Bai Giang Danhgia KDCLGD 2013

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PGS. TS. L NH

(Ti liu Bi dng nghip v s phm)

TRNG I HC S PHM HU

Hu - 5/2013

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MC LC
CHNG I: NHNG KHI NIM C BN TRONG NH GI GIO DC.......... 4
I M T NG ................................................................................................ 4
1.1. Khi nim v kim tra, thi .................................................................................... 4
1.2. Khi nim v nh gi .......................................................................................... 4
II IM TR NH GI T QU HC TP C NGI HC ...................... 6
2.1. Khi nim v kim tr nh gi (TG) kt qu h tp ................................... 6
22 X nh m tiu lm s cho kim tr nh gi ............................................ 6
III. V TR V VAI TR CA KIM TR NH GI TRONG QU TRNH DY
HC ........................................................................................................................... 10
IV. CI TIN VIC DY HC THNG QUA KIM TR NH GI ............... 11
4.1. Kim tr nh gi x nh cc mc tiu ging dy .......................................... 11
4.2. Kim tr nh gi nh mt phng tin cung cp thng tin phn hi ............... 11
4.3. Xem xt v tho lun cc cu hi kim tra v cc m h ging dy .............. 11
V NH GI V IU CHNH QU TRNH HC TP C NGI HC .......... 12
51 nh gi qu trnh hc tp c ngi hc .......................................................... 12
5.2. Kim tr nh gi gip iu chnh qu trnh hc tp ......................................... 12
53 hi dy tnh tch cc c ngi hc ................................................................. 13
VI. YU CU C NH GI HC TP............................................................... 13
CHNG II: CC PHNG PHP V THUT NH GI ............................. 15
I CC PHNG PHP IM TR NH GI THNG DNG ......................... 15
1.1. Kim tra t lun ................................................................................................. 15
1.2. Trc nghim khch quan..................................................................................... 17
13 So snh phng php trc nghim khch quan v t lun ........................... 21
1.4. Kim tra vn p ................................................................................................. 23
15 nh gi thc ...................................................................................................... 23
II. QUY HOCH V SON THO BI TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN ........... 24
21 X nh cc mc tiu cn kim tra - nh gi................................................... 24
2.2. Bng c trng hi hiu .................................................................................... 25
2.3. Phn tch cu hi trc nghim khch quan ........................................................ 25
24 C trng a bi trc nghim khch quan .................................................. 29
III. TRC NGHIM THEO CHUN V TRC NGHIM THEO TIU CH ......... 33
3.1. Trc nghim theo chun (Norm - referenced test).............................................. 33
3.2. Trc nghim theo tiu ch (Criterion referenced test) ...................................... 33
3.3. So snh trc nghim theo chun v trc nghim theo tiu ch ........................... 33
IV. L THUYT NG P CU HI ................................................................... 34
4.1. Cc mi quan h nguyn t trong mt php o lng gio dc
v m hnh Rasch ..................................................................................................... 37
4.2. p dng l thuyt ng p u hi .................................................................... 38

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CHNG III: M BO CHT LNG TRONG GIO DC I HC ............... 41
I V THUT NG CHT LNG TRONG GIO DC ....................................... 41
11 C nh ngh v cht lng ............................................................................. 41
1.2. Cc phng php nh gi ht lng ............................................................... 43
II. CC HOT NG LIN QUN N CHT LNG ...................................... 44
2.1. Kim sot cht lng .......................................................................................... 44
22 m bo cht lng (Quality assurance-QA) .................................................... 45
2.3. Kim nh cht lng (Quality Accreditation) ................................................... 47
24 im ton ht lng (Qulity udit)................................................................ 49
25 nh gi v o lng ht lng ....................................................................... 50
III. CC M HNH QUN L CHT LNG ........................................................ 53
3.1. M hnh BS 5750/ ISO 9000 .............................................................................. 53
3.2. Qun l cht lng tng th (Total Quality Management - TQM) .................... 54
M hnh yu t t h (Orgniztionl Elmnts Modl) ................................. 55
IV. H THNG M BO CHT LNG BN TRONG ..................................... 56
m bo cht lng bn trong .................................................................................. 56
4.2. H thng m bo cht lng bn trong (IQA system) ..................................... 57
4.3. M hnh cht lng ca h thng m bo cht lng bn trong ...................... 57
CHNG IV: KIM NH CHT LNG GIO DC ............................................ 60
I. QUI TRNH IM NH CHT LNG.............................................................. 60
11 B gii on chnh ca qui trnh kim nh ........................................................ 60
1.2. Cc bc ca qui trnh kim nh....................................................................... 60
II. QUY TRNH V NI DUNG T NH GI ..................................................... 60
2.1. M h a t nh gi .................................................................................. 60
2.2. Cc ni dung t nh gi .................................................................................... 61
2.3. K hoch trin khai cc hot ng t nh gi................................................... 62
III QUY TRNH NH GI NGOI ........................................................................ 63
3.1. M h ng t nh gi ngoi ............................................................... 63
3.2. Thnh phn c nhm huyn gi nh gi ngoi ............................................. 63
3.3. Nhim v c nhm huyn gi nh gi ngoi................................................. 64
IV CP CHNG NHN V CNG B T QU IM NH .......................... 64
V NH GI CHNG TRNH O TO............................................................ 65
5.1. Mt s khi nim v chng trnh ..................................................................... 65
5.2. Khi nim v ngnh, nhm ngnh, huyn ngnh, lnh v o to .................. 65
5.3. Kim nh cht lng chng trnh o to ........................................................ 66
54 nh gi ht lng hng trnh o to mt s nc trn th gii ............. 70
55 nh gi ht lng hng trnh o to Vit Nam .................................... 72
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................ 75

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CHNG 1
NHNG KHI NIM C BN TRONG NH GI GIO DC
I. T NG
1.1. Khi nim v kim tra, thi
Trong qu trnh dy v h, kim tr (KT) nh ngh tho nhiu h nh su:
- Kim tr l b phn hp thnh qu trnh dy h nhm nm thng tin
v tnh trng v kt qu h tp h sinh, v nhng nguyn nhn bn th
trng tm nhng bin php kh ph nhng l hng, ng thi ng v tip t
nng o hiu qu hot ng dy h Yu u v ni dung kim tr phi bm st
tng gii on h tp khng b st nhng iu bn, ng thi ng khng vt
qu phm vi quy nh hng trnh (T in gio d h).
- M h T l x nh kh nng ngi h im tr thng l hnh
th kim tr vit, m d vn nhng hnh th kh ho l hnh th kt hp
vi nhu, bi kim tr u tr rt dng, ni dung v kh ph thu vo
mn h, tui nhm ngi d kim tr v lnh v huyn mn Ngi qu k
kim tr s nhn bng, hng h, hng nhn ngh ph thu vo m h k
kim tr
Qu nh ngh trn, t th thy, trong qu trnh dy h, nm
thng tin v kin th, k nng, nng l ngi h, nh trng hy GV thng tin
hnh kim tr Nh vy, th khi qut v kim tr nh su:
Kim tra c vic m a c mc v i tc v ti
m i c t c sau mt qu tr c tp.
tin hnh kim tr, ngi t th s dng nhiu phng php vi hnh
th kim tr kh nhu nh kim tr vit (t lun, tr nghim khh qun), kim tr
vn p, th hnh, Ngi h phi th hin mt bi kim tr bo gm nhng u
hi hy bi tp hy nhng vn yu u x l
Trn th t, nhng k kim tr qun trng ngi t thng gi l thi, hng hn
thi kt th mn h, thi ui kho hy thi tt nghip
Cn lu rng trong ting nh, t kim tr th l tst ho xmin, n
t k thi th gi l xmintion ho xm
1.2. Khi nim v nh i
C rt nhiu nh ngh kh nhu v nh gi trong lnh v GD, mi nh ngh
nhn mnh n mt kh nh n nh gi V d:
- nh gi l qu trnh tin hnh h thng x nh m m i tng
t m tiu gio d nht nh Tt nhng ngi thm gi vo qu trnh

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gio d, tt b phn u thnh qu trnh gio d u l i tng nh
gi Mi i tng xm xt tho nhng tiu hun, tiu h ring ph hp
- nh gi gio d l qu trnh hng minh bng ti liu v kin th, k nng,
thi v nim tin nh gi th tp trung vo mt ngi h th, vo mt tp th
ngi h (lp h, kho hun luyn workshop, ho nhm ngi h t h
kh), vo mt trng h ho ton b h thng gio d
nh gi thng hi r loi su:
- nh gi hnh thnh (ormtiv) v nh gi tng kt (summtiv)
- nh gi khh qun (objtiv) v nh gi h qun (subjtiv)
- nh gi thm kho tho tiu h, tho hun v t nh gi
- nh gi khng hnh th (informal) v hnh th (formal).
Thut ng i v ng c hiu vi nhng phm vi ni hm khc nhau
trong ting Vit, ngay c gia nhng ngi hot ng, nghin cu trong lnh vc gio
dc. Nhiu ngi cho rng nh gi trong ting Vit tng ng vi assessment
ho evaluation trong ting Anh. Thc ra, hai thut ng ny c phn bit nh su:
Assessment tp trung vo vic hc, vic dy v sn phm ca dy-hc. N cung
cp thng tin ci tin vic dy v hc. Assessment l qu trnh tng t gi ngi
dy v ngi h cung cp ho ngi dy thng tin v m thu nhn c nhng
g ging dy c ngi h Ngi dy s dng thng tin ny c th thay i mi
trng hc tp, chia s vi ngi h gip h tin b.
Evaluation l qu trnh c h thng thu thp, phn tch v s dng thng tin t
cc ngun kh nhu nh gi/phn on (judge) gi tr ca mt hng trnh, mt
kho hc, mt mn h
S phn bit gia hai thut ng ny c th tm tt bng sau:
Lnh vc khc nhau Assessment Evaluation
Ni dung: thi gian, mc c
ch yu
Hnh thnh: qu trnh, ci
tin dy v hc
Tng kt: nh gi ht lng
(gauge quality)
: v
ng
Hng vo qu trnh: vic
hc din bin nh th no
Hng vo sn phm: hc
c ci g
Khm ph, s dng Chn on: x nh lnh
vc cn ci tin
nh gi: tin ti vic xp loi
th hng/im s
Quan h gia cc i tng
ca Assessment/Evaluation
Hp tc So snh
i vi ting Vit, nh gi (evaluation/assessment) nn gn vi mt m h
th, v d nh gi hc tp, nh gi o , nh gi mn h, nh gi hng
trnh Mt iu ng lu l ngi dy cn thn trng khi dng cm t nh gi
ngi hc/h sinh/sinh vin bi l iu c hiu nh l s nh gi v c mt con

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ngi tho ngh rng (bao gm c cc yu t v nhn h), trong khi hng t
(ngi dy) ch yu ch qun tm n nhng thng tin v mt hc tp.
II. I TR NH GI T QU HC TP C NGI HC
2.1. Khi nim v kim tra nh i (KTG) kt qu hc tp
Nh vy, ta c th thy kim tr v nh gi l 2 khu khng th tch ri nhau
trong mt hot ng thng nht Trc khi nh gi th phi kim tr v mt khi kim tr
c thc hin th nh gi ng phi c tin hnh. Kim tr c th xm nh l
cng c o cung cp thng tin cho nh gi; cn nh gi c th oi l php o da
trn nhng thng tin thu c t kim tr nhm x nh m nm vng tng ni
dung hc tp c ngi h, ho im v xp hng ngi hc sau khi hon thnh mt
mn hc, mt kho hc, nhm r nhng phn hi, kt lun v thnh tch, kh nng
c ngi hc. V vy, hng t thng dng mt cm t im tr nh gi (khng
du phy hay du gch ngang phn tch 2 t kim tr, nh gi) t tn cho hot
ng ny.
Ta c th nh ngh kim tr nh gi kt qu hc tp nh su:
Kim tra i kt qu hc tp ca i hc l hot c nh kh
ca i hc nhm chng nhn thnh tch hc tp ca i hc v c bit l cung
cp thng tin phn hi hon thin vic d v c da trn mc tiu ra thng qua
cng c chnh l cc bi kim tra (cc cu hi hay bi tp).
2.2. Xc nh mc tiu lm c s cho kim tra nh i
im tr nh gi l mt qu trnh bt u bng vi x nh mc tiu, tc l xc
nh nhng g ngi hc cn bit, cn lm c sau khi kt thc kho hc, kt thc mn
hc, kt thc mt n v hc tp i vi nh trng, th l m tiu o to, n i
vi ngi h th li l mc tiu hc tp. Mc tiu cn x nh 2 m :
m kho hc, m mn hc/hc phn. nh gi kt qu hc tp c ngi hc l
php so snh kh nng, thnh th ngi hc sau khi hon thnh mt n v hc tp,
mn hc hay kho hc vi mc tiu m tng ng.
M tiu ngh rt quan trng: N cung cp thng tin cho nh tuyn dng lao
ng v kh nng lm vic ca SV tt nghip lm s la chn i tng tuyn
dng ph hp. N cung cp thng tin ho ngi hc, gip h la chn ngnh h v
s o to ph hp vi d kin ngh nghip; n nh hng ho ngi hc trong hc tp,
nh hng cho ging vin trong ging dy v c bit, m tiu n l s cho kim
tr nh gi.
Trong gio d i h, mc tiu v kt qu hc tp c ngi hc phi bao gm
bn yu t: kin thc (khi lng, ni dung, trnh kin thc v thi lng c hc);

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c nhn thc v t du; k xo c hun luyn; v ti i vi mn
hc, ngnh hc, x hi.
- V kin thc: Khi lng, ni dung, trnh kin thc v thi lng phi p
ng c yu cu o to ra cc sinh vin tt nghip c cc phm cht mong mun theo
mc tiu ca nn gio d r c cp bng tt nghip, ngi hc phi p ng
mc ti thiu i vi tt c cc mn h quy nh trong hng trnh o to.
- V nhn thc: Lnh vc nhn thc th hin kh nng suy ngh, lp lun, bao
gm vic thu thp cc s kin, gii thch, lp lun theo kiu din dch, quy np v s
nh gi ph phn.
Php phn loi m chng ta bit n nhiu nht l Php phn loi mc tiu gio d
do Benjamin Bloom, mt nh tm l gio d ca i hc Chicago (M), xut t nm
1956 Trong nhn th c phn chia thnh 6 m :
Bit: bit cc s kin, thut ng v nguyn l di hnh th m SV c
hc.
Hiu: hiu t liu c hc, c kh nng truyn t li thng tin bng cc
thut ng hay mt hnh thc khc, m t tm tt thng tin thu nhn c.
p dng: p dng c cc thng tin, kin thc vo tnh hung khc vi tnh hung
hc.
Phn tch: bit tch t tng th thnh b phn v bit r s lin h gia cc thnh
phn i vi nhau cng vi cu trc ca chng.
Tng hp: bit kt hp cc b phn thnh mt tng th mi t tng th bn u.
i: bit so snh, ph phn, chn lc, quyt nh v G trn s cc tiu
h x nh.
Gn y mt s huyn gi xut gp hai cp phn tch v tng hp thnh
mt cp v thm cp sng to (to ra nhng gi tr mi trn s cc kin th
tip thu c).
- V k nng: Phm vi k nng i hi s kho lo v chn tay, s phi hp
bp
K nng c phn thnh 5 cp t thp n o nh su:
Bt cc: quan st v c gng lp li mt k nng no
Thao tc: hon thnh mt k nng no tho h dn khng cn l bt hc my
mc.
Chun ho: lp li k nng no mt cch chnh xc, nhp nhng, ng n,
thng thc hin mt h c lp, khng phi hng dn.

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Phi hp: kt hp c nhiu k nng tho th t x nh mt cch nhp nhng v
n nh.
T ng ho: hon thnh mt hay nhiu k nng mt cch d dng v tr thnh t
nhin, khng i hi mt s gng sc v th lc v tr tu.
- V thi : Phm vi thi lin qun n nhng p ng v mt tnh cm, bao
hm c nhng mi quan h nh yu, ght, thi nhit tnh, th , ng nh s cam kt
vi mt nguyn tc v s tip thu l tng.
Phn loi mc tiu MATH: Nm 1996, mt nhm cc nh ton hc v nhng nh
nghin cu ging dy ton hc trng i hc K thut Sydney (UTS) cho rng phn
loi Bloom v nhn thc rt tt cho vic cu trc mt bi kim tr nhng n mt vi
hn ch trong mn Ton h v do , h r mt thang phn loi mi gi l thang
MATH (Mathematical Assessment Task Hierarchy) phc v cho vic cu trc bi
kim tr ton hc. Thang MATH gm 3 nhm su:
(A) Bit s kin (knowing facts), Hiu (comprehension) v s dng thng thng
k thut (routine use of procedures);
(B) Chuyn gio thng tin (information transfer) v p dng vo tnh hung
mi (application in new situations)
(C) Nhn nhn v gii thh (identifying and interpreting); hm , on, so
snh (implications, conjectures and comparisons) v nh gi.
Mt cch phn loi mc tiu khc ca Stiggnins v Conklin r vo nm 1992
v c Jame H. McMillan gii thiu vo nm 2005 khng trnh by theo h thng tng
bc hay th t, bao gm:
- Mc tiu kin thc v hiu n gin: nm c cc s kin, thng tin th hin
qua vic nh li (ngy thng, s kin, dnh, nh ngh, nguyn tc,...) hoc hiu n
gin (tm tt, gii thch bng biu, cho v d,...).
- Mc tiu hiu su v lp lun: c kh nng gii quyt vn , t duy ph phn,
phn tch, tng hp, so snh v xt on
- Mc tiu k nng: bo hm mt hnh vi trong kin thc, hiu bit v lp lun
c vn dng mt cch cng khai. Hu ht cc k nng i hi ngi hc phi s dng
kin thc, lp lun thc hin mt vi g
- Mc tiu sn phm: kh nng s dng kin thc v lp lun to ra mt sn phm
c th nh bi tiu lun, bn bo o, Do , sn phm dng biu th kin
thc, hiu bit, lp lun v k nng

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- Mc tiu cm x: cp n ng , gi tr v t h o c nn xc cm
c th l tch cc hay tiu cc.
Cc php phn loi trn cung cp mt cu trc hu h xy dng kim tr v
la chn phng php kim tr nh gi. Cch phn loi Bloom v MATH rt hu ch
trong vic xy dng kim tr vi kh ph hp. Cn cch phn loi ca Stiggnins
v Conklin th rt hu ch trong vic la chn phng php kim tr nh gi ph hp
vi mc tiu.
Tuy nhin, trong cc m tiu cp n trn, ta thy m tiu thi " rt tru
tng cho nn kh c th o lng c. Trn thc t, thi " c th c kho st
bng nhng phng tin khc ch khng th bng cch s dng cc bi kim tr thng
thng. kim tr nh gi kt qu hc tp trong lun n ny ch cp n vic kim tr
nh gi, o lng nhng mc tiu c th o lng c, bao gm nhn thc v k
nng

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III. V TR V VAI TR CA KI TR NH GI TRONG QU
TRNH DY HC
Qu trnh dy - hc l mt h thng bao gm cc yu t t ng qua li ln nhau:
mc tiu mn hc, ni dung hng trnh, hnh thc t chc dy - h, phng php dy
c thy, phng php hc ca tr v kim tr nh gi.
Trong s trn, kim tr nh gi khng nhng l khu cui cng m l mt b
phn hp thnh quan trng, khng th thiu ca qu trnh dy hc. Kim tr nh gi
kt qu hc tp khng ch l hot ng tip theo sau ca qu trnh dy - hc m n quan
h hp thnh vi qu trnh ny. Tip sau qu trnh dy hc, kim tr nh gi xc
nh tnh hnh nhn thc, s thnh tho cc k nng ngi h p ng mc tiu
mn hc, mc tiu hc tp v kt qu kim tr nh gi s l n khi u cho mt
chu trnh tip theo vi cht lng o hn Trong qu trnh dy hc, kim tr nh gi
s cung cp thng tin phn hi ngh qun trng i vi c ngi dy v ngi hc.
Ngi dy v ngi hc s pht hin ra thc trng hc tp c ngi h ng nh
nguyn nhn dn n kt qu y l s ngi dy iu chnh hot ng dy v
ngi h iu chnh hot ng hc.
Nh vy, kim tr nh gi l khu quan trng. N khng ch cho ta bit qu trnh
o to t mc tiu hay khng m cn cung cp thng tin phn hi iu chnh
ton b cc hot ng xy r tr
Tm li, kim tr nh gi kt qu hc tp c ngi hc cn phi xm nh
mt b phn ni ti ca qu trnh dy - hc. M h ui cng c n l gip ngi
hc hc tp tt. Nh kim tr nh gi ngi dy ci tin hot ng dy, ngi h iu
chnh hot ng h v nh trng nh gi m h gio d c mnh v iu chnh
qu trnh ging dy ca ging vin.

