G - Ti trng y t ln chong. Mr - M men ring biu din s tng mmen chong khi ti trng tng 1 n v (Mr = 515KG.m/tn). Nu chng ta b qua s tn tht nng lng ta chnh th ton b cng sut ca tuc bin s cung cp cho chong ph Nt = Nc 2n.Mf (1-) = 2nG.Mr Chng ta rt ra G = (1 - ) Chng ta cng c th v c s bin thin ca G = G(n) Ti im n = 0 G c gi tr cc i
G Gma
x

G0 n0

nkt

Hnh 13 G = Gmax ti trng hm tuc bin: Gmax = Cng thc G = Gmax(1 - ) Ti im n = nkt G=0 V vy ta v c th bin thin G = G(n) nh trn
n0 = : S vng quay ti u xc nh

Nu chng ta thay n0 vo cng thc tnh G chng ta c G0 = = = = G0= 158

Nu chng ta biu din phng trnh G0= f (Mr) vi cc gi tr khc nhau ca Q ta s c th sau: G0 Q1 > Q2 > Q3 G1 G2 G3 Mr Hnh 14 Kt lun : vi mt Mr xc nh nu chng ta tng lu lng th ti trng t ln chong cng s tng ln. 5.4.3. Cc thng s ca tuc bin ch ng hc ging nhau Nu nh hai tuc bin c cng loi tam gic vn tc ng knh l thuyt tng ng vi cng sut cc i. Chng ta ni rng nhng tuc bin ny hot ng trong ch ng hc tng t. Cc h s An ,Am , AN , AP ging nhau. Chng ta c cc biu thc sau y: = = ..()2 = ..()3 = ..()2 Tm quan trng ca cc biu thc trn y l trong trng hp chng ta bit thng s hot ng ca tuc bin (vi cng mt s tng K1 , Q1, 1) th chng ta c th xc nh thng s cho cng tuc bin y hay mt tuc bin khc cng seri vi iu kin khc (K2, Q2 , 2). Q1 Q2 Q3 Mr

159

- nh hng ca lu lng Q n cc thng s lm vic ca tuc bin t cng thc trn chng ta c th rt ra cho mt tuc bin: = = ()2 = ()3 =()2 Kt lun: i vi cng mt tuc bin, nu ta tng Q ln hai ln, s vng quay tng ln hai ln, momen v p sut tng ln bn ln v cng sut tng ln tm ln .
5.5. Lin quan gia cc thng s cu trc v cc thng s hot ng ca tuc bin khoan.

Mt trong nhng tiu chun nh gi kh nng hot ng ca tuc bin khoan l h s ng hc C. H s ny l t s gia momen v s vng quay trong ch lm vic ti u vi cng sut ln nht: C= Nu chia cng thc M0 cho n0 ta c: C= H s C cng ln th tuc bin cng tt, cng ph hp vi qu trnh khoan. Tc l s vng quay cng b v momen cng phi ln. - Theo cng thc trn, mun tng C cn phi tng d et . Nhng det gii hn bi ng knh ging khoan. Trong khi chn tuc bin chng ta chn ng knh tuc bin ln nht cho php v trnh kt c, bo m lu thng dung dch bn ngoi tuc bin v thnh l khoan. - Tng K tc l tng s tng tuc bin ln th C tng ln. Trong thc t phng n ny s dng rt nhiu.

160

- Tng Q dn n tng C, nhng Q gii hn bi iu kin khoan. Trong trng hp hai tuc bin c cng seri, thng s hot ng ca n s ph thuc vo K v vo Q. Di y s trnh by hai trng hp phn nh u im trong vic dng tuc bin c s tng k ln. a) Nu nh hai tuc bin c cng seri, nhng c s tng k1v k2 khc nhau. V hai tuc bin cng cn phi bo m cng momen quay bng nhau. = = = = = = =1 Chng ta xem rng mt tuc bin n c s tng l k v mt tuc bin ni c s tng l kn : kn= 2 k. tuc bin ni s thu c cc thng s sau y: Mo = Mon ,Qn = 0,7Q ,n0n = 0,7no Non = 0,7 N0 , Ptn =Po Trong trng hp mun thu c cng momen, tuc bin ni Q, N, n thu c khong 70% tuc bin n. Gim Q v n l mt iu kin thun li cho cng tc khoan. Gim Q a n gim p sut h thng tun hon, dn n gim p sut bm m vn gi c momen quay, nht l nhng ging khoan c chiu su ln. b) Hai tuc bin cng seri nu c cng cng sut. N 01= N02. = = == = = Trong iu kin mt tuc bin ni kn= 2k : N0n= No ,Qn =0,795 Q , non = 0,795 no 161 M01 = M02

M0n=1,26 M0 , Ptn= 1,26 Pt . Kt lun: Cc kt qu trn cho ta thy rng , hai tuc bin c cng mt cng sut. tuc bin ni s dng mt lu lng Q vi 20% b hn tuc bin n. Momen ln hn 20%, s vng quay gim 20%.
5.6. Ti trng dc tc dng xung ta chnh ca tuc bin khoan

ta chnh ca tuc bin tc dng mt lc dc tng hp F0 bao gm: - GH : Lc thu lc do tn tht p lc ta chnh a rto v chong khoan, hng tc dng t trn xung - Gq : Trng lng ca phn quay bao gm trc tuc bin, a rto, chong khoan hng tc dng ca Gq l t trn xung. - Phn ti y G, hng tc dng t di ln trn chng ta c th vit c cng thc: F0 = (G'th + Gq - G) Nu G'th + Gq>G th F0 c hng t trn xung G'th + Gq<G th F0 c hng t di ln xc nh G'th ta c th s dng cng thc tng i: G'th = Trong : det - ng knh l thuyt ca tuc bin. P0, Pt ,Pc - tn tht p lc ta, tuc bin chong khoan. Bi v rng P0, Pt ,Pc t l thun vi v bnh phng Q do G'th bng : G'th = a0Q2 Trong : a0 l h s t l thun, gi tr ca n ph thuc vo loi tuc bin v loi chong s dng.

162

Nu chng ta k hiu: s l : F0 = Gth - G

G'th + Gq = Gth th cng thc F0

Di tc dng ca ti trng chiu trc ta chnh, do ma st gia cc a ng yn v di ng ca ta, ti y s sinh ra mt momen cn v gi tr ca n c xc nh bng cng thc: M = r F = r |Gth - G| Trong : - h s ma st ta

r - bn knh ma st ta Cc a ng yn v cc a di ng ca ta rng lc trong khi quay chng trt trn mt hnh vnh xuyn. ng knh trung bnh ma st ca mt ny c xc nh bng cng thc: r= Trong : . rn , rt - bn knh trong v ngoi ca b mt ma st. Nhng nghin cu th nghim ch ra rng, h s ma st, trong a khng phi l mt hng s. Gi tr ca n ph thuc vo ti trng ring: st. Pr = ph thuc s vng quay, cht lng dung dch, ph thuc vo b mt ma
n1 < n 2 < n 3 < n4

163

hnh 15

KG/cm 2

S thay i ca so vi p ti trng ring c biu th th trn, trong iu kin dung dch khoan v nc. Trn th chng ta nhn thy rng khi khoan bng dung dch st vi mt ti trng ring khng i th s gim dn khi p tng ln. Vi mt s vng quay khng i th ta nhn thy rng s gim i khi p tng ln n mt gii hn no p tip tc tng th cng c chiu hng tng ln. V gii hn ny cng khc nhau vi s vng quay khc nhau. Vi n cng ln th gii hn ny sinh ra ti trng ring cng ln. Chng ta c th gii thch hin tng ny nh sau: Khi ti trng ring tng i nh, th trong cc mt tip xc th hin mt ch ma st lng nh vy h s ma st s t l nghch vi ti trng ring. B mt g gh ca cao su s gim i khi ti trng ring tng ln v h s ma st s gim i. Trong thi im trong ti trng ring tng ln do tng ti trng ta v trn b mt ma st s xut hin nhng phn t rn cha trong dung dch khoan v ch ma st y s chuyn sang na lng v na rn. Do h s s tng ln . H s ma st ln nht khi n = 0, h s ma st cng ln khi trong dung dch cha hm lng rn cng nhiu, nht l dung dch lm nng v cc cht c mi mn ln trong dung dch.
5.7.- c tnh lm vic tng hp ca tuc bin.

c tnh lm vic ca tuc bin cn gi l c tnh ngoi biu din s bin thin cc thng s lm vic ca tuc

164

bin, M , N, t ,Pt theo s vng quay trong iu kin Q khng i. c tnh tng hp khc vi c tnh trong ca tuc bin l c cp n s mt mt ca cng sut ta chnh, nng lng tiu th chong. M - mmen do tuc bin sinh ra bng tng mmen tiu th chong v ta chnh. Mt= M+ Me M men tiu th chong bng Me = G.Mr Mr: momen ring ph . Momen tuc bin s l: Mt = r|Gth - G| + GMr Vi mc ch nghin cu d dng c tnh ngoi ca tuc bin khoan chng ta coi = const. xc nh bin thin ca momen chong khoan v ta chnh theo s vng quay n, chng ta cn nghin cu my tnh hung ca tuc bin trong qu trnh lm vic 1. Tuc bin quay bn trn y l khoan (khng chu ti ) Trong trng hp ny G1 = 0 Mt1= M1 = r. Gth S vng quay ca tuc bin trong trng hp ny gi l s vng quay khi ng nk. Do momen cm khng ta chnh. nk < nkt . 2. Chong khoan lm vic y vi ti trng chong nh hn ti trng thu lc G2< Gth ta c: Mc2= G2Mr M2 = r(Gth - G2). Mt2= r(Gth- G2) + G2Mr M3=0 ,Mc3=Gth.Mr 165 n2 ne MC1 = 0

3. Ti trng chong bng ti trng thu lc: G 3 = Gth

Mt3= Mc3= GthMr thu lc G4> Gth.

n3= nth s vng quay thu lc.

4) Chong khoan lm vic vi ti trng chong ln hn ti trng Momen chong s l: Mc4= G4. Mr. M4 = r (G4- Gth) Momen tuc bin s l: Mt4= G4Mr + r(G4- Gth) Bi v Mt4 >Mt3 do n4 <Nth So snh hai trng hp (1) v (3) th chng ta thy rng: Nu Mt>r th s xy ra Mt3 > Mt1 th Nth < nk. Trng hp Mr < r th s xy ra ngc li. Chng ta v th bin thin M = f(n) trong trng hp Mr > r
M

4 3 2 1

Trong khong 2 : 0 <G2<GHnh th. Nu 16 G2tng dn t 0 n Gth th s vng quay cng gim dn t n ktn nth. V momen chong cng tng t Mt1 n Mt3. Trong khi momen ta gim dn t Mt1 n 0. Trong trng hp 4: G4> Gth nu G4cng tng th c M4 v Mc4u tng v s vng quay s gim i. Momen truyn xung chong khoan bng hiu gia momen do tuc bin sinh ra tr i momen cm khng ta: Mc= Mt - M= Mt- r . G th G Mc= Mt- [ r (Gth - G)] 166

nth nk

nkt

Mr.G = Mt rGth r G

G( Mr r ) = Mt r G
t th G= M r r o M ro G

nhn hai v vi Mr ta c. Phng trnh c bn

r Mc = M [Mf(1 - ) r Gth ] r ro

ca c tnh tng hp Du pha trn tng ng trong trng hp G <Gth Du pha di tng ng trng hp G >Gth +) phng trnh trn khi tuc bin hot ng bn trn y l khoan. Mc= 0 n = nkt tng ng trng hp G = 0 <Gth Mf(1 - ) - r Gth = 0 1- = =1nk = kt(1 - ) (*) Trong trng hp G = Gth tng ng vi trng hp 3 n = nth Mc= Mt Mc = Mf(1 - ) = 1 =

nth= nkt (1 - ) phng trnh Mc nu chng ta b qua tn tht ta chnh th c tnh ngoi s bin thnh c tnh trong: Mc= Mf(1 - ) b) Nghin cu s bin thin ca cng sut theo s vng quay. Cng sut ca tuc bin c tnh bng cng thc: 167

N = .M = 2n.M Nc = [Mf (1- rGthm ] Nc = [ Mf(n -) MrGthm] Tiu hao cng sut ta chnh c tnh bng cng thc sau : N= Nt- Nc Biu din bng th bin thin gia cng sut ca tuc bin, chong khoan v ta trong trng hp Mr >r
n Nt Nc N 1

n nc nth nk nkt
o

Hnh 17

5.8. Quan h gia tuc bin, h thng tun hon v thit b bm.

Trong khoan tuc bin , cc thng s lm vic ca n ph thuc nhiu nht l liu lng dung dch, vo kh nng thit b bm v h thng tun hon ca dung dch. 5.8.1. To cng sut thu lc cc i cho tuc bin khoan. Trong iu kin p sut bm khng i Pb= const Nu chng ta tng lng Q qu ln th tn tht p lc h thng tun hon s tng ln v p sut cung cp cho tuc bin s gim i. Ngc li nu chng ta gim Q qu b th tn tht p sut h thng tun hon cng b v p sut cung 168

cp cho tuc bin cng hn ch. Nh vy phi tn ti mt Qoti u, ti cng sut thu lc cung cp cho tuc bin c gi tr ln nht . Cng sut cung cp cho tuc bin c tnh bng cng thc : Nct= N0 - Nth= Pb. Q - Pth. Q . bng cng thc . P th- (B . L + A ) Q di cn khoan. B = Qtc + + avx + apt. A. l h s tn tht thu lc khng ph thuc vo chiu di cn : A = Qbm + Q cn lcn+ ac Cng thc Nct chng ta c th vit di dng: Nct= Pb. Q - (BL + A) Q3 th.
Nct
2

(1)

Tn tht thy lc trong h thng tun hon c xc nh (2)

Trong B l h s tn tht lc ph thuc vo chiu

(3)

Nu nh chng ta biu din phng trnh trn di dng

Q0

Qmax Q

Vi Q<Q0 hay Q >Q0th Nct<Nct0. ca bm tiu th h tun hon .

Hnh 18

Vi Q = Qmax Nct= 0 bi v ton b cng sut thu lc Lu lng Q0 c xc nh trong iu kin cc i ca Nct = [Pb.Q - (B . L - A) Q 3] = 0 (4) [Pb- 3 (B . L + A) Q30 = 0 169

Q0 = p sut tuc bin s l;

(5)

Pct0= Pb- (B. L +A ) Q20= Pb- (B. L + A) = Pb. Pct0= Pb. (6) Nct= Nb. (7) tn dng ht kh nng ca bm th p sut tiu th thc t tuc bin P t phi bng p sut cung cp cho tuc bin Pc. C ngha l p sut do bm cung cp phi tiu th hon ton tuc bin Pt0= Pct0 Ap k0 . Q2= Pcto = PbApKo . = Pb. k0 = (8) V vy tiu th cng sut m bm cung cp cho tuc bin th tuc bin phi c s tng l k0. Thng thng chng ta khoan cc tuc bin vi s tng c ch to sn . V th chiu su c th khoan trong iu kin P t = Pb. T cng thc trn chng ta thu c. B. L + A = L= Q0= f(L) v ko= f(L). chng ta s thu c th sau: (9) Chng ta hy biu din phng trnh (5) v (8). tc l

Qo,Ko

Ko

L) =f(

Qo=f(L)

170
Hnh19

T th trn chng ta i n kt lun. - Chiu su ca l khoan cng ln th s tng tuc bin phi tng v lu lng ca tuc bin cn phi gim xung. Chng ta c th tnh c gi tr cng sut thy lc tiu th tuc bin . Nct0= Pct0. Q0= Pb Nct0 = c hai cch: 1 - Tng Pb tc l tng p sut lm vic ca bm. 2 - Gim A v B tc l s dng cn khoan vi ng knh ln, dy thnh b, u ni rng. Phng php hu hiu nht tng Nt0vn l tng p sut my bm.
5.8.2. To momen quay cc i cho tuc bin.

(10)

biu thc trn chng ta nhn thy rng : mun tng N t0

5.8.2.1. Trng hpPb = const. Trong trng hp khoan nhng ging khoan c chiu su ln, nht l trong iu kin cc tng t gia. t c hiu qu cao trong khoan tuc bin, cn thit phi bo m momen quay chong khoan c gi tr ln. Chng ta gi thit rng p sut lm vic bm khng i, tc l mt thi im no ca qu trnh khoan. P b = const . Chng ta s xc nh mt gi tr ca lu lng Q0 m chng s cung cp cho tuc bin momen quay ln nht Mct0c ngha l chng ta s xc nh mt gi tr ca lu lng Q0 m chng s cung cp cho tuc bin momen quay cc 171

i. Nh chng ta bit phn trn, ch cng sut cc i ca tuc bin, thnh phn vn tc: C1u = u v C2u= 0 M = k. rct(C1u - C2u. ) Thay (11) vo (12) ta c: M= k. rct.u Pt = Hth . = K. (C1u -C2u) = k. . u= M = rctQ. p ut cung cp cho tuc bin: Pct= Pb- (B. L + A ) . Q2. Thay (17) vo (16). chng ta thu c: M= .rct . (18).
M

(11). (12). (13) (14).

Cng thc tn tht p sut bn trong tuc bin:

(15) (16). (17).

Thay (15) vo (13) chng ta thu c.

Biu din ca hm s: M = f(Q) chng ta c th l:

Mmax

Qo Qma x Hnh20

iu kin xc nh Q0. = 0 . 2. P0Q - 4 (A. L + B) . Q03 = 0 Q0= (20). p sut cung cp cho tuc bin s l: Pct0 = Pb (A. L + B) Q02 = Pb - (A. L + B ) . Pct0 = Pb Nct = P (21) (22). (19).

172

Nh vy chng ta i n kt lun: thu c momen cc i tuc bin Pct0 = Pb hay Nt0 = Nb tuc bin tiu th ht cng sut do bm cung cp : P t0 = Pct0 Apk0 Q2= Ap h0 = / T y chng ta rt ra: k0= (23). T cng thc (20) v (23) chng ta cng nhn thy rng chiu su l cng ln th Q0 cng gim v k0 cng tng. b). Trong trng hp cng sut bm khng i. Nb = const . Nu biu thc (18) chng ta thy Pb= Biu thc ca momen s tr thnh M = rct. Vi N0= const = 0 Nb- 4(B. L + A ) Q03 = 0 Q0= (25) Nu chng thay Q0vo cng thc sau : Nt0= N0- Nth =Nb - (B. L + A) Q03 = Nb- (B. L + A ) Nct0 = Nb (26) Ptc0 = Pb (27). T cng thc (6) , (21) , (27) chng ta rt ra rng s dng mt cch hp l thit b bm, tuc bin khoan phi s dng t nht1/2p sut bm. Chiu su lm vic cng tng, do kh nng gii hn ca bm, lu lng dung dch cng gim i, s tng ca tuc bin cng dn dn tng ln. Chng ta cng s s dng t tuc bin n sang tuc bin ni t hai n ba on.
5.9. Chn ch thu lc cho tuc bin

(24)

173

 phn trn chng ta nghin cu vic xc nh lu lng bm ti u trong iu kinP0= const v L = const Nhng thc t cng sut ca bm khng thay i Nb = const v chiu su ging tng dn t nh ti ln. Nh vy cng sut ca bm c tnh bng cng thc: Nb = Nt+ Nth= PtQ+ Pth Q. N0 = Ap . . Q3 + (BL + A). Q3 Qnax = (2) Chng ta cng xc nh c mt lng ti thiu Qmin cn thit nng ht mn khoan ln mt: Q
min

(1)

= (Dc2- D2) Vmin

nax

(3). (4)

Nh vy lu lng Q chn nm trong khong: Qmin<Q < Q Chiu su lm vic gii hn vi mt gi tr ca lu lng Q t cng thc (1) ta rt ra: L= theo chiu su.
1 Nb 2 Nb 3 Nb Pb3 Q3

(5).

Chng ta s v th bin thin gia Nb, Q, Pb, Pt, P0, n, N

Q1 Q2 Nt1 Pb1 Pt1

Pb2

n1

Nt2 Pt2 L1 L2

n3 Pt3 L3

Nt3

Hnh 21 Gia hai chiu su lin tc Q 1 khng i, nu l tng ln

th p sut bm s tng ln tin n gi tr cc i P bmax . Tng ng ving knh Xi lanh 1. V cng sut cng tng ln tin dn n gi tr cc i ca bm. gim cng sut ca bm th trong khong L 1 L2 ta phi gim lu lng bm Q2 < Q1th lp tc cng sutti bm 174

cng s gim xung Nbgim v p sut bm cng gim xung. Trong qu trnh khoan viQ = Q 2= const t L1 L2. Th cng sutca bm cng tng dn n N b max v p sut bm cng tng dn n gii hn Pbmax. V tng t nh th t L2 L3 Trong iu kin trong cc khong Q khng i th cc thng s hot ng ca tuc bin Pt0, Nt0, nt0. s khng i.
5.10. nh hng ca mi mn cc chi tit ca tuc bin n cc thng s hot ng ca tuc bin.

5.10.1 Mn a stat v r t. Cc a stat v rt ca tuc bin b mi mn do cc thnh phn cht rn cha trong dung dch. Do ma st gia cc a stat v rt trong qu trnh lm vic. Do tuc bin lm vic vi thi gian tng i ln . a rt v stat b mi mn nht l cc mt di ca ra ra, lm thay i gc cu trc c dn n thayi gc thu

c
Hnh22

S tng ln ca gc cs lm gim ctg c v dn nM0gim , N0 gim M0 = k 02 c Q

2

N0= K. 30 c Q3 S mi mn mt trn hay mt di ca a rt hay stat s lm tng thm h dc ca tuctbin. To nn nhng vng qun ca dung dch khoan - Do s mt mt 175

p sut tuc bin tng ln . ng thi n cng tng gc thu lc th v dn n Momen v cng sut gim . 5.10.2. nh hng ca mi mn cc ta . S mi mn cc a di ng ta chnh a n vic xut hin s khng ng u trn b mt tip xc vi phn c bc cao su ca a ng yn, lm tng thm h s ma st v lm tng thm tiu th nng lng ta. cc a ng yn ca cc t, bc cao su b dt b nh hay b ph hu khi chng tip xc vi cc sn phm du m cha trong dung dch, kt qu l a n s gim hiu sut c kh ca tuc bin . Cc ming cao su b tch ra t cc a ng yn ca ta chnh n i vo cc rnh thot nc ca a rt v stat gy nh hng xu n qu trnh lu thng ca dung dch khoan, c th gy kt tuc bin. Trong trng hp bc lt tuc bin b mi mn, a n hin tng mt mt phn ln lu lng dung dch y. Do lu lng ca dung dchi xung chong lm sch y l khoan b gim st, lm qu trnh lm sch y l khoan cng b hn ch.
5.11. Vn hnh tuc bin khoan.

