LI CM N

Trong thi gian mt thng thc tp ti Nh my Ha cht Tn Bnh 1, chng

em c c hi c tip xc, lm quen vi cu to thit b dy chuyn h thng, quy
trnh vn hnh v p dng nhng kin thc c hc trn sch v vo thc tin,
c khm ph tht nhiu vn th v v b ch m ch khi tn mt chng kin,
chng em mi hiu ht c.
c thc tp ti Nh my l iu may mn cho chng em. Mt thng tuy
khng nhiu nhng l khong thi gian thc tp rt ng nh v ng qu cho
chng em - nhng sinh vin vn cn ngi trn gh ging ng. Bi hc m chng em
hc c khng ch l kin thc chuyn mn, nhng quy trnh, thit b; m cn l mt
tinh thn trch nhim cao, nim hng say lao ng ca nhng c ch, anh ch ht
lng vi cng vic. Nhng bi hc ny s gip ch rt nhiu trong vic hc cng nh
trong cng vic ca chng em sau ny.
c c kt qu ny chnh l nh s gip v ch bo tn tnh ca Qu
cng ty v Qu thy c. Nhm sinh vin thc tp chng em xin gi li cm n su sc
n cc Thy C B mn V c v Ban gim c, phng k thut, cc phn xng v
c bit chng em xin chn thnh cm n anh Ln, anh Sn, anh Bin v anh Thanh l
nhng ngi trc tip ch dn v gip chng em hiu r v cc thit b cng nh
nhng hot ng lin quan n vic sn xut ca nh my.
Mc d chng em c gng ht kh nng hon thnh bi bo co mt cch
hon chnh nht nhng vi lng kin thc cn hn hp nn khng th trnh khi
nhng thiu st. Chng em mong nhn c s gp v ch bo t Qu cng ty, Qu
thy c hon thin bi bo co.
Mt ln na chng em chn thnh cm n Qu cng ty v Qu thy c. Knh
chc Qu cng ty ngy cng pht trin v t nhiu thnh tch trong sn xut. Knh
chc c ch, anh ch trong Cng ty v Thy C di do sc khe, thnh cng trong
cng vic v cuc sng.

Nhm sinh vin thc tp

Cng Ha X Hi Ch Ngha Vit Nam

c lp T do Hnh Phc

GIY XC NHN
Knh gi:

Ban Gim Hiu Trng H Bch Khoa TpHCM.

Ban Ch Nhim Khoa K Thut Ha Hc.

Ti tn: .................................................................................................................
Chc v: ...............................................................................................................
Thuc Nh my Ha cht Tn Bnh 1.
Nay xc nhn cho nhm Sinh vin gm 5 Sinh vin, lp HC09VC thc tp ti Nh
my chng ti t ngy 08/07/2013 n ngy 02/08/2013.
STT
1
2
3
4
5

H v Tn
Ng Vn Cng
Trn Ngc Kiu Khanh
Bch Vn Quc Thnh
L Vn Hiu
Trn Vn Tun Kit

MSSV
60900302
60901164
60902600
60900794
60901317

Nhn xt ca chng ti trong thi gian nhm sinh vin thc tp ti nh my:
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
Tp. HCM, ngy ...... thng ....... nm 2013
Xc nhn ca Nh my

MC LC
PHN 1: TNG QUAN...................................................................................... 1
CHNG 1: LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN NH MY HA
CHT TN BNH .........................................................................................................1
1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Nh My Ha Cht Tn Bnh ...................................... 1
1.2. C cu t chc hnh chnh v s mt bng ................................................................ 2

CHNG 2: SN PHM ............................................................................................ 5

CHNG 3: NI QUY AN TON LAO NG PHNG CHY CHA
CHY ............................................................................................................................. 7
3.1. An ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy.................................................................... 7
3.2. Nguyn tc chung ca phng th nghim ........................................................................ 7
3.3. X l ph thi v v sinh cng nghip ............................................................................ 9