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IV. CI TIN VIC DY HC THNG QUA KI TR NH GI
4.1. Kim tra nh i xc nh cc mc tiu in dy
Mc tiu ca mn hc s ng thi l mc tiu dy ca ngi dy v mc tiu hc
c ngi h Trong ng mn h u ghi r, tuy nhin thng rt khi qut,
khng th r lm m tiu nh gi kt qu hc tp c ngi hc. Trong qu
trnh h, ngi h thng quan tm tm hiu u tin v nhiu nht l vic h s c
nh gi nh th no v h s tp trung n lc vo nhng phn ca mn hc s kim tr.
Nhiu khi h thng ch c th bit khi bi kim tr v khi h mi khm ph
ra cc mc tiu ca mn h Ngi h x nh mc tiu mn hc qua kim tr nh gi.
Ngc li, mi qun tm u tin ca ging vin l mc tiu mn hc, t h thit k v
lp k hoch dy ph hp Do , thng qu qu trnh dy hc vi cc hnh thc kim tr
thng xuyn, mc tiu mn hc cn phi c phn tch v c th ha r rng. Cc cu hi
do ging vin r s lm sng t cc mc tiu quan trng ca mn hc.
C th thy rng, mc tiu nh gi v mc tiu ging dy l hon ton thng nht
vi nhau. Mc tiu c th ra trong dy hc s c kt lun l hon thnh hay khng
thng qua kim tr nh gi kt qu hc tp c ngi hc. V th thng qua kim tr
nh gi, ging vin nn gip sinh vin hiu r v mc tiu mn hc, gip cho h hiu r
h cn hc nhng g v t n trnh no.
4.2. Kim tra nh i nh mt phn tin cun cp thn tin phn hi
Trong qu trnh dy h, ngi hc cn c kim tr c ngi h v ngi
dy c th bit c rng vic hc thc s ng din ra c hiu qu hay khng. Kt qu
kim tr s ch ra rng ngi h sn sng hc tip nhng kin thc mi h hoc
h cn phi hc thm n trc khi chuyn sang phn sau.
S phn tch cu hi v cu tr li c th cung cp thng tin phn hi c bit hu
ch, chng hn nu thy mt s cu hi no gy nhiu kh khn ho ngi hc tc l
c nhiu sinh vin khng tr li c th ging vin cn dnh nhiu thi gin hn dy
v n tp cc ni dung mn h lin qun n cc cu hi
Vic hc tp c tnh cht ni tip, ngi hc phi nm vng kin thc phn
trc th mi c kh nng thnh ng phn tip theo. V vy, iu quan trng l ging
vin cn phi lun bit r m t c hin ti c ngi h, ngi h sn sng
h ho bc tip theo. Thng tin cn thit x nh trnh hin ti c ngi hc
c th thu c thng qua kim tr nh gi.
4.3. Xem xt v tho lun cc cu hi kim tra v cc mc ch in dy
Mt trong cc cch c hiu qu nht to iu kin thun li cho vic hc tp l
tho lun cc cu hi kh ca bi kim tr. Bng cch ny, ging vin c th gii thch
cc cch lp lun tr li cu hi. Kt qu nghin cu cho thy rng, ngi hc s hc

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c nhiu nu chng ta gim thi gian din ging v thy vo l hnh thc dy
hc tch c hn nh tin hnh kim tr nh gi v tho lun v cc bi kim tr. Nu
ch chy theo ni dung thng qua vic ging bi nh mt cch din thuyt s khng c g
m bo l vic hc tp c din ra c hiu qu.
V. NH GI V IU CHNH QU TRNH HC TP C NGI HC
5.1. nh i qu trnh hc tp ca ni hc
Cc bi kim tr c s dng theo truyn thng nh l mt phng tin nh
gi thnh qu hc tp c ngi hc bng cch gn cho h nhng im s hay th hng.
Vi ho im hay xp hng i hi phi so snh gia s th hin nng lc c ngi
hc vi mt s chun hy tiu h Do , im s l phng tin th hin nng lc
hc tp ca ngi hc v kim tr nh gi c gi tr nhn nh v trnh c ngi
hc. Vic hc tp trong mi gii on u c nhng yu cu v kt qu hc tp tng
ng. Trong thi hn nm h quy nh ngi hc phi hon thnh bao nhiu mn hc,
tn ch tho quy nh c hng trnh, qu kim tr nh gi nu t yu cu, ngi hc
c php hc tip. Trong thi hn ca kha hc, bc h ngi hc phi hon thnh
y hng trnh hc tp quy nh cho ngnh hc, bc hc, nu hon thnh yu cu
ca kha h ngi h t h tt nghip.
5.2. Kim tra nh i ip iu chnh qu trnh hc tp
Nh ni trn, kim tr nh gi c th cung cp nhng thng tin v tnh hnh
hc tp c ngi h gip ngi h iu chnh hot ng hc ca mnh. C hai loi
thng tin c th thu nhn c t kim tr nh gi: Loi th nht ch kh nng hin ti
c ngi h (thng tin tnh), loi th hai ch nhng bin i trong hc tp c ngi
h (thng tin ng). Chng khng nhng l n nng cao cht lng dy m cn
l s nng cao hiu qu hc.
Xt t g nng cao cht lng dy h, iu quan trng nht thng qua kim
tr nh gi kt qu hc tp nm c nhng bin i trong hc tp c ngi hc:
C nhng ngi kt qu hc tp ngy cng tt, ngi th ngy cng gim st. Trong
qu trnh ging dy, GV cn bit c nhng bin i ni trn tng ng ch o hc
tp nht l c bin php gip nhng ngi yu km.
Tm li, thng qu TG kt qu hc tp c ngi hc, c th gip GV nm
vng thc t bin i hay d trong hc tp, t tm hiu nguyn nhn, un nn
nhng sai lm, b sung nhng thiu ht nhm nng cao kt qu hc tp c ngi hc
mt cch ti u Bn nh thng tin cho ging vin, th kim tr nh gi ng ung p
thng tin ho ngi h, gip ngi hc t mnh iu chnh hot ng hc ca mnh.

13

5.3. Khi dy tnh tch cc ca ni hc
Kim tr nh gi kt qu hc tp c th khi dy tnh tch cc c ngi hc, kch
thh ng hc tp h c nhng hnh ng tch cc. im s kim tr c tc dng
gip ho ngi hc an tm v s tin b c mnh, ngc li l s bo ng sm cho h
v vic hc tp c vn . Bit c thng tin ny h s c k hoch hc tp tt hn ho
mnh ng thi c th tm s h tr t bn b, nh trng, ging vin.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh ging dy ging vin cn lin tc thc hin kim tra v
cung cp thng tin phn hi ho ngi hc. iu s gip ho ngi hc iu chnh
vic hc, nng cao thc hc tp. Do vy, m bo s hp nht gia nh gi v
ging dy, ging vin cn phi xem thng tin phn hi phi l mt thnh t quan trng
ca nh gi.
Tuy nhin ng n cn nhc v tnh cht ca thng tin phn hi. C th thng tin
tch cc s ng vin, nng cao tnh tch cc c ngi hc, trong lc thng tin khng tt
s c tc dng ngc li. V vy, ging vin cn h n nhng phn ng tm l ny
khi cung cp thng tin phn hi ho ngi hc.
VI. YU CU C NH GI HC TP
Trong mt phc trnh ca y ban Quc t v Gio dc cho th k 21 ca UNESCO
x nh bn tr ct ca mt nn gio dc l: H bit, H lm, H lm
ngi, v H chung sng vi nhau. Hc bit ni ln yu cu v mt tr tu, bao
gm nhng kin thc gip ngi hc c th vn ln trong hc tp, trong hot ng
ngh nghip, v hc tp sut i. Hc lm i hi s thnh tho ca cc k nng, tho
t ng nh phng php t duy Hc chung sng nhn mnh m h o to ra
nhng con ngi bit cch sng v bit cch lm vic vi nhng ngi xung quanh. Hc
m i t ra mt s pht trin ton din v cht, nhm gip ngi hc pht trin
nhn cch hon chnh.
Bn tr ct ni trn l nh hng
cho hot ng gio dc mi cp, trong
hot ng nh gi Nh vy, ngoi
cc yu cu v s dng c nng lc
nhn thc (nhn bit, hiu, p dng, phn
th, nh gi), phng php v ni
dung nh gi n n phi hng n
nhng m tiu p ng c bn tr ct trn. C th xem y l nhng nh hng th
hin tnh nhn bn c nh gi hc tp v hng hng n s pht trin ton din ca
on ngi. Lu nay, hot ng nh gi mi cp h thng tp trung ch yu vo
m tiu h bit, th yu ho h lm, v hu nh l hng c g vi h
lm ngi v h sng chung vi nhu

14

Tt nhin, nh gi c hai mc tiu sau, cn phi tng ng phng
php gio dc thch hp. Chng ta khng th nh gi v nhng iu m ngi hc
khng c trang b. C nhiu cch t chc dy h hng n s pht trin ton din
c ngi hc. Tho lun nhm hay gii quyt v theo nhm nh c th c coi l
nhng phng php dy h hng n m tiu gip ngi hc bit cch sng v lm
vic cng vi nhau. Do thiu thn v s vt cht ng nh i ng gio vin, nhiu
trng hin nay phi duy tr cc lp hc vi s s ln, t m thy rt kh khn khi p
dng nhng phng php nh vy.

15

CHNG II
CC PHNG PHP V THUT NH GI

I. CC PHNG PHP I TR NH GI THNG DNG
Trong gio d i hc, nhng phng php kim tr nh gi thng dng bao gm
kim tra vit, kim tr vn p, kim tr th hnh c phn loi tho s sau:

1.1. Kim tra t lun
Cu hi t lun yu cu sinh vin (SV) dng li l, ngn ng ca mnh vit ra
nhng p n tng i di tr li cu hi. Cc bi t lun c th nh gi suy ngh
phc tp bng cch yu cu ngi hc thu thp, kt hp v phn th thng tin, r
tranh lun, gii thch, nh gi cht lng cc kin v tin hnh cc loi lp lun khc.
Mc d c nhiu hnh thc kim tr nh gi hiu qu nhng t lun vn l phng php
rt hiu qu nh gi kh nng hiu su v kh nng lnh hi thng tin phc tp.
Nghin cu v thi quen hc tp cho thy khi phi lm bi t lun, ngi h thng tp
trung vo hc cc ch , th loi, cc mi quan h v cch tp hp, sp xp thng tin.
Do , phng php t lun to ho ngi hc mt thi quen hc tp tch cc, sng to.
Vi phng php t lun, ngoi hnh thc truyn thng l kim tr vit (15 pht
n 180 pht), cn c cc hnh thc khc rt phong ph nh: bo o, tiu lun, bi tp
ln, kha lun, lun vn C hnh th ny u i hi ngi hc phi c kh nng t
hc, t tm kim thng tin, t la chn phng php gii quyt vn . Da trn kt
qu ca cc bo co, tiu lun, bi tp ln, kho lun Ging vin (GV) c th nh gi

16

c m nhn thc v kin thc, v k nng, c bit l nh gi c kh nng t
duy c lp v kh nng sng to trong hc tp v nghin cu c ngi hc.
Kim tra t u c cc u im sau:
- C th nh gi m hiu su, suy ngh phc tp v k nng lp lun, tc l c
th kim tr c kh nng nhn thc b o, nh gi trnh c ngi hc
tt c cc m v nhn thc theo thang Bloom.
- Cc bi t lun khuyn khch thi quen hc tt hn v to s linh hot ho ngi
hc khi tr li cu hi.
- Cu hi t lun c th dng nh gi thi c ngi h hi c t do
vit, ngi hc c th by t kin ng hay phn i hy khng qun tm n mt
vn , mt tng, mt c nhn hay t chc trong x hi.
- So vi vic son tho cc cu hi trc nghim th vi r t lun mt t thi
gian chun b hn
Nc im ca im tra t u:
- Nh im chnh c phng php kim tr t lun l vic chm im bi lm
c ngi h c v chm bi mt rt nhiu thi gin, c bit nu mun r kt
lun chnh xc v hiu qu v kh nng a tng ngi hc. Mc d, mt nhiu thi gian
nhng im chm vn khng ng tin y. Vic chm im bi t lun rt kh v mi
ngi c cch tr li ring v c nhiu yu t t ng n tin cy ca kt qu chm
im, c bit l tnh ch quan c ngi chm tng i ln. Mt mt, vi hnh thc
KT t lun, kh r p n hun khin cho tt c nhng ngi chm bi u chp
nhn. Mt khc, s kh nhu trong h nh gi gia cc GV khc nhau ty thuc vo
tm trng v trnh chuyn mn ca mi ngi. V vy, ngi ta xp phng php
kim tr ny vo loi kim tr nh gi ch quan.
- Cc cu hi t lun khng th kim tr c nhiu ni dung kin thc v ch c
mt s cu hi trong mt bi kim tr (thng th t 3 n 10 cu).
Cc u i bi sn cu hi t lun:
- Cu hi cn phi r rng.
- Cu hi phi ngn gn, v vn c trnh by r rng.
- C hng dn cn phi x nh r rng.
- Trnh cc cu hi ch i hi cu tr li c hoc khng.
- m bo so ho ngi hc loi trung bnh c kh nng tr li t c m trung
bnh, n ngi hc loi gii c kh nng th hin nng lc thng minh ca mnh.
- T vng, ngn ng c s dng v nhng khi nim c th hin trong ch
phi va s i vi ngi hc loi bnh thng c th hiu c nhanh chng lm bi.

17

- Bn thn cu hi cn phi ch ng mt nh hng cho cu tr li.
- Cu hi khng c gi ra nhng phn ng lm nh hng n s phn on a
ngi vit ho ngi c.
- Ngi bin son cu hi nn xy dng p n v x nh xm ra c thc s
i hi cu tr li hy khng
- Lu vn ng php trong bin son cu hi.
1.2. Trc nhim khch quan
... rc im /sai
Loi cu trc nghim ny c th l nhng pht biu nh gi l ng hy si,
hoc chng c th l cc cu hi trc tip c tr li l ho khng i khi
chng c th c nhm li di cng mt cu dn.
u im ca trc nghim - sai:
- y l loi cu hi n gin nht trc nghim kin thc v nhng s kin.
- C th c nhiu cu vi khi lng kin thc ln c kh nng bo ph ton b
hng trnh.
- Thi gian bin son ngn v khch quan khi chm im.
Nc im ca trc nghim - Sai:
- Ch kim tra m Nhn bit, Hiu h dng kim tr trnh kin thc
suy din, hiu bit o hn
- tin cy thp do on m, t l on m cao (50%).
- Ngi dy thng khuynh hng trh nguyn vn u trong sh, do
th sinh s c thi quen hc thuc lng.
- Nhng pht biu sai c th khin th sinh nh lu v gy ra hiu lm.
Trong thc t, ngi ta c th thay ch ng - Sai bng cc ch Phi - Khng
phi, ng - hng ng , Ging nhau - h nhu, Mnh - Yu, Ln hn -
Nh hn vv lm phong ph thm dng ca loi cu hi ny.
Nh u i vit cu trc nghim /sai:
- S dng nhng nhn nh ng hay sai ch khng nu m cht lng.
- Trnh nhng trch dn trc tip t SGK. Khi tch chng ra khi ng cnh ca
chng, nhng trch dn ny c th vn n ng trong hng m no nhng khng
hon ton ng na.
- Nn chc chn l cu hi c vit s c th phn loi mt h hnh x l ng
hay sai.

18

- phng nhng t khng nh nh tt c, bo gi ng, khng bo gi,
thng xuyn, i khi
- phng nhng thut ng m h, khng x nh v m hay s lng nh
thng thng, phn ln, trong hu ht cc trng hp
- phng cc nhn nh mang tnh ph nh, c bit cc cu ph nh kp.
- phng nhng cu hi cha nhn nh c nhiu hn mt , c bit nu mt
l ng v kh l si
- phng trng hp m cu tr li ng li ty thuc vo mt ch, mt t hay
mt cu tm thng, v ngh
P pp cm im:
C hai cch chm im loi trc nghim ng-sai:
- Ch ho im cu tr li ng
- Cho im cu tr li ng v tr im cu tr li si: S = N
R
N
W
, trong : S
l im s, N
R
l s cu tr li ng, N
W
l s cu tr li sai. V d: Bi trc nghim c
100 cu, mt ngi tr li ng 75 u, si 15 u, trng 10 u th im s bng: 75-
15= 60 Nguyn nhn s dng cng thc ny l trnh hin tng on m Tuy nhin,
hin nay nhiu ngi khuyn khng nn s dng h tnh im ny tr trng hp bi
trc nghim cn n t hon tt lm bi.
... rc im p i
Loi trc nghim ny gm c hai dy thng tin gi l cc cu dn (hay gi l bng
truy - prmiss) v u p (hy gi l bng chn - rsponss) Ngi tham gia kim tra
trc nghim loi ny cn phi la chn sp xp li vi nhau thnh tng cp thng tin
hai dy sao cho ph hp v ni dung v cu trc. Mi la chn c th s dng mt ln,
ng th s dng nhiu ln, ng th khng s dng.
u im ca trc nghim p i:
- C u ghp i d vit v d dng, c bit rt thch hp khi cn khng nh cc
mc tiu t duy thp.
- hi c son k, loi u ghp i i hi ngi lm phi chun b rt tt kin
thc v yu t on m gim i rt nhiu, nht l phi ghp nhng ct c t nht 8 n 10
phn t vi nhau.
- Ngi ta c th dng trc nghim loi ghp i o m tr nng kh nhu
Nu c kho lo son tho, loi trc nghim ny c th dng trc nghim
nhng m tr nng o hn.
Nc im ca trc nghim p i:

19

-Trc nghim loi ny khng thch hp cho thm nh cc kh nng nh sp t, p
dng kin thc nguyn l.
-Ngi c s mt nhiu thi gin c c mt ct mi ln mun ghp i
- D tr li thng qua loi tr.
Nh u i vit cu trc nghim p i:
- Phi x nh r tiu chun ghp mt phn t ca ct tr li v phn t tng
ng ca ct cu hi.
- S phn t chn la trong ct tr li nn nhiu hn s phn t trong ct cu
hi hoc mi phn t trong ct tr li c th dng nhiu ln.
- Cc cu hi nn c tnh cht ng nht hoc lin h nhau.
..3. rc im i ut a trc im c cu tr i
Trc nghim in khuyt hay trc nghim c cu tr li ngn thc cht ch l mt
loi, chng ch khc nhau v dng thc ca vn t ra. Nu trnh by di dng
cu hi ta gi l trc nghim c cu tr li ngn. Nu trnh by di dng cu pht
biu h y (dnh mt khong trng in vo) th gi l trc nghim in khuyt.
Dng trc nghim ny khng i hi ngi hc phi trnh by, din gii m ch i
hi r kt qu. Cu hi ny ng th coi l dng c bit ca cu hi t lun. Tuy
vy, loi cu hi ny ng c xp vo loi cu hi trc nghim khch quan bi v
tr li c cu hi ny ngi h ng phi la chn phng n tr li ng nht,
nhng kh l khng s tr gip t l khng phng n r la chn.
u im ca trc nghim in khuyt:
- D bin son, d chm im.
- To ho ngi hc trnh by cc cu tr li kh thng, pht huy c sng kin.
- Mt hi on m do phi nh, suy ngh u tr li thay v la chn cu tr li.
- C tin cy o hn so vi t lun.
- Thch hp cho nhng vn nh tnh ton, n bng phng trnh, nh gi
mc hiu bit cc nguyn l, gii thch d kin, din t kin v thi .
Nc im ca cu hi in khuyt:
- Ch kim tra m Nhn bit, Hiu.
- Thiu yu t khch quan lc chm im, c bit khi cu tr li khc vi p n
ca cu hi.
- Mt nhiu thi gian chm hn so vi cc loi trc nghim khch quan khc.
Nh u i vit cu trc nghim in khuyt:
- Li ch dn phi r rng, trnh vit cc cu din t m h.