5.11.1. Cng tc chun b tuc bin trc khi khoan. Bt k l tuc bin mi hay l tuc bin va sa cha cc xng tuc bin, trc khi a ra s dng ging khoan cn phi kim tra theo ng cc quy chun. Trc khi th xung ging khoan cng cn phi xc nh kh nng lm vic ca tuc bin tng ng. Trc khi a tuc bin khoan ti cc l khoan, ngi ta tin hnh th tuc bin theo cc quy chun n gin v tng hp trnh cho vic chuyn ch v ch v phi th l khoan. 176

 th tuc bin khoan theo quy chun n gin, thng thng ngi ta s dng mt thit b khoan c nh v phi c mt my bm dung dch bo m mt lu lng t nht t 35 - 40 l/s vi mt p sut 50 - 70 kG/cm2. Cc bc kim tra nh sau: 5.11.1.1. Kim tra s khi ng ca tuc bin . Tuc bin c treo mc nng ca rng rc ng v c ni vi h thng tun hon ca dung dch. Trc khi bt u khi ng bm cn phi m hon ton van x ca bm dn ra thng cha dung dch . Van x c ng li t t v theo di ng h o p lc. Trong iu kin thng thng trc tuc bin bt u quay vi p sut10 - 15 kG/cm 2. Trc tuc bin cn phi quay vi tc nhanh dn u v trnh git cc. Sau khi tt bm cng cn phi theo do tc dng ca tuc bin, chng dng t t khng t ngt. Trong khi kim tra nu thy p sut tiu th trong tuc bin qu ln so vi hot ng bnh thng ca tuc bin vi cng lu lng v trc tuc bin dng t ngt, chng t ma st bn trong tuc bin ln, nht l ta chnh ca n. Trong trng hp ny cn phi tin hnh chy rt a tuc bin bng cch quay trc tuc bin nh bn quay rt trong khong 10 - 15 pht. Nu nh sau khi chy ra tuc bin vn khng khi ng c th cn a li xng sa cha. Trong trng hp p sut tiu hao bn trong tuc bin th ln hn p sut hot ng bnh thng cu n vi cng mt lu lng Q khong 15 - 20% . iu nychng t rng a stat v rt ca tuc bin b mn v tn tht p sut tuc bin tng ln. Tuc bin cng cn gi li xng sa cha. 5.11.1.2. o h dc ca tuc bin. 177

Phng php o c tin hnh nh sau: Tuc bin treo lvat v th xung cho n khi u di ca trc da hon ton vo bn quay rt, ly phn nh du mp di cng ca vo trc tuc bin . Sau nng tuc bin ln khi bn quay rt v cng mp di cng ca tuc bin , nh du phn th 2 ln trc tuc bin. Khong cch 2 u phn chnh l h dc ca tuc bin. mt tuc bin mi hay va sa cha xong, h dc khng vt qu 34mm. Trong trng hp h dc ca tuc bin kh ln, th cn phi xc nh nguyn nhn ca n. Nu nh tuc bin, u ni, v c ca trc vn cht th nguyn nhn s l do lp rp khng tng ng ca ta chnh. 5.11.1.3. o mt dung dch tuc bin. Ngi ta lp mt dng c o tua bin (hnh v di) Trong trng hp lng dung dch b mt ln hn khong 25% lu lng bm th cn phi thay th mi. nghin cu c tnh hot ng ca tng loi tuc bin, cn phi c mt quy chun tng hp th . quy chun tng hp ngoi nhng c tnh o quy chun n gin n cn o thm nhng c tnh lm vic ca tuc bin nh: Thay i M, N, ca tuc bin theo s vng quay vi lu lng v c tnh khc nhau ca dung dch. Da vo c s ny chng ta xc nh cc thng s lm vic ca tuc bin ging khoan. Bn cnh thit b quy chun n gin, quy chun tng hp cn thm

178
Hnh2

1 - Thn tua bin 2 - 3- Trc 4 - V dng c 5 - Bc lt kn 6 - inh vt 7 - ng x

- Mt dng c to ti trng dc. - Dng c o v ghi cc s o. (Ti trng, momen, cng sut, s vng quay, p sut vv.). Trong cng tc vn chuyn tuc bin, phi cn thn nh nhng, trnh va chm t ngt, hai u ca tuc bin phi c u bo v. Trc khi th tuc bin xung ging khoan, cng cn phi kim tra li ging nh quy chun n gin. Nu nh trn mt tuc bin khng th khi ng c, ngay c sau khi dng bn quay rt quay trc, th tuc bin y khng c th xung ging khoan na. 5.11.2. Hot ng ca tuc bin trong ging khoan. Vic th tuc bin xung ging khoan c tin hnh vi mt tc va phi. Cn phi theo di ng h o trng lng v khi chng ta thy ng h o trng lng gim i 2 - 3 vch th tuc bin n y. Ta tin hnh khi ng tuc bin v m rng ng knh l khoan theo ng knh thng thng ca chong. - trnh v loi tr vt ngoi lai c kch thc ln ln ln vo trong dung dch v c th a n tnh trng tc tuc bin, 179

 ng ng x ca bm hay pha di ca cn ch o v u ni trn ca tuc bin ng ta lp cc dng c lc. Khi tuc bin gn n y th vn tc th phi gim dn. Khi tuc bin gn n y th cho bm khi ng. Van x ca bm ra thng dung dch hon ton trng thi m. Van x ny s c ng dn theo tng nc v s c ng hon ton sau khi bm hot ng trong khon 5 - 6 pht. Nu thy tuc bin khng hot ng th nn th xung chongvi ti trng b gim chu ti ta chnh ti iu kin nh nhng cho tuc bin khi ng. Thnh thong khi ng tuc bin ngi ta cho chong khoan v chm nh y ging khoan. Nhng phng php ny nguy him d b hng chong khoan. - Nu nh cc trng hp trn khng thnh cng th chng ta tin hnh cho tuc bin chy ra bng cch quay ct cn khoan nh bn quay rt trong khong 10 - 15 pht v to ti trng cho chong khoan. Sau khi cho chy ra chng ta s ko chong ln cch y khong 10 - 30 m. khong cch ny ng knh ca chong tng ng vi ng knh ca ging . ti im ny cho tuc bin khi ng. Nu tuc bin hot ng th cho tin dn ti y v dng chong m rng l khoan n ng knh bnh thng . Sau tip tc khoan bnh thng. Nu tuc bin khng khi ng c th phi ko ln. Trong thi gian khoan vic kim tra hot ng ca tuc bin cn c theo di qua ng h o trng lng, ng h o p sut. Chng ta cng bit rng vi tuc bin thng thng, vi mt lu lng dung dch khng i th tn tht p lc trong tuc bin cng khngi Pt= const . Ngay c khi ch 180

khoan p dng c thay i . Vic tng hoc gim p sut bm bo hiu nhng h hng bm hay h thng tun hon. Thng thng ch lm vic ca tuc bin khoan c xc nh qua vic chn ti trng y. cc thi im lm vic ban u ca chong vi nhiu ti trng y khc nhau. Chng ta s chn ti trng m m bo vn tc c hc ln nht. Trc khi ko chong tip tc cho dung dch tun hon t nht khong 8 10 pht . Sau khi ngng bm tin hnh ko chong ln khi yl khoan. Van x c m ch sau khi dng bm t 3 - 5 pht. Chng ta phi tin hnh nh vy trnh cho mn khoan khong khng vnh xuyn xm nhp vo bn trong tuc bin . Nh chng ta bit rng trong qu trnh khoan, nu nh v l do no m ngng bm dung dch. Dung dch khoan c cha mn khoan khong khng vnh xuyn c t trng ln hn s xm nhp vo bn trong tuc bin. Nu nh chng ta cho bm hot ng tr li t ngt, mn khoan trong tuc bin s lm nh hng xu n tuc bin hay lm tc tuc bin. V vy qu trnh khi ng phi tin hnh t t bng cch ng dn tng nc van x ng x ca bm. Sau khi ko mt chong b mn, trc khi th mt chong mi, tuc bin s cn phi kim tra li. o h dc v ngang, kim ra trng thi ca cc u ren ni. Nu nh h dc ln hn 3mm v h ngang ln hn 2mm so vi h ban u, hoc ren ni b mn, tuc bin phi gi v xng kim tra sa cha. Hot ng khng bnh thng ca tuc bin bng cch 181

theo di cc ng h o. Cc trng hp khng bnh thng ca tuc bin thng gp trong thc t. 5.11.2.1 Vic gim p sut bm dung dch: C lin quan n vic gim lu lng qua tuc bin do M v N ca tuc bin cng b gim . Vic gim p sut bm do nhng nguyn nhn : - Bm b hng: Pittong, s mi, si lanh, cc supp b mn Cc suppap hot ng khng ng b, tc clabin ng ng ht. Kh ho dung dch khoan, s hnh trnh ca bm b gim do chng dy croa truyn t ng c n bm: - Ct cn khoan b r: Ren khng kn, cn b r. pht hin ch h cn phi ko ln kim tra. 5.11.2.2 Tng p sut bm: Tuc b b tc, tc rnh thot nc cu a rt, stat, ta chnh, cc ng lc. 5.11.2.3 Tuc bin khng nhn ti trng y trong thi gian lm vic c ngha l khi ko chong ln khi ng th tuc bin hot ng . C hot ng th vn tc c hc ca chong cng rt b. * Nguyn nhn gy nn hin tng ny l: - Nguyn nhn do hng chong : Thng gp l cc nn xoay b kt, trong trng hp ny i hi momen quay chong ln v tuc bin khng m bo c - Nguyn nhn do tuc b b hng: * Hng ta chnh, cc mt tip xc c bc cao su b mn b rch hay b dt hay b tch ra khi a stat do nng lng tiu hao y rt ln. * ca tuc bin hay c ca rt vn khng cht, do cc a stat b quay di tc dng ca mmen phn, cn cc a rt to nn mt momen khng tho mn bo m qu trnh khoan . * a ca tuc bin b mn, mt phn ln nng lng sinh ra thng ma st gia cc a vi nhau. 182

Mi mt tuc bin khoan cn phi km theo mt l lch k thut theo di ,tt c cc s liu lin quan n s kim tra v th tuc bin cc quy chun, ging, lm vic ca cc tuc bin ging u phi ghi li .
5.12. Hon thin tuc bin khoan.

S pht trin ca khoan tuc bin di i vi vic ci tin nhng tuc bin thng thng v ch to nhng loi tuc bin mi p ng v ph hp vi yu cu khoan. 5.12.1. Ci tin cu trc ca tuc bin thng thng. 5.12.1.1 Ci tin cc a rtv stat. Trong phng hng ny th a rt v stat c c trong mt khun c bit vi chnh xc cao. Cc ra ca rt v stat hp v b mt ca cc cnh palt phng hn so vi tuc bin thng thng. Do dng dung dch chy qua cc tng trong tuc bin d dng hn v hn ch c dng chy qun trong tua bin. Hiu qu l tng c hiu sutca tuc bin, tng tui th ca tuc bin. Hn ch c s mi mn do dung dch khoan. Cc a stat v Rt c trong khun c bit c chiu cao b nn c th lp c nhiu tng trong cng chiu di trc so vi Tuabin khoan thng thng, do m N tng ln. Vn trong phng hng ci tin cc a rt v stat ngi ta ch to cc a rt v stat bng cht do, khng phi ton b a c ch to bng cht do m ch mt phn mng cc cnh palt cn cc vng thp th vn ch to bng thp c kh nng lin kt vi nhau. a rt th vn c, a stat th vn . u im ca loi tuc bin ny l chu mi mn caoi vi dng dung dch mang theo cc cht rn mi mn. Nhc im:- bn ca n gii hn bi iu kin nhit nn khng th dng khoan chiu su ln. 5.12.1.2. Ci tin cu trc ta. 183

Trong tuc bin khoan b phn chng b mn nht l ta chnh. V vy mi gii php u nhm tng tui th ca ta chnh. - Dng vt liuc b mt tip xc (cao su- thp) c cht lng tt. Cao su ph ch to bng cao su chu du. iu ny cng cho php s dng cht lng khoan loi nh tng ngc hoc thun. - Ch to loi ta chiu trc trt c vng ph cao su c th tho ra c. Trong trng hp vng ph cao su b mi mn c th tho rac v thay th bng vng mi, nh vy ko di thi gian lm vic ca ta . - mt s tua bin, ta chnh lp phn di Tuc Bin trn , nh vy bo m kn phn di TB v hn ch s mt mt dung dch qua . - ta chiu trc tiu th nng lng ln. V vy ngi ta ch to c nhng loi ta ln nm trong hp kn c bi trn. - Tuc bin c trc spenden. 5.12. 2. Nhng cu trc khc ca tuc bin. 5.12.2.1 Tuc bin kt hp. Tuc bin kt hp do vic du Php ch to. Tuc bin ny c lp cc a rt v stat vi cnh paltc bit gim s vng quay, kt hpvi cc a rt v stat ca TB bnh thng. Qua thay i tl ca cc a rt v stat ca 2 loi ni trn chng ta c th thu c TB hot ng n nh tng ng vi tng loi chong v cp t . 5.12.2.2. Tuc bin v bn ngoi quay. Tuc bin c v bn ngoi quay c sn sut ti Nga. L mt loi TB c s vng quay b. loi TB ny thn bn ngoi 184

TB quay v c ni vi chong v trc ca TB khng quay v ni vi ct cn khoan. Dung dch khoan i qua trc rng ca tuc bin v xung phn di ca TB v c chia thnh 2 phn.: Mt phn i ngc ln gia khong khng gian gia thn quay v trc trong c lp cc cnh rt v stat. Cn phn kia th i thng xung chong. Phn u tin ca dung dch sau khi i qua cc tng TB lm quay cc a rt v i ra ngoi khong khng vnh xuyn gia TB v thnh l khoan nhp vo dng dung dch i ln mt t. B v ti trng thu lc to nn do tn tht p sut trong TB c tc dng ngc chiu vi ti trng do tn tht thulc chong, v vy ta chnh chu ti trng nh hn. Tiu hao nng lng ta gim v tui th ca n di hn so vi tuc bin bnh thng. Ngc im: Phn dung dch chy TB khng th phc v cho qa trnh ra sch y. 5.12.2.3 ng c y th tch. (PDM Dositive Displaycement mud Motor) Thc t khoan ch ra rng, hiu qu kinh t v k thut khoan cao, khi s vng quay ca chong nm trong khong 150v/f. c c ch khoan nh vy (BH) trong khong nm 1966 - 1969 ch to c loi ng c y th tch D-170. ng c ny c to thnh bng stat vi cc rnh v rng hnh xon c, v pha bn trong v c ni vi phn di ct cn khoan qua u ni chuyn tip. Stat c 10 rng xon c. Rt pha ngoi, cng c cc rng hnh xon c. S rng ca rt t hn ca stat 1 rng.Do hnh dng v s rng khng bng nhau ca rt v stat nn rt s quay lch trc so vi stt. V th truyn chuyn ng 185

quay xung chong phi qua trc cc ng. Pha di ca dng c c lp trc spenden. Pha bn trong rng dn dung dch xung chong v bn trong trc spenden c lp ta chnh loi bi cu v cng bt kin khng cho dung dch khoan xung . Cc rng hnh xon c ca rt v stat lin tip tip xc vi nhau v to nhng bung kn theo tng bc rnh. Khi bm dung dch khoan vo ng c th rt s chuyn ng quay v n s trt qua cc rng ca stat v qua s c s t ng phn h dng . c tnh lm vic ca ng c y th tch.
Q =

n= f(P)

M f( = P)

Hnh

u im: - Cu trc n gin, b, vng chc trong qu 24 trnh lm vic - Momen v cng suttng vi s vng quay b.

f( P)

Nb = const
n=F(p)

186

Chng VI: Ch khoan Ch khoan l tng hp cc yu t nh hng n ch tiu khoan . Cc yu t thng gi l thng s ch khoan gm: 1. p lc y ( ti trng ln chong ) : Gc 2. Tc quay ca chong 3. Lu lng nc ra sut ct tnh vv.) Ch khoan no t n ch tiu cao nht v khi lngv cht lng th gi l ch khoan hp l (hoc ch khoan ti u) . Trong thc t thng phi khoan ly m, khoan trong iu kin a cht phc tp (sp l, mt nc vv.)hoc khoan m l khoan lch sang l mi Ch khoan dng trong cc trng hp gi l ch khoan c bit.
6.1. Cc yu t chn phng php khoan v thit b dn ng.

: Q

4. Cht lng nc ra (t trng, nht, thi nc, ng

Trong khoan du kh thng thng s dng ba phng php khoan. Khoan rt, khoan tuc bin, khoan bng ng c in. Hai phng php u l ch yu , phng php sau ang trong giai on th nghim cng nghip. 6.1.1. Cc yu t c bn chn phng php khoan. 6.1.1.1. su v hnh dng thn l khoan. 6.1.1.2. Tnh cht c l ca t khoan qua. Trnh k thut khoan hin i cho php khoan bng tuc bin n su 4000-4500 m. Nguyn nhan hn ch chiu su lm vic ca tuc bin l iu kinlm vic ca my bm.

187

t khi gp nhng vng m ton b mt ct a cht ca n c iu kin l tng cho mt phng php khoan. Thng thng cc on thch hpvi khoan rt hn li nm xen k vi cc on thch hp vi khoan tua bin. Trong trng hp tt nht l chn phng php khoan phi hp. xc nh cc on khoan bng rt v tuc bin, nn tin hnh khoan ng thi hay ln lt hai hoc 4 l khoan. Mt (hoc hai) l khoan t u n cui bng tuc bin v mt (hoc hai ) ch khoan bng rt. So snh kt qu khoan tng on cc l khoa ny, chng ta xc nh ranh gii s dng cc phng php khoan t hiu qu khoan cao. Kinh nghim nhiu nm ch ra rng, khi khoan nghing nh hng th ch nn dng phng php khoan tuc bin , v phng php ny t cc ch tiu kinh t k thut cao hn phng php khoan rot c dng mng xin. 6.1.1.3 Trong thit b dn ng: Thng thng khi khoan khai thc th dn ng bng in, cn khi khoan thn thm d th bng ng c t trong. Khoan dn ng bng in r hn nhiu so vi dn ng bng ng c t trong.My khoan chy bng in lp rp nh nhng v n gin hn, trong qu trnh khoan khng cn vn chuyn mt mt khi lng du m rt ln, s ngi phc v t hn, yu t c bn chn thit b dn ng lvng tin hnh khoan c ngun in li hay khng. Nu khoan gin mng in cng nghip v vic dn in n khoan trng khng chi ph nhiu th nn dn ng bng in ngay c l khoan ring l.
6.2. Cc ch tiu kinh t- k thut nh gi hiu qu khoan ging.

188

Hiu qu ca qu trnh khoan ging c nh gi qua nhng ch tiu kinh t - k thut: kh lng v cht lng. 6.2.1.Cc ch tiu c bn v cht lng. - Bo m thng ng hoc hng nh ca l khoan . - Khng lm nh hng ntnh cht c l ca tng sn phm. - Phi t n tng sn phm cui cng ca ging khoan. chiu su thit k. 6.2.2. Cc ch tiu v khi lng: Cc ch ti v khi lng c nh gi thng qua cc ch tiu v kinh t v k thut sau y: 6.2.2.1. Vn tc c hc ca chong khoan: vch= khoan) Trong : hc , tc: chiu su khoan c v thi gian khoan ca chong . 6.2.2.2. Vn tc hip: vh = khoan) Tnt: thi gian nng th ct cn khoan v thay chong. 6.2.2.3. Vn tc k thut: vt= = (m/thng - my)(1 thng 1 my khoan c,m) -Ts = Tc + T nt+ Tt l thi gian sn xut. Ttthi gian thc hin cc cng tc c bit trong l khoan, (chng ng trm ximng, thc hin cc php o trong l khoan, gia cng dung dch) 6.2.2.4. Vn tc thng mi: Vmt== . (m/thng-my) 189 (m/h). (Vn tc chong trong t/g 1 hip (m/h).(Vn tc tin su ca chong khi

Tf - Thi gian thc hincc cng tc khng cn thit cho cng tc khoan, nh gii quyt cc s c kthut, sa cha thit b v dng c khoan. Ngng lm vic do thiu nhin liu, vt t hoc cng tc t chckhc T - tng thi gian khoan ging, t khi bt u n khi kt thc. 6.2.2.5. Gi thnh mt mt khoan: C = (VND/m) Trong : Cc gi thnh ca chong khoan. C0 gi thnh trong mt gilm vic ca thit b khoan. bao gm: - Bo dng thit b. - Tin sa cha cn khoan , tuc bin, bo qun thit b - Tin nng lng v cht t. - Lng cng nhn v chi ph gin tip.
6.3. nh hng cc thng s ch khoan n ch tiulm vic ca chong.

Ph hu l mt qu trnh rt phc tp do c mt s lin h cht ch gia cc thng s ca ch khoan, phn tch nh hng ca cc thng s ch khoan n ch tiu lm vic ca chong, chng ta tin hnh phn tch ring bit tng thng s trn c s gi cc thng s khc khng i v chng ta cng xc nh c mt vi lin quan gia cc thng s. 6.3.1. nh hng ca ti trng y n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong Ph hu t y l khoan l kt qu n t ca rng chong vo t v s chuyn di trn mt phng y ca chong khoan (chuyn ng quay ) ngp ca rng chong ph thuc vo ti trng chiu trc, cng ca 190

t hnh dng v mn ca rng. Ti trng cng ln th chiu su ngp cng ln. Nh vy ti trng cng tng th vn tc c hc cng tng. Ti trng ring : G r= chong vi t . xt s nh hng ca ti trng n ch tiu lm vic ca chong ta gi n = const.
Vch c3 c2 c1
b a

Atx din tch tip xc ca rng

q3 q2 q1

gA

gB

Gr

Hnh25

- Gr<

(on O-A)

+ Nu ti trng ring nh hn cng ca t , t b ph min ph hy b mt. Trong min ny s tng ca vch v tng ti trng y theo mt ng thng rt thp. Hiu qu ph hu t rt thp , chong b mi mn nhanh . - Khi Gf> (on B-C) t b ph hu trong phm vi ca min ph hu th tch. Trong phm vi ny v ch tng ln rt nhanh vi s gia tng ca ti trng theo ng BC. Trong min ny nng lng ph hu t cng t hn. Vn tc mi mn ca chong cng b hn. (on A-B) - Gia hai min ny l min ph hu do hin tng mi ng cong AB.

191

Nu nh theo di ti trng ring ti im C, dng cho mi Q. Vn tc c hc s tng ln rt chm v c su hng gim. Nguyn nhn khi tng Gr lu lng Q khng ra sch y l khoan. t b ph hu li y v lm gim ngpca rng chong v t . Do vn tc c hc khong tng ln c v s c xu hng gim dn . Khi nghin cuv tin ca chong theo t trng cc phng php khoan h,v rt v tuc h bin tavc th sau:
n,h,v

v
n h

0
Hnh26: khoan Roto

Hnh27: khoan tua bin

6.3.2. nh hng ca s vng quay n ch tiu lm vic ca chong. - Kt qu nghin cu ca srynher ch ra rng: khi khoan bng chong chp xoay, nu tng s vng quay n th su ngp ca rng chong gim xung . Ngc li khi tng s vng quay s lm tng s ln va p ca rng chong xung t . Do ty thuc yu t ny hay yu t khc n s lm tng hiu sutlm vic ca chong, nhng li lm gim tui th ca n rt nhiu. Nh vy khi tng tc quay ca chong chp xoay th tc c hc khoan c th tng hoc gim xung, tu theo yu t no (trong cc yu t ni trn) c u th hn trong iu kin h cho.
c

hc, Tc

Tc Hnh 28

192

Khi khoan dn hoc dn do m " h s do" khng ln lm th tc c hc khoan cc i c th t c vi s vng quay rt ln (hng ngn vng trong mt pht ) Cn i vi t do, c bit l t khng b ph hu dn th tc c hc khoan cc i c th t c vi s vng nh
6.3.nh hng ca cc thng s thu lc n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong.

Hai chc nng quan trng nht ca dung dch khoan l : - Ra sch y l khoan. - Vn chuyn t ph hu y l khoan lm mt t . Qua "ra sch y l khoan " chng ta hiu rng cn phi thc hin mt tun hon dung dch khoan vi lu lng, vn tc vi phun v tnh cht ca dung dch m bo tch v cun sch mn khoan y mt cch nhanh chng. Trong trng hp ny vn tc c hc s l cc i. Trng hp ngc li di y l khoan s tch lu mn khoan gy nn hin tng bt chong gim chiu su ngp ca rng v vn tc c hc s gim. Tm li chng ta phi s dng mt lu lngv vn tc vi phun ln m bo vic sch y l khoan. 6.3.1 nh hng ring bit ca lu lng v vn tc vi phun. 6.3.1.1 nh hng ca lu lng. Gi n = const, Gc = const . Chng ta nhn thy rng vn tc c hc tng vi s tng ca Q. Vi mt gi tr no th v khng tng c na bi v chng tho mn vi mt ti trng v s vng quay khng i 193

Bin thin gia vn tc c hc v lu lng theo cng thc sau y:

vch

V=
Hnh 29 Trong : a, b l hai hng s ph thuc vo tnh cht q

c l ca t v cc i lng Q, n v tng loi cu trc ca chong. 6.3.1.2. nh hng ca tia dung dich khi ra khi vi phun. Qua vic tng vn tc ca dung dch ra khi vi phun chong, ngay c trong lc gi Q = const, vn tc c hc cng tng khi vj = 70 80 m/s n c tc dng tch cc mng b ph hu y l khoan. Tng vj c hiu lc tt hn tng Q bi v vj cn v tc dng khng cho mn khoan bt chong. Chng ta thy rng tng v1 qu ln th Vchtng khng ng
vchsut ln chong. k v a n tn tht v p
ch

70 130

vj m/s

6.3.2. nh hng phi hp gia Q v v1

Hnh 30 7 130 0 Hnh 30

vj m/s

Ngi ta nghin cu s phi hp gia Q v v 1di dng cc thng s lc p thulc v cng sutthu lc chong. 6.3.2.1. Lc p thu lc. Fi = = (m. v2- m. v1) = Q (v2 - v1) Trong : v1v2l vn tc trc v sau va chm. : Khi lng ring ca dung dch. Trc khi va p vn tc vi phun l v2 sau khi va p khng ng k. 194

Fi = .Q.vj Qu th nghim chng ta thy rng vn tc c hc tng rt nhanh vi vi .Q.vj n mt gi tr nht nh no th tng t. 6.3.2.2. Cng sut thu lc chong. Nt= Q. Pc. Pc : tn tht p lc chong khoan. Pc= vi . h s lu lng vi ( = 0,42 . 0,48). Nt= .Q vj2. Kt lun : chng ta nhn thy rng v chtng vi s tng ca Nt do tng vi tch Q.vj2.
6.4. nh hng ca cht lng dung dch khoan n cc ch tiu lm vic ca chong.