PHN 2: NGUYN LIU SN XUT QUY TRNH CNG NGH X

L PH PHM ................................................................................................. 11
CHNG 1: NGUYN LIU ................................................................................... 11
1.1. Nguyn liu cho sn xut nhm hydroxyt ..................................................................... 11
1.2. Cc nng lng v tin nghi h tr sn xut ................................................................. 13
1.3. X l cc sn phm khng ph hp, ph phm v km tra .......................................... 14

CHNG 2: QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT .........................................16

2.1. Phn xng sn xut nhm hydroxyt: ........................................................................... 16
2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh ................................................................................................... 16

PHN 3: CC THIT B TRONG PHN XNG NHM HYDROXIT

V VN HNH H THNG.......................................................................... 26
CHNG 1: CC THIT B TRONG PHN XNG ........................................26
1.1.

Cu to v qu trnh lm vic ca mt s thit b chnh ................................. 26

1.2 Bng c tnh k thut mt s thit b ............................................................................ 28

CHNG 2: QUY NH VN HNH PHN XNG ........................................30

2.1. Quy nh chung ca nh my ........................................................................................ 30
2.2. Quy nh ring tng b phn......................................................................................... 30

CHNG 3: KHC PHC S C V X L V SINH ....................................33

3.1. Cc s c v cch khc phc ......................................................................................... 33

3.2. Cch x l v sinh ......................................................................................................... 34

PHN 1: TNG QUAN

CHNG 1: LCH S HNH THNH V PHT TRIN NH MY
HA CHT TN BNH
1.1. Lch s hnh thnh v pht trin Nh My Ha Cht Tn Bnh
1.1.1. Tn v a ch
Tn doanh nghip: Nh My Ho Cht Tn
Bnh.
Tn giao dch: Tn Bnh Chemical Factory.
Tr s giao dch: 46/6 Phan Huy
ch, P15, Q. Tn Bnh, TP.HCM.
in thoi: 08.38153185
Fax: 08.38153936
Email: tanbinh@sochemvn.com

Hnh 1.1.1: Nh My

1.1.2. Lch s thnh lp v pht trin ca nh my Ho Cht Tn Bnh

Nhng nm gia thp nin 90 ca th k trc, nn kinh t Vit Nam bt u m
ca v hi nhp cng nn kinh t th gii. Trong bi cnh , ngnh cng nghip ho
cht Vit Nam bt u c nhng bc tin mi v Cng Ty Ho Cht C Bn Min
Nam ra i gm nhiu chi nhnh, nh my Ho Cht Tn Bnh l mt trong nhng
chi nhnh ca cng ty.
Trc nm 1975 l doanh nghip t nhn do ngi Hoa lm ch. Hin nay nh
my l doanh nghip nh nc, thnh vin ca cng ty Ho Cht C Bn Min Nam,
trc thuc tng cng ty Ho Cht Min Nam, b Cng Nghip.
Khi mi c thnh lp nh my sn xut: Acid sulfuric, phn n, acid sulfuric
k thut, acid sulfuric tinh khit, phn nhm sulfat (17% Al2O3), phn nhm sulfat
(15% Al2O3). Ngoi ra cn c sn phm khc: thiosulfat natri, phn thp, can nha,
Do hn ch tc hi n mi trng nn cc phn xng sn xut trn c di
di ti cc nh my ni b xa khu vc dn c, nn hin nay nh my ch sn xut
nhm hydroxyt.
Cc sn phm ca nh my gi vai tr quan trng i vi nn kinh t t nc, p
ng nhu cu s dng ho cht v c, c bn trong cc ngnh cng nghip, tiu th
cng nghip, cc mc tiu sn xut ch bin nh: Lc ty nc, giy, dt, nhum,

phn bn, thu tinh, gm, s, Cc sn phm trn u c cng nhn chng ch
qun l cht lng.
1.2. C cu t chc hnh chnh v s mt bng
1.2.1. S c cu t chc Nh My Ho Cht Tn Bnh