20

- Trnh ly u nguyn vn t sh r khi khuyn khch th sinh hc thuc lng.
- Khng nn c nhiu khong trng trong cng mt cu.
- Khong trng dnh tr li nn bng nhu trnh s on m
..4. rc im iu a c
Trc nghim nhiu la chn (Multiple Choice Question-MCQ) yu cu ngi hc
la chn p n hnh x trong mt s p n r Cu hi loi ny gm mt phn
pht biu hnh c gi l phn dn, hay cu hi v b m hoc nhiu p
tr li cho sn th sinh chn ra cu tr li ng nht hay hp l nht. Trong cc
phng n r h c duy nht mt phng n ng ho ng nht, phng n
kh l si vo vi tc dng gy nhiu gi l phng n nhiu (distracter).
C phng n nhiu phi c v hp l i vi ngi h hiu k vn .
Trc nghim nhiu la chn c s dng rng ri trong nhiu lnh vc kin thc
khc nhau v c th nh gi c nhn thc c ngi hc cc m nh, hiu, p
dng, phn th y l loi cu hi nng nht trong cc loi cu hi ng v trong ni
dung cu hi c th ch ng nhiu s kin phc tp, yu cu ngi hc phi xem xt
cn thn chn phng n ng
u im ca trc nghim nhiu la chn:
- Trc nghim nhiu la chn c th o c nhng m trnh v nhn th nh
kim tra - nh gi nhng mc tiu ging dy, hc tp cc m khc nhau.
- Trc nghim nhiu la chn tin cy o hn v yu t on m, my ri ca
ngi lm trc nghim gim xung so vi cc loi trc nghim khc khi s phng n la
chn tng ln V d: vi bi trc nghim c 100 cu hi, mi u 5 phng n la chn,
mt ngi lm bi theo kiu may ri c th lm ng 20 u thy v 50 u nh trng hp
cu loi ng si Theo cch chm im TNQ thng thng th im t c s
gn vi im 0.
- Ngi lm trc nghim phi xem xt v phn bit k cng khi la chn cu tr
li, do tnh ht tuyt i trong trc nghim ng - Si nhng ch cho tnh
cht tng i khi ngi lm trc nghim phi la chn cu tr li ng nht trong s
phng n ho trc.
- Trc nghim nhiu la chn gi tr o hn nh tnh cht c th o c
nhng m kh nhu nh th o c cc kh nng nh, p dng cc nguyn l,
suy din, tng qut ha... rt hu hiu.
- C th phn tch cu trc nghim bit c cu hi c th qu d, qu kh
hoc khng c gi tr i vi cc mc tiu cn trc nghim kim tra - nh gi
Phng php ny khng th thc hin c vi loi cu hi t lun hay kh thc hin
i vi cc loi trc nghim khc.

21

- Khch quan khi chm im: im s khng ph thuc vo cc yu t nh phm
cht, ch vit, hoc kh nng din t c ngi hc.
- C th s dng cng ngh thng tin trong vic xy dng thi v chm thi c
hiu qu cao.
Nc im ca trc nghim nhiu la chn:
- Kh son tho cu hi tc l phi lm so ngi lm trc nghim tm c cu tr
li ng nht trong cc cu nhiu trng c v rt hp l.
- hng o c cc mc kh nng phn on tinh vi, kh nng phn th, din t
tin trnh v kt qu, kh nng gii quyt cc vn so vi loi cu hi t lun.
Nh u i vit cu trc nghim nhiu la chn:
- Trnh trng hp c nhiu hn mt phng n tr li ng
- Nn c gng trnh dng phng n Tt c u ng, Tt c u si
- Hn ch loi phng n la chn cu tr li ng nht, v cu hi ny thng kh
v ng d gy kh khn hoc nhm ln khi gio vin r .
- Hn ch cho hc sinh la chn phng n tr li sai v hc sinh d nhm ln. Nu
yu cu chn phng n ph nh hoc sai th phi in m, gch chn hoc lm ni r
nhng t cu dn.
- Cu dn v phng n tr li phi lp thnh mt u ng ng php.
1.3. So snh cc phn php trc nhim khch quan v t lun
1.3.1. S khc nhau gia ai p pp c cho bng sau:
Trc nghim t lun Trc nghim khch quan
1. Th sinh (TS) t sng to cu tr li
bng ngn ng ca chnh mnh
TS phi chn cu tr li ng hoc ng nht
trong s cc cu tr li cho sn
2. Cu hi thng khi qut buc TS tr
li di
Nhiu cu hi cp n nhng vn thu
hp, cu tr li thng ngn
3. TS dnh nhiu th gi suy ngh v vit TS dnh nhiu th gi v suy ngh
4. Cht lng ph thu vo ngi chm Cht lng ph thu vo ngi son cu hi
5. D son nhng mt thi gian chm
bi v kh cng bng
Kh vit cu hi v cn nhiu thi gin nhng
thi gian chm ngn v chnh xc
6. TS t do din t t tng, ngi chm
c quyn t do nht nh
Ngi son t do x nh kin thc v tiu
chun, TS t do chng t kh nng a mnh
theo kin thc v tiu chun nh sn
7. Khuyn khh ti nh l Khuyn khch vi on m

22

.3.. Cc u im ca hai loi trc nghim trc nghim khch quan v t lun:
Vn
u im
Trc
nghim
khch quan
T lun
t tn ng r thi x
nh gi kh nng din t, bit l din t t duy hnh
tng
x
thi ph kn ni dung mn h x
t my ri do trng t, trt t x
t tn ng hm thi x
hh qun trong hm thi x
p dng ng ngh mi trong vi nng o ht lng k thi,
gi b mt thi, hn h quy p khi thi, hn h tiu trong
hm thi v gip phn th kt qu thi
x
C mt cu hi thng ny sinh: Trong hi phng php TNQ v t lun,
phng php no tt hn? Cn phi khng nh ngay rng khng th ni phng php
no hon ton tt hn; mi phng php u im v nh im nht nh nh
nu
Qua nghin cu, c th thy rng c hi phng php - TNKQ v t lun u l
nhng phng php hu hiu nh gi kt qu hc tp. Cn nm vng bn cht tng
phng php v ng ngh trin khai c th c th s dng mi phng php ng
l, ng h.
Cc chuyn gia v nh gi ho rng phng php t lun nn dng trong cc
trng hp sau:
- hi th sinh khng qu ng;
- Khi mun khuyn khh v nh gi h din t;
- Khi mun tm hiu tng c th sinh hn l kho st thnh qu hc tp;
- Khi c th tin tng kh nng chm bi t lun c ngi dy l chnh xc;
- Khi khng c thi gian son nhng thi gin chm bi.
Phng php TNQ nn dng trong nhng trng hp sau :
- Khi s th sinh rt ng ;
- Khi mun chm bi nhanh;
- Khi mun im s ng tin y, khng ph thu vo ngi chm bi;

23

- Khi phi coi trng yu t cng bng, v t, hnh x v mun ngn hn s
gian ln trong thi c.
1.4. Kim tra vn p
Phng php kim tr vn p lin qun n vi tro i bng li gia SV v
ngi G (gim kho), thng thng ngi nh gi trong lp hc l GV. GV c th s
dng hiu qu cc hnh thc giao tip khc nhau vi ngi h, nh phng vn c nhn
v phng vn nhm, tho lun, ni chuyn thng thng nh gi kin th, thi
hc tp, s nhy bn nm bt vn v kh nng ng i c ngi hc.
u im ca im tra v p:
- Do c s tro i trc tip nn GV c th lm r cu hi gip ngi hc tr li
hnh x hn v th thm d lm r cu tr li; ngi hc c th m rng cu tr
li gip trnh c s m h, chung chung.
- i vi nhng ngi h kh khn trong gio tip th phng vn nhm l mt u
im Hn na, phng vn nhm tn thi gin hn phng vn c nhn.
- KT vn p ng tng i khch quan khi c nhiu GV cng hi, cng nh gi.
- Phng php ny th nh gi thi c ngi hc v c nhng k
nng m T vit khng lm nh li ni tri chy, s t tin, kh nng trnh lun.
Nc im ca im tra v p:
- M tin cy thng khng cao, c th rt ch quan Ngi nh gi c th
bit r v ngi hc nn rt d nh gi theo cm tnh ho nh kin hoc l qu coi
trng v hnh th, thi c ngi h
- C th gy ng thng ho ngi hc. S ng thng s gim dn khi ngi hc
hiu r cu hi v kh nng tr li cu hi.
- Ngi h khng hi phc kho bi kim tr nu khng c thit b ghi li
bui kim tr.
- t thi gin ho ngi h suy ngh nn kh th r nhng cu hi qu kh,
phi cn thi gian.
- Mt nhiu thi gian nu tnh ch ng v s tch cc trong hc tp c ngi hc km.
Trn y lit k mt s phng php kim tr nh gi rt ph bin trong gio
d i hc. Mi phng php u u im v nh im.
1.5. nh i thc
u nhng nm 1990 nhiu nh lm chnh sch gio dc ca M khng hi lng
vi loi nh gi truyn thng bng giy bt tm r mt hnh th nh gi kh, hiu

24

qu hn Hnh th nh gi ny ho php thu hp khong cch gia nhng g sinh vin
h trong trng vi nhng iu ng din ra trong cuc sng thc.
nh gi thc (hay cn gi l nh gi th hin performance assessment) c
thc hin trong mt qu trnh trong ging vin s dng bi thi hay mt nhim v m
sinh vin phi hon thnh thu thp thng tin v cch thc m h thc hin nhim v
trng nh gi thc l:
- Yu cu sinh vin phi kin to mt sn phm ch khng phi chn hay vit ra
mt cu tr li ng;
- o lng c qu trnh v c sn phm c qu trnh ;
- Trnh by mt vn thc t trong th gii thc cho php sinh vin bc l kh
nng vn dng kin thc vo tnh hung thc t;
- Cho php sinh vin bc l qu trnh hc tp v t duy a h thng qua vic
thc hin bi thi.
y hnh l s u vit c nh gi thc, mt hnh th nh gi c c m
nhn thc ni dung kin thc c v qu trnh vn dng kin th vo uc sng.
nh gi truyn thng v nh gi thc c nhiu hnh thc thc hin khc nhau,
song c th phn bit 2 kiu nh gi thng qu nhng trng bn ca chng.

II. QUY HOCH V SON THO BI TRC NGHIM KHCH QUAN
2.1. Xc nh cc mc tiu cn kim tra - nh i
x nh cc mc tiu cn phi kim tra - nh gi, trc ht chng ta phi phn
tch cc ni dung hng trnh ging dy thnh cc ch dy hc c th v x nh
trng s cho tng ch bng cch phn b s lng cc cu hi tng ng cho tng
ch . Trong mi ch cn phn tch v lit k cc mc tiu ging dy c th hay cc
nng lc cn o lng i vi ngi hc. S lng cc cu hi cn thit s ph
thuc vo tng m quan trng ca tng mc tiu v cc vn khc cn c kim
tra - nh gi

25

2.2. Bn c trn hai chiu
chun b bin son cc cu hi trc nghim, thng thng su khi phn th
ni dung dy hc thnh cc mc tiu dy hc c th, ngi ta thit lp bng trng
phn phi cc cu hi mt cch chi tit. Hin ny, ngi ta c th dng nhiu loi bng
trng u hi nh bng trng u hi tho mc trong ni dung hng
trnh ging dy hoc bng trng u hi theo cc mc tiu c th ging dy...
Trong thc t, tt nht l ngi ta s dng c hai loi trn l mt ma trn hai
chiu. Bng trng ny phn loi tng cu hi trc nghim ra thnh hai chiu, mt
chiu l cc ch dy h hy mc, hay cc ni dung quy nh trong hng
trnh ging dy theo hng ngang; chiu cn li (ct dc) l cc mc tiu ging dy hay
nng l i hi phi c ngi hc cn kim tra - nh gi T bng trng
c xy dng, chng ta cn phi xem xt li mt cch cn thn t mc hay cc
ni dung n cc mc tiu ca cu hi. R rng, s lng cc cu hi ty thuc vo tm
quan trng ca mi loi mc tiu v mi loi mc hay ni dung c thit k trong
lc ging dy.
Bng su y l mt v d cho vic thit k mt trc nghim 100 cu cho mn
Ton. Cc k nng c la chn y bo gm 3 loi: hiu ng khi nim, tnh ton,
lp lun c trong cc trng hp c th. Tu theo tm quan trng ca tng phn ni
dung v loi k nng m quy nh s cu trc nghim phi vit, chng hn phn gii hn
ch cn 3 cu hi cho k nng tnh ton, n phn phng trnh vi phn cn n 10 cu
hi cho k nng lp lun.

2.3. Phn tch cu hi trc nhim khch quan
Vic phn tch cu hi trc nghim khch quan nhm ngi dy bit c kt
qu v m thnh cng ca vic thc hin cc mc tiu dy h r v qu bit

26

c cu hi no qu kh hoc qu d, cu hi no phn bit tt v cu hi no
khng th phn bit nhm ngi lm trc nghim gii vi nhm ngi lm trc
nghim km
C s cho vic phn tch thng k cc cu hi trc nghim khh qun l kh v
phn bit ca cc cu hi.
.3.. kh ca cu hi trc nghim khch quan
Theo l thuyt trc nghim truyn thng, kh x nh da vo vic th
nghim cu hi trc nghim trn i tng ph hp kh ca cu hi c tnh bng
s ngi tr li ng u hi trn tng s ngi tham gia tr li. Cu hi cng d, s ngi
tr li ng ng nhiu. Cng th tnh kh c biu th nh su:
P= (N
R
/N), trong P l kh, N
R
l s ngi tr li ng, N l s ngi tham gia
tr li cu trc nghim
kh phn nh mc d a cu trc nghim. Nu P cng nh th cu trc
nghim ng kh v ngc li nu P cng ln th cu trc nghim cng d kh ph
thuc vo cu trc nghim v trnh ngi lm trc nghim.
Mt bi trc nghim c gi l tt l bi trc nghim gm nhng u kh
mc trung bnh (m kh va phi) Thng thng ta cho rng mt cu trc nghim
kh trung bnh l cu c P = 50%.
kh trung bnh ph thuc vo loi cu hi v cn phi tnh n xc sut tr li
ng bng h on m (t l may ri k vng: expected chance proportion). Ta s
dng cng th tnh kh trung bnh bh phn nh su:
100
100
n
P %
2
| |
+
|
\ .
=
, trong n l s phng n la chn ca cu trc nghim.
i vi cu trc nghim loi ng - sai c 2 la chn th n= 2 P =75%;
i vi cu trc nghim khch quan loi MCQ c 4 la chn th n= 4 P =62,5%;
i vi cu trc nghim khch quan loi MCQ c 5 la chn th n= 5
P
=60%.
Mt phng php na tnh kh ca cu trc nghim l s dng kt qu
bi thi trc nghim ca mt mu th sinh chn. Ta chia mu ny thnh ba nhm:
- Nhm im cao (H) c khong 27% s ngi lm trc nghim t im cao nht
(nhm gii).
- Nhm im thp (L) c khong 27% s ngi lm trc nghim t im thp
nht (nhm km).
Gi N l tng s ngi tham gia lm trc nghim trong mi nhm gii/nhm km;
N
H
: l s ngi lm trc nghim nhm gii chn u ng; N
L
: l s ngi lm trc
nghim nhm km chn u ng,

27

kh ca mt cu hi trc nghim l: P =
H L
N N
.
2N
+

V d 1: Kt qu phn tch cu trc nghim gm 5 la chn (B l phng n ng)
trn mu gm 2 nhm gii v km vi N=18, nh su:
A B
*
C D E Tng
Nhm gii 1 10 3 0 4 18
Nhm km 0 4 6 1 7 18
Theo cng thc trn th P=
10 4
0,39 39%
36
+
= =
Khi chn la cc cu trc nghim tho kh ta phi loi cc cu qu kh (khng
i lm ng) hoc qu d (i ng lm ng) Mt h n gin hn, thng phn loi
kh quy nh su:
- Cu d c P t 75 100%
- Cu kh trung bnh c P t 30 75%
- Cu kh c P t 0 30%
Mt im ng h v kh l gi tr ca n s ph thuc nhiu vo cc mu
c chn, ng nh tp hp cc cu hi c chn.
.3.. phn bit ca cu hi trc nghim khch quan
phn bit DI (discrimination index) ca cu hi TNKQ l kh nng phn bit
ca cu hi v nng lc khc nhau ca th sinh: gii, trung bnh, yu..., hay l phn bit
c phn ng ca ngi gii v ngi km khi tr li cu hi TNKQ.
Mt cu hi TNQ phn bit cao (dng) khi c nhiu th sinh trong
nhm gii ( im thi o) u lm ng v t th sinh trong nhm yu ( im thi
thp) tr li ng v ngc li.
tnh phn bit ca mt cu trc nghim ta cng s dng mu gm 2
nhm nh trn, lc cng thc tnh phn bit l: DI =
H L
N N
N
.
Chng hn, theo s liu bng cho v d 1 th
DI =
10 4
0.3333 33,33%
18
= =
hi phn th v nh gi u hi trc nghim khh qun, thng thng,
ngi ta phn loi cc cu hi trc nghim khch quan vi gii phn bit nh su:
DI 40% > : cu hi phn bit rt tt.
30% DI 40% s s : cu hi phn bit tt.

28

20% DI 30% s < : cu hi tm c, cn sa cha.
0% DI 20% s < : cu hi km, cn loi b hoc thay th.
0 < DI : cn xem xt li phng php dy- hc ho h t cu hi.
phn bit v kh ca cu trc nghim cho php ta phn tch cu trc nghim
v phng n la chn c u , t nh gi ton b u v phng n la
chn l ph hp hay khng.
V d 2: Kt qu phn tch cu trc nghim gm 5 la chn (D l phng n ng)
trn mu gm 2 nhm gii v km vi N=18, nh su:
A B

C D
*
E Tng
Nhm gii 7 2 0 8 1 18
Nhm km 2 6 3 5 2 18
kh ca cu trc nghim ny l P=(8+5)/36 =36,11% phn bit ca cu trc
nghim ny l DI= (8-5)/18 =16,67% Nh vy cu ny thuc loi kh v phn bit
thp.
V phng n la chn:
+ Phng n ng D: s nhm gii tr li ng nhiu hn nhm km, t tng
quan thun nh mong i nhng s khc bit cn qu nh (8<->5). V vy cn phi sa
i phng n ny ho ph hp hn
+ C phng n nhiu B, C, E c s ngi nhm km la chn nhiu hn
nhm gii, t tng qun nghh nh mong i.
+ Phng n s ngi nhm gii la chn nhiu hn nhm km, tri vi iu
mong i, hn n tng qun 7<->2 li rt ln. V vy cn phi xem li phng n ny
kh v phn bit ca mt cu hi trc nghim khch quan c mt mi quan
h mt thit vi nhau. Nu mt cu hi kh bng 100 %, tc l mi ngi tham gia
lm trc nghim u lm ng n th phn bit bng 0, ngh l u hi ny khng
phn bit nhm ngi gii vi nhm ngi km Tng t, mt cu hi kh
bng 0, tc l mi ngi tham gia lm trc nghim u lm si n th n ng phn
bit bng 0. Kh nng phn bit ca mt cu hi trc nghim s tng ln khi i t hai pha
c thng o kh ho n khi t n mt gi tr c i theo gi thit t l kh ca
cu hi bng 0,5.
Chnh v vy, cc chuyn gia v trc nghim r tiu h la chn cho mt
cu hi trc nghim t chun nh su:
- kh ca cu hi trc nghim nm trong khong 40% P 60 % s s v phn
bit l DI 20%

29

- Cu mi phi c tnh cht hiu nghim, tc l cu phi c nhiu ngi nhm
km chn n.
c cc cu hi trc nghim khch quan cht lng tt ngi t thng
thc hin theo quy tc sau:
- Bin son cc cu hi trc nghim trc khi kim tra, hoc thi nhiu ngy.
- S lng cu hi bin son phi nhiu hn s lng cu hi thc t s dng.
- Mi cu hi ch nn lin qun n mt m tiu x nh.
- Cc cu hi bin son phi hon ton tun theo cc nguyn tc son tho.
- Sp xp cc cu hi theo tng ni dung v m kh tng dn.
- Xt duyt li cc cu hi cn thn: i chiu vi cc mc tiu, tiu ch ging dy,
m kim tr ng nh s lng cc cu hi mi phn.
- Tham kho kin c huyn gi v ng nghip sa cha hoc loi b
cc cu khng ph hp.
- Trc nghim th, phn th, nh gi sa cha hoc loi b cc cu khng ph
hp v phng n la chn khng ph hp.
2.4. Cc c trn ca bi trc nhim khch quan
.4.. ti c
a) Khi nim:
tin cy ca mt bi trc nghim c th hiu nh su:
- l i lng biu th mt chnh xc c php o nh bi trc nghim;
- l mt i lng trng ho s n nh kt qu thu t bi tr
nghim
Chng t n h :
- tin cy khng phi l mt thuc tnh ni ti ca bi trc nghim m l thuc
tnh ca bi trc nghim khi m ra p dng vi mt nhm th sinh no Bi trc
nghim cng ph hp vi nhm th sinh y bo nhiu th tin cy cng cao. Mt khc,
kh nng a cc th sinh trong nhm cng phn tn rng th tin cy cng cao.
- tin y h ngh tng i t l h ng trong mt khong thi gin
nht nh v ng vi mt ni dung o nht nh
- tin y khng t l vi gi tr php o (bi tr nghim gi tr o
n phi tin y o, nhng bi tr nghim tin y o h hn gi
tr o)
b) Cc p pp t ti c:
+ Phng php dng cc bi trc nghim tng ng:

30

S dng hai bi trc nghim tng ng nhu i vi cng mt nhm i tng.
tin y bi tr nghim tnh bng h s tng qun
1
im s gi hi
bi tr nghim Nh im phng php ny l vi son tho bi tr nghim
tng ng l tn km v ph tp v vy h nn s dng khi mn h sn
ngn hng tr nghim ln.
- Phng php kim tra lp:
p dng mt bi trc nghim ln cng mt nhm i tng hai ln, sau mt khong
thi gian nht nh no Su tnh h s tng quan ca hai tp hp kt qu tin
cy ca bi trc nghim c tnh bng h s tng quan c im s gia hai ln trc
nghim.
Nh im phng php ny l:
- Nu khong thi gian qu ngn, ngi hc c th nh c mt phn ca bi
trc nghim, v vy nh hng n tin cy.
- Nu khong thi gian qu di, c th c nhng t ng kh lm thy i kt
qu ca ln trc nghim sau, v vy nh hng n tin cy.
- Phng php th i bi trc nghim:
Bi trc nghim c phn thnh hai na: mt na gm cc cu chn v mt na
gm cc cu l. Hai n ny c xem l hai bi trc nghim ph v im s ca hc
sinh trn hai n ny l c lp. Hai n ny dng phng on tin cy ca
bi trc nghim hung: tin cy ca na bi trc nghim (R
s
) c tnh bng h s
tng quan c im s gia hai na bi trc nghim p dng ng thc Spearman-
Brown tnh tin cy (R) ca ton bi trc nghim:
s
s
2R
R
1 R
=
+
.
L thuyt v k thut tr nghim hng t nhiu yu t nh hng n
tin y bi tr nghim l:
- Bi tr nghim ng thun nht th tin y ng o Nhng mt bi tr
nghim oi l thun nht nu phn ln u hi trong bi kh trung bnh,
khi nguy dn n s thu hp ni dung nh gi t l lm gim gi tr
bi tr nghim
- Cc bi trc nghim c m h kh nhu s tin cy khc nhau.
- Nu di ca bi trc nghim tng ln k ln th tin cy s tng tho

1
H s tng quan (r) l s o mi lin h gi hai bin s X v Y. Tng quan y c th dng, m
hoc bng 0. Nu r > 0 th X v Y c tng quan thun (X, Y cng tng hoc cng gim). Nu r < 0 th X
v Y c tng quan nghch (X gim th Y tng hoc ngc li).

31

cng thc Spearman - Brown sau: R
k
=
R k
kR
) 1 ( 1 +
, vi R l tin cy ca bi trc
nghim bn u, R
k
l tin cy ca bi trc nghim di gp k ln so vi bi trc
nghim bn u.
V d: Mt bi trc nghim tin cy l R = 050, nhng nu tng di ca n
ln 10 ln th tin cy ca n by gi l R
k
= 0.91.
- nh hng c kh n tin cy: mt bi trc nghim qu kh hoc qu d
u kh c th nh gi ng trnh nng lc c ngi lm trc nghim; v vy dn
n lm gim tin cy ca bi trc nghim. Bi trc nghim tt khi im s c ngi
lm trc nghim c phn b t thp n cao trong mt khong bin thin cng rng cng
tt.
.4.. i tr (Vaidit)
gi tr mt bi tr nghim l mt i lng trng ho kh nng bi
tr nghim o i n o Thut ng gi tr ni n tnh hiu qu bi
tr nghim trong vi t nhng m h x nh
Mun lng m gi tr mt bi tr nghim hng t phi bit
bi tr nghim nhm o tnh ht no (tnh ht tiu h) M gi tr thng
lng bng mt h s tng qun gi s liu do dng o (im s) v
s liu dng biu th s o trn tnh ht tiu h Do , hng t n nhng
tiu h kh nhu trong nhng m h tr nghim kh nhu
C nhiu tnh ht v gi tr:
) gi tr tin on
Trong lnh vc gio d hng nghip, tuyn chn hoc phn loi ngi h th
gi tr tin on lin qun n m thnh cng ca h trong tng li Mun tin
on, ngi ta dng bi trc nghim c nhng s o v kh nng, hoc tnh cht ca
mt mu kho st (trc nghim d bo) v ch i xm iu tin on da trn kt qu
trc nghim ng khng Mun vy, cn phi dng tiu h nh im t c
cui nm hoc cui cp hc..., hoc s nh gi a cc cp lnh o so snh, i
chiu vi kt qu tin on (trc nghim nh gi)
b) gi tr ng thi
V mt no , gi tr ng thi ng ging nh gi tr tin on, h kh
nhu h yu mt thi gin khi r bi tr nghim nh gi Trong vi xy dng gi
tr tin on, bi tr nghim tin on r tr n bi tr nghim nh gi
r su hi xy dng gi tr ng thi th php o tin on v nh gi
th hin gn nh ng mt l (ng thi) gi tr ng thi ng th xy
dng bng h thit lp tng qun gi im mt bi tr nghim n nh

32

gi tr vi im bi tr nghim th hi, dng o ng nhng im ging
nhu m gi tr n, bit l gi tr tin on, x nh sn
) gi tr v cu trc
gi tr v cu tr l gi tr ca bi trc nghim c phn xt bng mt cu
trc hoc l thuyt c th, v mi quan h gi im s ca bi trc nghim vi cc bin
s quan trng khc.
d) gi tr v ni dung
Khi chng ta mun dng mt bi trc nghim nh gi mt hng trnh ging
dy hoc mt gii on hc tp, chng ta cn phi xt n tnh cht gi tr v ni dung.
Cc cu hi trong bi trc nghim phi l mt mu tiu biu, bao trm ton b ni dung
mn h Do , tr khi x nh tnh cht gi tr ny chng ta phi nu r c cc
mc tiu ca ging dy, loi kh nng hoc kin thc phi nm c sau khi hc tp.
Nh vy, m gi tr lng bng cch so snh ni dung cp trong
cc cu hi ca bi trc nghim vi ni dung c hng trnh o to.
Mt bi trc nghim khng th c mt h s gi tr nht nh dng cho mi mc
h i vi mi nhm ngi. Mt bi trc nghim hy m tin cy thp th ng
khng c ch. Mt bi trc nghim c th tin cy o m gi tr thp th bi trc
nghim khng ngh ng k.
.4.3. ca bi trc im
kh P ca bi trc nghim khh qun i vi mt mu ngi lm trc
nghim l t l gi im trung bnh ca bi trc nghim ( X ) vi tng s cu trc
nghim trong bi (k u, k im):
P = ( X / k).
kh trung bnh P ca bi trc nghim l t s gi im trung bnh l thuyt
(
lt
X
) vi im ti a bi trc nghim ( max
X
):
P = (
lt
X / max
X
).
Trong , im trung bnh l thuyt ca bi trc nghim l trung bnh cng ca
im ti th c vi im may ri M ca bi trc nghim theo cng thc:
lt
X = ( max
X
+ M )/ 2.
V d: mt bi trc nghim c k = 40 cu hi loi 4 la chn th:
max
X
= 40, M = 40/4 =10, nn
lt
X = 25.
Do , kh trung bnh P = (25/ 40) = 62,5%; v nu im trung bnh ca bi
trc nghim X = 17,06 th kh ca bi trc nghim s l P = (17,06/ 40) = 42,65%.
Chng ta cn ch l nu P < P th bi trc nghim l kh i vi trnh ca

33

ngi lm trc nghim; cn nu P > P th bi trc nghim l d i vi h.
III. TRC NGHIM THEO CHUN V TRC NGHIM THEO TIU CH
3.1. Trc nhim theo chun (Norm - referenced test)
Trc nghim theo chun l trc nghim nhm m h lng gi theo chun. N
nhm o lng nhng thnh qu hc tp hin ti ca c nhn hay mt tp th ngi hc
mt tng th (cp hc chng hn), trong mt h thng trng hc nht nh, v mt s
nhim v hc tp t ra cho h trong nhng iu kin ging nhau. Kt qu o lng
c da trn vic so snh thnh tch ca mt hay nhiu c nhn vi thnh tch ca mt
mu (Smpl) c chn - i din cho tng th x nh cho mt vng hay c
nc. Mu ngi trn gi l nhm chun (norm group)
3.2. Trc nhim theo tiu ch (Criterion referenced test)
Trc nghim theo tiu ch l trc nghim nhm m h o lng kh nng a
ngi hc thc hin c mt tp hp k nng hy kin thc mt m c n
nh trc. Kt qu ca bi trc nghim khng nhm nh gi trnh nng lc ca mt
ngi hc nh s so snh tng i trong nhm nh trong trc nghim chun ha m n
ho php nh gi trnh c ngi h so vi tiu h t ra. Hc sinh phi
tr li ng s phn trm cu hi c n dnh trc th mi xem l nm vng kin thc
hay k nng dc yu cu.
3.3. So snh trc nhim theo chun v trc nhim theo tiu ch
V hnh thc c hai loi trc nghim trn u c nt ging nhau. Tuy nhin, gia
chng c nhng im khc bit su y:
+ Trc nghim theo chun dng x nh thnh tch ca mt c nhn so vi
thnh tch ca cc c nhn khc (nhm chun) vi cng mt dng c o lng, cn trc
nghim tho tiu h dng x nh thnh tch ca mt c nhn so vi cc yu cu
hung t ra.
+ i vi trc nghim theo chun, im s ty thuc v n bn vo v tr tng
i ca n so vi im s kh ho nn im s cng bin thin nhiu bao nhiu
th cng tt by nhiu Cn i vi trc nghim theo tiu ch, tnh bin thin c im s
khng quan trng lm v ngh im s khng ty thuc vo s so snh vi cc
im s khc.
+ Trong vic phn tch cc cu hi ca trc nghim theo chun th cc ch s v
kh v phn bit ng vi tr quyt nh trong vic la chn cu trc nghim (thng
thng chn u phn bit t 0,20 tr ln, kh trong khong 30% - 70%).
Cn trong trc nghim theo tiu ch cc cu trc nghim ch b loi b khi chng vi phm
cc ni dung v m tiu quy nh v cc nguyn tc tiu chun v vic bin

34

son cu hi, cn cc ch s thng k trn ch tham kho m thi.
Trong thc t, s cc cu trc nghim thnh tho (l mt loi trc nghim tiu ch)
u kh cao (t l phn trm lm ng o) nu vic ging dy c hiu qu tt.
Vi trc nghim tiu ch m hc tp pht trin chng ta cn c nhng cu
trc nghim nhiu m kh khc nhau cho mi mc tiu ging dy m t ng
thnh tch c ngi h Trong iu kin l tng, m kh d ca cc nhim v
hc tp trong mi bi trc nghim phi c suy ra mt cch trc tip t ni dung ging
dy ch khng phi t s la chn cc cu trc nghim n t kh ca
hng Tng t nh vy, mt cu trc nghim tiu ch khng c kh nng phn bit
khng nht thit b loi b nh i vi cc cu ca cc trc nghim theo chun. Mt s
cu trc nghim tiu ch tt ng th phn bit bng 0 hoc rt thp.
IV. CHO IM BI TRC NGHIM
Trc nghim l mt php o, kt qu o c phi c biu din bng mt thang
o gi l thng im. C nhiu loi thng im khc nhau dng trong cc loi trc
nghim khc nhau.
4.1. im phn trm n
y l loi im khi so snh im s c ngi lm trc nghim vi im s ti
c th t , ngh l im s t c trn mt bi trc nghim c 100 cu hi.
im phn trm ng c tnh theo cng thc sau X=100 R/T, trong X l im tnh
theo t l phn trm; R l s u TN lm ng T l tng s cu TN.
V d: Mt TS tr li ng 44 u trn mt bi trc nghim 50 u th im phn
trm ng l: X = (100 x 44)/50 = 88 im.
Nh vy, yu t x nh im loi ny l kh ca bi TN. Loi im ny
thng c dng ph bin trong kim tra, thi ti lp Ngi t thng chn im trung
bnh t 50 n 60. Loi im ny ph hp vi loi trc nghim theo tiu ch. Nhc
im c im phn trm ng l im s ph thuc nhiu vo kh ca bi TN.
4.2. im ch
Loi im ny tng t nh im phn trm ng trong ngi t n trn t
l phn trm s cu tr li ng n nh im theo mu t , B, C, D Chng hn n
nh im ho im phn trm ng t 90-100, B t 80-90 vv
Loi im ch ng mng tnh h quan v tu tin trong vic n nh cc m im.
4.3. im tiu chun
im th m TS thu c trn mt bi TN h th hin d nng lc c ngi
lm TN. V vy ta phi bin i n theo mt thng o no da trn mt nhm chun

35

(norm group), ngh l so snh nng lc c ngi lm TN vi nhng ngi khc trong
nhm chun hn.
4.3.. im Z: y l loi im tiu chun bn nht. N cho ta bit khong
h ( lch) c im th no v im trung bnh ca nhm cng lm mt bi TN.
im Z c tnh theo cng thc:
Z (X X) / = o,
trong : X l mt im th no , X l im th trung bnh ca nhm lm trc
nghim; o l lch tiu chun.
V d: Mt TS im th l 49, im trung bnh c nhm l 40, lch tiu
chun l 6 th im Z l (49-40)/6 = 3/2 = 1.5.
Nh im ca im Z l n c gi tr m v c s l nn khng thun tin cho
vic s dng.
4.3.. im tiu chun V: y l im s dng min Nm tr nm 1975
thng im ny im trung bnh c chn l 10 v lch tiu chun l 4 im V
c tnh theo cng thc: V=4Z + 10.
V d: Tnh im V ca mt TS im th l 30 trong bi TN 32 u im
trung bnh ca nhm TS l 16, lch tiu chun l 7.
Trc ht, t i qu im Z: Z=(30-16)/7 =2 Su p dng cng th tnh im
tiu chun V: V=(4 x 2)+10 = 18 Nh vy vi im th 30/32, TS ny im V theo
thang 20 l 18 im. Cn lu l khi p dng cng th trn th im V c th l s l,
v vy ta cn quy trn v s chn.
Nu ta chn im trung bnh l 5 v lch tiu chun l 2 th t im V theo
thang 10 i vi TS v nu trn th im V
10
l V
10
= 2Z+5= (2 x2)+5=9. y l thng
im dng trong gio dc Vit Nam hin nay.
4.3.3. Mt vi loi im tiu chun khc
(1) im trc nghim tiu chun ha ETS (Educational Testing Services): ETS l
mt tp on t nhn ung p cc dch v trc nghim tiu chun ha ln nht Hoa K,
bao gm:
- Trc nghim nh gi hc vn (Scholastic Assessment Test-SAT): phc v tuyn
sinh i hc
- Trc nghim thi tuyn su i hc (Graduate Record Examination-GRE)

36

- Trc nghim thi tuyn su i hc ngnh qun tr kinh doanh (Graduate
Management Admission Test-GMAT)
- Trc nghim ngoi ng ting Anh (Test of English as a Foreign Language-TOEFL).
Cc loi trc nghim trn u s dng mt loi thang im vi gi tr trung bnh l
500, lch chun l 100. Ph im tri di trong khong 200 800.
(2) im thi tuyn sinh ACT (American College Testing): ACT s dng thang
im vi gi tr trung bnh l 20, lch chun l 5, ph im l 5 - 35.
(3) im trc nghim tr thng minh (Intelligence Quotient): IQ test s dng thang
im vi gi tr trung bnh l 100, lch chun l 15, ph im l 55 145.
4.3.4 Cng thc bin i im th thnh im tiu chun
Khng cn i qu im Z ta c cng thc bin i trc tip t im th X
0
qua
mt loi im tiu chun X
S
no tho cng thc sau:
S
S 0 0 S
0
X (X X ) X
o
= +
o
,
trong : o
0
, o
S
ln lt l lch chun c im th v im tiu chun;
0
X v
S
X ln lt l tr trung bnh c im th v im tiu chun.
V d: Kt qu thi ca 25 TS lm 40 cu trc nghim im trung bnh l 14.58,
lch chun l 4.45, khi chuyn qu im tiu chun V
10
(tr trung bnh l 5, lch
chun l 2) c biu din nh su:
im th

im tiu chun

im th
im tiu
chun
27

10

15 5
26

10

14 5
25

10

13 4
24

9

12 4
23

9

11 3
22

8

10 3
21

8

9 3
20

7

8 2
19

7

7 2
18

6

6 1
17

6

5 1
16

6

4 0
3 0

37

V. L THUYT NG P CU HI
5.1. Cc yu cu ca mt trc nghim
Trc nghim l mt php o, v vy n cn mt th o v i tng o
Th o l TN, i tng o l mt nng l no a mt nhm TS. Trc khi
bn v chnh xc c php o, t ly mt v d v php o nhit thng thng.
Thng o nhit : thng l thng bh phn trong t quy c nhit nc
ng tn l 0
o
, nhit n ng si ( p sut kh quyn) l 100
o
. Chia khong 0
100 thnh 100 khong bng nhu t c mt thng o nhit .
Th o: Th o nhit l nhit k, yu cu c th o l phi nh
c (calibration) bng cc mu th. V d nh c mt nhit k o thn nhit ta phi
c mt mu th 35
o
v mt 42
o
. Cc nhit ny l hnh x khng nh hng
ln kt qu nh c Ngh l nu thn nhit ca mt ngi l 38
o
th dng nhit k no
ng o c gi tr
Nh vy, mun ho php o hnh x t phi m bo 2 yu cu: kt qu nh c
khng ph thuc vo mu th v kt qu php o khng ph thu vo th o
Tng t, trong trc nghim t o mt nng l no ca TS bng th o l
mt TN nh c TN ta phi dng mu th l mt nhm TS no Yu u
th nht l kt qu nh c TN khng ph thuc vo mu th, yu cu th hai l
im s TS thu c phi nh nhu khi dng TN nh c. L thuyt v trc
nghim c in khng tho mn cc yu cu ny.
5.2. Cc mi quan h nguyn t trong mt php o lng gio dc
v m hnh Rasch
Trong th k XX, nhiu nh nghin cu v o lng trong tm l v gio dc
nghin cu cc gii php tho mn cc yu cu ni trn trong trc nghim nhm nng
o hnh x v tnh khh qun trong php o bng TN. Mt trong cc cch gii
quyt l m hnh ho qu trnh o lng bng trc nghim c th tnh ton, nh
lng cc qu trnh ny. Mt trong phng php l l thuyt p ng cu hi
(Item Response Theory - IRT).
Trc ht, c th xem vic mt ngi nng l no tr li ng hy si mt
cu hi trc nghim - l mt iu ngu nhin, khng th ni trc mt cch chc chn.
Do , l thuyt p ng cu hi phi xy dng trn s khoa hc v xc sut v thng
k. Cc cng trnh quan trng ca l thuyt ny ra i vo ba thp nin cui ca th k
XX, c p dng ph bin trong thc tin v t c nhiu thnh tu ng k.
5.2.1 M hnh Rasch mt tham s
Gi s ra mt bi trc nghim gm 100 cu hi cho mt k thi c 500 th sinh
tham gi x nh nng lc ca th sinh v mt lnh v no Gi s cu hi trc