6.4.1. Trng lng ring ca dung dch. Chng ta nhn thy rng nu khoan vi dung dch c trng lng ring . Vn tc c hc s ln, thi gian khoan s gim. nh hng ca i vi vch c gii thch bng p sutchnh lch y lm mn khoan kh tch ra v t y cn b nn cht hn nht l t mm.
t 1 2 3
h

1- Khoan bng dung dch st 2- Khoan bng nc l 3- Khoan thi kh

P = Ptt- Pv khoan . Pv p sut va

Hnh 31

Ptt p sutthu tnh do ct p ca dung dch khoan trong l

195

H, T su thc t ca ging v thi gian thc t khoan. p sutchnh lch c nh hng n tc c hc khoan do hai yu t. 6.4.1.1. Thay i cng ca t . cng t y l khoan c xc nh bng cng thc: = 0 + k(Ptt- Pv` ) 0 l cng ca (kG/cm2) tng loi nh . 5,5 (Ptt- Pv`) - Chong chp xoay K= t iu kin kh quyn: k l mt h s ph thuc vo chong khoan, ngi ta xc 0

- Chong kim cng K =6,5 - Chong li ct Hnh 32 6.4.1.2. Thay i lc gi gia mng t d b ph hu y ging khoan. Nu mt rng ca chong cm vo . Bn cnh phn b ph v pha di rng chong (phn a) n cn ko theo mt th tch b ph hu xung quanh n ( Phn b). ln hn th tch (a) rt nhiu ln. p sut chnh lch gia dung dch khoan v cht lng trong va c xu hng gi mng t b ph hu . Trong thi gian tc ngca rng, t y ln rt kh do lc ma st. p sut chnh lch cng ln bao nhiu, lc ma st cng
a f b p Ptt

K=5

196
P

ln by nhiu . Sau khi rng chong ri ra khi chng, mng b ph hu cun di di tc dng ca dng dung dch li cng kh do lc ma st v lc vung gc vi n nh ni trn. mng b ph hu d dng cun i di tc dng ca dng dung dch hay ca rng, p sut b mt trt phi tng ln v cn bng vi p sut thu tnh ca ct dung dch. Cn bng p sut xy ra do:

Hnh 33 - Dung dch khoan thm vo l hng, khe nt ca mng b ph hu, ni tm li gim ti trng ring ca dung dch khoan tc l gim p sut chnh lch P tt- Pvcn gi l "p sut gi" . Lm tng thm hiu qu ph . 6.4.2. thot nc ca dung dch Nh ta bit thot nc ca dung dch cng ln th p sutchnh lch Ptt - Pv`cng b. Bi v vn tc cn bng p sutcng ln . Do dng nc l khoan ta thu cvn tc ln vch. Nhng dung dch c thot nc b n s li mt mng st c thm b v n s gy mt gredien p sutln trong chiu su ngp ca rng chong. Hn na mng st y s lm chm s tip xc gia rng v v chng hn hp vi mn khoan to nn mt hn hp do gy kh khn cho s ra ca dung dch . Do nu t thnh l khoan 197

n nh c th nn khoan vi dung dch c thot nc ln.

6.4.3. Hm lng cht rn. Hm lng cht rn bao gm st, barit, ct v mn khoan trong qu trnh khoan. Tng hm lng cht rn tc l tng ca dung dch a n tng p sutchnh lch P tt - Pv , hu qu l gim vch . Hm lng cht rn s gy mi mn cc b phn trong h thng tun hon. Bm, ct cn khoan, chong khoan v.v...
6.5. Thit k ch khoan.

Qua thit k ch khoan chng ta hiu rng l chn v tnh ton cc thng s ch khoan mt cch hp l. Xut pht t yu cu c bn l phi khoan l khoan vi thi gian ngn nht, cht lng cao v tit kim vt t. Trc khi chn ch d khoan cn phi: 1. Nghin cu cn thn cc iu kin a cht (a tng kin to) ca vng s khoan v tnh cht c l ca t . 2. D kin cc on c th xy ra hin tng phc tp. (sp l, mt nc, phun) v xc nh p lc ca va khai thc. 3). Nghin cu kh nng cong t nhin ca ging khoan, cc bin php phng cong p dng, hiu qu ca cc phng php . 4). Tu theo iu kin a cht m: a. Chn nc ra, xc nh cc thng s ca n khoan cc tng khc nhau. 198

b. Chn phng php khoan cho tng on. c. Chn loi chong khoan cc tng. Nu khoan vng m trc y cha c khoan su th phi da vo kt qu khoan cc vng c iu kin a cht tng t m xc nh cc iu ni trn. Tu theo phng php khoan, tnh cht t , cht lng nc ra, kiu chong khoan chn m xc nhGc, Q v n. Khi d phng php khoan no cng cn tho mn cc yu cu sau: 1. Tn dng tt nht kh nng ca t hp thit b khoan. 2. Chn nc ra c t trng, nht v ng sutct tnh b nht , nu c th. 3. Lu lng nc ra phi ra sch y l khoan v a mn khoan ln mt t. V vy, vic chn ch khoan hp l ph thuc vo phng php khoan nn chng ta cn xt tng phng php mt. 6.5.1. Thit k ch khoan khi khoan bng chon g kim cng. C th chng ta s xc nh cc thng s chnh: Q, G c, n. 6.5.1.1. Lu lng trong khoan kim cng c xc nh qua biu thc sau: Q = q. S (l/s). Trong : q - h s lm sch y l khoan, c c trng bng t lu lng trn mt n v din tch y l khoan. n v : . Gi tr q dao ng t :0,06 0,10cm3/s.cm2; S Din tch y, l khoan n v l cm2 S = K. 199

Trong : K - H s m rng y l khoan so vi ng knh chong khoan. K Dao ng trong khong 1,05 1,30 Dc - ng knh chong kim cng. 6.5.1.2. Xc nh ti trng y ln chong. Ti trng chiu trc ln chong kim cng c xc nh theo cng thc sau: Gc= a. . Stx Trong d : h s tnh n s c trng ph hu t y v bn ca kim cng: a =0,5 0,8 Stx- Din tch tip xc gia kim cng v y l khoan, ph thuc vo kch thc v loi chong (c th tra bng). Stxcng c th tnh bng cng thc sau: Stx= 0,03 . d c Kt. dc : ng knh trung bnh ca kim cng (mm). Kt- S kim cng b mt ph hu pha di ca chong . Khi bt u khoan bng chong mi, ti trng khng c vt qu 0,5 -1 tn. i vi t nt n, ti trng nn gim 50% so vi g tr tnh ton. 6.5.1.3. Xc inh s vng quay ca chong. Vn tc quay ca chong kim cng c th xc nh qua biu thc n= (v/ph). Trong : Dc- ng knh ca chong kim cng (m). d - vn tc di gii hn ca chong . d= 3 5 m/s . 6.5.2. Thit k ch khoan Tuc Bin. 200

6.5.2.1. Xc nh lu lng trong khoan tuc bin. u on khoan thit k chng ta c th tnh ton lu lng ln nht cho php Qmax.. Qmax= l/s ng thi chng ta cng tnh mt lu lng ti thiu Qmin m bo ra sch y l khoan v nng ht mn khoan ln mt t. Qmin= 0,785 . 103(Dc2 - D2) vmin= (Dc2 - D2) vmin Lu lng chng ta chn s nm trong khong: Qmin< Q< Q
max.

chn Q chng ta phi da vo c tnh k thut ca c bm dung dch na. Khi chn c Q chng ta tnh ton chiu su cho php khoan vi lu lng chn theo cng thc. Lcf = Nu nh chiu su cho php m chng ta tnh c b hn chiu su thit k th kt hp vi c tnh ca my bm chng ta chn mt lu lng b hn lu lng trc nhng vn nm trong khon Qmin v Qmax. ng thi tnh Lcf vi lu lng sau chn, v c th cho n ht chiu su. N. Cng sut truyn ca bm b. Hiu sut ca bm. A. H s tn tht p sut khng ph thuc vo chiu di cn khoan. A = abm+ a cnl cn+ ac + at ac - h s tn tht p sut cc l thot nc ca chong. ac= F. tng din tch cc l thot nc ca chong. Ap: h s tn tht p sutca tuc bin. Pt = Ap . . Q2 . Ap = 201 (m lc).

B: l h s tn tht p sut h thng tun hon ph thuc vo chiu di cn khoan. B= ac+ + avx (l - Chiu di ca cn dng) 6.5.2.2. Xc nh ti trng chiu trc G c: Trc khi chn G chng ta cn xc nh cc ti trng sau y: + G1F. . Ti trng b nht m bo cho chong ph hu t trong min ph hu th tch. F: Din tch tip xc ca rng chong v t y l khoan. F= Trong : 1,05 2. k - h s mi mn ca rng chong, k = 1 1,5 + Ti trng G2 G2= Gt.Dc. Gt - t ti trng: Ti trng trn mt cm ng knh chong; Dc - ng knh chong, cm + Ti trng G3: Ti trng ln nht cho php xung chong, thng thng s liu do nh my quy nh (c th tra bng) . + Ti trng G4: Ti trng chn lc ngoi thc t theo s liu thng k cc l khoan gn y cho nng sut cao nht. + Xc nh ti trng hm tuc bin: Gf Xut pht t cng thc: Mc= Mt- M Suy ra . Mr. Gf= Mf - r(Gf - Gth); Mr .Gf = Mf - r.Gf+ r.Gth Gf = Trong : Mr= 4,53 K.D c Mr T momen : s tng momen ca tuc bin khi ti trng tng ln 1 n v. 202 z - h s ph ca rng , gi tr trung bnh

Thng thng Mr nm trong khong 5 15 KG./1 tn . Gth= Gth + Gq. Mf = 2.M0 xc nh tip: GM = (0,8 0,9).Gf Ti trng m bo cho tuabin t momen cc i. GN = (0,6 0,7).Gf Ti trng m bo cho tuabin t cng sut cc i. chn ti trng cho khoan tuc bin. G chng ta cn chn nh sau: G > G1, G G2, G G4, G< G3 ; G < GM; G GN. 6.5.3. Xc inh s vng quay trong khoan tuc bin. Sau khi xc inh c Q v G, chng ta tin hnh tnh vn tc quay n. xut pht t cng thc: Mt= Mc+ M. Mf (1 - ) = Mc +M. Suy ra n = nkt- (Mc + M). Trong nkt l s vng quay khng ti nkt= 2n0. chng ta c th tnh n0 theo cng thc. n0= An. Q M=r Gth- G Mc = 4,53 . K . Gc. Dc. K: h s c k n s mi mn ca chp xoay : k= 0,2 0,3 Chong cn mi : k = 0,1 0,2
6.6. Thit k ch khoan rt.

M0 = AM. Q2.

Sau khi xc nh c ti trnghm tucbin G f chng ta

6.6.1. Xc nh lu lng bm. Cng nh trong khoan tucbin , chng ta cng cn xc nh Qmax u khong thit k, Qmin . Da vo c tnh k thut ca bm chn Q. Qmax > Q> Qmin 203

Qmax =

(l/s).

N. Cng sut t ng c n bm (m lc ) b : hiu sut truyn t ng c n bm: A = abm+ acn. lcn. + ac. B = at + + avx Lu lng ti thiu nng mn khoan v ra sch y. Qmin = 0,785 . 103 (Dc 3 - D2 ).Vmin. Vi lu lng Q chn ta c th xc nh chiu su cho php khoan vi lu lng : Lcf= , m Nu Lcf cha t n chiu su thit k, chng ta chn lu lng b hn nhng vn nm trong gii hn Q max < Q < Qminv chiu su cho php khoan s tng ln. 6.6.2. Xc nh ti trng chiu trc ln chong khoan. xc nh ti trng y ln chong khoan, chng ta cn xc nh gi tr ca my ti trng sau. G1 F. G2= GtDc G3 = Gmax G4 Ti trng chn lc bng phng php thng k. chn G chng ta cn lu : G > G1, G G2, G G4 ; G < Gmax 6.6.3.Chn s vng quay n (vng/pht). Khi xc nh s vng quay hp l ca chong, cn cn c vo kinh nghim khoan trc ti vng theo phng php thng k. Cn phi tnh n s hn ch do bn ca ct cn khoan v cng sut truyn lc cho chong. Ngi ta chn s vng quay trong mt pht ca chong nm trong khong 90 300 v/f. 0 =

204

Chn n cng ch yu da vo s tc ca my khoan. Thng thng my khoan c nhiu tc , mi tc tng ng vi mt s vng quay nht nh . Da vo cng sut ca thit b, s vng quay tng tc m chng ta c th tnh c chiu su chuyn tc ca bn quay rt. Trn c s lp phng trnh cn bng cng sut sau: Nrt= Nbm + Nkt + Nc . Cng sut tiu hao trn mt : Nbm= a1 n + a2n2 . a1, a2, l h s thc nghim c th ly theo bng di y: Trong mi trng hp:
H s thc Truyn ng qua Truyn ng t Truyn ng t ng c hp gim tc hai ng ng c. 2,5 . 10-2 0,12 . 10-3 c bng qua hp gim tc v ti khoan bn tc . 1,17. 10-1 0, 12 . 10-8 dy ai thang 1,3 . 10-2 0,12 . 10-3

nghim a1 a2

* Cng sut quay ct cn khoan khng ti: Nkt= C. . D2.n1,7.l C. L mt h s ph thuc vo cong ca ging khoan. D. ng knh ngoi ca cn khoan. (m) . Trng lng ring ca dung dch n. Vn tc quay ca bn Roto l. Chiu di cn khoan, m N0 1 2 3 4 5 6 gc 0 30 350 69 1016 1725 2635 h s C 18,8 . 10-5 22,628,8 . 30,834,3 . 35,240,3 . 41,546,6 . 47,552,2 . 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5 10-5

205

* Cng sut tiu hao cho ma st gia chong khoan v t , cho s ph hu t . Nc = 34,2 . 10-4 .K.Gc.Dc.n K: l mt h s ph thuc vo mi mn ca chong . Thay Nbm, Nkt, Ncvo phng trnh tnh Nr. Chng ta c th xc nh c chiu di chuyn tc . Lcf = Nu chiu su l khoan ln hn chiu su cho php th chng ta phi chuyn sang tc c s vng quay nh hn.
6.7. S dng ng h o trng lng.

6.7.1. Cng dng: Dng xc nh ti trng trn mc nng ca h palng. Xc nh tr s p lc y trong mi thi im trong qu trnh khoan. c s dng c khi cu kt, th ng trung gian v ng khai thc. Vic ch theo di ng h trng lng gip chng ta ngn nga c s c trong qu trnh th cn khoan v trong cc cng tc khc. Da vo biu ca ng h t ghi, cc cn b k thut cng trnh c th nghin cu qu trnh khoan, ra ch khoan v kim tra vic thc hin chng. 6.7.2.Cu to cc ng h o trng lng: Hin nay ngi ta thng dng ng h o trng lng bng thu lc v n c mc u cp cht.
Dy cp

B ng h o trng lng

206

Thnh phn cu to ca ng h o trng lng bao gm b bin p (1) mc u cp cht, ng h vecn (4) v ng h t ghi(5), bnh cht lng, (6) v mt bm tay (7) bm cht lng t bnh (6) cho h thng qua ng ng (8). Bung bin p bao gm v (11) v piston hnh a (9) bn trong bung bin p. Dy cp palng chui qua rng rc (10) ca v. 6.7.3. Nguyn l lm vic: Do dy cp b un nn n tc dng mt lc lm piston (mng mng) (9). Piston s p ln bung bng cao su cha y cht lng(1). Cht lng s truyn ng lc qua h thng ng n ng h ch (3), ng h vecn (4), ng h t ghi (5). Bm tay (7) bm cht lng t bnh cha (6) vo h thng ng h qua ng ng (8). Mt chia ca ng h ch trng lng (3) c 400 vch chia. Thng thng, b ng h trng lng cn c thm vecn. Vecn l mt p k mnh c vng chia kn vi 40 vch chia khng chi s. Nh vy dng Vecn xc nh p lc y thun li hn. Ton b h thng thu lc c cha y nc, v ma ng th cha hn hp nc vi ru hoc vi glixrin. Cht lng cha trong h thng thu lc phi trung tnh ( i vi axit v kim) c h s gin n nh, khng ho tan cao su v khng b ng c. Thng thng s dng dung dch 50% glixrin trong nc l tt nht.

Fc

A.Din

tch

ca

piston

hnh a. Lc tc dng xung bung cht lng R = A.p P. l p sut bung cht lng. 207

R l y Fc

Mt khc: R = 2Fc . sin suy ra. p = ; Fc l lc u cp cht (sc cng) gc rt nh nn chng ta coi sin tg = p= = . Vy: F c = . Trng lng mc nng c tnh bng cng thc. Fm= 2n.Fc = 2.n. n - l s nhnh cp ng h thng palng. Bi v gc thay i theo lc cng u cp cht nn p sut bung cht lng khng t l thun vi trng lng mc nng. Do cc nc chia ng h trng lng khng phi l n v trng lng, m n l nhng n v tng i. mi ng h c mt bng thuyt minh, nh cc bng thuyt minh ny chng ta c th bin cc n v tng ng thnh n v trng lng. V d 1. mt ng h o trng lng, khi chong khoan treo trn y l khoan, chng ta c ng h o c 67 vch. H thng palng l 5x6 hy tnh: = 10). a). Trng lng ca ct cn trong dung dch. b). Nu chng ta mun th ti trng xung chong khong 10 tn, th ng h cn ch bao nhiu vch. Bit rng trng lng cht 500 KG. Bng thuyt minh Vc h 10 . 208 Trng lng 500 (s dy cp ng n

. . 60 70 a). 60 vch 9450 KG 70 vch 11500 Mt vch ng h o trong khong ny s l: 1 vch = = 205 KG/vch Trng lng u mc nng (trng lng cn khoan + Gcht) G = n . Fc - Gcht Fc- Lc cng u cp cht khi treo ton b trng lng ct cn nm trong dung dch. (trng lng ca 67 vch = 60 vch + 7 vch) Fc = 9450 + 7.205 = 10.885 kG. G = 10. Fc - 500 kG = 108350 kG. G = 10 . 10885 - 500 = 108350 kG. b. Nu nh chng ta th mt ti trng 10 tn xung chong. Chng ta xc nh s vch tng ng vi ti trng10 tn l: = = = 5 vch. Nh vy th ti trng 10 tn xung chong th s vch ng h o trng lng s l 67 - 5 = 62 vch . 6.7.4. Cch c biu trng lng. Da vo biu trng lng ca ng h t ghi , ta c t nh gi c cng tc khoan, theo di vic chp hnh ch khoan ca t khoan. Mi s thay i trng lng ca ct cn khoan treo trn mc nng trong mt ngy m u c ghi li trn biu . Biu l mt t giy hnh trn trn c 100 vng trn ng tm . C 10 vng li c 1 vng m tng ng vi 10 100 chia ca ng h o trng lng. Nh vy khong cch gia hai ng trn cnh nhau s tng ng vi mt chia ca ng h o trng lng. Vng trn ngoi cng c chia thnh 24 phn bng nhau tng ng vi 24 gi trong mt ngy m. Biu ny c c cu quay 209 9450 11500

ging nh c cu ca ng h. Nu ng biu d chy song song vi ng trn th c ngha l ti trng trn mc nng khng thay i trong thi gian . Tnh trng ny c th xy ra khi ngng khoan hoc khi khoan vi ti trng khng i. Nu ng biu song song vi ng cong hng tm th c ngha l c s thay i tc thi v ti trng mc nng. Cc ng ca biu ghi li s thay i cc ti trng mc nng theo thi gian . Nn khi nhn vo biu chng ta c th xc nh c din bin ca l khoan trong mt ngy m. Ko, th, thay chong, bm ra v.v... p lc y c th xc inh bng hiu s trng lng ton b ct cn khoan v trng lng phn cn khoan treo trn mc . Trn biu p lc y xc inh bng khong cch gia ng trn tng ng vi lch ln nht ca kim ng h vo cui lc th cn v lch b nht ca kim ng h
2 1 trong qu trnh khoan. chia 2 2 trn ng h phi i ra

tn.
2 0 1 9 1 8 1 7

2 1

2 2

3 4 5 6
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

7 8 9 1 0

1 6

1 5

1 4

1 3

1 2

1 1

Chng VII iu chnh hng l khoan . Trong qu trnh khoan, l khoan c th c cc hng sau y.

210 a
b

1. L khoan hon ton thng ng (hnh a). 2. L khoan nghing i so vi ng thng ng (hnh b). 3. L khoan cong u trong mt mt phng (hnh c) 4. L khoan cong trong khng gian (hnh d).
7.1.Chng cong cc l khoan thng ng.

7.1.1. Hu qu ca vic cong l khoan. L khoan thng ng phi c lch b nht so vi ng thng ng m iu kin k thut cho php. K thut khoan hin i cho php khoan cc l khoan thng ng ch cong n 20 - 30. - Trong cc l khoan cong c bit l nhng ch hng cong thay i t ngt, cng tc khoan bnh thng s gp kh khn. - Nu xy ra t gy dng c khoan th cu cha rt phc tp. - Vic chng ng s gp kh khn do ma st vi thnh ng qu ln. - Trm xi mng kh bo m cht lng ero. - S cong l khoan lm cho y l khoan sai lch i nhiu v khai thc sn phm khng ng ch, gy kh khn cho cng tc nghin cu a cht, lm sai lch khi nim v b dy thc ca va, c th l nguyn nhn gy ra sai lm khi xc nh su th ng chng. 7.1.2 . Nguyn nhn cong l khoan.,

211

- Cc l khoan thng ng hay b cong lch v vic kim tra hng ca l khoan c tin hnh t hn so vi khi khoan nghing nh hng. Thiu kim tra v thiu cc bin php ngn nga dn n cong l khoan v y lch i rt nhiu. - Trong qu trnh khoan tuc bin, hin tng cong do nhiu yu t: Mt s yu t gi l yu t k thut hon ton ph thuc vo vic t chc qu trnh khoan. Chng mang tnh cht ngu nhin v c th khc phc c nh: Chnh tm thp khng ng, cn khoan lp trn TB b cong, ren ni gia cn khoan v u ni tuc bin b lch v.v... Mt s yu t khc khng ph thuc vo vic t chc cng tc khoan v khng th loi tr c dng trong qu trnh khoan, ch c th tm cch hn ch nh hng ca chng m thi. Cc yu t l: - Trng thi phn di ca ct cn khoan do p lc y to ra cc lc tc dng theo hng vung gc vi trc ca chong khi khoan qua cc lp t c cng khc nhau vi th nm dc ng. 7.1.3. phng cong l khoan Ngoi vic xy lp thit b cho chun th khi chn b dng c chng cong, ngi ta da vo ba nguyn tc . - Nguyn tc dy di -Nguyn tc inh tm chong khoan trong l khoan. - Nguyn tc hiu ng con quay ca vt th quay lp di tuc bin 7.1.3.1. Chn b dng c khoan theo nguyn tc dy di: Cc nh bc hc M Vudx v Liubinxki ra l thuyt v s hot ng ca b dng c phn di ca ct 212

cn khoan, khi khoan rt. L thuyt da trn c s phn tch dng un ca ct cn khoan vi gi thuyt l ct cn khoan lun lun quay xung quanh trc l khoan . Gi thuyt ny cho php b qua nh hng ca lc ly tm xut hin khi quay ct cn khoan m ch nghin cu s un do tc dng ca trng lng bn thn v p lc nn chiu trc. V vy ton b l thuyt ca Vudx, Liubinxki v cc kt lun ca ca n c ng dng khi khoan bng cc ng c t ngm trong l khoan (tuc bin, khoan in) * iu kin khoan tt nht l gi cho ct cn khoan dng thng ng tc l khi ti trng ln chong nh hn lc ti hn bc mt. Nhng nhng ti trng nh th thng khng khoan, tc khoan thp. Khi ti trng tng dn n gi tr ti hn th ct cn khoan b un v tip xc vi thnh l khoan. Tip tc tng ti trng ln na, n s t ti mt gi tr ti hn mi, khi ct cn khoan b un bc 2, nu cn tng ti trng thm na th s xy ra un bc ba, bc bn. * gi cho l khoan thng, tt nht l nn khoan vi p lc gn bng p lc ti hn bc ba, khng nn dng cc p lc y nh, m vi cc p lc cn cng b un cong, * Nu cn khoan vi p lc y ln th vic s dng y cn nng cng s cho php trnh c hin tng un bc cao. (v un bc cao i vi cn nng cng i hi momen ln . ) * Nu khng th khoan vi p lc y nh hn lc gy ra un dc, th hn ch hin tng un dc, ngi ta dng cc b phn nh tm lp ng ch theo chiu di ct cn khoan. Cc b phn nh tm phi cch chong mt khong ln nht (sao cho on t chong n nh tm khng tip xc vi thnh l khoan on t chong n ch lp nh 213

tm ph thuc vo cng cn nng, D ck, gc lch l khoan v p lc y) . Chn khong cch ny c th da theo biu :
l(m) 40 30 20 10 0 10 2 3 4 6 10 15 20 30 40

2 3 4 6 10 15

2 4 3

6 10 15 20 30 40 10 20 30 40 Gc(T)

10

a).219 mm

b). 216mm

c) 203mm

Hnh v : Biu tnh (l) vi chong = 251mm c cn nng (a, b, c) * Theo l thuyt th ch lp mt b nh tm khong cch hp l l . Tuy vy, trn thc t th vic lp thm mt s b nh tm ph pha trn b nh tm th nht cng mang li hiu qu tt. * Cn trnh vic thay i p lc lc t ngt. Vic thay i Gc trong mt khong ln cn phi tin hnh t t, qua 5 10mt khoan. 7.1.3.2. B dng c lm vic da theo nguyn tc nh tm chong khoan. Trong nhng iu kin rt d gy ra cong l khoan, b dng c da trn nguyn tc dy di nhiu khi khng mang li kt qu tt. Trong nhng trng hp dng b dng c theo nguyn tc nh tm chong trong l khoan thng thu c kt qu tt nht. v d, dng b dng c nh hnh v trn. B dng c hnh bn dc dng trong khoan tua bin . Tuy vy cng c th dng chng trong khoan rt cng cho vi kt qu tt . Trong trng hp ny phi thay tuc bin bng cn nng c ng knh tng ng . 214

Hnh a. Dng trong iu kin t c khuynh hng lm cong l khoan trong t rn chc n nh . Hnh b. Dng trong iu kin d b cong.