Hnh 1.1.2: S c cu t chc hnh chnh nh

my

1.2.2. Chc nng ca cc phng ban

Chc nng, nhim v ca cc phng ban:

Tng gim c: L ngi ng u nh my, c quyn ch ng iu hnh mi hot
ng sn xut kinh doanh ca n v theo k hoch thng qua i hi on vin
chc v c cng ty xt duyt. Xy dng, t chc thc hin k hoch sn xut kinh
doanh, dch v ngn hn, di hn c quyn b nhim, khen thng, k lut, k
kt hp ng lao ng, quy nh mc lng cho cn b nhn vin.
Ph tng gim c: L ngi chu trch nhim trong lnh vc kinh t, nghin cu th
trng, iu k hoch sn xut v tiu th sn phm. Ngoi ra, cn chu trch
nhim v lnh vc t chc nhn s, cng tc lao ng, tin lng, h tr cho gim c.
2

 Phng nhn s hnh chnh: Chu trch nhim v cng tc kinh t sn xut, phn b
v cn i k hoch sn xut cho tng phn xng. Ngoi ra, cn chu trch nhim v
lnh vc qun l nhn s, cng tc lao ng, tin lng, chm lo i sng cho cn b
cng nhn vin.
Phng vt t: C trch nhim cung ng vt t cho cc phn xng m bo ng
tin sn xut, ng thi phn b v duy tr n nh ngun nguyn liu
Phng k ton ti chnh: C chc nng theo di cng tc nghip v, cng tc k
ton, hch ton, thc hin bo co tnh hnh s dng ngun vn vi tng gim c, kt
hp cht ch vi phng t chc tin lng nhm ln nh mc, qun l chi ph sn
xut v tin lng cho cng ty.
Phng k thut: C trch nhim trong cng tc k thut cc phn xng, nghin
cu ng dng khoa hc k thut ci tin v nng cao hiu qu sn xut. Tuy nhin,
c th m bo cho cng tc sn xut tt th cc phng th nghim, k ton, bo v,
cp dng cng ng gp phn khng t.
Phng ho nghim: C trch nhim phn tch thnh phn cc mu trc khi a vo
s dng c m bo ng thnh phn hay khng v kim tra cht lng sn phm
trc khi xut ra th trng.

1.2.3. S mt bng nh my

Hnh 1.1.3: S mt bng nh my Ha cht Tn

Bnh
4

CHNG 2: SN PHM
Sn phm chnh ca nh my: Nhm hydroxyt, Al(OH)3

Hnh 1.2.1: Sn phm Nhm hydroxyt

+ Yu cu cht lng sn phm:

Bng 1.2.1: Yu cu cht lng sn phm

Tn

Mu sc

[Na2O]

X.khu 10%

trng hi pht hng

0.2%

10%

P.E 13%

trng, hi pht hng

0.2%

13%

Dy en

hng en xm

> 0.2%

> 15%

+ Thnh phn:
Al2O3:

99% min

SiO2:

0.2% max

Fe2O2:

0.01% max

Na2O:

0.2% max

m:

13% max

+ Al(OH)3 k thut :
Al2O3:

63.5%

Na2O:

0.2%

m:

13%

Fe2O3:

0.03 0.06%

 Tnh cht:
+ Al(OH)3 c mu trng, hi hng dng bt tinh th.
+ Hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan c trong acid v kim v l hp cht lng
tnh.
+ Khi lng ring l 2.42g/cm2
ng dng:
+ Trong nh my c dng lm mm phn ha cho sn xut nhm hydroxyt.
+ Lm nguyn liu chnh sn xut cc loi phn n v phn kp n v ni
b.
+ Ngoi ra mt s nh my nh nh my in quang, Al(OH)3 c dng lm
nguyn liu sn xut thy tinh (ch yu cung cp Al2O3), vt liu chu la.
+ Aluminum hydroxide: c xut khu sang Thi Lan.
Tn tr v bo qun:
+ Al(OH)3 c cho vo 2 loi bao ty m, mi bao c trng lng tnh l
50kg, bo qun ni thong mt v c mi che.