38

nghim th i kh
i
,
th sinh th j c mt mc nng l
j
s ng p
cu hi
nh th no? Trong th d r rng c 50 000 mi quan h nguyn t nh vy.
Nh ton h n Mh Gorg Rsh, r mt m hnh "ng p u hi"
m t mi tng t nguyn t gia mt th sinh vi mt cu hi ca bi trc nghim
v dng m hnh phn tch cc d liu thu c t bi trc nghim kho st
quan h gia th sinh v cu hi trong s p ng cu hi, Rasch chn tham s nng
lc cho th sinh v tham s lin qun n kh cho cu hi, qua pht biu nh su:
Mt th sinh c kh nng hn th sinh kh phi c mt xc sut ln hn tr li
ng mt cu hi bt k Cng tng t nh vy, mt cu hi kh hn mt cu hi khc
c ngh l i vi bt k th sinh no xc sut tr li ng u hi sau l ln hn so
vi cu hi trc".
Da trn gi thit , Rsh xy dng hm ng p u hi cu hi tng ng.
biu din cc mi quan h ny Rasch phi s dng cc th thut c th biu din
nng l v kh trn cng mt thng o: biu din nng l di dng t i v
s dng hm log bin thng s thnh hiu s. Rasch biu din hm ng p u
hi i c th sinh j di dng hm m:
j i
j i
( )
i j
( - )
e
P ( )
[1+e ]
| o
| o
| =
,
trong P
i
(
j
) l xc sut tr li ng u hi, e l s logarithm t nhin, i=1..100;
j=1...500.
M hnh Rasch ng vi hm ng p u hi dng n gin nht, ch cha mt
tham s kh. Nhiu nh nghin cu ng r nhiu dng hm ng p u hi c
dng phc tp hn, hm ha hai tham s phn nh c phn bit ca cu hi, v hm
cha ba tham s phn nh c kt qu on m khi tr li cu hi.
5.2.2 M hnh Rasch hai tham s
M hnh Rsh nu trn ch s dng 1 tham s l kh c u TN v c gi l
m hnh Rasch mt tham s. Nu tnh n phn bit ca cu hi th ta c m hnh
Rasch hai tham s, l t :
j i
j i
a( )
i j
a( - )
e
P ( ) ,
[1+e ]
| o
| o
| =

trong h s lin qun n phn bit u TN
5.2.3 M hnh Rasch ba tham s
loi tr hin tng on m, ngi t r m hnh Rsh b thm s nh
sau:

39

j i
j i
a( )
i j
a( - )
e
P ( ) c (1 c) ,
[1+e ]
| o
| o
| = +

trong h s c phn nh s on m a TS khi tr li cu hi.
5.3. p dn l thuyt n p cu hi
T thp nin 70 ca th k XX, l thuyt ng p u hi c p dng ngy cng
rng ri tnh ton cc kt qu o nng lc bng cc bi trc nghim v nh c
cc cu hi trc nghim (t l tnh ton kh, phn bit ca cu trc nghim).
Trong cc m hnh ng p u hi, m hnh Rsh c s dng nhiu nht v n m
t qu trnh ng p u hi tng i n gin nhng kt qu tnh ton kh ph hp
vi thc t.
Vi tnh ton tho m hnh Rsh thng c tin hnh nh su: ngi ta ly s
liu thc nghim t kt qu ca cc cu hi ca mt bi trc nghim trn mt nhm mu
no a th sinh, t phng tnh s o nng lc ca mi th sinh v kh ca tng
cu hi. T cc s o phng tnh ny, ngi tnh ton ng cong ng p u hi
so snh vi ng ong c dng t thc nghim v xem xt ph hp gia
chng theo mt tiu chun no Nu ph hp h t mc chnh x quy nh,
qu trnh tnh ton c lp li ho n khi c s ph hp mong mun. Cc php
tnh lp c thc hin nhnh hng nh tnh in t. Thc t p dng l thuyt
ng p u hi chng t l thuyt ny cho php to cc php o trong gio dc tho
mn hai yu cu t ra vi mt sai s c th chp nhn trong thc t l yu
cu: trng a cu hi trc nghim xc nh qu php nh c khng ph thuc
vo mu th sinh (sample free) v m nng lc xc nh c khng ph thuc vo bi
trc nghim (item free).
Vi vic p dng l thuyt ng p u hi v m hnh Rsh, ngi ta c th xy
dng cc ngn hng cu hi trc nghim cha cc cu hi nh c chnh xc, t
lp r trc nghim c kh nng o lng nng lc vi chnh xc cao. Nh cc
thnh tu ny ngi ta c th thit k cc trc nghim thch nghi nh my tnh
(computer adapting test - CT) ho php o lng hnh x nng lc. Vi mt s
lng khng ln cc cu hi trc nghim khng nhng c th o hnh x nng
lc ca th sinh, m cn c th p dng nng cao s chnh xc c iu tra tm l,
d bo x hi, do n tr thnh mt cng c thit k php o lng quan trng
ca khoa hc x hi ni chung. C th ni: L thuyt p cu i to mt cuc cch
mng tht s tr pp ng trong tm l v gio dc.
Ngi t son tho nhiu phn mm my tnh tnh ton php o lng
trong gio dc d vo m hnh c xy dng bi l thuyt ng p u hi. Cc

40

phn mm c s dng ph bin trn th gii : BIGSTEP, PASCAL, LOGIST,
NOHARM (M), QUEST, CONQUEST (c). Ring phn mm QUEST do trung tm
ACER (Australian Center for Educational Research) sn xut c s dng nhiu
Vit Nam trong my nm qua.

41

CHNG III
O CHT LNG TRONG GIO DC I HC

I. V THUT NG CHT LNG TRONG GIO DC
1.1. Cc nh nha v cht ln
Cht lng gio d i h, o ng (su y gi tt l gio d i hc
GDH) l mt khi nim ng, hiu, p. S d nh vy v n ph thuc vo
tng loi m hnh gio dc, vo s mng, m tiu ng nh tiu chun c th ca mt
h thng gio dc, mt trng i hc hoc mt chng trnh o to C nh ngh
khc nhau ca khi nim cht lng ph thuc vo:
(i) S hiu bit ca nhng ngi hng li nn gio dc, trong trng hp ny yu
cu ca cht lng c thit lp bi ngi hc, th trng lo ng, x hi, chnh quyn.
(ii) Cc yu t lin quan nh u vo, qu trnh o to, u ra, s mng, m tiu
(iii) Qu trnh lch s ca s pht trin gio d i h (GDH)
Ngi t dng mt ph rng cc cch tip cn sau v thut ng cht lng:
- Cht lng l tuyt ho: y l qun im truyn thng v gio dc tinh hoa,
tho tiu hun ra c tnh ni tri nht, chng hn nh tnh phc tp v yu cu
cao ca chng trnh, tnh nghim tc ca qu trnh thi c c xem nh l s th hin
mt cht lng hc thut thc s. Cht lng y c xem nh mt khi nim c
bit (xptionl) c duy tr mc tt nht.
- Cht lng l s ph hp vi mc tiu: y l qun nim nhn mnh n yu cu
p ng cc tiu chun c chp nhn bi c quan kim nh cht lng ho m
bo cht lng. Trng i hc s tp trung vo vic thc hin cc mc tiu v s mng
ra.
- Cht lng l s m rng hoc pht trin: Quan nim ny lin qun n vic
thng xuyn tm ti ci thin, nhn mnh n trch nhim ca cc c s GDH
- Cht lng l gi tr tnh bng tin: Quan nim ny xem cht lng di dng
tin li ca vn u t. Nu cng mt gi u t nhng thu c li tc cao hn th cht
lng sn phm hoc dch v dnh cho khch hng tt hn. Hin nay, s yu cu phi
hch ton nhiu trng i hc phn nh quan nim gi tr bng tin ny. Sinh vin
i hi gi tr tnh ra tin phi tng ln khi gi o to tng
Mi cch tip cn c u v nh im ring, ph hp hoc khng ph hp cho
mt thi k hoc mt hon cnh c th. V vy, mt cch tng qut khi nim cht lng
l s tch hp ca cc yu t sau:
(i) S thc hin cc tiu chun (standards) ti thiu v cc chun so snh

42

(benchmarks);
(ii) Kh nng thit lp cc mc tiu v s thc hin cc m tiu ;
(iii) Kh nng tha mn yu cu v nguyn vng ca khch hng v nhng ngi
hng li;
(iv) Khuynh hng tin n s hon ho.
T ch m bo cht lng Gio d i hc quc t (INQAHE - International
Ntwork o Qulity ssurn in Highr Edution) r 2 nh ngh v cht
lng GDH l:
(i) Tun theo cc chun quy nh: iu ny ngh l n c mt b tiu ch
chun cho gio d i hc v tt c lnh vc v vic kim nh cht lng mt
trng i hc s da vo b tiu ch chun
(ii) t c cc m tiu ra: Trng hp khi khng c b tiu ch t chun th
vic kim nh cht lng GDH s da trn mc tiu ca tng lnh v nh gi
Nhng mc tiu ny s c xc lp trn c s trnh pht trin kinh t - x hi c t
nc v nhng iu kin c th ca trng
Vit Nam, do s thiu nht qun trong quan nim v thut ng ht lng, nn
cc nh gio dc ch a ra mt nh ngh thng nht v khi nim ny. Tuy nhin c
th nu ra mt s nh ngh su:
- Cht lng (Quality) ca mt trng i hc l tp hp cc yu t do nh trng
cam kt tun th nhm p ng yu cu t pha ngi h, bn qun tm v quy nh
ca php lut hin hnh .
- Cht lng GD H nh gi qu m trng khp vi m tiu nh sn .
- Cht lng l s p ng ca sn phm o to i vi cc chun mc v tiu ch
x nh .
- Cht lng trng i hc l s p ng m tiu ra ca trng i hc.
Mc d kh c th r c mt nh ngh v cht lng trong gio d i
hc m mi ngi u tha nhn, song cc nh nghin cu ng gng tm ra nhng
cch tip cn ph bin nht. C s ca cc cch tip cn ny xem cht lng l mt khi
nim mang tnh tng i, ng, hiu v vi nhng ngi cc cng v khc nhau
c th c nhng u tin khc nhau khi xem xt n. V d, i vi ging vin v sinh vin
th u tin ca khi nim cht lng phi l qu trnh o to, l c s vt cht k thut
phc v cho qu trnh ging dy v hc tp Cn i vi nhng ngi s dng lo ng,
u tin v cht lng ca h li u ra, tc l trnh , nng lc v kin thc ca sinh
vin khi ra trng . . .
Do vy khng th ni ti cht lng nh mt khi nim nht th, cht lng cn

43

x nh km theo vi m tiu hy ngh a n, v kha cnh ny, mt trng
i hc c th c cht lng cao mt lnh vc ny nhng mt lnh vc khc li c th
c cht lng thp.
iu ny t ra mt yu cu phi xy dng mt h thng r rng, mch lc cc
tiu ch vi nhng ch s c lng ho, nu r cc phng th m bo cht lng
v qun l cht lng s c s dng trong v ngoi gio d i hc vi xu hng tip
cn dn vi chun ca khu vc v th gii nhm a gio d i hc Vit Nam ha
nhp vi gio d i hc th gii.
Trong quy nh v Tiu chun nh gi ht lng gio dc trng i hc (Ban
hnh km theo Quyt nh s: 65/2007/Q-BGDT ngy 01/11/2007 a B trng B
Gio d v o to) khi nim ht lng nh ngh nh su:
- Cht lng gio dc trng i hc l s p ng mc tiu do nh trng ra,
m bo cc yu cu v mc tiu gio d i hc ca Lut Gio dc, ph hp vi yu
cu o to ngun nhn lc cho s pht trin kinh t - x hi c a phng v c nc.
- Tiu chun nh gi ht lng gio dc trng i hc l m yu cu v
iu kin m trng i hc phi p ng c cng nhn t tiu chun cht lng
gio dc.
1.2. Cc phn php nh i cht lng
Vn ct li trong qun l cht lng l phng php no dng nh gi ht
lng mt c s gio d i hc l tt. Trong thc tin, cc nh qun l gio d s
dng h nh gi hnh su y:
1.2.1. Cht l c i b u v:
Mt s nc phng Ty qun im cho rng Cht lng mt c s gio dc
i hc ph thuc vo cht lng hay s lng u vo ca trng Qun im ny
c gi l qun im ngun l ngh l: Ngun lc = cht lng.
1.2.2. Cht l c i b u ra:
Mt qun im khc v cht lng gio d i hc cho rng u r a gio dc
i hc c tm quan trng hn nhiu so vi u vo qu trnh o to u r
chnh l sn phm ca gio d i h c th hin bng nng lc ca sinh vin tt
nghip hay kh nng ung p cc hot ng o to ca c s gio d
1.2.3. Cht l c gi b Gi tr ia t:
Qun im th 3 v cht lng gio d i hc cho rng mt c s gio d i
h t ng tch cc ti sinh vin khi n to r c s khc bit trong s pht trin
v nng l Gi tr gi tng x nh bng gi tr c u r tr i gi tr ca
u vo, kt qu thu c: l gi tr gi tng m s gio d i h m li

44

ho sinh vin v c dng lm th o ht lng gio d i hc.
1.2.4. Cht l c i b Gi tr hc thut:
y l qun im truyn thng ca nhiu c s gio d i hc phng Ty, ch
yu da vo s nh gi a cc chuyn gia v nng lc hc thut c i ng n b
ging dy trong tng trng trong qu trnh thm nh cng nhn cht lng o to i
h iu ny ngh l s gio d i h no i ng gio s, tin s ng,
uy tn khoa h o th c xem l c s gio dc c cht lng cao.
1.2.5. Cht l c i b V t chc ri:
Qun im ny da trn nguyn tc cc c s gio d i hc phi to r c
Vn ho t ch ring h tr cho qu trnh lin tc ci tin cht lng. V vy mt c
s gio d nh gi l ht lng khi n Vn ho t ch ring vi
nt c trng quan trng l khng ngng nng cao cht lng o to.
1.2.6. Cht l c i b Kim t:
Qun im ny v cht lng c xem trng qu trnh bn trong ca mt c s v
ngun thng tin cung cp cho vic ra quyt nh. Kim ton cht lng quan tm xem c
s c thu thp thng tin ph hp v nhng ngi ra quyt nh thng tin cn thit
hay khng, qu trnh thc hin cc quyt nh v cht lng c hp l v hiu qu khng.
II. CC HOT NG LIN QUN N CHT LNG
2.1. Kim sot cht lng
Kim sot cht lng (Quality control) l thut ng lu i nht v mt lch s. N
bao gm vic kim tra v loi b cc thnh phm hay sn phm cui cng khng tho
mn cc tiu chun ra tr N l ng on xy ra sau cng khi sn phm
c lm xong c lin quan ti vic loi b hoc t chi nhng hng mc hay sn phm
c li. Vic lm ny thng ko theo lng ph tng i ln v phi loi b hay lm li
cc sn phm khng t yu cu.
Ni chung, kim sot cht lng l mt qu trnh m trong mt sn phm hay
mt dch v, hoc bt c b phn no trong qu trnh c lin qun n vic sn xut hay
vn chuyn sn phm, c kim tra theo mt tiu chun nh trc v s b
loi b hay lm li nu nh n di chun. C mt vi cch hiu kim sot cht lng
nh mt qu trnh sau khi-c-kt qu, hoc nh vic pht hin v loi b cc sn phm
c khim khuyt.
Trong khi kim sot cht lng c xem l mt khi nim nht c m bo
cht lng trong lnh vc sn xut hay cng nghip, khi nim ny li tng i mi v
t c chp nhn trong mi trng i h iu ny l do trong gio dc, kh c th
nh ngh th no l ht lng, v gio dc bao gi ng l mt qu trnh hai chiu.
Hn th na, kh c th x nh r rng c cc sn phm ca gio dc, v v cht

45

lng ca qu trnh gio d trong i h lun i hi s ng gp khh hng
(cc sinh vin).
Qu trnh kim sot cht lng c m t s sau:

2.2. m bo cht lng (Quality assurance-QA)
Mc tiu c m bo cht lng (BCL) l phng hng nhng sai phm c th xy
ra ngay t b u tin. Cht lng ca sn phm c thit k ngay trong qu trnh sn
xut ra n t khu u n khu cui theo nhng tiu chun nghim ngt m bo khng c
sai phm trong bt k khu no m bo cht lng phn ln l trch nhim c ngi lao
ng lm vi trong n v c lp hn l trch nhim ca thanh tra vin, mc d thanh
tr ng th c vai tr nht nh trong m bo cht lng.
Nh vy BCL l ton b cc hot ng c k hoch, c h thng c tin hnh
trong h thng cht lng v c chng minh l mc cn thit khch hng tho
mn cc yu cu cht lng Ni h kh, BCL ngh l to ra sn phm khng
mc li, phi lm ng ngy t u v lm ng mi thi im".
L thuyt ch o ca h thng m bo cht lng xut pht t lnh vc kinh
donh su a vo gio dc khi thuyt mi bn im dnh cho vic qun l
c Edwrds Dming c gii thiu rng ri.
Trong gio d, thut ng ny lin qun n qu trnh tip din lin tc ca vi nh

46

gi cht lng gio dc ca mt h thng i hc, mt trng i hc hoc mt chng
trnh o to. Vi vai tr l mt c ch iu chnh, s m bo cht lng tp trung vo tnh
t chu trch nhim v pht trin thng qu tiu h x nh mt cch cht ch.
y s phn bit gi m bo cht lng bn trong (internal quality assurance), l qu
trnh m ni b c s gio dc theo di v ci tin cht lng gio dc ca mnh, vi m
bo cht lng bn ngoi (external quality assurance), l h thng nh gi ngoi bo gm
cc ch trng, quy trnh v cng c nh gi mt c s gio dc hoc chng trnh o to.
Vic qun l cht lng, nng cao cht lng, kim sot cht lng v nh gi ht lng
ch ngh khi s duy tr thng xuyn v m bo cht lng. Phm vi c BCL
x nh bi loi hnh v quy m ca h thng GDH
Tho SEMEO th BCL l ton b cc ch trng, chnh sch, c ch qun l,
mc tiu hot ng, iu kin ngun lc, cc th tc, qui trnh v nhng bin php
duy tr, nng cao cht lng o to; thng qua s tn ti v s dng chng, cc chun
mc trong gio dc - o to s c duy tr v cht lng s nng o m bo
cht lng l cng c hu hiu duy tr v khng ngng nng cao cht lng GDH
Theo B GD-T Vit Nm th m bo cht lng gio d i hc l ton b
cc ch trng, chnh sch, mc tiu, c ch qun l, cc hot ng, iu kin ngun lc,
cng nhng bin php kh duy tr, nng cao cht lng gio dc nhm p ng mc
tiu r (Quy nh tm thi v kim nh cht lng trng i hc, Ban hnh km
theo Quyt nh s: 38/2004/Q-BGD&T ngy 02/12/2004 a B trng B Gio
d v o to).
Khng ging
nh kim sot cht
lng, m bo
cht lng phi
din r trc v
trong tin trnh s
kin nhm trnh li,
v da rt nhiu vo
vic trnh by cng
khai. M h u
tin c m bo
cht lng l trnh
cc li c th c
ngay t u.
S bn phi
minh ha cho vn ny.