1).Cn khoan. 2)B phn nh tm. 3). Cn nng 4) Tuc bin khoan. 5) Chong khoan. 6) B chnh tm lp trn

chong.

o cong l khoan, hin nay ngi ta dng cc dng c o lch (kinmet) v dng c c axit flohyric. Dng c c axit flohydric c s dung nhiu nht l dng petrvan.

7.1.4. Cha cong l khoan. Trong qu trnh khoan, l khoan c th b cong n mc khng th khoan tip c na, v k thut khng cho php hocv khng c ch li thc t na. Trong trng hp ny c th dng hai cch. 1. B l khoan. 2. Cha li l khoan bng cch khoan li. 215

C th cha cong bng phng php khoan tuc bin hoc rt. cha l khoan, trc ht phi o cong ca ton b phn l khoan, nm trn ch cong nht, chn on l khoan no thng ng nht . di on l khoan thng ng ngi ta t cu ximng. Sau khi ximng ng rn, ngi ta m l khoan mi. Nn m l khoan mi trong t c bn thp hn bn xi mng. Tc c hc khong 10 - 12cm/h. Khi ming l khoan mi va c to thnh, tc l lc mn khoan khng cn xut hin vn xi mng na th c th tng p lc y ln n mc bnh thng. vch c th tng ln 20cm/h Khi khoan m l khoan mi bng tuc bin th ngi ta dng chong 3 chp xoay thng thng. C th sa cha cong l khoan bng phng php rt. Trnh t m l khoan v ch khoan cng tng t nh trn.
7.2. Khoan cc l khoan nghing nh hng.

7.2.1. Mc ch ca khoan nh hng. Qua khoan nh hng chng ta hiu rng . Khoan xin l khoan theo mt hng mong mun v y ca l khoan cch phng thng ng ca l khoan mt khong no . Do mun khoan c nhng l khoan ny chng ta phi thi cng ging khoan bng nhng dng c v k thut c bit theo mt ct ca ging khoan cho trc. Ngi ta dng khoan nghing nh hng d : 1.Khoan di khu vc c nh hoc c cc cng trnh cng nghip . 2. Khoan di vng m ly, sng h hoc cc khe c b dc ng. 3. Khoan t trn xung di y bin. 4. Khoan ngoi bin 216

5. Khoan nhng m c va cm dc ng . Ngoi ra khoan nghing cn c dng trong trng hp b kt cc dng c trong l khoan m khng ly ln c . Khi ngi ta khoan l khoan nhnh mi, lch khi l khoan c. Khoan xin dp tt cc l khoan b phun t do bng cch khoan mt l khoan c y gn y ca l khoan ang b phun bm dung dch dp. C hai phng php khoan nghing nh hng: 7.2.1.1. Phng php khoan nghing bng rt: l qu trnh un cong l khoan mt cch gin on, bng nhiu ln khoan lch hng k tip nhau. 7.2.1.2.Khoan nghing nh hng bng phng php khoan tua bin. Thc cht ca phng php ny l s dng b dng c phn di ca ct cn khoan to ra trn chong khoan mt lc lm lch theo hng vung gc vi trc ca n. Lc ny tc dng khng ngng trong sut qu trnhkhoan theo mt gc phng v sn. 7.2.2. Mt ct (trc ) ca cc ging khoan nh hng: Cn phi chn mt ct ca cc l khoan nghing sao cho tiu hao vt t v thi gian khoan t nht, m vn m bo hon thnh cc nhim v ca l khoan. Trong khoan nghing nh hng ph bin nht l cc loi mt ct sau y: (5 loi) A; B; C; D v E:
2
r1 r1 r1

r1

2
r2

3 4 5

3 4

r2

r2

217 Hnh

Mt ct A: L dng ph bin nht. N gm ba on, on trn (1) l on thng ng, on gia (2) on cong u tng lch, on (3) l on thng nm nghing. Dng mt ct ny c dng khoan nghing nh hng vo mt va c lch ln, khi l khoan c su trung bnh. Mt ct B: Cng gm ba on. Ch khc mt mt ct A l on th 3, on th (3) l on cong u gim lch ca ging. Mt ct ny p dng nhng ging c gim t nhin ca gc cong khng ln, nhng ging khoan su m n nh gc nghing kh. Mt ct C: c dng khoan cc l khoan nghing c chiu su ln. Mt ct ny c 5 on . Nn s dng mt ct ny khi on di ca l khoan ct qua nhiu tng sn phm, m vic khai thc chng c tin hnh t di ln trn. Mt ct D: Gm c 4 on c su ti 2500m ngi ta thng dng mt ct ny khoan nhng ging khoan n 2500m. Mt ct E: t ph bin hn so vi cc dng mt ct trn . Mt ct ny gm c 2 on : on 1 thng ng, on 2 un cong vi gc lch tng dn. Ngi ta khoan theo dng mt ct nh th trong trng hp l khoan cn phi cm vo va vi mt gc nh trc. Cc mt ct ni trn u l nhng ng cong nm trong mt mt phng thng ng. 7.3. Tnh ton v xy dng mt ct l khoan nghing. 7.3.1. Mt ct loi A: 218

7.3.1.1. Khong lch ca y l khoan theo phng nm ngang: . Gc lch ca l khoan. Nu iu kin ban u chng thit k: H, A, HB, R l1 Gc : Chng ta c th tnh bng cng thc
Hb h

= arccos l1 = HB, l2 = 0,01745 R l3 = L = l1 + l2 + l3 h = R.sin H' = H0 - (HB + h) H0 = HB + h + h' a = R (1 - cos) A' = H' tg 7.3.2. Mt ct loi B. = 90 - ( ) , = arctg = arc cos R0 = R1 + R2 h = R1.sin
l1 O 90

HO

l2

H'

l3

Hnh v

a A' A

A = a + A'

; Hp = H - H B

Hnh chiu thng ng

H = H B + h + H1 Hnh chiu nm ngang a = R1 (1 - cos) a1 = R2 x (cos" - cos) A = a + a1 Chiu di l1 = HB

R1 R1 l3
A

R2

a1
R2

a "
R2 + R1 = Ro

H1

l2

HB
H

H1 = R2 x (sin - sin")

'

219

O2

l2 = 0,01745 R1 l3 = 0,01745 R2' L = l1 + l2 + l3 7.3.3.Mt ct loi C: Gc nghing l khoan ln nht. = arcsin. R0 = R1 + R2 Chiu di l1 = HB l2 = 0,01745 R1 l3 = l4 = 0,01745 R2 l5 = H3 L = l1 +9 l2 + l3 + l4 + l5 Hnh chiu trn phng nm ngang a1 = R1 x (1 - cos) a2 = H1 tg a3 = R2 (1 - cos) A = a1 + a2 + a3 Hnh chiu mt ct ln phng thng ng h = R1sin H1 = H0 - HB - H3 - (R1 + R2) sin H2 = R2 sin
HB

; H = H0 - H B - H3

l1 l2 O1

l3 l4
O2

l5
a1 a2 a3

H0 = HB + h + H1 +R1H2 + H3 O1
7.3.4.Mt ct loi D: l2

l1

Gc nghing ln nht ca l
R =
H1

R 1+

l3 R2

khoan l1 = HB 220

Ro
O2

hB

l4
a1 a2

l2 = 0,01745 R1 l3 = 0,01745 R2 l 4 = H - HB - h - H 1 h B L = l1 + l2 + l3 + l4 Hnh chiu theo phng nm ngang a1 = R1 (1 - cos) a2 = R2 (1 - cos) A = a1 + a

7.4. Khoan nh hng bng tuc bin

7.4.1: Cc b phn lm lch hng l khoan v phm vi s dng chng: (Cc b phn lm lch trong 1 khoan tuc bin) lm lch hng l khoan khi ng thng ng, ngi ta thng s dng cc b phn lm lch, rt t trng hp khoan nghing m khng dng b phn lm lch ch dng cc iu kin cong t nhin. Khi s dng cc b phn lm lch, cn phi tnh n nh hng ca cc iu kin cong t nhin. Khi gc phng v cho trc v hng cong t nhin bng khng th cc iu kin t nhin s gp phn lm tng thm cong. V vy, cn chn b lm lch c cong nh hn v s ln th n xung l khoan cng gim i khi gc hi trn bng 1800 th iu kin t nhin s lm cn tr s cong, cn phi tng s ln th b lm lch v un cong ca n. 221

Trong qu trnh khoan nghing - nh hng bng tuc bin, c th s dng cc b phn khc nhau phn cui ca ct cn khoan to ng lc lm lch ln chong khoan.

a dng

b c B dng c c C

c u

ni C

d lp

lp cn cong 1. Cn cong

Lp pere kht lch tm

phn lm lch lp b

cong P-1 1. on cn 1.C u ni C tng chiu di

lch tm kiu phn lm lch

2. Tuc bin 3. khoan

2.

Pere

Nhippen kiu P- 1 kht 2. Chong 2. Tua bin khoan 3. Chong 4. Cn nng

cong Chong 3. Tuc bin

7.4.1.1. Cn cong. Mt trong nhng kiu lm lch u tin, l Mt on cn khoan thnh dy, un cong. Cn cong c lp trc tip trn tuc bin. Khi th cn cong xung l khoan, cn cong b bin dng tao nn lc n hi p chong khoan vo thnh l khoan. (hnh a) Do khng cng vng nnn cn cong khng th lm tng cong ca l khoan ln nhiu. Dng cn cong ch c th lm cong l khoan n 20 250. Cc cn cong kh vn chuyn, kh ch to ng gc cong theo yu cu. Trong 222

qu trnh s dng th gc cong ban u ca chng b thay i. 7.4.1.2. Pere kht cong: Lp trc tip trn tuc bin khoan (hnh b) Per kht cong cng lm vic theo nguyn tc nh cn cong, nhng c th gi gc cong vi chnh xc cao. Do kch thc nh nn d vn chuyn. Nhc im cc Pere kht cong: Mc tng cong ca ging khoan ph thuc nhiu vo ch khoan, cng vng v trng lng cn khoan pha trn pere kht, ng knh thc t ca l khoan. Nu dng pere kht cong lp vo TB khoan, thng thng c th tng cong n 40 - 450. Nhng lp vi TB ngn th c th tng cong ging ln ti 900 7.4.1.3. Nhp pen lch tm. Ngi ta cng dng nhip pen lch tm lm lch l khoan. Nhip pen lch tm (hnh c) c ch to bng cch hn mt tm m bng thp vo nhip pen () ca tuc bin khoan. Khong cch t ng tm ca TB n mt ngoi ca tm thp hn ln hn bn knh ca chong khoan l 5mm. Nhip pen lch tm c th dng tng cong ln rt ln hoc dng khi un cong vi chnh xc cao. Ch l khi dng nhip pen lch tm b cn khoan d b kt gy s c nguy him 7.4.1.4. B phn lm lch P - 1 (hnh d) y l loi hon thin nht. l mt on cn nngc ng tm ca cc u ren nghing i so vi ng tm ca cn. Cc u ren cng nghing trong mt mt phng v cng mt pha. P - 1 c lp trc tip trn tuc bin khoan. 223

Ngi ta dng n tng cong n 90 0 hoc ln hn, i phng v l khoan v m l khoan th 2 t l khoan khoan. Khi dng P - 1 cong ca l khoan tng ln u n v khng ph thuc vo ch khoan. Hin nay ngi ta cng ang s dng loi tuc bin cong khoan nh hng. B lm lch OT v OTC 7.4.1.5. B lm lch OT v OTC Thc cht b lm lch ny l mt u ni cong lp gia nhip pen v thn ca tuc bin. Mmen xon v ti trng chiu trc c truyn t trc pha trn xung on trc pha di nh tua bin, ta ny ni gia phn trc trn v phn trc di bng cn ma st. 7.4.2. tng hoc gim cng cong ca ging, pha di c lp cc b phn lm lch sau * tng gc cong l khoan 1. Chong + Tuc bin + u ni cong v cn nng 2. Chong + Tuc bin cong + cn nng. 3. Chong + Tuc bin + dng c lm lch P - 1 4. Chong + Tuc bin + cn cong 5. Chong + tuc bin c nhipen lch tm + cn nng. * gim, gc cong l khoan ngi ta thng s dng b dng c sau. 1. gim cong mt cch t t: Chong + tuc bin. 2. gim nhanh cong: chong + cn khoan lm bng thnh dy di 3 4m cng vi tuc bin. 3. gim tht nhanh gc cong: Chong + tuc bin + dng c lm lch P-1 * n nh gc nghing l khoan ngi ta s dng b dng c sau y: 224

1. Chong + tuc bin c hn vng kim loi thn 2. Chong - Tuc bin c lp vng kim loi gia nhip pen v thn tua bin 3. Chong + tuc bin c lp gia nhipen v thn tuc bin b n nh hng con ln. 4. Chong + TB ngn + nh tm + cn nng 7.4.3.Tnh ton bn knh cong nh nht php ca ging khoan chn b dng c khoan lch v xc nh cng cong b nht c th ca b dng c khoan lch. 7.4.3.1. Tnh ton bn knh cong b nht cho php ca ging khoan . Trong khoan nh hng cn phi xc nh cong cho php ca ging khoan. Nu nh vt qa cong cho php ny th s gy nhng kh khn cho qu trnh khoan hoc qu trnh khai thc . Trong qu trnh khoan cong ging khoan b gii hn bi cc iu kin sau y - Khng vt qu gii hn bn ca cn khoan v cn nng. - Trnh to thnh l khoan hnh cha kho . - Nng th b dng c khoan v ng c y mt cch d dng. - Chng ng d dng . Cng cong ca ging l s gia tng cong so vi s gia tng chiu su khoan c . = = Cng cong l khoan khi gia tng chiu su khoan 10m. 10 = = . Trong : R - l bn knh cong ca ging khoan . 225

* cong ca ging gii hn bi bn ca cn khoan (ng chng): Trong sc bn vt liu chng ta bit rng mt thanh chu un cong ca n c xc nh bng cng thc: ==R: bn knh cong Mt khc ng sut un cc i s l : u= D - ng knh ngoi ca cn khoan. T hai cng thc trn chng ta c th suy ra bn knh cong b nht lc cn khoan lm vic trong on l khoan cong. - Trong trng hp on l khoan cong gn dy : Rmin = K - Trong trng hp on l khoan cong cch xa y. Rmin = . K Trong : Pmax - lc chiu trc ln nht tc dng ln on cn phn cong ca ging. (Ly K - h s d tr bn K =1,2 1,5) * Bn knh cong nh nht gii hn bi bn ca tuc bin c tnh bng cng thc sau: Rmin= Trong : lT : Chiu di tuc bin v chong khoan . D c- ng knh chong khoan. dT- ng knh ca tuc bin khoan f - un ca tuc bin. f = 0,13. 106. qT Trong : 226

k - khe h nh nht gia tuc bin v thnh ging khoan (k = 5 8mm). qT.-Trng lng 1 cm tuc bin. (KG). E - Moul unga kG/cm2. lT - chiu di tuc bin. IT - Momen qun tnh ca tuc bin cm4. IT = 0,049 d4T. Nh vy m bo qu trnh khoan bnh thng, bn knh cong ca ging bao gi cng phi ln hn bn knh cong nh nht ca ging khoan R> Rmin. (ln hn t 5 n 10%) Bn knh cong ca ging c xc nh bng cng thc. R= = 7.4.3.2. Chn v tnh ton gc cong ca b khoan lch . a. Cho cn cong v u ni cong. Nu chng ta bit ng cong sau 10m khoan 10 , gc lch cu ging l v cc thng s k thut ca tuc bin, cn khoan v cn nng. Gc lch ca u ni cong (cn cong) c th tnh bng cng thc: = (b + 2 ) + [(+ (1- ) (sin .). Trong : b = r + l + c - khong cch t im cong ca perekht (cn cong) n chong khoan. r- khong cch t im cong n thn tuc bin. l - Chiu di tuc bin. C - Khong cch t tuc bin n chong khoan. Q - Trng lng ca tuc bin v chong khoan. q - Trng lng ca 1m cn nng (cn cong ). Dc - ng knh chong khoan. dT - ng knh ngoi tuc bin. 227

d, t - trng lng ring ca dung dch khoan, ca thp. I cn. Momen qun tnh ca cn nng ( hoc cn cong ). b) Chn kch thc ca u ni lch tm. ng knh ch yu ca u ni lch tm c xc nh theo cng thc: DM = + + dT C- khong cch t u ni lch tm n chong khoan. Cc thng s ny chng ta c th tra bng hoc tm trn th. 7.4.3.3. Xc nh cng cong ln nht c th t c ca cc b dng c khoan lch. Thng thng thit k cc ging khoan nh hng, chng ta cng c th chn b dng c khoan lch trc. Sau s tnh cng cong khi gia tng 10m khoan. 10, tip l bn knh cong R v gc lch ca l khoan . a) i vi cn cong v u ni cong. Khi chn gc cong ca b lm lch v cc thng s khc ca b dng c lm lch. Chng ta c th tnh c cng cong sau 10 m khoan theo cng thc sau: 10 = b) i vi nhip pen lch tm cng cong c th tnh theo cng thc sau: 10= [ - ]. Nh vy - sau khi xc nh c cng cong 10, chng ta s xc nh c bn knh cong ca ging theo tnh ton . R= . 10. - So snh gia bn knh cong theo tnh ton v bn knh cong cho php ca ging. iu kin thc hin qa trnh khoan bnh thng. R> Rmin 228

Lu : Cc gi tr 10 chng ta cng c th thu c qua th hoc qua biu bng khc nhau. 7.3.3.4. Xc nh chiudi cn nng lp trn parekht cong: Lcn = 6. Trong : Q - l trng lng tuc bin v chong qcm- trng lng 1 m cn nng. b - khong cch t im cong perkht n chong 7.4.4. Xc nh gc xon ca ct cn khoan di tc dng ca momen phn ca tuc bin khoan. Trong thi gian khoan tuc bin, phn di trn ca ct cn khoan s chu xon di tc dng ca momen phn ca tuc bin. Momen phn ca tuc bin, c gi tr bng momen xon ca tuc bin nhng vi chiu ngc li. Di tc dng ca momen phn phn di ca cn khoan s xon v tri (ngc chiu vi chong) vi mt gc . Nu nh trong qu trnh lm vic ct cn khoan khng chm thnh ging khoan, tc l gia ct cn khoan v thnh khng tip xc . Gc xon ca ct cn khoan s bng: 0= Mt Mmen phi ca TB. L chiu di cn khoan. G.Modul n hi ngang ca thp. I0 momen qun tnh c cc ca cn . I0 =(D4n - C4t), Nhng thc t ct cn khoan da vo thnh l khoan, nn gc s b gii hn bi ma st gia cn v thnh l khoan. Gi tr ca momen ma st gia cn v thnh l khoan. Mm= q. sin. L . . 229 (2).

Trong trng hp ny, gc xon ca ct cn khoan s l: == V ma st vi thnh l khoan nn tc dng ca momen xon gii hn mt chiu di no ca cn khoan, k t im di ln Ltc tng ng vi gc xon c gi tr ln nht. xc nh Lth trong iu kin max , chng ta gii phng trnh. = 0 Mt - q.Lth. D.. sin = 0 Gc xon trong trng hp ny s l: 0 = Khi ng hng b dng c y chng ta cng phi k n gc xon cn . 7.4.5. Thit k ging khoan nh hng bng phng php khoan tuc bin. thit k mt ging khoan nh hng, chng ta phi c cc s liu ban ucn thit cho cng tc thit k v tnh ton: Chiu su ca l khoan so vi phng thng ng: H. Khong lch ca y l khoan so vi phng thng ng A. Chiu di on thng ng u tin v phng v ging khoan. Chiu di ca on thng ng u trn khng nh hn 40 - 50 m. Thng thng chiu di ny ln hn ng dn hng mt t. - on ly cong c chn thng thng trong t c cng trung bnh. Sau mt hip khoan, cong ca ging c th t c t 5 -60. Vi mc ch gim thi gian th b dng c khoan lch ly cong. ( on ly 230

cong bn knh cong ca ging R> Rmin). Bn knh cong thng thng ly khong (5 - 10%) ln hn bn knh cong theo tnh ton. - Gc nghing ca ging an n nh cong thng thng ln hn 10 -120. i vi ging khoan c mt ct dng C. on thng ng cui cng c chn thng thng bng khong cch t nc va sn phm trn cng n y ca va sn phm di cng. V chiu su thit k thng thng ly ln hn (5 - 10 ) % phng nhng sai lch . Th t thit k l khoan nh hng nh sau: 1. Nghin cu mt cch chi tit cc ti liu ca cc l khoan khoan trc trong vng. Xc lp quy lut cong t nhin. Nghin cu cc yu t c nh hng n cong cng nh phng v. 2. Nh bn cu to trn c xc nh v tr ming l khoan v y l khoan. Xc nh cc s liu ban u tnh ton mt ct ca ging. Hnh chiu thng, chiu ngang, khong lch y, phng v ca ging, gim gc nghing 3. Da vo mt ct a cht, iu kin khoan chn mt ct ca l khoan hp l., 4. Xc lp chiu di cc on thng ng. 5. Chn b dng c khoan lch, xc nh cng cong 10 (hay ngc li ). 6. Xc nh bn knh cong cho php Rmin Da theo 10tnh bn knh cong LK theo tnh ton R. R = > Rmn S gim cng nghing ca ging khoan on gim 231

 cong chng ta c th da theo ti liu thc t. 7. Xc nh gc nghing ln nht ca ging khoan. Hnh chiuca ttc cc onthn l khoan theo mt phng nm ngang v thng ng: Trong mt s trng hp gc nghing cho trc, chng ta cn phi tnh ton bn knh cong R v cng cong 10 . 8. Trn c s kt qu tnh ton chng ta dng mt ct ca ging theo c phng thng ng v phng nm ngang trn giy milimt theo nhng t l nht nh - Khi v hnh chiu l khoan trn mt phng nm ngang. Xc nh ming v y l khoan. Xc nh gc phng v ca ging. T im l y l khoan O1, v ng trn c bn knh l khong cho php dch chuyn y, khong ny ph thuc vo chiu su v mc ch l khoan. Vng trn ny khoanh gii hn cho php lch yging. T O k hai ng tip tuyn vi ng trn, gii hn khong lch cho php ca hnh chiu nm ngang ca ging. - V mt ct ca ging theo phng thng ng, chng ta v hai trc to theo phng thng ng v nm ngang . Ti cc trc ny chng ta xc nh to ca cc im gii hn cc on ca l OO1 khoan thng ng, ly - khong cch t gc ming n y l khoan
O N

O1 A

nghing, n nh gc nghing k hiu trn bn Sau dng mt ct ca ging. A - Khong lch y 7.4.6. Th nh hng b dng c khoan lch xung l khoan. 7.4.6.1. Th nh hng b dng c khoan lch khi cong ca ging khoan nh hn 50. 232

Khi cong ca l khoan cha n 50 th phi th nh hng bng cch theo di lin tc t trn mt t v tr ca b phn lm lch trong l khoan. Khi th xong th iu chnh hng ca n ng hng thit k. C nhiu phng php th nh hng(dng ng ngm ngm vo du nh hng vch sn trn cn dng khi th xung l khoan, dng my kinh v o lin tc gc quay khi th, da vo du trn cn khoan. Hin nay ngi ta thng th b dng c khoan lch bng phng php nh du cn khoan trc khi th ngi ta tin hnh nh du hai u cn khoan nh c mt ci dng c bit. Cc dn hai u phi nm trn mt ng sinh.
3 2 1

a - cn khoan ng du. b -Dng c bit

1 - ng thng bng , 2- ng dng , 3 - cn khoan. a cn khoan ra t trn dn. t dng vo v tr cho bt thu trng vi vch gia ca ng thng bng . Chng ta tin hnh nh du nh mi nhn gia ca dng c 2 u da mc cn dng. Da vo cc ng vch ngi ta nh du ln cn khoan bng c hoc bng hn. Phi s cn khoan nh du th dng c n ch un cong, ngoi ra cn thm 7 - 8 cn na tip cn cho mt hip khoan. Trc khi th nh hng cn phi nh du phng v thit k ca l khoan bng hai ci mc (2 cc g) ngoi l khoan v mt du phn c nh ca bn Roto thun li cho cng vic th cn. B dng c phn di ca ct cn khoan gm c: chong khoan, tuc bin khoan v b phn lm lch hng. Khi 233

 t tuc bin vo cc chu chn hoc trn lvat, ngi ta nh hng cho mt lm vic ca b khoan lch theo phng v nh (da vo du vch trn bn rt). Trong lc th cn khoan ngi ta nh mi du ch thp ln da mc di ca cn khoan ni vi b phn lm lch, sau khi vn cht bng kho my. Du ch thp phi i din vi du vch ca b phn lm lch. Dng thc o gc o cung trn gia du vch c trn da mc v du ch thp mi nh theo hng t du vch n du ch thp.