Hnh 1.2.2: Kho bo qun Al(OH)3

CHNG 3: NI QUY AN TON LAO NG PHNG CHY

CHA CHY
Cc sn phm v nguyn liu dng trong sn xut hu ht u c tnh c hi v d
chy. Do vn lao ng phng chy cha chy rt c quan tm.
3.1. An ton lao ng v phng chy cha chy
C cc tiu lnh phng chy cha chy dn cc ni lm vic. mi phn xng
v cc phng hnh chnh u c trang b cc bnh CO2, hng dn phng chy cha
chy.
Ton th cn b, cng nhn vin u c hng dn s dng thnh tho cc
phng tin dp la, phng php cp cu khi c tai nn xy ra.
Cc dng c phng chy cha chy phi c kim tra thng xuyn.
ng giao thng trong nh my rng ri, thun tin cho xe ra vo.
3.2. Nguyn tc chung ca phng th nghim
i vi cc dng c thit b in khi s
dng m bo xi ng ngun (110v, 220v),
tt khi khng dng v cp cu dao khi gp s
c.
Cc ha cht c, cht d bay hi phi lm
trong t ht, khi un cc ha cht ny cng
phi tin hnh trong t ht.
Khi s dng cc ha cht c phi s dng
gng tay v khu trang.
Khng dng ming ht pipet cc ha cht
c, cc ha cht m c.

Hnh 1.3.1: Phng ha nghim ca nh

my

Khi ly cc cht rn c phi dng tha khng s dng tay trn. i vi cc cht bt
cn tin hnh ni khng c gi la hoc nhng ni khng c qut ngn nga s
phn tn ca chng.
Phi tun th nghim ngt cc k thut thao tc th nghim trnh mu b si tro,
vng tung te hay pht nhit t ngt.
Mi ha cht trong phng th nghim u phi c ghi tn v nng r rng
trnh dng nhm gy phn ng ha hc khng lng trc.

 Cc ha cht d chy (nht l dung mi hu c) cn mt ni d di chuyn

phng khi c ha hon.
Cn nm vng mt s quy tc s cu kp thi trc khi chuyn qua b phn y t.
3.2.1. i vi ni lm vic
Bo m v khng gian, thong, sch, tiu chun cho php v mi hi, kh c
hi, nng, m, n, rung, cc yu t c hi khc.
Nguyn liu, sn phm, dng c phi xp gn gng ni lm vic, ni c cht nguy
hi, phi c bng ch dn v an ton lao ng, phi t v tr d thy, d c.
Cc nguyn liu, sn phm c hi c bo qun cn thn kho cha v thit b
cha.
3.2.2. i vi my mc
Thng xuyn kim tra thit b. Kim tra tnh trng thit b trc khi khi ng.
Kim tra nh k cc h thng dy in, dy tip t, cu giao, h thng che chn
thit b.
Khi my xy ra s c, phi c th bo tr hay cng nhn vn hnh sa cha.
Phi t bin bo nguy him, cm ng in.
Thao tc vn hnh my, x l s c phi tun theo quy tc vn hnh my, x l c
quy nh v sa cha kp thi ngay khi gp s c.
3.2.3. i vi ngi lao ng
Phi c trang b cc phng tin bo h c nhn (qun, o, giy, m, bao tay khi
lm vic, knh bo h khi lm vic vi cc cht c hi).
Khng dng x beng quay van hay bm. Phi dng tay hay dng c chuyn dng.
Lm vic trn cao phi c dy an ton.
Khng dng tay vn chuyn cc cht c hi.
3.2.4. i vi ha cht
Cc ha cht c hi nh NaOH ng trong thng st 500kg (nng NaOH
98%). Sn phm to thnh u c ng chai hay cho vo bao, c kim tra cn
thn trc khi nhp kho hay phn xng.
3.2.5. i vi cc cht c hi s dng trong sn xut
Bin php an ton lm vic vi NaOH:
8