47

2.3. Kim nh cht lng (Quality Accreditation)
.3.. Kim ct
- Theo CHEA (2003), kim nh cht lng (CL) x nh l mt qu
trnh xem xt cht lng t bn ngoi, c gio d i hc s dng kho st nh
gi cc c s gio d o ng v i h v ngnh o to i hc nhm m bo
v ci tin cht lng".
- Theo SEAMEO (2003), kim nh cht lng l mt qu trnh nh gi ngoi
nhm a ra mt quyt nh cng nhn mt c s gio d i hc hay mt ngnh o
to ca c s gio d i h p ng cc chun m qui nh
Nh vy, kim nh cht lng l mt gii php qun l cht lng v hiu qu
nhm cc m tiu su y:
(1) nh gi hin trng ca c s o to i h p ng c cc tiu chun
ra nh th no, hin trng c s o to c cht lng v hiu qu ra sao.
(2) nh gi hin trng nhng in no l im mnh so vi cc tiu chun ra
ca c s o to.
(3) nh gi hin trng nhng im no l im yu so vi cc tiu chun ra
ca c s o to.
(4) Trn c s im mnh v im yu pht hin c so vi cc tiu chun ra,
nh ra k hoh pht huy im mnh, khc ph im yu pht trin.
Hin nay, quan nim v mi quan h gia hai khi nim ny rt khc nhau trn
th gii BCL thng c xem nh l mt b phn ca qun l cht lng GDH,
tuy nhin i khi BCL v CL c dng vi ngh nh nhau.
Thut ng CL (rdittion) c s dng nhiu nht Hoa K CL th
c p dng cho mt s o to, hoc ch cho mt chng trnh o to ca mt
mn h CL m bo vi cng ng ng nh vi cc t chc hu quan rng mt
trng i hc (hay mt chng trnh mt mn h no ) nhng m tiu o to
x nh r rng v ph hp; c nhng iu kin t c nhng mc tiu
, v kh nng pht trin bn vng BCL kh vi CL vi ngh l BCL l
iu kin tin quyt ho CL
.3.. Kim ct Vit Nam
Kim nh cht lng gio dc l mt lnh vc cn mi Vit Nam. C th ni,
cp h thng, n c bt u t khi Phng Kim nh Cht lng o to trong V i
hc, B Gio d v o to (GD&T) c thnh lp t thng 01/2002, su c
m rng cho cc cp h v trnh o to khc k t nm 2003, su khi Cc Kho th
v Kim nh Cht lng Gio d (T&CLGD) c thnh lp. Kim nh cht

48

lng y mnh t thng 12/2004 khi Quy nh tm thi v kim nh cht lng
trng i h bn hnh v c tip tc cng c v pht trin gn vi vic ban
hnh cc quy trnh v cc tiu chun kim nh khc.
Hin nay, B GD&T ng trin khai kim nh cht lng gio dc theo m hnh
c nhiu nc trn th gii s dng, c bit l m hnh kim nh ca Hoa K: l
qu trnh nh gi bi mt t chc khng thuc cc c s gio d cng nhn cc c
s gio dc v chng trnh gio d t tiu chun cht lng. Trong thi gian qua, B
GD&T trin khi ng t m bo cht lng (tho ngh rng), kim nh cht
lng (tho ngh hp) v t c mt s kt qu di y:
(1) Xy dng h thng vn bn quy phm php lut
Xy dng h thng vn bn quy phm php lut l cch tip cn nhm nhanh chng
nh hnh v khng nh v tr ca cng tc ny trong h thng gio dc qu dn N
gip cc nh gio, nh qun l v i tng c lin quan nhanh chng hiu mt cch
thng nht cc khi nim, ni dung, quy trnh, cng c m bo v kim nh cht lng
gio d C vn bn quy phm php lut v vn bn hng dn l nhng cng c
trin khai cng tc kim nh cht lng c ban hnh di y:
a) Nh n bn hnh 2 vn bn quan trng:
Lut Gio d 2005 (iu 17, 58, 99).
Ngh nh s 75/2006/N-CP ngy 02 thng 8 nm 2006 a Chnh ph quy
nh chi tit v hng dn thi hnh mt s iu ca Lut Gio dc (Chng II,
iu 38-40);
b) B GD&T bn hnh 2 vn bn quy phm php lut trong nm 2004-2006:
Quyt nh 38/2004/Q-BGD&T ngy 02/12/2004 bn hnh quy nh tm
thi v kim nh cht lng trng i hc
Quyt nh 27/2006/Q-BGD&T ngy 27/6/2006 quy nh s i, b sung
mt s iu c Quy nh tm thi v kim nh cht lng trng i hc ban
hnh km theo Quyt nh s 38/2004/Q-BGD&T ngy 02 thng 12 nm
2004 ca B trng B Gio d v o to
) Trong nm 2007-2009, B GD&T bn hnh 10 vn bn quy phm php
lut, bao gm:
(1). Quyt nh 76/2007/Q-BGDT ngy 12/12/2007 bn hnh quy nh v
Quy trnh v chu k kim nh cht lng gio d trng i h, o ng
v trung cp chuyn nghip.
(2). Quyt nh 29/2008/Q-BGDT ngy 5/6/2008 bn hnh quy nh chu k
v quy trnh kim nh cht lng hng trnh gio dc c trng i
h, o ng v trung cp chuyn nghip.

49

tiu chun nh gi ht lng trng i hc.
tiu chun nh gi ht lng trng o ng.
tiu chun nh gi ht lng trng trung cp chuyn nghip.
tiu chun nh gi ht lng hng trnh gio dc ngnh Gio dc Tiu
h trnh o ng.
tiu chun nh gi ht lng hng trnh o to gio vin trung hc ph
thng trnh i hc.
tiu chun nh gi ht lng trng tiu hc.
(9). Ch th s 46 /2008/CT-BGDT ngy 05 thng 8 nm 2008 v vi tng
cng ng t nh gi v kim nh cht lng gio dc
(10). Hng dn nh gi ngoi trng H, C, TCCN (s 9098/BGDT-
TCLGD, ngy 13 thng 10 nm 2009
d) Cc Kho th v Kim nh cht lng gio d bn hnh vn bn hng dn:
(1). Hng dn t nh gi ho trng H, C, TCCN
(2). Hng dn s dng tiu h nh gi cht lng trng i hc;
(3). Hng dn tm minh chng cho b tiu h nh gi ht lng trng C
(4). Hng dn tm minh chng cho b tiu h nh gi ht lng trng TCCN.
C vn bn trn l nhng cng c php l quan trng trin khai kim nh cht
lng gio dc Vit Nam.
2.3.3. Kim nh cht lng c gi tr g?
Su khi CL, s i hc s c cng nhn tnh trng hin , i khi c
cp mt giy php (lins) hot ng trong mt khong thi gian hn nh no
Kim nh cht lng khng nhng mang li cho cng ng bng chng v cht
lng o to i hc m cn mang li cho cc trng qu kim nh c hi t phn
th nh gi c nhng ci tin v cht lng, t m nng o ht lng ho s
ca mnh.
2.4. Kim ton cht ln (uality udit
im ton ht lng l hnh th kim tr mng tnh lp v h thng nhm

50

x nh xm hot ng BCL v kt qu hot ng tun th tho
ng k hoh lp r khng v k hoh ny th hin hiu qu v ph
hp t m tiu ht lng r hy h
im ton ht lng khng qun tm n tnh gi tr m tiu trng
m h qun tm n vi iu hnh lnh v hot ng trng nh hng n
ht lng nh th no im ton ht lng hon ton kh vi thnh tr ht lng
ho hot ng nh gi kh
Qu trnh kim ton gm 3 b su:
- Bo o tm tt: C s GD np ho on kim ton mt bo o tm l
v qu trnh BCL trng mnh C thnh vin on kim ton nghin
u tr bo o ny
- ho st ti trng: on kim ton xm xt nhng quy trnh v qu trnh m
bo ht lng m trng trnh by trong bo o gi ho on kim ton
Thi gin lm vi vi trng 3 ngy on lm vi vi lnh o, CBGV v
sinh vin trng
- Bo o kim ton do on kim ton th hin su khi kt th t kim ton
2.5. nh i v o ln cht ln
hi ni n vi t c mt chun mc, ngi ta thng m ch n cht lng
m ngi ta mong mun. V vy, cht lng v chun mc thng i i vi nhau.
Trong BCL, hun mc thng c s dng kh khc nhau.
2.5.1. Chun mc v tiu ch
Trong nh gi, hun m (stndrd) c hiu l nguyn t c thng nht
gia nhng ngi trong cng mt lnh v nh gi o lng gi tr hoc cht lung.
Hoa K, chun m c hiu l m yu cu nht nh m cc trng H
hoc chng trnh o to cn phi p ng c c qun BCL hoc kim nh
cng nhn t tiu chun kim nh Trong khi , tiu h (ritrion) li nh
ngh thng qu hun m (stndrd) Tho Hi ng kim nh ht lng gio d
i h M (Counil or Highr Edution rdittion-CHEA), tiu ch l chun mc
kim nh hoc xc nhn mt trng hoc mt chng trnh o to t tiu chun
kim nh. Nh vy, CHE s dng chun mc v tiu ch nh nhng t ng ngh
cc nc chu u, chun mc thng c dng gn kt vi m c u ra.
Chun m, tho h nh ngh hu u, c xem nh kt qu mong mun ca
mt chng trnh o to bao gm kin thc, k nng, thi cn c ca ngi tt
nghip, k c v chun mc ca bc hc ln chun mc c ngnh o to.
Chun m n c hiu l m kin thc cn t c trong hc tp ca mt

51

sinh vin hay mt tp hp sinh vin (mt lp, mt trng). Mt ch nng kh a
chun mc l m trung bnh trong o lng tiu h nh gi ht lng. Chun
m i vi sinh vin l nhng i hi m sinh vin phi bit v c kh nng t c
nhm hon thnh mt mn hc hoc mt bc hc. Nhng chun mc nh th thng l
nhng mong mun, i hi v rt kh x nh trc mt cch chnh xc, tuy nhin vn
phi cng b hng dn sinh vin chun b phn u t c. Cc chun m
l nhng nh gi lin qun n sinh vin, bao gm nhng phm cht v mc tiu cn
nh gi vi nhng tiu h nh gi th.
Tiu h n c xem nh nhng im kim sot v l chun nh gi ht
lng c u vo v qu trnh o to. Trong thc t cha c s khc bit r rng gia
chun mc v tiu ch, nhng i khi tiu h c s dng nh nhng yu cu c th
hn so vi chun mc. V vy, nhiu ngi vn quan nim rng tiu ch nm trong chun
mc hay mi chun mc c mt hay nhiu tiu ch.
Trong vn bn qui phm php lut ca Vit Nam, thut ng tiu hun c
dng thay cho thut ng hun m
2.5.2. Ch s thc hin (Performance Indicator)
Vn ni cm nht khi bn v cht lng l: Lm th no o c cht lng?
Chng ta dng nhng tiu h no o ht lng? Cc tiu chun no s chng li
cht lng nh gi?
Dng nh khng th x nh c mt lot cc tiu ch v tiu chun cho gio
d i hc. Mi bn lin quan s c cc tiu ch ring ca mnh nhm t c nhng
mc tiu hay yu cu c mnh iu ny ngh l hnh ph s a ra cc tiu chun
khc vi tiu chun ca nhng nh tuyn dng chng hn. V vy khng th thit lp
c mt tiu ch chung cho gio d i hc. Ngnh ny s khc vi ngnh khc. Cc
i tng c lin quan ng kh S k vng ca th trng lo ng s ng vi tr
hon ton kh nhu khi nh gi ngnh nh ngh thut v nhn vn hy kh.
Cc tiu chun ca cc bn khc nhau c th mu thun nhau. Chnh ph c th t ra
tiu chun l: hng trnh o to phi c t chc sao cho cc sinh vin c th kt
thc chng trnh trong thi hn quy nh vi ti thiu s sinh vin b h; hy t l
thnh cng c sinh vin nm th nht phi l 70% Nhng cc tiu chun ny c th
xung khc vi mt tiu chun c sinh vin l: hng trnh phi nhng mn t
chn v thi gian cho pht trin nhn h
Theo CHEA, ch s thc hin (CSTH) l cc biu hin (thng bng s) ca tnh
trng, hoc kt qu u ra ca mt t chc gio d (v d: trng i h/o ng,
trng ph thng), ca chng trnh o to hoc qu trnh hot ng i khi CSTH
n c gi l h s qun l
CSTH l mt tp hp cc thng tin c th v ng tin y, o m chnh xc,

52

c thit k nhm phc v cho m h gii trnh vi cc c quan bn ngoi v tnh
trng ca nh trng v nhng kt qu t c. Cc CSTH thng bao gm cc d
liu v vic nhp hc v tt nghip ca sinh vin, cc cng trnh nghin cu khoa hc,
tnh trng vic lm ca ngi mi tt nghip, tin hc ph, t l SV/GV, khi lng cng
vic ca GV, cc cng vi lin qun n SV, s lng SV trong lp hc, phng th
nghim v cc trang thit b, th vin, cng ngh thng tin, cc ngun lc hin c lin
qun n vic hc tp ca SV. Mi chun mc hay tiu ch thng c mt hoc mt s
CSTH c th ho cc chun mc ho tiu h
Tuy nhin, CSTH c cc hn ch nht nh. V d su y minh ha s hn ch
c CSTH trong nh gi ht lng:
Ti c mt chai ru v mun nh gi cht lng ca n. Trc ht ti phi quyt
nh nhng kha cnh m ti s nh gi ht lng: hu, cht, t l cn, cu
cn D nhin ti th o c nhng ch s ny ca ru, nhng ti vn cha bit ru
c tt hay khng. Mt vi ngi s ni nhng con s ny tt, cn nhng con s kia th
khng tt. Nhng c kha cnh khc na quan trng hn cho vi nh gi: l v v
mi. Nhng kha cnh ny khng nh lng c. Chng ta cn mt thang ring nhm
nh gi bng v gic v khu gic xem c tt hay khng (Vroeijenstijn 1993).

Tm li, ta c th tm tt nh ngh a cc khi nim v nu nh su:
- Chun mc: l khi nim dng biu th nhng c tnh, phm cht ca cht
lng m chng ta mun t c. Trong GD, chun mc l nhng i hi m mt nn
GD hay mt trng hc mong mun ngi hc phi t c khi tt nghip.
- Tiu ch: l s c th ha ca chun mc, ch ra nhng n nh
gi cht lng. Tiu ch c th o c thng qua cc CSTH.
- Ch s thc hin: l nhng con s hoc nhng k hiu nh lng dng o
lng cc tiu ch cht lng.

53

III. CC M HNH QUN L CHT LNG
hi m bo cht lng xm nh mt h thng qun l, ngh l t
vo tay nhng ngi c trch nhim bn trong mt trng i hc, cu hi c th c
t ra l liu h thng qun l phi c kim sot t bn ngoi nhm gip cc
trng m bo rng qu trnh l ng bng v khch quan khng. C th thy r mi
quan tm v h c tnh t chu trch nhim nhm c th ci tin kh nng m
bo cht lng chuyn mn ca tm bng i hc ngy cng cao. Bn cnh , mt s h
thng trng i h ng tho ui h chnh sch th trng trong qun l,
trong m hnh BS 5750/ ISO 9000; m hnh qun l cht lng tng th v m
hnh cc yu t t chc.
3.1. M hnh BS 5750/ I SO 9000
3.1.1. Khi nim v m hnh BS 5750/ ISO 9000
Trong nhng nm 70 nhn hung gia cc ngnh cng nghip v nc trn th
gii c nhng nhn thc khc nhau v ht lng Do , Vin tiu chun Anh Quc
(British Standard Institute - BSI) l mt thnh vin c ISO hnh th ngh ISO
thnh lp mt y ban k thut pht trin cc tiu chun quc t v k thut v thc
hnh bo m cht lng, nhm tiu chun ha vic qun l cht lng trn ton th
gii. y ban k thut 176 (TC 176 - Thnil ommitt 176) r i gm s l thnh
vin ca cng ng Chu u gii thiu mt m hnh v h thng qun l cht lng
da trn cc tiu chun sn c ca Anh quc l BS-5750. M h a nhm TC176 l
nhm thit lp mt tiu chun duy nht sao cho c th p dng c vo nhiu lnh vc
kinh doanh, sn xut v dch v . Bn tho u tin xut bn vo nm 1985, c chp
thun xut bn chnh th vo nm 1987 v su c tu chnh vo nm 1994 vi tn
gi ISO 9000.
3.1.2. Ni dung ca ISO 9000
Cc tiu chun c ISO 9000 c xy dng da trn c s nhng trit l sau:
- H thng cht lng qun tr quyt nh cht lng sn phm;
- Lm ng ngy t u l cht lng nht, tit kim nht;
- Qun tr theo qu trnh v ra quyt nh da trn s kin, d liu;
- Ly phng nga lm chnh.
Bn cht ca m hnh BS 5750 l mt h thng vn bn quy nh tiu chun v
quy trnh chi tit, nghim ngt mi gii on ca qu trnh sn xut; m bo mi sn
phm hay dch v phi ph hp vi mu m, quy cch, cc thng s k thut quy nh
tr vi mc tiu l to mt u r ph hp vi m h Mt trong nhng quan
im s ca BS 5750 l h thng cht lng phi c kh nng to ra cc sn phm c
cht lng nht qun. BS5750/ ISO 9000 cn xa l vi gio d i hc do ngn ng

54

dng trong b tiu chun khng ph hp. Nhng nm 1980/90, ISO a vo kinh
donh, su c gii thiu vo lnh v GDH T tng ch o ISO: vit/ni
nhng g bn lm, lm nhng g bn vit / ni, ghi li nhng g bn lm, kim tra li
kt qu v hnh ng khi c s khc bit
3.2. Qun l cht lng tng th (Total Quality Management - TQM)
L mt h thng m bo cht lng, TQM tp trung vo nm lnh vc:
- s mng v ch trng n khch hng;
- cch tip cn cc hot ng c h thng;
- vic pht trin mnh m ngun nhn lc;
- cc t tng di hn;
- s phc v ht mc.
Mc d m hnh ny c xut x t thng mi v cng nghip nhng t ra ph hp
hn vi gio d c trng ca m hnh TQM l ch n khng p t mt h thng
cng nhc cho bt k c s o to no, n to ra mt nn vn ho ht lng bo
trm ln ton b qu trnh o to. Trit l ca TQM l tt c mi ngi bt k cng
v no, vo bt k thi im no ng u l ngi qun l cht lng ca phn vic
mnh c giao v hon thnh n mt cch tt nht, vi m h ti cao l tho mn
nhu cu ca khch hng.
V vy, TQM i hi s tham gia ca tt c cc b phn/nhn vin ca t chc.
TQM t ra c hiu qu i vi BCL trong kinh donh nn mt s trng nh p
dng TQM trong qun l m khng p dng trong chuyn mn. Trit l c TQM l tt
c mi ngi u l ngi qun l cht lng ca phn vic ca mnh v hon thnh n
mt cch tt nht M hnh TQM i hi ba yu t sau:
3.2.1. Ci tin lin tc
Trit l quan trng nht ca TQM l ci tin khng ngng. S ci tin lin tc ny
c th hin trong k hoch chin lc ca nh trng bng cc chu k ci tin, nng
cao dn theo vng xoy trn c t li ch trc mt n li ch lu di, t trnh xut
pht mt thi im nht nh vn khng ngng ti trnh cao hn. S ci tin
ny nhm gim li trong tng chu k/gii on sn xut. Chnh cc cng nhn sn xut
l ngi tham gia vo qu trnh Qun l cht lng tng th lm cho cng vic sn xut
ca h hon thin hn.
i vi gio dc, vn ny gp phi kh khn v khi nim sn phm khng
mc li Hin khng c mt b chun no c th gip o c chnh xc tnh hiu qu
c qu trnh sn xut r mt sinh vin tt nghip Thy vo , trng i hc
thng nhn vo nng lc m sinh vin tt nghip o to hn l vn liu

55

sinh vin c s dng nng l hy tim nng thnh ng trong ng vic
tng li hy khng Ni h kh, mt sinh vin hon ho phi c xem xt t gc
nhng thnh tch h t c ngoi nhng nng l bn o to i vi
mt sinh vin tt nghip i hc, vn cht lng khng phi l khi nim sn phm
khng mc li m l m thnh t ca sinh vin trong cng vic ngoi cc bng cp
ti thiu.
3.2.2. Ci tin t bc
V tng th, TQM c quy m rng, bao qut ton b hot ng ca mt trng i
hc, song vic thc hin nhim v trong thc t li c quy m hp v c m tng
dn. Cch tip cn ci tin cht lng theo m tng dn cho thy vic ci tin khng
nht thit phi l quy trnh tn km. Chi ph t thn n khng to ra cht lng, cn nu
chi ph c mc tiu r rng, kh thi th n c tc dng to ln.
3.2.3. H thng t chc phi hng ti khch hng
Cha kho ca s thnh cng trong TQM l to ra s gn b hu c gia cung v
cu, gia cc b phn trong trng
vi nhau v vi x hi. Trong h
thng t chc ca nh trng vai tr
ca cc cn b qun l cp trng l
h tr, to iu kin thun li cho
cn b gio chc, sinh vin, ch
khng phi ch l lnh o kim tra
h. Trong qun l cht lng tng
th m hnh cp bc trong h thng
t chc qun l nh trng phi l
m hnh o ngc.
S o ngc v th t trong
h thng t chc qun l ca trng
i hc theo m hnh qun l cht
lng tng th khng lm phng hi ti c cu quyn lc ca trng i h, ng
khng lm gim st vi tr lnh o ca cn b lnh o trng, khoa. Trong thc t s
lnh o ca cc cn b qun l vn gi vai tr quyt nh ca qun l cht lng tng
th o ngc th bc ch nhm nhn mnh mi tng qun trong qu trnh o to
hng ti sinh vin nh nhn vt trung tm.
hnh cc yu t t chc (ranizational lement odel
Tho SEMEO (1999), 5 yu t nh gi ht lng:
(1) u vo: sinh vin, i ng, s vt cht, chng trnh o to, quy ch, ti

56

chnh v.v...
(2) Qu trnh o to: phng php/quy trnh o to, qun l o to, v.v...
(3). Kt qu o to: m hon thnh kha h, nng l t c, kh nng
thch ng ca SV.
(4) u ra: SV tt nghip, kt qu nghin cu v cc dch v kh p ng nhu cu
kinh t v x hi.
(5) Hiu qu: kt qu ca gio d i h v nh hng n i vi x hi
Nm yu t trn dn n 5 khi nim v cht lng gio d i hc:
(1). Cht lng u vo: trnh u vo tha mn cc tiu ch, m tiu ra.
(2). Cht lng qu trnh o to: m p ng yu cu ca qu trnh dy v
h; qu trnh o to khc.
(3). Cht lng u ra: m t c c u ra (sinh vin tt nghip, kt qu
nghin cu khoa hc v cc dch v khc) so vi B tiu ch/m tiu nh sn.
(4). Cht lng sn phm: m t cc yu cu cng tc ca SV tt nghip qua
nh gi a SV/cha m/c quan/x hi.
(5). Cht lng gi tr gi tng: kin thc, k nng, thi ca SV tt nghip ng
gp cho x hi v ho h thng gio d
Trong cc m hnh qun l cht lng gio dc nu trn, nu xm ht lng gio
dc l s trng khp vi m tiu th s dng m hnh TQM l ph hp hn . M
hnh ny cho php nghin cu ra cc mc tiu chin lc ca gio dc trong tng thi
k trn s trnh pht trin kinh t-x hi c t nc v cc chnh sch ln ca
Chnh ph i vi gio dc. T ty thuc vo ngun lc hin c, cc nh qun l cht
lng gio dc c th ch ng t ng ti nhng khu, nhng lnh vc quan trng c
nh hng trc tip ti cht lng v t nng o dn cht lng gio dc theo k
hoh ra.
IV. H THNG M BO CHT LNG BN TRONG
4.1. m bo cht ln bn tron
Cht lng chnh l trch nhim ca trng i hc. Mc d nhiu nc chnh ph
ng mt trch nhim c bit lin qun n m bo cht lng, nhng chnh nh
trng (c bit l i ng n b, ging vin v sinh vin) chu trch nhim cho vi ra
cht lng v m bo cht lng. V th, iu quan trng l mi trng cn xy dng mt
h thng m bo cht lng bn trong (internal quality assurance - IQA) hiu qu.
Khng c mt m hnh no l ph hp cho tt c cc trng m n tu thuc vo
nh trng chn ci no l ph hp vi mnh nht. Tuy nhin, cc m hnh ny cn p
ng mt s iu kin c bn D nhin, kinh nghim ca trng kh nhu ng th
c s dng xy dng h thng IQ p ng cc yu cu c bn v gim st, nh

57

gi v ci tin cht lng. t nht h thng IQA ny cn c cc yu t ca vng trn
Dming; l: vch k hoch, thc hin, kim tr v hnh ng (PDCA).