1800 Tnh ngc

chiu Tnh thun chiu

1350

90

450

Thc o gc

Hnh

Sau khi th cn dng xung, ngi ta t cung trn o c ln da mc trn (k t du vch) v nh mt du ch thp. Sau khi vn v xit cht cn dng tip theo bng kho my, ngi ta nh mt du ch thp ln da mc di ca n. Du ny phi i din vi du ch thp ca cn khoan di. o cung trn gia du vch c v du ch thp mi nh. t cung trn va o c ln da mc trn cua cn dng v li nh du ch thp Du ch thp da mc trn ca cn dng sau cng s ch hngca dng c lm lch trong l khoan. 234

Sau khi vn cht cn vung bng kho my, mt trong cc gc ca n c dnh du bng phn ln phn c nh ca bn rt, nh c dng 3 c bit (hnh di a ). 1. Rt . 2 lvat. 3. Cn vung. 4. Dng c tay cm 1 5. Du 6. Dy di. 7. Qu di
a) b) 2 4 6 5 7

Gi yn ct cn khoan v dng mt ci dng khc (hnh b) nh du ln bn rot v tr ch thp da mc ca cn dng. Sau ngi ta o khong cch ca 2 du ny theo chiu t du th nht n du th 2. o xong ngi ta xo cc dui. Th ct cn xung, sao cho c th lp c chu cp cn vung trong rt. Ngi ta li nh du ln phn tnh ca bn rt v tr ca mt gc cn vung (gc c ly du trc kia). T du ny ta t khong cch o trc (theo hng nh trc ) v nh du th 2. Chuyn du th 2 (du ch v tr ca b phn lm lch )ln phn quay ca bn rt. Quay rt theo chiu kim ng h t b phn lm lch theo ng hng nh ri kho rt li . kh bin dng xon n hi trong cn khoan, ngi ta ko ct cn khoan ln xung vi ln cch y 2 - 3 m. Phng php th nh hng trnh by trn khng nhng c th dng cho mt ln u m cn c th dng cho cc ln sau na. xc nh v tr ca b phn lm lch trn y l khoan trong cc ln th sau nh c cc du ch thp. Ngi ta ghi li khong sai lch gia hai du ch thp trn cc da mc ca 2 cn dng k nhau. Cc khong sai lch 235

ny c t ni tip nhau trn bng giy, k t mt vch "khng" tu . Nu vn qu th t sang tri nu cha n th t sang phi. Sau khi th ht cn khoan, da vo bng giy m xc nh hiu s gia khong " vn qu " v " vn cha n ". Nu khong "vn qu" ln hn khong" vn cha ti ", th hiu s ny c nh du ln da mc ca cn dng trn cng theo chiu ngc kim ng h, k t du ch thp c sn. Ngi ta cng a du mi ny ln bn rt. Nu khong vn cha ti ln hn th hiu s trn c nh du ln da mc theo chiu kim ng h v du ny cng c ghi ln bn Roto. Trong thi gian ko cn, ngi ta xp cc cn dng theo th t nh khi chng nm trong l khoan . Khi ni thm cn trong qu trnh khoan, vic nh du ch thp ln cn khoan mi a vo v vic nh hng b khoan lch cng c tin hnh nh trn. 7.4.6.2. nh hng cho b phn lm lch trn y l khoan trong cc l khoan c cong y ln hn 50 . Trong trng hp th b dng c khoan lch cc ging khoan c cong ln hn 5 0, chng ta c th th cn khoan theo cch thng thng nh l khoan thng ng. Sau bng cc phng php khc nhau chng ta xc nh c hng lm vic ca b khoan lch th xung y v tin hnh chuyn hng lm vic ca n theo hng phng v ca l khoan. Ngi ta s dng cc phng php khc nhau nh phng php Sanghin - Culighin, Ambasumop, Loskrep - Mianhikobx hoc bng my o lch 3u - 1 kt hp vi cc ng khng c t tnh . c s dng rng ri nht l phng php Sanghin culighin v Ambaxump . Nguyn tc c bn ca cc phng php ny l so snh cc s liu v cong v phng v ca l khoan (o bng my o lch v phng v ca hng 236

lam vic ca b khoan lch) iu chnh chng v hng cn thit. a) Phng php nh hng Sanghin Culighin. Mc ch ca phng php ny l nhm xc nh gc lch gia hng lm vic ca b dng c khoan lch v hng cong thc t ca ging yl khoan, nh my o nghing Sanghin - Culighin. Phng php ny c tin hnh nh sau: u ni mufta trn ca b khoan lch, chng ta lp mt vng nhn vi 2 li dao c rng v u rng c b tr hu ni t li dao rng

ng v pha cong cu b dng c khoan lch. Qua xc nh v tr ca hai li dao, chng ta xc nh c v tr ca b khoan lch. (hnh bn tri). My sanghin - Culighin c th vo lun trong ct cn khoan nh dy cp mng t 3-5 mm . Cu to ca my sanghin - culighin nh sau:
3 2 5 1 4

1. Cc kim loi 2. Np

4.Nt ch 3. ng o

5. ng thu tinh ng HF ( axt photphohydric)

Qu trnh o c tin hnh nh sau: Sau khi th ct cn 1 khoan pha di c lp b khoan lch xung l khoan, u ni 2 a b 237 0

trn ca b khoan lch c lp 2 li dao ch hng lm vic ca l khoan lch. Chng ta tin hnh th dng c Sanghin Culighin xung o. Dng c c th bn trong ct cn khoan. Th xung cho n khi pha di b dng c chm vng nhn c lp 2 li dao, th tin hnh th ton b trng lng xung li dao in du ln nt ch (4). V yn khng chuyn dch khong 10 -15 pht cho axit tc dng ln thnh ng thu tinh. Sau ko b dng c ln mt. mt di ca nt ch in du ca hai ng li dao, chnh l phng ca b khoan lch. Trc khi tho ng thu tinh ra phi nh du v tr ca ng thu tinh trong cc (1). Sau khi tho ng thu tinh v ra sch th chng ta thy trn thnh ng thu tinh cn gi li mt vng ngn hnh elip do axit HF tc dng ln thnh ng thy tinh (hnh A).

Hnh

b a

Hnh B 238

Hnh C

V tr ca ng thy tinh hng theo v tr nghing ca ging khoan, mc axit bao gi cng v tr nm ngang. Do chng ta ch hnh elip nghing (hnh B) khi t ng thu tinh v tr thng ng, im a v b nm trn mt phng nghing ca y l khoan. Sau khi ra sch nh du hai im cc tiu v cc i a, b; chng ta t cc thu tinh vo v tr ban u trong my nh di l khoan. T a ta k xung di theo ng sinh ca ng v ca cc gp ng trn in du pha di ti im 1. T im 1 k qua O tng ng vi hng cong ca ging khoan ti y. Ti im 0 tm ca y, chng ta k ng thng (2) song song vi du rng ca hai li dao qua tm o. Hng ca mi dao ch hng lm vic ca b dng c khoan lch vic. Gc l gc lch gi hng ca b khoan c vhng cong ca l khoan y (gc t trc 2 n trc 1) theo chiu kim ng h.( Hnh v C). Ngoi thc t xc nh gc ngi ta s dng dng c c ch s. b) Phng php nh hng ca Ambaxump. Phng php ny ch khc phng php Sanghin Culighin ch cu to ca b dng c. Dng c Ambaxump l mt khi lch tm. Khi nng ny c th quay quanh 1 dy cp dng th xung l khoan nn n lun lun nm trong mt phng cong ca l khoan khi mt phng i qua ng tm ca dy cp v vch du trn thn ca dng c s l phng v cong ca l khoan. Vch du trn thn gi l vch chun, phn di ca np c du bng ch (4). Cch xc 239 4 3 2

nh v tr ca b phn lm lch bng dng c Ambaxump cng tng t nh khi dng dng c ca Sanghin - Culighin . Hng ca vch chun trn thn ch hng cong ca l khoan. Hng li dao du ch hng b
2- Dy cp 1- Khi lch tm

dng c lm lch. (hnh D )

4- u ch

3- Cc

c) iu chnh b khoan lch trn y l khoan. Hnh D Nh vng trn chia m chng ta t tt c cc phng v ln vng trn ny. Phng v thc t ca l khoan y phng v d kin. Chng ta c th tnh c gc quay ct cn khoan theo chiu kim ng h n ng hng cn thit. Trng hp 1: Khng thay i gc phng v l khoan (theo chiu kim ng h t hng dao n hng cong l khoan. Bit gc = gc lch gia b dng c v hng cong l khoan. - Gc o gc xon ca cn khoan do momen phn ca tuc bin . - gc phng v ca ging: xc nh hng phng v (hnh 1). Gc quay ct cn khoan theo chiu kim ng h c tnh bng cng thc: = + 0 Trng hp 2: Cn thay i phng v ca l khoan: Bng cc gc phng v trn vng trn chia chng ta xc nh : (1) Hng thc t ca l khoan 1 240

(2). Hng un cong l khoan theo d kin 2 (3). Hng dao; Gc lch phng v y + ytrng hp cn tng phng v .
B

Hng ca dao

00

Hng phng v l khoan Hng t ca dao khoan 900 T 2700

(3) 1

(1) (2) y 0 900

270
0

N 180
0

Hnh 1

Hnh 2

- y trng hp cn gim phng v. Gc quay ct cn khoan trong trng hp ny c tnh theo cng thc : = I.y+ + 0. Sau khi tnh c gc quay ct cn khoan , ngi ta lp v xit cht cn vung, chnh li v tr cn khoan ( vch du trn cn khoan v vch du trn thn rt trng nhau) Sau khi chng ta nh du ch hng ca dao ln bn quay rt th ct cn khoan cn phi quay mt gc nh v tr dao (hng b khoan lch) v v tr lm vic. Tc l quay bn rt theo gc tnh. Mun th ngi ta i gc o bng thnh chiu di cung trn ca bn rt. S= 241

Trong : S- l chiu di cung trn cn phi quay. R - bn knh ng trn ca bn rt. -gc cn phi quay. Cch iu chnh gc phng v y l khoan. Trong qu trnh khoan, gc phng v (1)ca ging khoan c th khng trng vi phng v thit k. V vy cn phi iu chnh b dng c khoan lch y mt phng v no hng l khoan v phng v theo thit k. Mun lm c iu chng ta tin hnh nh sau: - V hnh chiu ca l khoan theo mt phng nm ngang. O l ming l khoan, (A), v chiu su l khoan H. Chng ta ang tin hnh khoan t c su (H) y l khoan ang v tr O1 . Trn th, chng ta k tip tuyn vi ng cong ti im O1 ct trc ON v hp vi ON mt gc 2 V 2 l phng v ca hng l khoan ti y. 2 l phng v ca y l khoan so vi ming l khoan. Ni O1vi O1 ct trc ON . Gc to thnh gia O1O1 vi ON l gc 3. Gc phng v ch hng cn phi iu chnh l khoan i ng hng thit k.
7.5. Khoan nh hng bng phng php khoan rt.
V 2 N 3 2 O1
A(H) A(H)

O1

1 O S

Hnh 3

O1l y l khoan theo thit k. Khong lch y

7.5.1. Dng c lm lch hng bng phng php khoan rt. 242

Trong khoan rt dng c thng c s dng khoan lch l mng nghing c th chia lm 2 loa: - Dng c lm lch hng ging khoan cha chng ng. - Dng c lm lch hng ging khoan chng ng. 7.5.1.1). Dng c lm lch hng ging khoan cha chng ng: a). Mng nghing ly ln c loi h. Mng nghing nmy ch to bng thp, thng thngg thp crom -niken v c dng hnh di y: Thn ca mng hng c vt nghing v c hnh lng mng bn trong. C gc vt v to thnh vi trc khong v= 2 30. u ni (c) 2 trong a vo chong (5) cn (6) v c nh v bng cht (3). Nguyn tc lm vic: Sau khi th v nh hng b dng c lch hng. Tin hnh th mt ti trng cn thit u nhn pha di ca mng hng cm vo t y l khoan trnh cho mng hng b xoay trong qa trnh 1. Thn 2. C. 3- Cht nh v . lm vic. Tip tc tng ti trng ct cht 4- Phn cm . nh v (3) v gii phng chong (5). 5 - chong. Hnh a Chong (5) s lm vic v trt trn mng khoan lch l khoan. 4 1 3 A 6 2 5 A-A

243

b) Mng nghing ly ln c loi kn: Mng nghing c cu to bng thp cht lng tt. C dng hnh tr v c l bn trong to thnh mt gc vt vi trc ca mng hng mt gc khong 30. Chong khoan v cn khoan c a vo qua l v c nh v nh cht t ct. 7.5.1.2. Dng c lm lch hng ging khoan chng ng: tc l khng rt ln c. 1 4 3 5 v 6 2

Trong trng hp ny chng ta s dng my hng c nh Hnh b Mng hng c nh c s dng nhng l khoan 6 7 5 1 4

chng ngv chng ta cn xuyn qua ng chng lm lch hng l khoan hay nhng tng t rt cng. Thn (1) ca mng nghing c gc vt khong 2,50 30 na pha di c c l(2). Pha di cng ni vi mt on cn khoan c (c th gn chong) c kh nng tun hon (gia ct cn khoan v mng nghing c ni lin mt on ng (4)). Mng hng c a vo nh nhng cht nh v t ct (5). V chng c th t ct 3

Hnh vi ti trng 1 2 tn. Sau khi th v nh hng bcdng c, tin hnh trm xi mng bao ph ht b dng c (my + 244

cn c ). Sau khi xi mng ng cng (48 72 gi), tin hnh khoan ph l ng chng nh chong c bit.

7.5.2. Ch lm vic trong khoan nh hng (vi mng nh ln c). Thng thng trc khi th mng hng th tin hnh to y bng cch khoan vi ng knh nh hn ng knh l khoan mt khong no . Sau a nh hng b dng c khoan lch bao gm: mng hng (1), chong khoan rn (2) cn mm(3). C ng knh nh hn ng knh cn khoan s dng 1 - 2. chiu di t 6 8m. u ni (5) v cn khoan (6), sau khi tin hnh xong cc cng tc trn th th ti trng ct cht nh v . Ti trng cn thit ct cht nh v l: Q = c n. c ng sut ct ca ngyn liu lm cht . d. ng knh ca cht. Sau khi ct cht xong tin hnh khoan xin vi ch 6 4 khoan nh sau: n5 =30 - 40 v/ph. 6 8m 2 4m cn nng G= 0,6 1,5T 1 1,5m Q = 10 16l/s. 3 4 1 245 1 cn nng 3 3 cn mm cn mm n. S cht (inh c ).

2 2 1

a) B to l mi

b) B m su

c) B doa

Sau khi chong khoan qua c phn di ca mng hng th c th thay i ch lm vic n = 70 v/ph, G = 3 3,5T. V lu lng s tng dn n Qnh mc. Sau khi khoan qua y mng hng t 2 - 8 m, ko cn khoan ln, ch khi chong chm u trn ca mng th tin hnh git mnh nh mng xin ln mt t. Sau tin hnh m su l khoan, nh b dng c m su (hnh b). Bao gm chong cnh(1) hay (chong chp xoay) c ng knh bng chong khoan trc vi on cn nng (2) c di 1 1,5 m, v t 2 3m cn mm (3) v trn l cn khoan (4) . Ch khoan c p dng l: n =70 - 70v/ph , G =3 4T , Q = Q bnh thng Sau giai on m su l khoan, chng ta ko cn khoan ln v thay i b dng c m su bng b dng c doa (hnh c), m rng ming l khoan bng ng knh bnh thng ca l khoan. Dng c bao gm b doa (1), cn nng (2) di 2 4m v cn khoan (3).

246

7.5.3. Xc nh gc lch ca mng hng m - gc tng nghing, gc to thnh gia trc ging v trc cn khoan lm chiu di phnm y mng hng. l1- chiu di phn y mng hng. v gc vt ca mng hng. Dg, D, DcDm - ng knh ging, cn, chong v mng. Gc m<v.
Dm l1 M S lm D N m v Dg

Trong qu trnh lm vic, chong khoan trt trn mng nghing v gc m tng dn t 0 max. Trong thi im chong khoan t n phn y ca mng hng . Khi chong ra khi phn di ca mng hng gc m gim dn v D < Dc v cn s da vo thnh mng. Trong sut thi gian lm vic t im ny tr i m = const. xc nh gc mchng ta xt tam gic MNS. tgm= MS = + tg m = = V mrt nh nn cosm 1; tg m m ; l1 rt nh so vi lm m = i ra m = 57,3 v0= 57,3 Mt vt gc xin ca mng hng s l: v- m=57,3. ( - ) = 57,3 (). 247 v- m = 57,3 gc vt vs l : tgv= tg vv

7.5.4. Xc nh v tr t mng hng y l khoan nhm thay i gc phng v. Trong thc t qu trnh khoan, gc phng v thc ca ging khoan n c khc vi gc phng v thit k. Do iu chnh l khoan ng theo gc phng v thit k chng ta cn iu chnh gc phng v tht theo nhiu phng php, l: - Phng php ton hc ca Sanghin. - Phng php th. Sau y ch gii thiu phng php iu chnh gc phng v bng biu ( th). xc nh hng t mng nghing di y l khoan theo phng php biu , chng ta cn phi bit gc thin nh ban u ca ging khoan 1, gc phng v ban u ca ging 1v gc nghing ca mng hng m. * Phng php tnh ton bng th s c tin hnh nh sau: - Trn mt t giy milimt k trc to theo cc hng NS, E-V. K ng thng o o tng ng hng nghing ban u ca l khoan (gc 1) m ti y chng ta s t mng hng. - Trn ng thng ny chng ta chn t l thch hp (v d 1cm - 10) . chiu di ca on thng OA1tng ng vi gc thin nh 1ca ging khoan. - Ly im A1lm trung tm chng ta v mt ng trn (c cng t l vi ng thng trc OA1) c bn knh R c di bng gc nghing ca my hng . V tt c cc im

248

trn ng trn u biu din kh nng thay i v tr t mng hng y l khoan. V d: chng ta cn thay i gc phng v t 1 2. chng ta s k ng thng OA2gp ng trn ti A2 . Gc thin nh ca l khoan s l on OA2 = 2 Gc : gc xoay v tr mng hng so vi hng ban u. 2 phng v ca l khoan cn iu chnh. a Gc phng v ca mng y l khoan s l: m= 1+ (hnh a) Cc trng hp ring: * Tng nghing cc i ca ging m khng thay i gc phng v
N A2 A1
1 = 2 = m

N
R=m A1 2 1 O A2

O S

Hnh

N A2
O1

R=m

2 V
E

2 2

A1 A2 E

V O S

O m S

Hnh a

Hnh b

249

2 = OA2= OA1 + R. c= 1+ m. = 0. m= 1. (hnh b) * Gi gc thin nh ban du ca ging m thay i cc i gc phng v. T O v cung trnc bn knh bng OA ct vng trn tm A1 ti 2 im l A2 , A2 hng A1 A2v A1 A2 l 2 hng t mng hng gc phng v mi s l 2 hoc 2`. (hnh c ). * Thay i cc i gc phng v T O ta v ng tip tuyn vi ng trn tm A1v gp ng trn ti hai im A2 v A2 ; A1A2 v A1A2 l 2 hng c th t mng hng (hnh d)
N
A2

O1

V 1

2min

A1 A2 E

2max O m S

Hnh d

250

Chng 8 Cc hin tng phc tp trong qu trnh khoan v bin php khc phc Trong qu trnh khoan thng gp cc hin tng phc tp gy kh khn cho qu trnh khoan, cc hin tng thng l: - Sp l t thnh l khoan. - B hp thnh l khoan. - Mt nc ra. - Hin tng phun (Du, kh, nc) - Kt b dng c khoan.
8.1. Sp l t thnh l khoan v cc bin php phng nga:

t b sp l thng xy ra trong hai trng hp sau y: a- Do tc dng ca nc ra, t thnh l khoan b gim bn, chng b mt n nh v sp l xung l khoan . t b ri, cc tng cha mui, t st l d b nc tc dng nht. Loi st Bentonit Na, cha trong cc tng khi hp ph nc th chng s tng th tch ln rt nhiu ln v gy l. i vicc tng cha mui thng thng cc tng ny km chc , khng n nh v c kh nng cha kh, nu khoan bng dung dch gc nc ngt th s gy sp l. Mc sp l ca t cng cn ph thuc vo gc nghing ca cc tng c kh nng gy sp l . Nu gc nghing cng ln th kh nng sp l cng ln. b- Trong trng hp th 2 (th p lc nn ca t ln hn nhiu so vi p lc nc ra, s chnh lch c th a n hin tng sp l). 251

Trong nhiu trng hp th c hai nguyn nhn tc dng ng thi. Hin tng sp l trong l khoan th hin qua nhng du hiu sau: - p lc my bm tng ln t ngt. - Dung dch a ln t di l khoan nhiu vn t . - Th dng c khng ng l khoan nu khng bm ra. Cc bin php phng v ngn nga sp l thnh l khoan. - Bin php c hiu qu nht l lm nng dung dch v tng cng phm cht ca n bng gia cng ho hc. Dung dch c thi nc nh nht v c t trng bo m cho p lc dung dch cao hn p lc va. - i vi cc tng c cha st Bentorit Natri, hay cc tng cha mui th nn s dng cc loi dung dch bo ho mui, dung dch gc vi khoan qua. Vic dng dung dch mn c anion ho tan n s c tc dng lm cho st Bendonit khng b trng n. V dung dch mn bo ho mun n s khng lm mt n nh ca cc tng cha mui. Vi nhng dung dch gc can xi, qua tc dng ho hc ca n vi st Bentonit gc Na s bin thnh Bentnit gc canxi loi st ny khng gy trng n di tc dng ca nc. Trong qu trnh khoan phi nh k kim tra thn l khoan bng dng c o ng knh. Tin hnh o ng knh nhiu ln cho php xc nh c cc vng gy sp l. Xc nh c hiu qu ca cc bin php ngn nga s dng. H s sp l K c xc nh bng t s gia th tch l khoan thc t ca vng sp l v th tch l thuyt l khoan. 252

K= Trong : K - l h s hnh thnh sp l . Vt- th tch thc ca l khoan. Vlt - th tch l thuyt l khoan. K= = Trong : Rt - l bn knh thc trung bnh ca l khoan. Rlt - l bn knh trung bnh l thuyt ca l khoan. K = 1 - Ging khoan khng sp l. K > 1 - Ging khoan sp l K<1 - L khoan b b hp.