+ Khi lm vic vi NaOH cn s dng y cc phng tin bo h c nhn

(knh, qun o bo h, gng tay cao su, ng cao su).
+ Phi ht sc ch bo v mt, c bit khi lm vic vi dung dch nng, c
hoc khi p c cc tng NaOH rn.
Bin php an ton lm vic vi H2SO4:
+ Khi pha acid c vi nc ch c php rt t t acid vo nc ng thi phi
khuy u. Tuyt i khng rt nc vo acid sunfuric c s lm mt phn acid trn
b mt bn tung te gy nguy him.
+ Khi lm vic vi acid sunfuric nht l khi pha ch, rt, vn chuyn phi mang
ng cao su, gng tay cao su, mc qun o chu acid.
Bin php an ton lm vic vi HCl:
+ Axt clohiric m c to thnh cc sng m axt. C dng sng m v dung
dch u c th n mn cc m con ngi, c kh nng gy tn thng c quan h
hp, mt, da v rut.

Hnh 1.3.2: Cht n mn

+ Khi lm vic vi HCl cn s dng y cc phng tin bo h c nhn nh

gng tay cao su, gng tay PVC, knh bo v mt, qun o v giy chng cht ha hc
c s dng gim thiu nhng tc hi ca vic tip xc vi loi axt ny.
3.3. X l ph thi v v sinh cng nghip
Nh my lun quan tm n vn x l mi trng, c th l v sinh cng nghip,
x l ph thi, nc thi. Cc ph thi, nc thi c x l m bo tiu chun Vit
Nam trc khi thi ra mi trng.
Tuy nhin do c th ca ngnh sn xut ha cht c bn v do iu kin cha cho
php nn vic s l mi phn xng bt nhm cha t n mc trit .
9

 Phn xng sn xut nhm hydroxyt:

+ B thi:
Phn dung dch: 1 3g/l Al2O3.
Phn rn: 18 22% Al2O3, 40 50% Fe2O3, 3% SiO2.
B thi rn mu (hm lng st kh cao), c tnh kim. B c p kh ri
em vn chuyn li ni khai thc v mt phn c lm bt mu trong xy
dng.
+ X l nc thi: Nc thi t phn xng nhm hydroxyt c gom vo b
cha ri dn vo bn lng. Sau , qua thit b lc nc, nc sau x l tiu chun
c thi ra ngoi mi trng.

10

PHN 2: NGUYN LIU SN XUT QUY TRNH CNG

NGH X L PH PHM
CHNG 1: NGUYN LIU
1.1. Nguyn liu cho sn xut nhm hydroxyt
1.1.1. Qung Bauxite Lm ng 47% Al2O3
Bauxite (hay Bxt) l mt loi qung nhm trm tch c mu hng, nu.... Thnh
phn khong vt bao gm ch yu l cc khong vt ca nhm nh gibbsit Al(OH)3,
boehmit -AlO(OH), v diaspore -AlO(OH), cng vi cc khong vt oxit st goethit
v hematit, cc khong vt st kaonilite v i khi c mt c anata TiO2. Nhm
hydroxyt l thnh phn chnh ca qung c mt cng vi st, silic... Thnh phn ha
hc ch yu (quy ra oxit) l Al2O3 (40-60%), SiO2 (5-20%), Fe2O3 (20-25%). T
Bauxite c th tch ra aluminat (Al2O3), nguyn liu chnh luyn nhm trong cc l
in phn. Tn gi ca loi qung nhm ny c t theo tn gi lng Les Baux-deProvence min nam Php, ti y n c nh a cht hc l Pierre Berthier pht
hin ra ln u tin nm 1821.
Tr lng Bauxite ca Vit Nam khong 2.4 t tn, tp trung ch yu ty
nguyn (91.4%). Trong k Nng 1.44 t tn, Lm ng 0.463 t tn v Gia Lai,
Kon Tum 0.285 t tn. Ngoi ra ti cc tnh pha Bc cng c mt s m qung
Bauxite (Cao Bng, Lng Sn) nhng vi tr lng khng ng k.