4.2. H thn m bo cht lng bn trong (I QA system)
H thng IQA l mt h thng m cc nh qun l v ging vin s dng cc c ch
qun l nhm duy tr v nng cao cht lng. Trong bi cnh c bit ca cc trng i
hc, h thng IQA l mt tng th trong ngun lc v thng tin s dng thit
lp, duy tr v ci tin cht lng ng nh duy tr v ci tin cc tiu chun v ging dy,
hc bng (kinh nghim hc tp ca sinh vin), nghin cu v dch v cng ng.
Khi xy dng h thng BCL bn trong, n quan tm n iu c bn sau:
- H thng ng n gin cng tt
- Khng to ra mt quy trnh quan liu
- Cn c h tr bi i ng qun l v ging vin
- S dng cc cng c mt h hiu qu
- H thng m bo cht lng bn trong phi bt kp c vi s pht trin ca th gii.
4.3. hnh cht ln ca h thn m bo cht ln bn tron
M hnh cc yu t ca mt h thng m bo cht lng bn trong biu din
nh su:

58

Dng 1 m t cc cng c gim st cn thit nhm duy tr tnh trng hiu sut v tc
pht trin ca nh trng y l l do v so hng t phi thu thp cc d liu sau:
- S tin b ca ngi hc
- T l tt nghip v b hc
- Phn hi c t chc t th trng lo ng
- Phn hi c t chc t cu sinh vin
Khi cc d liu ph hp vi cc m tiu do hng t t ra, th khng c l do
g chng ta lo lng na nhng nu c s chnh lch, th c l chng ta cn hnh ng?
Dng 2 trnh by cc cng c nh gi m mt trng i hc s s dng
- nh gi a sinh vin: Nh trng cn thc hin vi nh gi a sinh vin.
Tht r, y l ng vic cn c tin hnh thng xuyn trong nh trng
bit sinh vin ngh g v chng trnh, ging vin, bi ging
- nh gi kho hc: Mc d sinh vin s nh gi kho hc trong qu trnh nh
trng thc hin nh gi a sinh vin, nhng c l ng n ly kin v
kho hc t i tng c lin quan khc.
- nh gi hng trnh: Khi thc hin nh gi hng trnh cn tnh n s tham
gia c i tng c lin quan khc.
Dng 3 m t quy trnh m bo cht lng i vi cc hot ng c bit. C
mt s quy trnh m bo cht lng c bit trong phm vi c m bo cht lng bn
trong nhm m bo cht lng ca mt s hot ng: m bo cht lng trong nh
gi sinh vin, m bo cht lng i ng, phng php cc trng qun tm n trang
thit b v m bo cht lng i vi cc dch v h tr sinh vin.
Dng 4 m t cc cng c c bit i vi m bo cht lng bn trong. Mt s
cng c nh:
- Bo co t nh gi hy phn th SWOT (Mt mnh, mt yu, C hi, do/thh
th-Strength, Weakness, Opportunity, Treat). C th thc hin cp trng hay cp
ca cc hot ng ct li. Bo co t nh gi l mt cng c hu hiu gip chng ta khm
ph ra cht lng ca mnh v tm ra cu tr li cho cc cu hi:
Chng t ng lm nhng vi ng khng?
Chng t ng lm nhng vi ng tho h ng khng?
Chng t t c mc tiu ca chng ta khng?
Cng c ny c th dng t 5 n 6 nm/ln
Trong hu ht cc trng hp cn kt hp gi nh gi ngoi vi kim nh. Nu
khng c kim nh chnh thc, th c th vn dng cng c nh gi sinh vin Ngoi

59

ra, mt h thng qun l thng tin y l khng th thiu c. Cui cng cn c mt
s tay cht lng m t chi tit h thng m bo cht lng bn trong.
C yu u m mt s gio d n phi th hin vn hnh h thng IQ l:
- C mt chnh sch v IQA r rng cng vi cc nguyn tc hot ng hi tit
- C y h thng BCL c chp nhn, thc hin vic gim st, thm nh
nh k cc chng trnh o to
- C y h thng thch hp nh gi sinh vin
- C y h thng m bo cht lng ging dy v i ng CBGV
- C y h thng m bo cht lng ca cc ti nguyn hc tp v cc dch v
h tr sinh vin
- C y h thng thng tin.

60

CHNG IV
KI NH CHT LNG GIO DC

I. QUI TRNH I NH CHT LNG
1.1. Ba iai on chnh ca qui trnh kim nh
(1) T nh gi: Trng/khoa t nh gi tho tiu h do Nh nc hoc Hi
ng kim nh ca mt nhm cc trng t nguyn ban hnh. C th t nh gi ton
din nh trng (theo ton b tiu h) hy nh gi mt chng trnh o to (theo
mt nhm cc tiu ch).
(2) nh gi ngoi: Mt nhm huyn gi c u quyn (ca Nh nc hay ca
Hip hi cc trng) thm nh, nghin cu v c bnh lun v cc mc trong bo co t
nh gi a trng/ khoa.
(3) Cng b kt qu kim nh: cp chng nhn kt qu kim nh v cng b trn
cc phng tin thng tin i chng v kt qu kim nh.
1.2. Cc bc ca qui trnh kim nh
C s xin c kim nh gi ng vn ngh v l ph kim nh ti Hi ng
kim nh ca B xin php c kim nh.
Hi ng kim nh ca B ra quyt nh kim nh
Hi ng kim nh ca B c hi ng kim nh trng
C s xin kim nh c th yu cu gp cht vn hi ng kim nh trng
C s xin kim nh hon thnh t nh gi v gi bo co t nh gi ho Hi
ng kim nh ca B. Cc thnh vin trong hi ng kim nh ca b s t vn cho
nh trng nu c yu cu.
Hi ng kim nh ca b gi bo co t nh gi ho phn bin, su gi
kin phn bin cho nh trng.
II. QUY TRNH V NI DUNG T NH GI
T nh gi l mt khu u tin trong tng th hot ng kim nh ht lng
o to s gio d Tr ht t nh gi l th hin th tnh t h v t
hu trh nhim nh trng trong ton b hot ng o to, nghin u v dh v
x hi tho h nng nhim v gio s gio d v ph hp vi tn h m
h v s mng nh trng, to s ho b tip tho l nh gi t ngoi
2.1. c ch ca t nh i
211 Lm r th trng quy m, ht lng v hiu qu hot ng o to,
nghin u v dh v x hi tho h nng, nhim v nh trng v ph hp vi

61

tn h m h v s mng nh trng trong s nghip pht trin kinh t x hi
t n
212 X nh v so snh tho tiu hun kim nh Nh n ho Hip hi
ng b xm t n m no C th l nh gi th trng hot ng t
h qun l v iu kin bo m ht lng ho o to, nghin u v dh v
c nh trng: t s vt ht, trng thit b, i ng n b qun l v gio vin,
hng trnh, gio trnh o to n ngun kinh ph v dh v h vin vvxm
t n m no tiu hun i hi
213 X nh r tm nhn, im mnh, im yu, thi , thh th
s gio d o to v xut r hin l, k hoh, bin php nhm tng b
nng o ht lng o to, nghin u kho h v dh v s o to lin t
pht trin in ngh vi qun trh nhim v thm quyn nh B h qun
hy lnh o phng h o v ung p bin php h tr ho nh trng khng
ngng m rng qui m, nng o ht lng v hiu qu hot ng mnh
2.2. Cc ni dun t nh i
Cn vo ni hm kim nh ht lng, tu tho m tiu u tin (kim nh
s o to, kim nh ht lng ngnh o to), gii on kim nh (gii on u,
tin trnh, pht trin), m tiu t h (nh n, hi ngh nghip hy hi
s o to) m l hn ni dung xy dng tiu hun kim nh ht lng
ph hp Ni hm kim nh ht lng gio d th trnh by tm tt trong s
di y:
TM NHN U VO QU TRNH U R T QU
S mng C u t h
Chng trnh
o to

H vin
tt nghip

Hin th ho
s mng/m tiu
C h qun l
M h
V m tiu
Cn b,
Gio vin
H vin D n/ ti
nghin u
Sn phm
kho h
C m h
v m tiu t
hoh
trin khi
Ngun kinh ph

C s vt ht
C dh v
ph v
ng ng
t qu
th hin
dh v
S hi lng

cc bn lin quan
D trn tiu hun kim nh v quy nh th v hun m (Tiu
hun, tiu h, h s ) do Nh n ho Hip hi bn hnh, ng t t nh gi
mt s gio d o to (trng) n tp trung vo ni dung h yu su:
(1) Thu thp, phn th v tng hp thng tin, t liu, s liu thng k tho yu
u minh hng n ho tiu hun v tiu h kim nh r

62

(2) T h thm tr, kho st kin t nh gi n b, ging vin v h
vin nh trng iu tr nh gi tnh hnh vi lm su khi tt nghip h vin
mi r trng v kin nhn xt, nh gi s s dng nhn l do nh trng
o to ho bi dng
(3) Vit bo o t nh gi tho tiu hun kim nh do Nh n hy Hip
hi bn hnh trn s thng tin v bng hng thu
(4) Thm kho kin n b, gio vin v h vin trng v bo o t
nh gi b sung v hon thin
2.3. K hoch trin khai cc hot n t nh i
Cng t t nh gi s gio d o to th hin bo gm
b v ni dung su dy:
) B th nht:
- ng k v np vn bn hnh th thm gi kim nh ln Hi ng kim nh
- Lp v trnh k hoh trin khi ng t t nh gi nh trng
- B h qun hy Hip hi ph duyt v k hoh t nh gi nh trng
b) B th hi:
- Lp Hi ng t nh gi nh trng, bo gm mt s thnh vin, do B h
qun hy Hip hi qui nh ti thiu
- Xy dng v thng qu k hoh trin khi hi tit ng t t nh gi Hi
ng t nh gi nh trng
- Nhn v phn b kinh ph ho hot ng t nh gi (nu )
) B th b:
- T h tp hun n b, nhn vin thm gi ng t t nh gi v m
h, yu u, ni dung, phng php iu tr, nh gi v xy dng vn bn
bo co.
-Xy dng ng vn bn bo o t nh gi
- Thu thp thng tin, t liu thng k nh trng
- Chun b v xy dng b ng iu tr, nh gi tnh hnh vi lm h
vin tt nghip
- Chun b v xy dng bng u hi ly kin nh gi n b qun l, gio
vin v h vin nh trng; phiu ly kin nh gi s s dng h
vin tt nghip trng
d) B th t:

63

- Th hin ng t thu thp, thng k thng tin, t liu v iu tr kho st;
x l kt qu v vit bo o tho huyn
- Son tho d tho Bo o t nh gi tho tiu hun kim nh
) B th nm:
- T h hi tho ng gp kin ho d tho Bo o t nh gi
- Hon thin vn bn Bo o t nh gi
- Bn hnh vn bn Bo o t nh gi hnh th nh trng
) B th su:
Trnh vn bn hnh th Bo o t nh gi ln Hi ng kim nh B h
qun ho Hip hi
III. QUY TRNH NH GI NGOI
nh gi ngoi l b qun trng tip tho su t nh gi trong quy trnh kim
nh ht lng o to trng nh gi ngoi to s ho vi r quyt
nh ng nhn kt qu kim nh v l mt bng hng v uy tn v m t
hun m ht lng nh trng trin khi ng t ny ht lng v
hiu qu, trong qu trnh kim nh ht lng trng, ng t nh gi ngoi s
th hin tho quy trnh su y:
3.1. c ch ca cn tc nh i noi
- Thm nh tnh x th v khh qun vn bn Bo o kt qu t nh gi
nh trng tho tiu hun v tiu h nh gi ht lng bn hnh
- ho st v nh gi tr tip ti nh trng v thng tin m vn bn t bo
o r
- xut khuyn ngh ho nh trng v bin php bo m v nng o
ht lng- hiu qu nh trng trong thi gin ti v t vn ho Hi ng kim
nh B h qun ho Hip hi trong qu trnh r quyt nh v kt qu kim nh
ht lng nh trng
3.2. Thnh phn ca nhm chuyn ia nh i noi
Nhm huyn gi nh gi ngoi thnh lp tho Quyt nh B h qun
ho h th Hip hi C thnh vin nhm huyn gi nh gi ngoi l
hn t huyn gi trnh v uy tn trong lnh v o to, nghin u v qun
l gio d, trong ngnh sn xut dh v v hi ngh nghip
m bo tnh khh qun v ng bng trong nh gi, thnh vin
Nhm nh gi ngoi v l hn t huyn gi khng thi gin ng

64

t v khng o to ti s nh gi Trong mt s trng hp th, th
mi huyn gi n ngoi thm gi
3.3. Nhim v ca nhm chuyn ia nh i noi
- Nghin u, tm hiu thng tin bn v nh trng, ni s tin hnh nh
gi ngoi.
- Lp k hoh tin hnh ng t nh gi Nhm trnh ph duyt
- Nghin u, phn th v nh gi vn bn Bo o t nh gi nh trng
tho tiu hun v tiu h kim nh do B h qun ho Hip hi bn hnh
- Th hin ng t kho st v nh gi tr tip ti nh trng tm v x nhn
minh hng ho m t tho tiu hun v tiu h bn hnh
- Xy dng d tho kt qu nh gi ngoi tho tng mt nh gi v nh gi
hung; tro i v tho lun vi lnh o v n b, gio vin nh trng v kt qu v
nhng kh bit trong bo o t nh gi nh trng vi Nhm huyn gi
- Xy dng bo o hnh th kt qu nh gi ngoi Nhm huyn gi
Trnh v bo o kt qu nh gi ngoi hnh th; xut m ng nhn kim
nh v khuyn ngh v yu u v bin php nng o ht lng ho nh trng
- Chun b h s, ti liu v gii trnh khi khiu ni v ht vn lin qun n
h nng, nhim v v hot ng Nhm huyn gi
- xut khuyn ngh hon thin tiu hun, tiu h v quy trnh nh gi
ht lng i vi mt s o to
IV. CP CHNG NHN V CNG T QU I NH
4.1. t qu kim nh ng b hnh th trn knh thng tin i hng
Giy hng nhn kt qu kim nh bn hnh v p ho s gio d o to tho
kt lun v kt qu kim nh do B trng b h qun hy Ch th hip hi k
4.2. t lun v kt qu kim nh l quyt nh ui ng hng gii quyt
khiu ni su khi vn bn kt lun ng b hnh th
4.3. t qu kim nh gi tr t 5-6 nm tu thu qui nh hi ng kim
nh mi n
4.4. Su khi ng nhn kt qu kim nh, hng nm nh trng vn
phi gi bo o t nh gi v trin khi bin php kh ph im tn ti v
pht huy u im nu trong bn bo o t nh gi tr y ti hi ng kim
nh Hi ng kim nh th gi on nh gi ngoi ti trng khi n thit

65

V. NH GI CHNG TRNH O TO
5.1. Mt s khi nim v chng trnh
Chng trnh o to/gio dc (curriculum) l mt bn thit k tng th cho mt
hot ng o to (c th ko di mt vi gi, mt ngy, mt tun ho vi nm) Bn
thit k tng th ho t bit ton b ni dung cn o to, ch r ra nhng g ta c th
trng i sinh vin sau kho hc, n phc ha ra quy trnh cn thit thc hin ni
dung o to, n ng ho t bit cc phng php o to v cc cch thc kim tra
nh gi kt qu hc tp v tt c nhng i c sp xp theo mt thi gian biu
cht ch.
Khung chng trnh (urriulum rmwork) l vn bn Nh n quy nh khi
lng ti thiu v c cu kin thc cho cc chng trnh o to. Khung chng trnh
x nh s khc bit v chng trnh tng ng vi trnh o to khc nhau.
Chng trnh khung (or urriulum) l vn bn Nh nc ban hnh cho tng
ngnh o to c th, trong quy nh c cu ni dung mn hc, thi gin o to, t l
phn b thi gin o to gia cc mn hc c bn v chuyn mn; gia l thuyt vi
thc hnh, thc tp. N bao gm khung chng trnh cng vi nhng ni dung ct li, t
thy i theo thi gin v c cc trng o to u tha nhn l khng th thiu
Cn vo chng trnh khung, cc trng i hc xy dng chng trnh o
to ca trng mnh.
Khc vi chng trnh khung, mt chng trnh o to c th hm cha kin thc
t mt ngnh hoc t mt s ngnh o to.
K hoh o to: l vn bn x nh tin thc hin chng trnh o to ca
mt kho hc. K hoh o to do phng o to lp nn cho mi kho hc.
cng mn hc/Chng trnh mn hc (syllabus): l vn bn c son tho v
mc tiu, ni dung, phn b thi lng, phng php ging dy v kim tr nh gi a
mt mn hc.
5.2. Khi nim v nnh, nhm nnh, chuyn nnh, lnh vc o to
5.2.1. Khi nim to
Ngnh o to l mt lnh vc khoa hc k thut ho vn ho ho php ngi
hc tip nhn nhng kin thc v k nng mng tnh h thng cn thc hin cc
ch nng lo ng trong khun kh ca mt ngh c th Ngnh o to phi c ghi
trong vn bng tt nghip i hc.
Ngnh o to l mt loi hnh hot ng lo ng i hi nhng kin thc v k
nng nht nh c thu nhn thng qu o to hoc kinh nghim thc t Ngnh o
to x nh thng qua vic phn tch tp hp cc kin thc, k nng, k xo cung