8.2. Hin tng b hp thnh l khoan.

C rt nhiu trng hp l khoan b b hp thnh nht l i vi cc tng st Bentnit trng n di tc dng ca nc ngt. Trong cc trng hp ny, gii quyt c vn sp l tc ng thi cng gii quyt c vn b hp thnh l khoan. Cng c nhng loi t lm gim ng knh ca l khoan di tc dng m nc ngt nhng khng gy sp l nh accghilit v lignit, trong trng hp trn th c th x l bng phng php dng dung dch c thot nc b. Trong trng hp kh hn th c th s dng dung dch gc vi - thch cao. Hin tng b hp thnh l khoan nhiu khi a n vic khng th tip tc khoan c na. B hp l khoan do s bin dng do b hp l khoan trong trng hp ny nn dng dung dch c t trng ln a = 1,8 - 2,2 G/cm3 v c trng hp ln ti 2,4 .

253

i vi cc tng mui bin php x l tt l dng dung dch bo ho mui.

8.3. Ngn nga v chng mt nc ra.

Hin tng mt nc ra sinh ra trong qu trnh khoan thng gp rt nhiu, nht l khi khoan qua cc tng vi. 8.3.1. Cc nguyn nhn ch yu gy ra hin tng mt nc ra: a - Nguyn nhn do cc tng t khoan qua: Cc tng c thm v rng ln, cc tng b khai thc nhiu, p lc va gim xung, cc khe rnh c hnh thnh, qua nc ra chy i ht. Hin tng mt nc cng sinh ra cc tng t b hy hoi do chuyn ng kin to, t nt n , hang hc, hang ng cact. b - Nguyn nhn k thut: - Trng lng ring ca dung dch qu ln, p lc thy tnh ca dung dch ln hn p lc va chnh lch p lc cng ln th mt nc cng mnh. - S to thnh cc k nt trong t trong qu trnh khoan. Do ko th b dng c khoan vi vn tc qu ln gy nn hin tng piston tc dng xung thnh l khoan lm nt n chng. Trng lng ring v nht ca dung dch qa ln dn n p sut ti bm ln. T cng dn n hin tng nt n t v mt dung dch . Cn phi lu rng, mt tng b to thnh k nt th sau s to thnh k nt vi p sut b hn. Cc k nt xut hin di p lc cao khng nhng c th gy ra mt nc m c th gy ra cc hin tng phc tp khc nh : sp l, b hp thnh ging khoan. 8.3.2. Nghin cu vng mt nc. 254

 chng mt nc c hiu qu v tm bin php ngn nga mt nc cho l khoan sau cn phi nghin cu tng hp ngay sau khi khoan vo vng mt nc. Cng tc nghin cu tng hp bao gm: 1 - Nghin cu thu ng tm hiu cng mt nc . 2- Xc nh ranh gii, ht nc ca tng. 3- Xc nh ng knh thc ca l khoan vng mt nc. - Nghin cu thu ng bng phng php xc nh c tnh tng cha nc bng cch theo di chuyn ng ca mc nc ng. Ngi ta lm mt trng thi cn bng trong l khoan bng cch thm nc hoc h thp mc nc trong . V v tr ca mc nc trong ging khoan s c khuynh hng tr v trng thi cn bng cho n khi p lc ca ct cht lng trong l khoan cn bng vi p lc va. Qu trnh phc hi mc nc ph thuc vo c tnh a cht vt l ca va. Vic theo di tc phc hi mc nc gip chng ta xc inh c thm tng i ca va. - Vic xc nh ranh gii ca va mt nc ra c th tin hnh bng nhiu phng php khc nhau nh (o nhit , o in tr, nghin cu tng mt nc bng cht ng v vv.). Xc nh ht nc ca cc tng bng cch o lng dung dch chy vo va. Vic phn tch s b phi tin hnh ngay ti ging khoan . Kt qu phn tch c s dng ngay dng t chc chng mt nc.

255

8.3.3. Phn loi vng mt nc. Trn c s nghin cu vng mt nc, cn phi lp nhng bng phn loi mt nc v da vo chng ta ra nhng bin php phng nga v khc phc chng. Bng phn loi ca YH l hon thin nht. V c bn n da vo phng php phn tch kt qu nghin cu thu ng vng mt nc. Vn tc chun ng ca mc nc c th biu th bng cng thc sau y: V = C. pn V - tc h mc nc trong l khoan tnh bng m/ph. C- h s mt nc tnh bng tc h mc nc khi chnh lch p lc ln va l 1 n v p sut (1bar). P - p lc d ln tng mt nc. n - Ch s thm, c trng cho tnh thm ca cht lng theo cc khe nt ca va. Cn phi da theo h s C v ch s n m ra bin php chng mt nc v rng cc tr s ny phn nh gin tip cc c tnh vt l ca va. H s C v ch s n c th xc nh bng phng php th v ton . Chng ta v th biu din s tng quan gia p lc d trung bnh khi mc nc nm vo gia khong p v C cc khong thi gian t m sau cc khong thi gian mc nc h xung nhng khong H bng nhau trn th ta h s p c th tnh theo cng thc sau: p = 0,1. . (Ht- H0). Ht l khong cch t ming l khoan n mt nc tnh .
p 10 5

256
10 20 t, pht 30

H0 mc nc tnh ton - khong cch t ming l khoan n im gia mi on . - trng lng ring ca dung dch. Trn trc tung t cc gi tr p, trc honh dt t Ni cc im nhn c chng ta c mt ng cong u . Nh c biu v ngi ta tm c thi gian h mc nc ca cc on c p sut ln tng mt nc l 1 bar v 10 bar. Mun th ko ng cong ct ng p = 1 bar v p 10 bar. Khi bit khong cch H v thi gian h xung mc nc t th tnh c tc h trung bnh mi on. v = c th xc nh bng ton . Cc h s C, r, Qlt(tiu hao nc ra theo l thuyt )chng ta c th xc nh bng ton . 8.3.4. Cc bin php phng v chng mt nc. khc phc cc hin tng mt nc ngi ta dng cc phng php ch yu sau. Gim p lc chnh lch gia l khoan v va bng cch thay i cc thng s ca dung dch, trm cc khe rnh ca tng mt nc bng dung dch v va ximng c bit. Bm

t1 H1 H1 t2 H2 H2 t3 H3 H3 t4 H4 H4 t5 H5 H5

H01 H02 H03

Ht
H04 H05

257

p cc vt liu tr vo trong va. Khoan khng bm ri chng ng. - phng v chng mt dung dch st, dung dch phi c t trng nh nht, c nht, ng sut ct tnh v xc bin ln. Khi mt nc vi cng 100 200m3/h tt nht nn ra l khoan bng dung dch st bt kh v dung dch st nh tng. xc nh d ca dung dch trong iu kin khoan mt nc ta tnh nh sau: H: chiu su ca ging. H2l chiu su t mt nc tnh n y l khoan tng ng vi 1; phi xc nh. Pv= 0,1 H11 = 0,1 H . = 1 . G/cm3 + Mt trong nhng phng php bt cc khe nt ca tng mt nc l bm vo cc dung dch c ng tan v cu trc tt khi chy vo k nt cc dung dch ny s to thnh mt mng li cu trc bn vng. Trm tng mt nc bng dung dch xi mng l bin php ph bin nht. Va ximng trn vo dung dch st gi l gen ximng. c c gen ximng ngi ta trn ximng trm kh vo dung dch st bentonit. iu chnh thi gian ng c ca cc dung dch ximng bng cch cho thm cc cht lm ng nhanh (ph bin nht l nc knh clorua canxi, x a).
H H1 1

258

Trong tng trng hp ring, t l pha ch ghen ximng v hn hp ng nhanh do phng th nghim xc nh. Thng thng, ngi ta bm hn hp ng nhanh v gen ximng qua cn khoan. u cn khoan nn t cao hn tng mt nc. Lng dung dch p bm vo cn khoan sau hn hp trm bng th tch bn trong ct cn khoan. + Cng c th dng phng php "khoan m" (khng cho nc tro ln ming l khoan) trong t cng nh vi, sa thch Khi khoan m mn khoan s thu c nh ng mn. Sau khi khoan qua vng mt nc phi ngng khoan trm ghen ximng hoc hn hp ng nhanh cho n khi khc phc c hin tng mt nc. V mt kinh t khoan m ch c li khi nc ra l nc l. khc phc cc hin tng mt nc rt mnh trc ht ngi ta phi lm gim bt cng mt nc bng cch bi ct hay mn khoan vo vng mt nc hoc bng cch p cc vt liu tr (nh rm, than bn, tru) vo y v sau trm ximng li. Khi xi mng ng rn th tin hnh khoan bnh thng Khi khoan c th xy ra hai hay nhiu tng mt nc gn nhau th khi phi trm ximng c hai tng, u tin ngi tatm tng di trc sau ko cn khoan ln cao trm tng trn.
8.4. Phng v chng kt ct cn khoan.

Cc nguyn nhn chnh lm kt ct cn khoan l : - Ra l khoan bng dung dch st c thi nc qu ln, dung dch ny to mt lp v st dy ln thnh l khoan, lm thu hp ng knh l khoan li. Khi ko cn ln, v st b dn li, v 259

pha trn chong hnh thnh mt ci nt ngy cng cht v dn n kt. - t do b trng n do nc t dung dch ngm vo va do s chnh lch p lc gia va v p lc ct thu tnh. S trng n lm thu hp l khoan li lm tng p lc my bm v kt cn . Trng hp ny thng thng xy ra nhng tng c nghing ln (hnh a). - Kt cn khoan do mn khoan b tch ng li lm thu hp l khoan to thnh nhng ci "nt" v gy kt cn. Nguyn nhn tch ng mn khoan l do: + Khng thng xuyn lc sch mn khoan ra khi dung dch, nn dung dch li mang theo nhiu mn khoan xung l khoan. dch khng ph hp mang c mn khoan ln mt (tc i ln ca nc ra khng y mn khoan ln mt ) + Do s sp l ca t mt s tng (hnh b) ti vn tc i ln ca dung dch b, mn khoan b lng ng. + Khi khoan bng cc chong c ng knh khc nhau, l khoan c hnh bc thang, ch chuyn tip t ng knh ln sang ng knh nh mn khoan b thu hp li v gy kt cn (hnh c). - Ct cn khoan b r v nc ra chy qua ch ni ren Hnh b hay ch r ca ct cn khoan, chong khoan khng c ra v b hp vo bi mn khoan. 260 Hnh a +Do lu lng bm qu b hay cc thng s ca dung

- Kt cn khoan cng c th gy ra do chnh lch gia p lc va v p lc nc ra, dnh ca v st khi ct cn khoan da vo thnh l khoan. (hnh d) Khi cn khoan ang quay (hnh d) xung quanh cn khoan b tc dng bi p lc ca nc ra. Khi cn khoan ng yn v da vo thnh l khoan (hnh e). Trong qu trnh khoan th p lc va nh hn p lc nc ra, cho nn phn p lc d ca dung dch s p ln cn khoan v gy kt cn. Thit din tip xc gia cn khoan v thnh l khoan, Hnh c c th tnh bng cng thc: A = c . D. H. Trong : A: Thit din tip xc. c na gc tip xc. D. ng knh ca ging khoan. H . di ca phn tip xc. Lc ko cn thit nh cn khoan khi thnh ging khoan s l : T = f. A. P. Trong : T - l lc ko .
Pv Pd Pv Pd Pd Pv Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd
Pd Pd Pd Pd

Pv

V st Pv

Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd Pd

Pv

Hnh d

Pd

f- h s dnh kt gia st v st, f trung bnh: f = 0,6. P = Pt- Pv p sut chnh lch gia nc ra v va.

Pv P c

- Kt cn khoan trong l khoan hnh cha kho. Thng xy ra nhng l khoan c cong 261 Hnh e

Pv

ln. Cn khoan c khuynh hng c xt v bo mn vo thnh nhng l hnh cha kho (hnh f). c cnh gn bng ng knh ca l khoan hay ln nht bng ca u ni. Trong qu trnh ko th, cn nng c ng knh ln hn nn d b kt vng ny. phng v ngn nga kt cn khoan phi: 1- Dng dung dch st c cht lng cao, to lp v st mng v cht xt ln thnh l khoan. 2- Bo m tc i ln ca dung dch st ln, trc khi ko cn ln phi bm ra sch l khoan v phi iu chnh thng Hnh f s ca dung dch cho ph hp vi yu cu ca thit k. 3 - Bo m lc sch mn khoan ra khi dung dch. 4 - Thng xuyn doa li nhng on c kh nng hnh thnh lp v st dy. 5 - Trong cc l khoan su, cn phi theo di nhit chy t l khoan. S gim nhit t ngt chng t rng dung dch khoan chy qua cc ch r r ca ct cn bn trn l khoan. 6 - ngn nga kt ct cn khoan, khi s dng dung dch nng phi cho thm cc cht bi trn khng qu 0,8% grafit, 1 - 3% Xunfann (dung dch 1-3% trong nc). T l pha ch dung dch cho tng trng hp ring phi c xc nh chnh xc trong phng th nghim. Hin tng kt nh thng c cu cha bng cch do b dng c (ko th nhiu ln) v quay cn nh bn quay rt. Lc ko cn khoan c th ln hn nhiu so vi trng lng bn thn ca cn khoan nhng phi gii hn trong bn ca n 262

v h thng palng, cn theo di ng h trng lng Nu bin php do b dng c khng c kt qu m nc ra vn cn lu thng th dng bin php ngm du, nc hoc axit. Lng du (nc, axit) cn thit ngm c tnhtheo cng thc sau y: V = (D2c - dn2 )H1+ d2t. h1. m3 Trong V - th tch ca cht lng ngm (m3) Dc - ng knh l khoan khoan (m). dt - ng knh trong ca cn khoan (m). h - cao ca du (axit, nc ) trong cn khoan (m). dn ng knh ngoi ca cn khoan. Thc t cho thy l khi ngm du cc l khoan ra bng nc l hay l khoan cha y nc l th du b ni ln rt nhanh, trong trng hp c kt qu tt cn phi bm vi m3dung dch st trc v sau khi bm du. Dung dch st s hn ch hin tng du b ni ln v bin php ngm du mi c kt qu. Trong thi gian ngm du, ngi ta d tr mt lng du (axit, nc ) trong cn khoan, c sau 1 - 2 gi th bm p thm cho (du, axit, nc ngoi cn khoan) phn b kt. bin php ngm du c kt qu cn phi xc nh ng su kt cn khoan. Trong thc t sn xut thng xc nh su kt bng cch da vo dn di ca phn cn khoan t do b ko cng. xc nh chnh xc hn chiu di phn cn t do (theo dn di) ngi ta lm nh sau: 263 (m). H1 - cao (du , axit, nc ) dng ln chung quanh cn

1- Ko cn ln vi lc P1ln hn trng lng ca ton b ct cn khoan khi cha b kt l 5 vch chia ng h trng lng v nh du ln cn vung hay cn khoan vo ngang mt bn roto. 2. - Ko thm mt lc ph bng 5 vch chia ng h trng lng ri li h xung n P1ri nh du. Hai u th nht v th 2 khng trng nhau v c lc ko trong h thng rng rc. 3- Chia i khong cch gia 2 du, ly im gia hai du lm vch trn tnh dn di. 4 - Ko cn ln vi lc P2 ln hn P1 t 10 - 20 vch ng h o trng lng v nh du th 3 ln cn. 5 - Ko thm mt lc bng 5 vch ri li h xung n P 2 ri nh du th 4 ln cn. Ly im gia hai du (th 3 v 4) lm vch di tnh dn di. 6 - o chnh xc khong cch gia vch trn v vch di ta thu c dn di ca phn cn khoan b kt (t do). B di ca phn cn khoan t do (khng b kt) c tnh bng cng thc sau y: L = 1,05 (m) Trong : ni . A l thit din ca cn, cm2 l l dn di ca phn cn khoan khng b kt. P = P2 - P1 tnh bng KG. Nu bin php ngm du (axit, nc ) khng c kt qu th phi ra ton b l khoan bng du m hoc nc. Ch cho php ra bng nc l khi khoan trong t n nh. 264 L - su b kt ca ct cn (m). 1,05 - h s iu chnh do hin din ca cc u

Trong trng hp tun hon ca dung dch khng lu thng c hay lu thng rt kh, vic u tin l ngng bm, sau do ln do xung nhiu ln. Nu nh khng thnh cng th cho bm t t dung dch, tt nht l dng thit b bm trm ximng, tng dn lu lng tng bc cho n khi phc hi lu lng bnh thng. Trong bt c tnh hung no cng khng nn dng p sut bm qu ln s gy nn hin tng nt n cc tng lm mt dung dch ra. Nu nh dng cc bin php trn m vn khng ko cn khoan ln c th phi tho ri tng on bng cn tri, ct cn hoc n mn tho cn khoan. Trc khi tho on cn khoan b kt phi khoan ra v st bao quanh l mt qu trnh mt nhiu thi gian v t kt qu nht. V vy nu cu cn khoan kt tn nhiu thi gian th ngi ta b phn cn la ca cn, cu ximng v khoan xin. Vic dng bin php n mn tho cn khoan to mt bc tin mi cho k thut cu kt. Trong phng php ny sng va p lm ni lng ch ni ren. Nu nh trc lc n mn ta t vo ct cn khoan mt momen quay tri vo u ren cn tho, c gii phng khi lc nn bi trng lng ca cn trn , th sau khi n mn u ren c ni lng v sau c th tho ra bng rt mt cch d dng. Rt nhiu trng hp phng php ny cho php tho on cn trn ch b kt m khng cn dng cn khoan tri.
8.5. Phng v chng phun.

8.5.1. Nguyn nhn v hin tng xut hin du kh hoc nc. Trong cc va khoan qua, c th c kh nc hoc du. Qua cc k nt, l hng, kh xm nhp vo l khoan. Nu p 265

lc vn ln hn p lc dung dch th kh ydung dch ra khi l khoan, gy ra phun kh v nhiu kh s phun du. Hin tng phun xy ra khng phi ch do kh c p lc xm nhp vo l khoan. Kh c th xm nhp dn dn vo dung dch, di dng nhng bt kh cng dung dch i ln, p lc ln bt kh gim dn, kch thc ca chng tng dn ln. Cui cng, cc bt kh tr nn rt ln chim phn ln th tch v lm cho t trng dung dch gim hn xung. Trng lng ca ct nc khng chng li p lc ca va v hin tng phun s xy ra. Nc v du ngm dn vo dung dch cng lm gim t trng ca n v gy phun. Hin tng phun cng c th xy ra khi mc nc ra trong l khoan b h thp (do ngng tun hon hoc do ko cn khoan ln m khng b dung dch vo l khoan). Cc du hiu xut hin kh nh sau: a) Khi phc hi tun hon, dung dch i ln mt t c cha nhiu kh,. b) Si bt trong l khoan, trong trng hp kh xm nhp vi mt lng hn ch v dung dch st c nht, ng sut ct tnh nh . c) Tng mc nc ra trong h cha ca bm (d khng thm nc ra vo h thng tun hon ). d) C xut hin kh do trm carota bo hiu . 8.5.2.Cc bin php ngn nga v khc phc hin tng phun. a) - ngn nga cc hin tng phun, p sut trong l khoan phi ln hn vi p sut va. Tr s p lc d phi ph thuc vo su l khoan, rng v thm ca t va. Ngi ta to p lc d bng dung dch nng. Khi lm 266

nng dung dch st phi ch gi nht ca n nh nht. Trong sut thi gian khoan qua, t trng dung dch phi kim tra thng xuyn. b) - Trong trng hp kh xm nhp vo dung dch cn phi tin hnh s dng cc bin php kh kh trn mt. Trong trng hp khoan cc tng kh c p lc ln, hn ch lng kh ln xm nhp vo dung dch, trong thi gian ngn, cn khoan vi tc c hc b v lu lng dung dch tun hon ln. c) -Khng m va c kh nng xut hin du kh m trc khng chng ng theo thit k . d) - Khi ko cn khoan ln phi thm dung dch vo l khoan mt cch lin tc, khng gin on. ) - Ct ng nh hng phi c trm ximng n tn ming, bo m bt kn l khoan khi chng phun du kh . e) - Khi t trng dung dch gim i hn (0,02 )phi tm cch phc hi. g) - Phi d tr mt lng dung dch bng 1,5 3 ln th tch l khoan vi cc thng s quy nh trong bng thit k, phi d tr cht lm nng . h) - Ch c ko cn khoan ln sau khi bm ra sch l khoan bng dung dch c thng s nh quy nh theo thit k, v quay ct cn khoan . i) Khi d cn, nu mc dung dch st ngoi cn khoan khng h xung th c ngha l xut hin hin tng piston. Trong trng hp phi h ct cn xung di on xut hin, bm ra ri mi tip tc ko ct cn ln. k) Trc khi m va p lc ln, phi t van ngc di cn vung. 267

l) ngn chn hin tng phun t ngt, cn phi ng kn l khoan bng mt thit b c gi l my i p preventor. Ngi ta t cc thit b i p khi mi bt u khoan. Sau bm dung dch nng vo l khoan. 8.5.3. Thit b i p preventor. Thit b i p c lp mt bch u ng chng ca ng chng sau cng c trm ximng. Thit b i p cho php ng kn ming l khoan trong trng hp ging khoan c xut hin hin tng phun, v cho php bm dung dch nng vo ging khc phc hin tng phun.

Thit b i p ming ging :

4 6 1 5 2

1 - my i p thng ng 2 - My i p c chu cp vo cn khoan. 3 - My i p c tht ng ton b l khoan 4 - Bng iu khin 5 - ng ni iu chnh. 6 - b phn kh kh 7 - ng ra uc 8 - mt bch kp.

= S b tr thit b i p = 268

Mt thit b p chng phun cu to bi cc thnh phn chnh sau y. My i p thng ng 1. Hai my i p ngang 2 v 3 c tht ng. My i p 2 c tht ng cp vo cn khoan, my i p ngang 3 c tht ng ton phn (ng ming l khoan). Hai my i p ngang c ni vi nhau qua moson (4). Mt bch p 8 lp thit b i p preventor vi mt bch ca u ng chng. Manifon (6) ca thit b i p c to thnh bi nhiu van cao p, ng ni v ng ni iu chnh van x p sut v ng h o p sut. Thit b i p phi bo m kh nng ra l khoan bng bm khoan vi p lc d trong ming l khoan v nc ra c th chy qua h thng mng lng, qua b kh kh. Cng cn phi bo m kh nng bm cht lng vo khong trng gia cn khoan v ng chng bng bm khoan hoc thit b bm ximng. C th ra ngc theo ng ng c bit. Ngi ta dng cc ng ni c bit iu chnh tc dng cht lng t l khoan ra v v th m iu chnh c p lc d trong ming l khoan. Nu hin tng phun xy ra trong thi gian cn khoan trong ging th vic u tin l phi ng my i p thng ng v sau bm dung dch nng vo l khoan. Khi my i p ngang cn phi thay bc lt th phi ng my i p ngang c tht ng ngang thn cn khoan. Trng hp ging khoan phun khi cn khoan ko ht ra ngoi th phi a nhanh vo ging khoan mt s bc cn dng ri tin hnh ng van i p nh ni trn . Trng hp khng thnh cng th tin hnh ng van i p ngang c tht ng ton phn ng kn ming l khoan. My i p: 269

V phng din cu trc, my i p c th chia thnh cc loi theo bng di y: Thng ng My i p Loi ng yn Nm ngang iu khin bng c hc loi A i p vn nng iu khin bng thu lc VH Loi B1 iu khin Kp loi B2 ng bng c khong khng vng hc xuyn v ton phn. iu khin thu lc - kp loi DF v T - dng ng khong vnh xuyn Loi quay v ton phn. khoan l khoan di p sut. khoan bng phng php thi kh.

8.5.3.1. My i p thng ng. a)- My i p loi A iu khin bng c hc My i p thng ng loi A iu khin bng c hc c to thnh bi cc chi tit sau. Thn bng thp1, conus 2, hai ch ngang 3 v 4 thng vi ng chng v ng thot nc. pha trn c ren ngoi (5) vn c 6 c ng knh ln v ra 7.
9 bc cao su 11 lp gia hai Conus 2 c to thnh bi

vng nhn thp 9,10 nh inh c 12. Comus c to thnh t

6 ng vo m ra hai na vi thit din thng ng. C th

nh cc khp bn l.
5

2 11 1 10

3 4

270
8

Hnh a. My i p thng ng lai A (iu khin kiu c hc) Phng php s dng my i p thng ng loi A khi ging khoan c hin tng phun nh sau: ming l khoan lp thn 1 vi mt bch trn ca u ng chng qua mt bch 8. Pha trn thn 1 c lp c 6 nhng khng xit cht. - Ko ct cn khoan vi cn ch o ln pha trn bn quay rt. - Nng conus 2 gn ming l khoan nh ti ph v sau ng conus vo thn ca cn khoan nh chu thn conus. - Th nh cn khoan sao cho conus 2 vo trong thn 1 qua ming 7 ca c 6. - Th mt phn trng lng ca cn khoan xung conus v bc cao su 11 b nn li v p kht vo thn ca cn khoan. Sau vn c 6 li v ming 7 ca c 6 cng s gi cho bc cao su v tr p. tho my i p ch vic ko cn khoan ln,gii phng conus khi trng thi nn. M c 6 v sau ly cunus ra ngoi. b). My i p vn nng loi VH iu khin bng thy lc (hnh b) 271

c to thnh bng thn 1 c bng thp. (phn di c mt bch 2) v trong c xi lanh 3 lm vic, xi lanh 3 c iu khin bng thy lc. Thnh phn y kn cn khoan l bc cao su c bit 4.
4

6 7 1 5 3

Hnh b. My i p vn nng iu khin bng thu lc (loai VH) Trong trng hp cn ng my i p. Chng ta cho cht lng di p sut cao vo l s 5 v pitton 3 s chuyn di ln pha trn v nn p cao su 4. Cao su 4 b nn v b bin dng ngang v p st vo thn cn khoan. Khi m i p, th ngc li tho cht lng khi l s 5 v cho cht lng di p sut vo l s 7 v y piston 3 xung, bc cao su 4 li tr v v tr ban u. o bin ng ca bc cao su ln, do my i p vn nng c th ng vi bt c v tr no ca ca ct cn khoan (thn cn, u ni) v ngay c khi ng ton phn ging khoan khi cn khoan ko hon ton ra ngoi. 8.5.3.2. My i p nm ngang.