66

cp ho sinh vin trong qu trnh o to s dng chng trong mt lnh vc hot ng
ngh nghip x nh, lnh v c trng bi im c i tng,
phng tin lo ng v ca cng ngh.
5.2.2. Khi nim m to
Nhm ngnh l mt b phn ca hng ngnh (ging nh mt phn h) m tn
gi c n x nh bi cc loi hnh hot ng ngh nghip thng nht trong mt
tp hp cc ngnh cng loi, l bc phn loi th ba. Du hiu phn loi l s ging
nhau ca cc loi hnh hot ng ngh nghip trong khun kh ca mt hng o to
c th.
C ngnh o to c xp thnh tng nhm ngnh n vo s lin quan trong
ni dung o to: c chung phn kin thc gio d i h i cng (gm kin thc
chung ca khi ngnh, v mt s kin thc c bn, c s chung.
5.2.3. Khi nim cu to
Chuyn ngnh o to l s o su kin thc v k nng a ngi hc trong
nhng phn hp hn ca mt ngnh, hoc l s thu nhn kin thc v k nng trong mt
ngnh mi kh Chuyn ngnh o to l mt b phn c ngnh quy nh bi loi
hnh kin thc p dng, c trng ca qu trnh sn xut, thit b v cng c c s dng,
loi vt liu c gia cng, loi hng ho sn xut ra v dch v c khai thc. Chuyn
ngnh o to l s c th ho tp hp kin thc, k nng, k xo nh hng s dng
trong mt phm vi hn ch thu lnh vc hot ng ngh nghip c ngnh o to. S
phn ho v ni dung o to gia cc chuyn ngnh ca cng mt ngnh nm trong gii
hn 20% kin thc, k nng trong hng trnh o to c ngnh
5.2.4. Khi nim vc to
Lnh v o to l mt b phn ca h thng ngnh v trnh chuyn mn
m tn gi c n x nh bi th dng hot ng ngh nghip. Du hiu phn
loi l s ging nhau ca cc loi hnh hot ng kinh t.
5.3. Kim nh cht lng chn trnh o to
5.3.1. Mc c KCL c tr
(i) Gip cc trng i hc thc hin tt s mng v mc tiu ca mnh. Mt
trng i hc thng c nhiu ch khng ch mt ngnh o to. Vic kim nh
chng trnh r c mt bc tranh thc v iu kin thc hin mt chng
trnh o to m h thng kim nh trng i hc khng th r c. Kim nh
chng trnh o to gip trng khoa/b mn:
- nh gi c m m mi chng trnh o to p ng yu cu ca s
mng v cc mc tiu ca nh trng;

67

- Thy c nhng im mnh, nhng tn ti trong vic thc hin chng trnh
o to v do r c nhng gii php pht huy nhng im mnh v khc phc
nhng im tn ti;
- Thc hin tt trch nhim gii trnh (accountability) vi x hi v nhng vn
lin quan ti ngnh o to ca mnh.
(ii) Gip cc c nhn/t chc lin quan (stakeholders) c nhng thng tin chnh xc
cn thit v cc chng trnh o to ca trng i hc m h qun tm c nhng
quyt nh ng khi phi gii quyt nhng vn lin qun n nhng chng trnh o
to
Cht lng ngnh o to trong cng mt c s o to, do nhiu l do, khng
ng u nh nhau. C nhng ngnh o to nhiu trng i hc khc nhau.
Thng tin v cht lng chng trnh o to gip:
- Hc sinh tt nghip trng trung hc ph thng cng vi ph huynh la chn
ngnh hc ti mt trng i hc c th;
- B Gio d v o to hoc cc c quan qun l nh nc c cc quyt nh
qun l lin quan nh u t kinh ph ho ngnh o to, xem xt vic nng cp n v
o to (b mn thnh khoa, khoa thnh trng v.v.);
- Cc tp on ng nghip, kinh doanh quyt nh u t/khng u t cho mt
trng i h o to nhn lc v thc hin ti nghin cu khoa hc cn thit
cho h;
- Cc vin nghin cu, cc trng i hc trong v ngoi nc quyt nh hp
tc/khng hp t o to hoc nghin cu khoa hc vi mt trng i hc c nhng
chng trnh o to lin quan.
Vn bn v quy nh chu k v quy trnh kim nh cht lng chng trnh gio
dc c trng i h, o ng v trung cp chuyn nghip bn hnh tho Q s
29/2008/Q-BGDT ngy 5/6/2008 nh ngh CL hng trnh nh su:
im nh cht lng chng trnh gio d l hot ng nh gi m p
ng cc tiu chun nh gi ht lng chng trnh gio dc do B Gio d v o
to quy nh i vi tng chng trnh gio dc ca mi trnh o to nht nh v
m h CT l:
im nh cht lng chng trnh gio dc nhm nng cao cht lng chng
trnh gio dc; xc nhn m chng trnh gio d p ng mc tiu ca trng
trong tng gii on nht nh; gii trnh vi cc c quan qun l nh nc c thm
quyn v x hi v thc trng cht lng ca chng trnh gio dc; lm c s cho
ngi hc la chn ngnh hc v nh tuyn dng lo ng tuyn chn nhn l

68

STT
Thi Lan

Malaysia
Philippines
(AACCUP)
1 S mng/mc
tiu/lp k hoch
S mng, tm nhn v mc tiu
ca nh trng (ch cp khi
kim nh nh trng)
S mng, mc h v
mc tiu
2 Ging dy v hc tp Kt qu hc tp, thit k v
thc hin hng trnh
i ng ging vin
3 Cc hot ng nghin
cu ca sinh vin
Tuyn chn sinh vin v cc
dch v h tr
Chng trnh v
vic ging dy
4 Nghin cu H thng nh gi sinh vin Sinh vin
5 Dch v o to cho x hi i ng ging vin Nghin cu khoa hc

5.3.2. Xy dng tiu chu i cng tr to
(i) Quan nim v cch lm th nht
Mt hng trnh o to c thc hin mt n v o to (khoa, b mn)
trc thuc mt trng i hc. Do , khi xem xt cht lng ca mt hng
trnh o to, c th n c vo nhng yu t m bo cht lng trng i hc ,
nhng yu t c vo cc tiu chun kim nh cht lng nh trng.
C th d dng nhn thy rng lnh vc cn xem xt khi nh gi mt
trng i hc ng lin quan n cht lng cc hng trnh o to. V vy, nhiu
nc, nht l nhng nc mi trin khai cng tc kim nh cht lng, thng dng
cng mt b tiu chun nh gi trng i hc v hng trnh o to.
ng nhin, khi s dng cc b tiu chun ni trn ngi ta s phi s dng
cc ch s nh lng v nh tnh ph hp vi hng trnh o to. Bng di y
ch cc tiu chun dng hung kim nh cht lng trng i hc v cht lng
chng trnh o to mt s nc.

6 Bo tn vn ho v
ngh thut
Cc ngun lc gio dc Vic m mang v li
cun cng ng
7 Qun l Theo di v nh gi CT Th vin
8 Ngn sch Lnh o v qun l C s vt cht
9 m bo cht lng v
nng cao cht lng
Vic ci tin cht lng tng
th
Cc phng th
nghim
10 Qun l

69

(ii). Quan nim v cch lm th hai
Nu quan nim nh gi mt trng i hc l nh gi mt s vt, n nh gi
mt hng trnh o to l nh gi mt hot ng, th cn ngh ti vic xy dng cc
tiu chun ring cho vic kim nh hng trnh.
Khi thc hin kim nh cht lng hng trnh o to, nn tp trung vo hot
ng dy v hc, tc l cn tp trung xem xt: a) cht lng u vo, b) cht lng
qu trnh, v c) cht lng u ra.
Mng li m bo cht lng cc trng i hc ng Nam (AUN- QA)
khuyn co cc trng i hc lu ti m hnh cht lng dy/hc khi thc hin t
nh gi hng trnh o to. Trong cc yu t ca m hnh cht lng dy/hc ny
nn c bit ch ti 4 yu t: (1) Kt qu hc tp mong mun, (2) Kt qu t c,
(3) S tho mn ca cc c nhn/t chc lin quan, (4) m bo cht lng v chun i
snh quc gia/quc t.

70

hi nh gi ht lng mt chng trnh o to, ci cn quan tm nhiu l xem
n v o to t nhng mc tiu g, mong mun ngi tt nghip t c nhng g v
kin thc, k nng, thi cn thit cho ngnh ngh m h theo hc v thc t h t
c nhng g. S tho mn ca sinh vin, ca cc c quan qun l nh nc lin quan
n ngnh o to, ca ngi s dng sinh vin tt nghip ngnh o to l nhng ch t
quan trng gip nh gi ht lng mt chng trnh o to. Ngoi ra, bc tranh v h
thng m bo cht lng bn trong nh trng cng vi chun i snh ngnh o to
ca cc trng i hc khc trong hoc ngoi n ng gip d dng thm nh c cht
lng chng trnh o to ca mt trng i hc.
Mng li cc trng i hc ASEAN v chu u (AUNP) xy dng b tiu chun
nh gi ht lng chng trnh o to vi quan nim nh trn. B tiu chun ny c 5
tiu chun: (1) M h v mc tiu, (2) Chng trnh, (3) u vo v iu kin tin
quyt, (4) u ra, (5) S hi lng.
B tiu chun kim nh ca Hi ng quc gia kim nh cht lng o to gio
vin ca Hoa K (NCTE) ng ni dung cc tiu chun ng th hin cch tip cn
nh trn. B tiu chun kim nh cht lng ngh nghip ca t chc ny c 6 tiu chun,
hp thnh 2 nhm Nhm I l S th hin ca ngi h (ndidt prormn),
c 2 tiu chun: (1) Kin thc, k nng, thi c ngi hc, (2) H thng nh
gi kt qu hc tp c ngi h v nh gi n v o to Nhm II l nng lc ca
n v o to (unit pity), 4 tiu hun: (3) Cc hot ng trong lnh vc ngh
nghip v th hnh, (4) Tnh dng, (5) Trnh , thnh tch ca ging vin v vic pht
trin ging vin, (6) Qun l n v o to v ngun lc c n v.
5.4. nh i cht ln chn trnh o to mt s nc trn th ii
nh gi ht lng hng trnh o to, hay cn gi l kim nh cht lng
hng trnh o to c thc hin nhiu nc.
- Ho : im nh cht lng hng trnh o to gi l kim nh cht
lng o to ngh nghip, hoc kim nh chuyn mn. Hin ny Ho khong 52
t chc kim nh cht lng o to ngh nghip, trong Hi ng quc gia kim
nh cht lng o to gio vin (Ntionl Counil rdittion o Thr Edution -
NCTE) B tiu hun CL trng o to gio vin NCTE hiu l t m
thu 2008 bo gm 6 tiu hun p dng ho 23 ngnh o to kh nhu

71

C hng trnh o to ca mt trng i h c kim nh c th nh
gi bi nhiu t chc kim nh ngh nghip khc nhau. Th d, Alverno College,
Milwaukee, Wisconsin, l mt trng i h t nh mt vng ngoi c 2000 sinh
vin, ch o to c nhn trong cc ngnh ngh thut, m nhc, gio dc nh tr, truyn
thng kinh donh v hng trnh th s v gio d Trng ny c Hip hi cc
trng i hc min Trung - B M kim nh C hng trnh o to c trng ny
li c kim nh bi 6 t chc kim nh.
- In--n-xi-a: Hi ng quc gia kim nh gio d i hc (National
Accreditation Board for Higher Education) c trch nhim kim nh c trng i hc ln
hng trnh o to. Hi ng ny r nhng khuyn co trc tip v vic ci tin
hng trnh Nhng khuyn co ny d trn s phn th im mnh, yu, nhng
hi v thch thc c nu trong kt qu kim nh. Cc khuyn o ng c gi ti
C trng C i h Cc ny c nhng hnh ng c tnh chnh sch lin quan ti
hng trnh o to.
- Ma-lai-xi-a: cht lng trng i h t th v hng trnh o to
trong trng ny do C qun kim nh quc gia (National Accreditation Board). Vic
nh gi hng trnh o to trong trng i hc cng lp do C vn bng Ma-lai-
xi-a thc hin.
Phi-lip-pin: c 3 t chc kim nh cht lng gio dc, kim nh c trng
i h v hng trnh o to.
+ T chc kim nh cht lng trng o ng v i h ng lp a Phi-lip-
pin (Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities of the Philippines-
AACCUP) thnh lp nm 1987 h nng hnh l kim nh cht lng hng
trnh o to c trng i h v o ng ng lp C 10 tiu h (lnh v) c
s dng nh gi ht lng hng trnh o to.
Cc quyt nh kim nh l t, khng t", "cng nhn iu kin". C 4 mc
l I, II, III, IV, mc sau cao hn m trc.
+ Hip hi kim nh cht lng trng ph thng, o ng v i hc Phi-lip-pin
(Philippine Accrediting Association of Schools, Colleges and Universities -PAASCU)
thc hin hot ng cp hng trnh o to, bao gm c vi nh gi cc hot ng
gio dc ln cng tc nghin cu khoa hc. Cc tiu chun do PAASCU xy dng ng bo
gm cc ni dung ging nh tiu hun kim nh ca AACCUP. Tuy nhin, PAASCU

72

rt ch ti mt ni dung khng thy trong cc tiu chun ca AACCPU: cc kin ca
sinh vin, ging vin, cu sinh vin v ca x hi v cht lng hng trnh o to.
+ Hi ng kim nh cht lng trng o ng v i hc Phi-lip-pin
(Philippine Association of Colleges and Universities Commission on Accreditation-
PACU-COA), tp trung nh gi hng trnh o to lin quan ch yu n vic m
rng tr tu, khng n thun o to v k thut hoc ngh nghip, hng trnh o
to v gio d, thng mi, bin. Kt qu kim nh ng nh gi 4 mc I, II, III,
IV, m su o hn m trc.
- Thi Ln: Vn phng Tiu hun gio d qu gi v nh gi ht lng (Th
office for National Education Standards and Quality Assessment ONESQ) c thnh
lp nm 2000 hu trch nhim v cng tc kim nh cht lng. Vng kim nh cht
lng u tin mi ch c tin hnh trong nm 2006 im nh ht lng tin
hnh cp trng i hc v cp hng trnh o to. B tiu chun nh gi 7 tiu
chun. Mi tiu chun c cho im t 1 n 5.
5.5. nh i cht ln chn trnh o to Vit Nam
5.5.. Lc s hnh thnh
T nm 2003, mt s trng i h Vit Nm bt u qun tm n vi nh gi
hng trnh o to Trng i hc Ngoi thng t chc Hi tho khoa h nh gi
hng trnh o to chuyn ngnh kinh t ngoi thng nm 2003 Nm 2005, i hc
Quc gia H Ni l s o to u tin Vit Nm th im p dng B tiu chun
nh gi hng trnh o to trong khun kh c Chng trnh Mng li trng
i h ng Nm hu u (UNP) t ch nh gi 2 ngnh o to ti Trng
i hc Khoa hc T nhin, l ngnh Ton h v ngnh Cng ngh thng tin Su
i h ny bn hnh b Tiu hun kim nh hng trnh o to HQG H Ni
(Quyt nh s 4447/Q-CL ngy 30/11/2007) B tiu hun ny gm 5 tiu hun,
mi tiu hun gm mt s tiu h, mi tiu h nh gi tho 4 m tip cn vi
tiu chun nh gi a AUN.
T nm 2007, B Gio d v o to bn hnh ng kim nh hng
trnh o to gio vin di y:
- Quyt nh 72/2007/Q-BGDT ngy 30/11/2007 bn hnh quy nh v tiu chun
nh gi ht lng hng trnh gio dc ngnh Gio dc Tiu h trnh o ng.
- Quyt nh 03/2008/Q-BGDT ngy 04/02/2008 bn hnh quy nh v tiu chun

73

nh gi ht lng hng trnh o to gio vin trung hc ph thng trnh i hc.
- Quyt nh 29/2008/Q-BGDT ngy 5/6/2008 bn hnh quy nh chu k v quy
trnh kim nh cht lng hng trnh gio dc c trng i h, o ng v
trung cp chuyn nghip (trong hng trnh o to gio vin).
Cu trc chung ca b tiu chun nh gi ht lng o to gio vin nh su:
Tiu chun 1: Mc tiu, u t chc, qun l o to v ng t nh gi hot
ng o to gio vin
Tiu chun 2: Chng trnh v hot ng o to gio vin
Tiu chun 3: i ng ging vin thm gi hng trnh o to gio vin
Tiu chun 4: Ngi hc v cng tc h tr ngi hc thu hng trnh o to gio vin
Tiu chun 5 : Hc liu, thit b dy h v s vt cht khc h tr hng trnh
o to gio vin
Tiu chun 6: Cng tc ti chnh phc v hng trnh o to gio vin
Tiu chun 7: Cng t nh gi sinh vin tt nghip v hot ng t vn vic lm
thu hng trnh o to gio vin.
Mi tiu chun c mt s tiu ch, mi tiu ch c mt s ch s c th ha cc ni
hm c tiu h Mi tiu h nh gi bng 2 m t ho khng t yu u
5.5.2. Cc bc kim c tr i dc te qu nh ca B GD-
Kim nh cht lng chng trnh gio d tho quy nh 29/2008 gm 7 b c
tm tt nh su:
- Bc 1: Trng ng k kim nh cht lng chng trnh gio dc vi B Gio
d v o to; thnh lp Hi ng t nh gi; tin hnh t nh gi; gi bo co t nh
gi cho B Gio d v o to.
- Bc 2: Bo co t nh gi c gi cho mt chuyn gia kim nh cht lng gio
d phn bin nhm nh gi m bn bo co phn nh y hoc ch y cc
yu cu v iu kin quy nh trong mi tiu ch ca cc tiu chun nh gi ht lng
chng trnh gio dc. Da vo kt qu phn bin ca chuyn gia, B Gio d v o to
quyt nh a bn bo co t nh gi vo k hoh nh gi ngoi hoc yu cu trng tip
tc hon thin sau.

74

- B 3: on huyn gi nh gi ngoi nghin u bo co t nh gi a trng,
kho st chng trnh gio dc; vit bo o nh gi ngoi gi trng c chng trnh gio
d nh gi v gi B Gio d v o to chun b thm nh kt qu nh gi ht
lng chng trnh gio dc.
- B 4: Bo o nh gi ngoi c gi cho mt chuyn gia kim nh cht lng
gio d phn bin nhm nh gi m bn bo co phn nh y hoc ch y
cc yu cu v iu kin quy nh trong mi tiu ch ca cc tiu chun nh gi ht lng
hng trnh gio dc. Kt qu phn bin c huyn gi l s B Gio d v o to
lp h s thm nh kt qu nh gi cht lng hng trnh gio dc.
- B 5: Trong trng hp c s khiu ni c trng hng trnh nh gi, B
Gio d v o to t ch nh gi li kt qu nh gi ngoi hng trnh gio dc c on
huyn gi nh gi ngoi Su khi nhn bo o nh gi li, Cc Kho th v Kim nh
cht lng gio dc lp h s thm nh kt qu nh gi ht lng hng trnh gio dc.
- Bc 6: Hi ng quc gia kim nh cht lng hng trnh gio dc tin hnh thm
nh kt qu nh gi cht lng hng trnh gio d, ngh B trng B Gio dc v
o to cng nhn hoc khng cng nhn hng trnh gio d t tiu chun cht lng
gio dc.
- Bc 7: B trng B Gio d v o to ra quyt nh cng nhn hoc khng cng
nhn hng trnh gio d t tiu chun cht lng gio dc.

75

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Trn B Honh, i tr i dc, NXB Gio dc, 1997.
2. Lm Quang Thip, Trc nghim v ng dng, NXB Khoa hc K thut, H Ni, 2008.
3. Dng Thiu Tng, Trc nghim v ng thnh qu hc tp (Tp 1), Trng
HTH TP HCM, 1995
4. Quentin Stodola, Kalmer Stordahl, Trc nghim v ng c bn trong Gio
dc, V i hc, B Gio d v o to, H Ni, 1996.
5. Nguyn Phng Hong, V Ngc Lan, Phng php trc nghim trong kim tra v
i t qu hc tp, NXB Gio dc, 1996.
6. L c Ngc, Gio dc i hc-Phng php dy v hc, NXB HQG H Ni, 2005.
7. Steven J. Osterlind, Constructing Test Items: Multiple Choice, Constructed-
Response, Performance, and Other Formats (2nd Edition), Kluwer Academic
Publishers.
8. Heather Fry, Steve Ketteridge and Stephanie Marshall, A Handbook for Teaching &
Learning in Higher Education (2nd Edition), Kogan Page Limited, 2003.
9. Nguyn c Chnh (ch bin), Kim nh cht lng trong gio dc i hc, NXB
HQG H Ni, 2002.
10. AUN Quality Assurance, Quality Assurance guidelines, Bangkok, 2004.
11. AUN Quality Assurance, Manual for the implementation of the guidelines, HRK
Grmn Rtors Conrn, 2006
12. Phuong Thi Thanh Nguyen, Reaffirmation Of Accreditation And Quality
Improvement As A Journey: A Case Study (PhD. thesis), Texas Tech University, 2005.

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