272

a) My i p vn nng iu khin bng c hc loi B 1 l mt my i p n gin. Bn trong thn ca chng lp cc cp tht c ch to dng ng vo thn ca cn, hay ng kn ton phn ming l khoan (hnh c).

1 2

Hnh c. i p c tht ng ngang thn cn iu khin bng c hc dch chuyn cp tht 2 trong trng hp cn thit ng hoc m ch cn quay tayiu khin m trn na tin ren bn phi v na tin ren bn tri. Truyn chuyn ng quay cho trc quay i qua t pha bn ngoi. S biu din cp tht ng ngang thn cn khoan. My i p ng kn ton phn ming l khoan c cu trc tng t nh my i p trn. nhng cp tht khng c l gia m kn hon ton. b) My i p nm ngang iu khin bng thy lc loi DF. (hnh d) Nguyn l hot ng ca my i p ny rt n gin, nh hnh v5 di y. 3 1 1 3 6 6 3 5 273 2 4 7 3
Thng du M ng

Hnh d. My i p nm ngang ng m bng thu lc (loi DF) Cp tht 1 c th chuyn di nh trc ca piston 2 trong xi lanh 3. Pitston 2 hot ng c nh cht lng di p sut c dn vo pha mt phi hay mt tri ca pitton. Khi ng my i p, cho cht lng vo ng dn 4. Khi b phn iu khin thy lc hng th c th iu khin bng c hc nh a v tay quay 6 qua ren v cc 7.

274

Chng IX S c trong cng tc khoan, bin php ngn nga v cu cha chng
9.1. Cc dng s c, nguyn nhn v bin php ngn nga chng

Cc dng s c k thut y c phn theo nhiu loi sau y: gy cn khoan,cn nngv cn ch o, t v tut cc perekht v cc u ni zamc. - Ri chong khoan v u ly mu - Ri tuc bin khoan - Ri dng c khoan v cc vt khc xung l khoan. - S c vi ng chng v trm xi mng. a) Gy cn khoan. Gy cn khoan, cn nng, cn ch o, cc perekht, u ni damc phn nhiu do ch lm vic khng ph hp. Cn khoan b khuyt tt trong qu trnh sn xut, do xut hin s tp trung ng sut dn n t hoc tut ren cn. - t gy cn khoan, do hin tng oi sinh ra, hin tng mi ca ct cn khoan l do tc ng lp li ca cc ti trng ko, xon, un cng vi giao ng ca ct cn khoan trong qu trnh lm vic. - t gy c th do hin tng n mn cn khoan do cc cht ho hc, in ho sinh ra trong dunh dch khoan. phng trnh cc hin tng ny, dung dch khoan cn phi cha di 7% hay trn 7% Na Cl. Bi v dung dch mui NaCl 7% c kh nng n mn rt ln. Thi gian lm vic ca cn khoan trong mi trng n mn s gim i khhong 11 ln so vi trong mi trng khng n mn. Do chng ta cn ch nhiu trong khu iu ch dung dch. S mi mn ca ct 275

cn khoan cn do cc cht mi mn c trong dung dch v do ma st ca ct cn khoan v thnh l khoan trong qu trnh lm vic. trnh cc hin tng ny. Dung dch khoan phi lc sch nhng cht c cng ln. Gi cho v tr l khoan thng ng. Ti trng y phi b hn 80% , trng lng ca cn nng trnh cho ct cn b cong v mt n nh. Ti trng chiu trc vt qu ti trng gii hn ca ren cng l nguyn nhn gy nn s c tut cn khoan. t hay tut cn khoan cc u ni gia mc thng thng do da mc b khuyt tt. Ti trng chiu trc vt qu ti trng gii hn ca ren, vv.... b) S c i vi chong khoan v u ly mu S c i vi chong khoan thng xy ra do vic s dng khng hp l, do tc dng ln chong vi ti trng ti trng qu ln v do chong lm vic qu lu y l khoan, do chong b hng hc, khuyt tt trong qu trnh ch to cc chp xoay b kt trong ca chng. Cc dng s c i vi chong khoan thng l b v chong t thn, v vng bi, tut u ni. S c i vi chong khoan nhiu nht vn l ri chp y l khoan, do mn ta hay ngng trc. t gy cc u ly mu c th sinh ra thn, u ni v c th cc chp xoay. S t gy ny sinh ra do khi a n vo lm vic v b kt ging do ng knh l khoan b b hp li. Do p dng ch lm vic khng ph hp vi n i vi tng loi. Do khng kim tra v th trc khi a chong xung lm vic. c) Ri cc dng c xung y. S ri cc dng c xung y c th gy nn nhng hu qu ht sc nng n trong qu trnh khoan . Nhng vt 276

ri nh cn khoan, cn nng cc perekht, chong khoan hay bt c cc dng c kim loi no xung l khoan nh ba, chu chn, ng cng v cc dng c khc. Nhng s c ny do nhiu nguyn nhn gy nn - Cc dng c b lng trong qu trnh lm vic - Khng gi cn thn ming l khoan trong thi gian nng th cng nh khi ko ht cn ra khi ming l khoan. - Thao tc nng th sai trong qu trnh nng v tho vn cn - Lm vic thiu ch ming l khoan. Cn khoan c th b ri, bi qu trnh nng th clevat b hng. Hay trong qu trnh nng th khng ch ng clevat. Cng c th gy ra do thao tc nng th cn khoan b tho ren. Trong khi ri chong khoan b cm xung y v cn b cong v c trng hp khng th no ly ln c. Cn nng b ri c th do khng s dng cc chu chn c bit dng cho cn nng. Cn ri cc dng c khc c th do nhng s sut, hay do b h hng trong qu trnh lm vic. Hu qu ca n c th gy nn kt cn, ri xung y. Ngn cn qu trnh tip tc khoan.
9.2. Dng c cu cha s c v cch s dng chng.

9.2.1. Gii quyt s c i vi cn khoan. Trong trng hp cn khoan b t hay tut ren vng u ni ( t u ni da mc, hay vng chn dy u cn khoan, cn nng. bt ni vi phn cn khoan cn li ngi ta dng metric ( hnh di).

277

Mt trch o dng cu trc hnh cn ca mettric, v bn ngoi c tin ren. Mettric c a vo bn trong cn khoan b t. Di tc dng quay v ti trng nn. nhng ging khoan c ng knh ln ngi ta s dng met tric c loa nh hng. Loa v ng nh hng c tc dng hng u cn t vo tm l khoan ng v tr lm vic ca met trch. Trong trng hp cn khoan b t thn, hay nhng cn khoan s dng met trch cu nhng khng thnh cngngi ta dng clcn tin ren bn ngoi cn khoan. Clcn cng c hai loi: - Loi c lp loa nh hng - Loi khng lp loa nh hng. C l cn C l cn c ch to bng thp c bit v nhiu kch thc khc nhau dnh cho tng loi cn khc nhau. pha trn mettric hay c l cn bao gi cng phi lp u ni an ton. u ni an ton dng tho cn khoan khi dng c cu trong trng hp cn khoan khng th li ln c. Khi gii phng cn khoan khi dng c cu, chng ta ko cn sao cho ti trng chiu trc ti im bng khng v quay ct cn khoan tho phn di ca u ni an ton li vi dng c cu v na phn trn c ko ln vi cn khoan.

278

u ni an ton c to bi hai phn 1 v 2 v c lin kt vi nhau qua ren c thit din hnh thang v bc rng ln. V vy c tho bi m men b hn. + Trong trng hp cn b t ging khoan c ng knh ln, u cn b bin dng hay b t khng ng u, khi lm vic vi cl cn khng an ton ngi ta s dng mt dng c mi gi l ng hom gi. ng hom gi c ch to bng ng chng thnh dy. bn trong ca n c th xuyn qua u mt cn b t nm trong ging khoan. ng hom gi cho php xuyn qua n mt on cn khoan c di 9m bi v rng chu ch bt c u ni c bit. khi u cn b t xuyn qua ng hom gi, chu 1 m ra. Khi ko ng hom gi ln th chu 1 ng li v bt vo phn di ca u ni mupta. on lt cao su s bt gia mupta v ng hom gi. Trong trng hp khng th ko ln c v mun gii phng n khi on cn b t th ch vic quay n v phi hoc tri th cc cht 2 s khp li v gii phng khi cn. ng hom gi dng cu cc on cn c chiu di b. + Nu ch gy ca cn khoan khng phng v c th nt dc, th dng ng chp m cn khoan c th chui qua, c lp thm mt on ng thch hp. ng chp c th cp vo di da mc v mupta gn ch gy nht, hoc cp vo thn cn khoan di tc dng ca ti trng ko nh chu chn lm vic trong mt ci hnh nn. Nguyn tc ging nh chu chn ming l khoan. Dng ng chp cng c th cho php bm ra. + Trong mt s trng hp xc nh tht chnh xc dng v v tr ca u cn khoan b gy, 279 2 1

ngi ta s dng cc mnh bng ch hay prarafil in du (ng du) cn to bi thn 1, ch. Model ch c a xung ging khoan u cn khoan b gy s c in vo mt di ca ca model ch. Dng c in du 1 - ng thp khoan gy da vo thn l khoan vng t 2- Modyl ch b sp l. Trc khi dng dng c cu ngi ta dng mc a u cn vo trung tm ging, nh c mc cn khoan hnh xon. Trong trng hp khng th ko cn khoan b kt ln c, sau khi dng cc bin php cu cha nh ngm du, axit, nc v bn mn khng c kt qu ngi ta dng dao ct cn ct v ly cn khoan ln. Dao ct cn khoan gm loi : - Dao ct cn khoan bn ngoi. - Dao ct cn khoan bn trong. b) Gii quyt s c vi chong khoan v cc vt kim loi ri xung l khoan. Trong trng hp chong khoan b t hay tt u ni, Nu v tr ca n th thng ng. Ngi ta dng Met trch c bit cu . Nu nh khng th cu c bng phng php ny th ngi ta dng cc phay c bit khoan ph. Sau cc phoi b ph c ly ln nh u chp hay doa nam chm. u chp: u chp hnh 2b: Cu to bng mt on ng chng, pha di c rng ca. Khi th u chp xung l khoan, di 280 Hnh 2b + Trong mt s trng hp du cn

tc dng ca ti trng lm cc rng b bin dng chp li v bt cc vt y ging khoan vo . Doa nam chm (hnh 3). c bn trong mt nam chm rt mnh, pha di c doa doa sch mn khoan ng trong . Khi quay v tun hon dung dch, cc vt bng kim loi s c nam chm ht v dnh cht vo n. Chng ta cng c th dng u chp hay doa nam chm ly ln cc vt kim loi ri xung y l khoan hay chp xoay hoc bi ca chong nm li y.
Hnh 3 1- Nam chm 2- Li doa

1 2

Trong trng hp t mm cc vt kim loi ri xung l khoan c th y vo thnh l khoan bng cc chong ui c c bit. c) S c i vi cc dng c c a vo ging khoan nh dycp. Trong trng hp cc dng c c a vo ming l khoan nh dy cp. Trong trng hp cp b t hay vt li y l khoan vi mt on cp, ngi ta s dng cc dng c nh mc c . C hai loi mc nh hnh di y: - Mc mt cnh hnh (a) - Mc hai cnh hnh( b) Mc c lp phn di ca cn khoan. Di tc dng quay ca cn khoan, cp s qun xung quanh mc v c ko ln trn mt. d) S c i vi ng chng. Trong trng hp ct ng chng b kt trong qu trnh th, th dng lc ko kt hp vi tun hon ko n ln. 281 Hnh a Hnh b

Nhng lc ko phi nh hn lc ko cho php ca ng chng hay ca h thng palng . Cng c th dng phng php ngm du, nc hoc axit cu. Trong trng hp khng th cu c th nguyn ct ng v tr kt v tin hnh trm ximng, trong trng hp ny phi thay i cu trc l khoan. Trong trng hp ng chng b bp mo, chng ta s dng dng c p hoc dng c quay cu. (hnh c) Thng thng ngi ta dng dng c quay cu . Bi v b dng c ny lm vic nh nhng hn khng gy dao ng nh hng n ng chng . S c ph bin nht i vi ng chng l tut chn v c mn ng. Chn b tut trong trng hp v phn di ca ng chng khng c Hnh c Con ln

gi chc v ximng b y ln trn hoc v ximng xung quanh chn khng ng. Trong qu trnh khoan c bit l khoan rt, mupta ca cn khoan c vo chn v lm tut n ra. S c chn ca ng c cu cha bng chong hnh thp. Dng chong ny a chn v v tr thng ng c th th lt choong khoan bnh thng. Bin php ngn nga tt nht l tng bn vng di ca ng trung gian hay nh hng . e) Cu cha s c i vi tuc bin khoan. S c tut ren tuc bin c th cu cha kh nhanh chng bng cc bin php sau: dng calp vn cc u ren b tut. Dng ng chp c bit chp vo di ai c hm ca tuc bin hoc dng metric c bit cu. 282

Trong khoan tuc bin , nu chong khoan b kt th c cha s kh khn hn. Trong trng hp ny khng th gii phng cn khoan bng cch quay ct cn khoan, bi v khi quay ct cn khoan th ch v tuc bin quay cn chong vn ng yn . Bi v vy c th quay c chong khoan cn phi lm kt trc tuc bin trong v ca n. Mun th ngi ta th vo trong cn khoan nhng vt nh bng kim loi. Cn phi bm ra cc vt nh ny chui vo trong tuc bin. Khi dng rot quay ct cn khoan vi tc nh cc vt kim loi s ri vo gia cc cnh tuc bin ca tng trn v ph hu cc cnh ny. Cc mnh vn ca cnh tuc bin li chui xung tng di v lm kt rt rong stat. Sau khi lm kt trc tuc bin trong v ca n, ngi ta cu chong khoan nh trong trng hp khoan rt, tc l bng cch quay ct cn khoan, v lc ny quay cn khoan l quay lun c tua bin g) Khoan lch sang mt bn Trong trng hp khng th cu cha b dng c b kt ln, hoc nu cu cha th tn rt nhiu thi gian, ngi ta dng bin php khoan lch, tc l khoan thn l khoan th 2. Ming ca l khoan th 2 phi cao hn u b dng c b kt. Thng thng ngi ta " cu"ximng trn u b dng c b kt v sau khi ximng ng rn th khoan m l bng rt hay tuc bin . M l mi bng phng php khoan rt l mt qu trnh gin on. Trong phng php ny thng s dng cc mng khoan xin. Mng khoan xin c trang b cc b phn gi cht trong l khoan chng xoay mng v cc b phn ly mng ln khi l khoan. 283

Khi nm trong l khoan mng nghing s hng cho l khoani lch sang mt pha. Thng thng ngi ta m l bng chong c ng knh nh sau doa rng v khoan tip bng chong khoan c ng knh ln. m l khoan lch bng tuc bin, ngi ta th nh hng ct cn khoan c lp cn cong hoc pr kht cong, sau tin hnh khoan.

284

Chng X Khoan ly mu v m va sn phm

10.1. Khoan ly mu.

Trong thigian khoan, nht l cc ging khoan tm kim thm d, nghin cu cc tng t khoan qua nh: - Nghin cu thnh phn thch hc. - Pht hin nhng khoan sn x tch cha trong . - Nghin cu tnh cht c l ca t khoan qua . Mun vy, chng ta phi ly mu t khoan qua nh nhng ng mu. Li ly bng ng mu c hnh tr ng knh nh v chiu di ln. Trn phng din cu trc chng ta chia ng mu thnh ba loi.: - B ng mu n. - B ng mu kp. -B ng c bit. B ng mu gm cc thnh phn chnh sau y. 1. - Chong khoan mu. 2- Thn 3 - ng ng mu. 4- Vng b mu. 10.1.1. B ng mu n: (ha) B ng mu n c s dng nhng tng chc c. N c to thnh b ng ng mu 1, phn trn c u ni 2 ni vi ct cn khoan, cn pha di ni vi u khoan mu 3. Pha trong ca ng ng mu c lp vng b mu v gi mu 4. Tun hon ca dung 285 Hnh a 3 4 1 2

dch khoan qua khong khng vnh xuyn gia li mu v ng ng mu. Li mu c ng knhnh hn ng knh ca ng ng mu. 10.1.2. B ly mu kp: (hb) B ly mu kp c s dng rng ri cc ging khoan du kh . B ly mu kp c cu to bng hai ng ng tm. ng mu 1 v ng ng mu 2, bn trn ng ng mu 2 c van 6 chi cho dung dch bn trong ng ng mu i ra v khng cho dung dch t bn ngoi xm nhp vo ng. u ni 3 ni vi ct cn khoan. u khoan mu 4 v b mu v gi mu 5. Tun hon ca dung dch i qua gia khong khng gia hai ng. V phng din cu trc, b ly mu kp cng chia lm hai loi: a) B ly mu kp c ng ng mu quay ng thi vi ng mu. b) B ly mu kp c ng ng mu khng quay ng thi vi ng mu (ng ng mu quay t do). Hnh b loi ny hai ng lin quan vi nhau qua vng bi trung gian. B ly mu ny gip gip chng ta ly c nhng li mu nguyn dng hn so vi b ly mu trn. Thng dng ly mu cc tng t km lin kt. u khoan mu c th l loi cnh dt, chp xoay hay u khoan mu kim cng. 10.1.3. B ly mu lun (b ly mu tho ln c). 286 1 2 7 5 4 3

B ly mu ny l mt b ly mu kp, m u khoan mu v ng mu c lp phn di ca ct cn khoan. Cn b ng ng mu bao gm ng ng mu, b phn iu khin dng dung dch v vng b mu c a xung nh dng dung dch tun hon. Khi li mu vo ht trong ng ng mu ngi ta ly b mu ng mu ln bng mt dng c c bit th vo trong cn khoan bng dy cp . u im ca b ly mu ny l ly mu vi mt chiu su ln. gim c thi gian nng th, tng c vn tc c hc. Nhc im ca n l ly c nhng li mu c ng knh rt b. 10.1.4. B ly mu nh hng: y l b ly mu c bit c hai hay ba ng ng tm v c dng c o nghing va. B ly mu ny s dng vi mc ch ly mu v xc nh hng nghing v gc nghing ca tng tng ng. 10.1.5. Ly mu bng khoan tuc bin: Trong khoan tuc bin, ngi ra ch to nhng tuc bin c bit khoan ly mu. Thn tuc bin, b phn ly mu v chong l mt khi ng b nht nh, bo m lm vic vi tc khoan cao.
10.2. m va tng sn phm.

Qua m va tng sn phm chng ra hiu rng tt c cc cng tc c thc hin trong thi im chong khoan bt u khoan vo tng sn phm cho n khi a ging khoan vo khai thc. M va tng sn phm bao gm cc cng tc sau y: - Khoan qua tng sn phm. 287

- Tin hnh cng tc o v th va tng sn phm thu c nhng ti tc cn thit thit k khai thc ging khoan. - Cu trc ging khoan tng sn phm. - To iu kin cht lng chy t tng sn phm vo l khoan .Qua cc cng tc m va tng sn phm phi t c hai yu cu: - Phi m bo h s sn phm ln nht i vi tng sn phm. - Phi thu c tin tc tht chnh xc ca tng sn phm. 10.2.1. Khoan qua tng sn phm. a. Ch s khai thc, h s tn tht. H s sn phm Ip c nh ngha qua lu lng thu c khi c s chnh lch 1 n v p sut: Ip = = Trong : qa - lu lng tuyt i ca ging khoan . P - Chnh lch p sut gia va v y ging khoan. k - thm tut i ca tng sn phm. h - B dy tng sn phm. - nht tuyt i ca dung dch chy t va vo ging khoan rv- Bn knh ca va du trong phm vi nh hng ca ging khoan. rg- Bn knh ging khoan. Nu nh trong thi gian khoan, nc lc dung dch thm vo va sn phm vi khong cch no c bn knh l r 0 , v lm gim thm ca va t k n k0, h s sn phm Ip

288

s b gim . thu c lu lng qacn tiu th mt p sut ph p0, c ngha l: Ip = Tr s ca p sut ph s tnh bng cng thc: p0=( ln. ) V biu thc trong ngoc ln. = D gi l h s tn tht ca ging khoan. D t y ta c th nhn thy: Nu vng xung quanh l khoan khng b tim nhim bi dung dch khoan k = k0 th h s sn phm D v p trit tiu. Nu nh k0<k th p0 > 0 th iu chng t rng vng xung quanh l khoan b nh hng bi dung dch khoan, dn n s gim lu lng khai thc nu chng ta vn gi nguyn chnh lch p sut. Hay phi tiu hao thm p sut ph gi nguyn lu lng khai thc. V th thu c lu lng D tht nh th phi s dng dung dch khoan tht tt, khng gy nhim bn cho va sn phm. b. nh hng ca dung dch khoan i vi h s tn tht D. Nh chng ta bit, trnh hin tng phun ca du v kh, trong qu trnh khoan phi m bo m iu kin p lc ct thu tnh ca dung dch ln hn p lc va. Di nh hng ca p st chnh lch ny, dung dch khoan s c xu hng xm nhp vo cc tng thm thu. i a s cc trng hp thng gp trong thc t l: cc tng sn phm c thm k khong t 0,1 - 10 darxy, do cc ht keo ca dung dch khoan khng th xm nhp vo va vi khong cch ln m ch vi khong cch rt b 289
0

khong (0,2 0,6rg)v to thnh mng v st bn trong cng vi khong mng v st xung quanh thnh l khoan. Qua mng v st ny, pha phn tn ca dung dch khoan s lt vo va v lm nhim bn vng xung quanh l khoan. P cng ln bao nhiu th vng nhim cng ln by nhiu. Mng v st bn trong: trnh nh hng cho min xung quanh l khoan mng v st phi m bo thm b nht khng cho php lc mt lng nc ln t dung dch vo va. Mng v st phi mng v bn vng khng d b ph hoi di tc dng quay v ko th ct cn khoan. Nc lc trong dung dch khoan s thm su vi khong cch ln hn vo min xung quanh l khoan (c khi ln n hng mt ) v lm tng h s tn tht D do cc hin tng sau y: - Lm gim thm tng i ca va i vi du (kd) - Nc lc t dung dch cng vi du th trong va s to nh tng n nh, c nht cao, lm tr ngi cho du chy t va vo ging khoan. - Di tc dng ca nc lc t dung dch cng vi nc khong t va s lm kt ta cc mui khng tan, lm tc tng phn hay ton phn cc khe nt ca va vo ging. - cc va sn phm c xen k cc tng st, di tc dng ca nc lc chng s tng th tch v lm thu nh kch thc cc knh rnh ca du chy vo ging . gim nh hng xu ca dung dch i vi h s tn tht D trong thc t phi tin hnh cc bin php sau y: - S dng cc dung dch c tnh cht keo phn tn tt c th to thnh mng st mng, bn vng v khng thm b mt ca va khai thc v c thot nc b. 290

- Gia cng dung dch khoan vi cc cht hot tnh b mt hn ch to thnh nh tng du, nc n nh. - cc va c xen k cc tng st nn s dng cc dung dch c bit (dung dch bo ho mui, dung dch gc canxi dung dch c ch) cc dung dch ny s lm hn ch s trng n ca cc thnh phn st. - Gim n mc ti a d, gim p lc d gim B ca dung dch. - Gim thi gian tip xc gia dung dch v tng sn phm bng cch tng tc khoan. Dung dch l tng m va sn phm l dung dch du m hay sn phm du m. S dng dung dch khoan bng du m b hn ch bi v chng khng c tnh cht xc bin v d gy ho hon, cho kt qu o a vt l khng chnh xc, nhim mi trng, tng gi thnh khoan, x l mn khoan kh khn vv... S dng dung dch nh tng ngc (nh tng n nh nc trong du vi hm lng khong 50% nc) m va sn phm cng rt tt bi v pha lc vn l du.
10.2.2. Th vi sn phm

bit c kh nng khai thc ca va sn phm v cc cht liu cha trong cc va. Ngi ta cng tng dng kh nhiu phng php nh ly mu phn tch, cc phng php o a vt l vv... xc nh c kh nng khai thc ca va v nghin cu cc tnh cht vt l ca va ngi ta dng b dng c c bit th va. Cc dng c ny c a vo ging khoan nh cn khoan hoc dy cp carota Nh b dng c ny m ta c th: 291

- To dng cht lng v kh chy t va th nghim v l khoan. - Xc nh cc thng s vt l ca va ( p lc va, h s sn phm) - Ly mu cht lng ca va C hai loi dng c th va chnh. - Loi dng c c a vo ging nh cn khoan - Loi dng c c a vo ging nh dy cp carota 10.2.2.1. B dng c th va a vo ging khoan nh cn khoan. i vi loi dng c ny, da theo cch thc ngn cch tng sn phm vi ging khoan cn li, chng ta chia lm hai loi - Dng c th va c paker hnh cn (nn) - Dng c th va c paker hnh tr. a - Dng c th va c paker hnh cn (nn) (hnh a) Dng c th va c paker hnh cn bao gm cc b phn sau y: ng lc (1) paker hnh cn vi bc cao su(3). Van cn bng (4) dng cn bng p sut di v trn paker trong qu trnh ko th v trc lc tho paker. Van gi (5) v van thng (6). Trc khi th b dng c th va xung mt l khoan, cn khoan qua tng sn phm mt l c ng knh nh hn ng knh l khoan, v to thnh ngng ca (2) t paker. 292 Hnh a 1 2 5 4 3 6

Paker phi c t tng chc c pha trn tng sn phm, nhm ngn cch tt tng sn phm v phn cn li ca ging . - Nguyn tc lm vic ca b dng c th va nh sau. a b dng c th va vo ging khoan sao cho paker (3) t vo ngng ca (2) bn trn tng sn phm. Trong sut thi gian th van cn bng (4) m, van gi v van lu thng (5),(6) ng, gi cho dung dch khoan khng vo c bn trong cn khoan. - Tip tc th mt ti trng xung b dng c th va, n s to iu kin paker bt kn ngng ca (2). Di tc dng ca ti trng nn van cn bng (4) s ng li, ngn cch tng sn phm di paker vi khong khng ngoi cn. - Tip tc tng ti trng khong 4 5 tn, van gi s m ra, trong thi im ny cht lng pha di paker s vo trong b th va v thng n van lu thng (6). - Sau m van lu thng 6 bng mt dng c th t trn mt xung v to iu kin cho dng cht lng chy t va vo bn trong cn khoan. - Sau khi kt thc thi gian th va tin hnh ly b dng c th va ln, ko cn khoan ln u tin, ng van gi (5) sau m van cn bng (4) cn bng p sut trn v di paker. Nhc im ca dng c ly mu c paker hnh cn l khng bo m kn ca paker v phi khoan l khoan vi ng knh b cho nn gim vn tc thng mi ca qu trnh khoan.

293

b - B dng c th va c paker hnh tr. (h b) trnh cc nhc im ca b dng trn, trong thi gian gn y ngi ta s dng rng ri b dng c th va c paker hnh tr. B dng c ny c khc vi b dng c trc v cu trc phn di ca chng. B dng c th va c paker hnh tr (hnh di) bao gm chn 1 ( cu to bng cn nng v cng vi n b dng c th va a vo y l khoan). ng lc (2) paker (3). Van cn bng (4), van gi (5) v van lu thng. B dng c th va vi paker hnh tr a th vo ging khoan ngay sau khi khoan qua tng sn phm. Chiu di ca chn 1 c chn sao cho paker 3 nm tng chc c v khng thm thu. Lm kn paker vi thnh l khoan bng cch th mt ti trng nn xung dng c ly mu. Di tc dng ca ti trng nn bc cao su 3 b p li v n phnh ra p cht vo thnh l khoan. Sau khi lm kn paker vi thnh l khoan, nguyn l lm vic ca b dng c th va c paker hnh tr ging ht nh b th va c paker hnh cn. Cc b dng c th va hin i c lp thm cc p k t ghi chn da 1 pha di ng lc 2. Qua biu t ghi ca p k chng ta c th bit chnh xc gi tr nh p sut va, h s sn phm, v cng nh cc giai on hot ng ca b dng c 294 Hnh b
1 2 3 5 4 6

 th di y biu din bin thin p sut trong qu trnh lm vic ca b dng c th va.

m van np

P, at

p k t ghi

m van lu thng

C F

va B D O E

Hnh c

H t Thi gian (h)

- Khong 0A tng ng vi thi gian th dng c th xung ging. im A l p sut y ( va sn phm)

- Khong AB tng ng vi s thay i t ngt p sut di paker trong thi im m van gi. - Khong BC tng ng khong phc hi p lc cho n thi im bt u m van lu thng im C. - Trong thi im m van lu thng p sut gim t ngt t C xung D - ng cong DE tng ng vithi gian cht lng chy t va vo bn trong cn. - T im E bt u ko b dng c ln ( ng van gi) v imtm van cn bng v sau p k t ghi ton b p sut p sut ca ct dung dch trong ging khoan. - Khong GH. tng ng vi thi im ko b dng c ln mt. c. B dng c th va a vo ging khoan nh dy cp carota.(hnh d) Cu to chnh ca b dng c bao gm bnh ng mu 1, (lp pha di ca b dng c) c dung tch khong 295

1520l. Mt paker c bit c to thnh bng bc cao su 2 v cht gi 3. Dng c c th xung ging khoan nh cp CAROTA 4 Nguyn tc lm vic b dng c nh sau: - Sau khi th dng c th vo ging khoan tng sn phm, dng h thng iu khin thy lc nh hng paker thnh l khoan. - Sau to dng chy t va vo bnh ng mu bng cch c l bng lung kh tp trung - Sau khi ly y ng mu, tin hnh tho paker nh h thng iu khin thu lc a chng ln mt. 10.2.3. Cu trc ca ging khoan va sn phm . Cu trc ca ging khoan tng sn phm ph thuc vo mc lin kt t ca tng sn phm. Cc tng sn phm c xen kp cc lp c cha cht lu khc hay khng? Thng thngc ba loi cu trc ca ging khoan tng sn phm. a) Cu trc ca ging khoan khng gia c tng sn phm. (hnh a). Cu trc ny (hnh a) c p dng trong trng hp tng sn phm cng nh di tng sn phm vng chc n nh trong qu trnh khai thc. Trong trng hp ny ca ng chng khai thc nm vch trn ca tng khai thc v trm ximng sau ng chng. Khai thc du c tin hnh trn ton b din tch m ca ging khoan. b) Cu trc ging khoan ch gia c tng sn phm (hnh b). 296 Hnh d
1 3 4 2

Cu trc ny ca ging khoan c s dng cc tng sn phm km bn vng . Vi cu trc ny ct ng khai thc phn di c lp ng lc ( hnh b1) hay mt on ng lng c c l sn trn mt v treo pha di ct ng khai thc. Trm xi mng c tin hnh phi bn trn tng sn phm. Trong trng hp ny khai thc du cng c tin hnh trn ton b din tch m ca ging. c) Cu trc ca ging khoan bao gm gia c v ngn cch gia cc va bng c chng ng v trng xi mng (hnh c) Loi cu trc ny rt thng gp thc t v c s dng trong trng hp tng sn phm xen k vi cc tng cha cht lu khc. Vi cu trc ny, ca ng chng khai thc nm y ca va sn phm, sau khi chng ng khai thc tin hnh trm xi mng trn ton b chiu cao ca va. Sau cng tc trng xi mng ct ng khai thc tin hnh c l ct ng chng to cc knh rnh du chy t va vo ging khoan. Trong trng hp ny lu lng ca dung dch s gii hn bi s lng v ng knh cc l c qua thn ng chng, vnh xi mng vo va.

Hnh a Hnh c

Hnh b1

Hnh b2

10.2.4. c l ng chng 297

c l ng chng l to ra nhng l thng qua ng chng, vnh xi mng vo va du kh c th chy t va vo bn trong l khoan. Trn thc t ngi ta s dng 3 loi dng c c l. - Dng c c l bng u n - Dng c c l bng lung kh n tp trung - Dng c c l bng phng php thy lc a. Dng c c l bng u n (hnh a) Dng c c l bng u n thng Hnh a

c hnh tr, c chiu cao khong 3m v c ch to bng cc loi thp c bit v a xung ging khoan nh cp in carota v mt ti lp trn mt cng mt h thng iu khin. bn trong dng c c l c cc lung n, trong t cc kp n, thuc n, u n. Dng c c l bng u n c th chia thnh hai loi: Loi bn ng thi ( khng t ng). Loi bn th t (t ng) *) Dng c c l bng u n bn ng thi Trong loi ny cc u n c bn i t thn ca b dng c vo va hu nh xy ra cng mt lc. B dng c ny bao gm t 10 15 khi hnh tr v ni vi nhau bng ren. Mt khi hnh tr l mt bung n Hnh
5 1 4 2 3 5

b (hnh b). Bao gm bung chy c lp pha trn ca b 298

dng c v c truyn xung cc bung n qua cc ng dn la 5, bung chy 1, lm u n 2 bn i v la li c truyn xung ng dn la 5 truyn xung bung n tip theo. Thi gian n ca tt c u n xy ra rt nhanh, ngi ta xem nh n n ng thi. Dng c c l loi ny c cu trc n gin nhng c nhc im l tt c u n cng n ng th nn nh hng ln n bn ca ng chng cng nh vng xi mng. *) Dng c c l bng u n bn theo th t iu khin. Loi dng c ny cc u n c bn i theo th t iu khin t trn mt nn trnh dng c trc. iu khin n, mi bung n c lp mt dy chy chm v ch n pha trn b dng c v iu khin t trn mt. Loi dng c c l bn theo th t iu khin M - 1 ca Rumania bao gm: mt ng hnh tr, trong lp cc thnh phn n theo hnh sau y (hnh c). Hiu qu ca dng c c l bng u n thng khng t yu cu,. v khi p vo ng chng nng lng ca n b gim i rt nhanh. b) Dng c c l bng lung kh n tp trung. (hnh d) c cc nhc im ca Hnh c
2 3 4 1

1-dy chy chm 2- ng thp 3- u n 4- Bung n 5- Nutds cao su

khi c u vo mch in nh mt b phn b in lp

299

Hin nay ngi ta s dng rng ri cc dng v c l khng c u n. Trong trng hp ny ng chngb c thng khng phi l u n m bng mt lung kh n tp trung hnh thnh khi n cc khi thuc n nh hng. Ngi ta t vo dng c c l cc khi thuc n c mt ch lm
3 2

Hnh d
1- Bung n 2- ch lm 3- lung kh nh hng

pha i din vi kp n. Khi hin tng n xy ra s hnh thnh mt lung kh nh hng, c sc m xuyn rt ln. Dng phng php c l khng c u n, c th c l m khng lm h hng ct ng chng v vnh ximng. Ngoi ra, phng php ny bo m m va mt cch chc chn v lm tng thm ca t do hnh thnh cc k nt su hn so vi khi c bng u n. c) c l bng phng php thu lc. nng cao cht lng ca khu vc y l khoan, gn y ngi ta s dng rng ri mt phng php m va mi l phng php thu lc. Dng ng dn kh p th xung l khoan mt b phn phun nc gm c l phun. Khi bm cht lng v ct vo ng dn vi p sut cao, chng s bn ra khi l khoan vi tc rt ln v ct s lm thng ng chng, xi mng cng nh t trn thnh l khoan. Phng php c l bng thu lc ct c nhiu u im hn cc phng php khc, ng chng v vnh ximng khng b nt khi c l, c th iu chnh ng knh v su cc l, c th c l nm ngang hoc thng ng. Nhc im ca phng php ny la gi thnh cao, thit b mt cng knh. 300

- Khi c l ng chng ngi ta phi lp trn ming l khoan ccthit b i p cho php ng kn l khoan khi c xut hin du khi sau khi bn. - Trong qu trnh c l ging khoan lun lun y dung dch to i p ln va. - Trong mi trng hp tu theo tnh cht tch t ca va, cu trc ca ging khoan, nhit v p sut trong vng m chn loi dng c c l v mt c l ( s l c trn 1 m) cho thch hp.

301

chng 11 Khoan bin Trong nhng nm gn y lng du th gii khai thc cc m nm di bin cng ngy cng tng. Chim khong hn 25% tng sn lng ton phn hng nm. Cho n nay c trn 75 nc c hot ng tm kim thm d v khai thc cc m du nm di bin. Trong nhiu nm ti hng khoan bin s cng ngy cng pht trin. Cu trc ca b khoan, thit b khoan, k thut v cng ngh khoan cng ngy cng c ci tin v hin i ho. Do cc ch tiu ph cho cng tc thit k ch ta cc gin khoan bin, iu kin t nhin trn bin rt khc nghit (gi, bo, sng, dng nc bin, chiu su ca nc, n mn thit b ca mi trng nc bin). Gin khoan xa t lin, do cng tc vn chuyn vt liu thit b, con ngi v.v... gp nhiu kh khn. Do gi thnh ca khoan bin t hn rt nhiu so vi khoan trn cn. Vi mt khoan bng nhau lng t gi thnh khoan bin s tng ln theo chiu su ca mc nc bin . D tiu ph cho qu trnh khoan bin rt ln. Nhng ngc li tiu ph cho qu trnh khai thc li rt thp. V vy gi thnh mt tn du ly bin s r hn t lin. a n li nhun kinh t khai thc bin vn rt cao. Cc ging khoan thm d hoc khai thc thng nm khong chiu su mc nc di 400m. cc lp nc su, tin hnh cc cng tc lp rp, kim tra, sa cha cc thit b t ngm di bin, hin gi 302

ngi ta s dng v tuyn iu khin v th ln. V iu kin lm vic ca cng nhn ln gp nhiu kh khn nht l su ca nc rt ln. V vy gn y ngi ta ch to ra c cc ngi my lm vic di bin c th n sau 1000m nh Telenaute( Php ) Aute(M) Mobot
11.1. Dn khoan bin.

khoan bin, thit b ph tr, ch v lm vic sinh hot ca cn b cng nhn u t trn dn b khoan bin c cu trc c bit. Cc dn khoan bin c th chia thnh nm loi chnh sau y: - Dn c nh - Dn khoan chm. - Dn t nng . - Dn t nng. - Dn ni. - Dn bn chm. 1) Dn c nh c gi bng 4 chn bng kim loi hay bng betng v c ng xung y bin. Loi dn b ny c s dng su mc nc bin (khong 60- 90 m ). Lp rp loi dn b ny kh khn v tn km (h.a). 2) Dn chm: Loi dn ny c 4 n 8 chn, ni ng thng ng, hnh tr, khng nc vo bn trong chng trong thi gian di chuyn, bo m cho bn ni mc chng vo tu ko chng i . Trong thi gian lm vic ngi ta bm y nc vo cc chn. V dn t t chm xung y v tr lm vic. Loi dn ny s dng hn ch v lm vic km n 303

nh v gii hn su mc nc bin khong 40 - 60 m. (h.b) Dn t nng c lp t 3 n 5 hay nhiu cc chn t nng, cc chn ny c iu khin bng thu lc hoc bng in. Trong thi gian di chuyn dn t th ni, v chn v tr nng ln. cm n xung y bin v tr lm vic, ch vic h cc chn xung v cm n xung y bin, v dn s nng ln khong 12 20 m trn mc nc. Loi dn ny c th s dng chiu su ca mc nc bin n 90 100m. Hin nay dn t nng l loi c dng ph bin nht trn th gii. Loi dn ny lm vic n nh. Chn ca n cm su vo y bin khong 10 15 m. V vy cho php n lm vic trong nhng iu kin thi tit xu. Cho php nng dn cao hn trong trng hp sng bin d, gi thnh r hn cc loi dn khc. Dn t nng c 3 u im chnh a) Vn chuyn v lp rp nh nhng. b). Cm vng chc trn y bin. c) . Dn c kh nng t nng ln cao cn thit chng sng ln. 3. Dn ni - tu khoan. L nhng chic tu c cu trc c bit vi kch thc 100 110m chiu di v 20 25 m chiu rng. Trng lng 10.000 - 12.000 tn. N c th t dy chuy n hay nh cc tu khc mc vo ko. Trn tu c lp tt c cc thit b khoan ph tr, ch lm vic ca cn b cng nhn. Loi dn ny cng c s dng rng ri v dng khoan vng bin c chiu su mc nc ln. Di chuyn nhanh v d dng. Nhng 304

rt d nhy cm vi sng v gi, do thi gian cht khng lm vic nhiu. 4. Dn khoan na chm. Dn khoan ny c s dng ph bin hn so vi cc loi tu khoan vo khoan chiu su c mc nc bin ln. Trn dn khoan ny c th lp tt c cc thit b khoan, thit b ph tr cng nh ch ca cc cn b cng nhn khoan. Dn khoan c gi bi mt b chn ni, bao gm cc chn ni hnh tr thng ng(vi ng knh 7 11m v chiu cao t 30 35m). Vic lin kt bn di bng nhiu cc ng ni nm ngang hnh tr vi ng knh t 5 7 m. Trong thi gian dy chuyn b chn ni ny ni ln cch mt nc khong (6- 8 m). Trong thi gian lm vic, ngi ta bm vo bn trong b chn ni ny y nc v chn ni ny b chm xung cch mt nc khong 15 25 m. V vy tng n nh di tc dng ca sng v gi. Chiu cao ca chn so vi mt nc bin c th ln ti 15 18 m. Dn khoan c gi v tr lm vic nh cc b phn dy chng c neo vi y bin. Loi dn na chm hin i c th t di ng - vi cng sut khong 5000 6500 m lc v c th lm vic chiu su ca mt mc nc t 200 400m. Dn c chiu di khong 80100 m, chiu rng t 60 - 70 m, v c th chu c trng lng thit b t 2000 - 2500 tn.
11.2 - Thit b khoan .

cc dn khoan ng yn, thit b khoan c lp trn dn khoan sau khi dn khoan dng v tr lm vic v c tho d sau khi kt thc qu trnh khoan. Trong khi cc dn khoan di ng, thit b khoan c lp vnh vin 305

trn dn khoan, v c di chuyn ng thi vi dn khoan t a im khoan ny n a im khoan khc. Trong c hai trng hp trn, thit b khoan c lp vn l loi bnh thng chy bng t hp my: izen - in v c cng sut ca thit b ln (4000 - 6000 ml) v cho php khoan n chiu su (6000 - 7000m).Gi thnh ca thit b chim khong 20 - 30% gi thnh ca ton b dn khoan.
11.3. Cc thit b lp rp ming l khoan.

Cc thit b lp rp phn trn ca ging khoan bin bao gm : - u ng chng (u bt ). - Ct ng bao (ct ng ny c chng qua phn nc bin). - Thit b chng phun (i p preventor). Cu trc v phng php lp rp, vn hnh chng ph thuc vo chiu su ca mc nc v tng loi dn khoan bin . Thng thng c 2 phng php lp rp u ng chng v thit b i p chng phun(preventor) 1. u ng chng v thit b i p (preventor) thng thng lp trn mc nc bin; Loa ny thng thng c s dng cc dn khoan c dng y bin v chiu su ca mc nc bin 100m 2. u ng chng v thit b i p c lp t ngm di y bin; loi ny thng thng c s dng khoan nhng ging khoan c chiu su mc nc bin > 100m. Bi tp: Tnh bn ct ng chng khc: 146mm. Chiu su th: L = 3800m d = 1,33G/cm3 306

0 = 0,8 G/cm3 Pv = 460 kG/cm2 B dy tng sn phm b = 150m Bi gii: 1. Tnh ct ng theo p sut bp mo: + Chiu cao h mc cht lng trong ging (ng chng): H0 = H = .3800 = 2533m (Tnh p sut bp mo i vi ng 146 bng sau) Thp D) Bng 1 1mm Pbm, kG/cm2 + Tnh chiu su cho php h ct ng 146 theo cng thc: H = ( vng khng c cht lng) hay H = , m HD6 = = 1242 m; HD7 = = 1667 m; HD8 = = 2092m; HD9 = = 2452m; HD10 = = 2811 Nhng n chiu su 2533m th bn trong ng c cht lng (0 = 0,8G/cm3) cho nn nu th ng c = 10mm th chiu su th cho php s l: HD10 = = 3210 m HD11 = = 4110m 6 190 7 255 8 320 9 375 10 430 11 485 12 540

307

Nhng n chiu su: 3650m l bt u vo ti va sn phm nn h s an ton lc ny phi ly ln hn, n 2 = 1,3 v th ta tnh HD11 = = 3210m C ngha l thp mc D chiu dy = 11mm c th h n chiu su : 3650m. HD12 = = 4030m v ly HD12 = 3800m Tng hp kt qu tnh bng (2) di y: Bng (2)
Th t ng 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 B dy thp D (mm) 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Chiu su th m t 0 1242 1667 2092 2452 3210 3650 n 1242 1667 2092 2452 3210 3650 3800 Chiu di (m) 1242 425 425 360 758 440 150 Trng lng 1m(kg) 21,6 24,9 28,0 31,3 34,4 37,5 40,6 Trng lng (tn) 26,80 10,60 11,90 11,26 26,13 16,50 6,09 109,18

2. Tnh ct ng theo ti trng ko t: - Ti trng ph sinh ra khi bm trm: Qph = (Pth + Pd) Pth = 0,02 x H + 16 = 0,02 x 3800 + 16; Pd = 15 20 kG/cm2 (nt trn t ln nt di vng tng) Qph = (0,02 x 3800 + 16 + 15) x x 12,22 = 12.400 kG = 12,4 tn Vy ti trng thc t tc dng ln ren ni ca ng gn ming ging khoan l: Q = 109,18 + 12,4 = 121,58 (tn)

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Xem tham kho bng (3) di y v gii hn bn ko ca ng 146 thp D c b dy thnh khc nhau: Bng 3 mm Qko,
tn

6 56

7 71

8 85

9 100

10 115

11 130

12 145

+ Tnh h s t tr bn ko gn ming ng c = 6mm c tnh: n61 = = < 1,3; pha di ca ng c = 6m l: (Q1 - l trng lng ca on ng c = 6mm) n61 = = < 1,3; Tng t ta tnh: (pha trn) n71 = = < 1,3; (pha di) n71 = < 1,3; (pha trn) n81 = = < 1,3; (Pha di) n81 = = = 1,38 > 1,3 Nh vy: ng c = 9mm c th lp vo ct ng t on th 4 tr ln. Ta bt u tnh: * lD9 = = = 147 m y: [Q = Q - (Q1 + Q2 + Q3) = 121,6 - (26,8 +10,6+11,9) =72,3] q9= 31,3 kg - Trng lng 1m ng c b dy = 9mm - S m cn li phi thay bng b dy ln hn l 2092 147 = 1945m * lD10 = = = 334m. 309

- S m cn li phi thay bng b dy ln hn l: 1945 - 334 = 1611m * lD11 = = 307m - S m cn li l: 1611 - 307 = 1304m * lD12 = = 320m - S m cn li l: 1304 - 320 = 984m By gi phi chuyn sang thp K c bn cao hn thp D ta s tnh: *lK10 = = 116m - S m cn li: 984 - 116 = 868 m * lk11 = = 411m - S m cn li l: 868 - 411 =457m. * lk12 = = 388m - S mt cn li l: 457 - 388 = 69m By gi chuyn sang thp E c bn cao hn thp K ta s tnh: lE12 = = 284m Vy ta ch ly lE12 = 69m l Kt qu tnh ton bn ct ng c tng hp li Bng (4) Bng tng hp tnh bn ct ng 146 bng sau:

Bng 4 Th t ng mt thp Chiu su th, m 310 Chi u

 (mm) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 12 11 10 12 11 10 9 10 11 11 E K K K D D D D D D D

T 0 69 457 868 984 1304 1611 1945 2452 3210 3650

n 69 457 868 984 130 4 161 1 194 5 245 2 321 0 365 0 380 0

di, (m) 69 388 411 116 320 307 334 507 758 440 150

Trng lng 1m ng (kg) 40,6 40,6 37,5 34,4 40,6 37,5 34,4 31,3 34,4 37,5 40,6

Trng lng ng, (tn) 2,80 15,80 15,40 4,00 13,00 11,50 11,50 15,90 26,13 16,50 6,09 138,62

3. Tnh ct ng theo p sut n bn trong: n3 = = = 5,8 > 1,3. Kt lun: Ct ng chn bn.

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