Hnh 2.1.1: Khai thc Bauxite

Thnh phn ch yu:

+ Al2O3: 47 52%

11

+ SiO2: 5%
+ Fe2O3: 18 22%
Cc thng s khc:
+ m: 12%
+ Mu sc: Nu
Kch thc: Dng ht to t 10 cm tr ln. Trc khi a vo sn xut qung Bauxite
c nghin n mt kch thc nht nh.
Tn tr - Bo qun - Vn chuyn: Qung Bauxite sau khi khai thc t qung Bauxite
Bo Lc, c vn chuyn bng cc xe ti n ng ngoi bi cha nhm tch
m t nhin. Sau c a ln phu nh lng vn chuyn n my nghin bi.
Kh nng thay th: Nc ta c mt tr lng qung Bauxite rt ln thuc hng u
th gii. Hm lng Al2O3 trong qung kh ln so vi cc qung khc, nn khng cn
thay th nguyn liu khc cho qung Bauxite.
1.1.2. Xt
Xt s dng l xt 32% (khong 320g/l) vi nng sut 500 l/h
C tc dng tch Al2O3 ra khi qung Bauxite, to thnh dung dch aluminat.
Hin nay nh my mua xt t nh my ho cht Bin Ha. Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh
sn xut, xt cn c ti s dng sau cc qu trnh c c, phn ly.
Tn tr - Bo qun: Xt c c cha trong bn 1. Lng xt ny c b sung
vo lng xt ti s dng c xt c nng cn thit em i phn ng.
Kh nng thay th xt: C th dng KOH to mi trng baz, nhng xt l
nguyn liu d iu ch, d sn xut. Mt khc, dng xt cho hiu qu sn xut kh
cao.
1.1.3. Vi CaCO3 dng bt
Nng sut nhp liu: 50 kg/h.
Lm tng ha tch SiO2 trong qung Bauxite, cho vo qung vi hm lng rt
thp (1 2%/ qung nghin) trong qu trnh nghin.
Kh nng thay th: C th thay th bng cc cht khc c kh nng ha tch qung
Bauxite nhng do vi r tin, thng dng nn trong sn xut vn dng vi CaCO3.
Trong qu trnh sn xut, s xut hin ca ion Ca2+ cng ngn cn s khong ho
ca Al(OH)3. Do , lm tng hiu sut qu trnh sn xut.

12

1.1.4. Cc nguyn liu ph khc

Cht tr lng: Trc y nh my s dng cht tr lng l bt m vi nng sut 40
kg/h. Gn y tng hiu sut qu trnh lng, nh my s dng cht tr lng khc
l HX600 vi nng sut nhp liu: 2.1Kg + 40Kg xt 32% + 1m3 nc / 1.5h.
Nc ( qua x l): C nhim v ra b thu hi lng kim trc khi thi b ra
ngoi mi trng, pha long huyn ph. ng thi cn s dng nc ngng t
hi th sinh ra khu c c.
1.2. Cc nng lng v tin nghi h tr sn xut
1.2.1. in, than v than t
L hai ngun cung cp nng lng cho s hot ng ca ton phn xng.
in: c s dng lm in cng nghip, dng trong vic vn hnh hot ng ca
my mc (chng hn nh: Quay mt ca my bm, qut, trc quay cnh khuy)
ng thi dng cho h thng chiu sng.
Than : c s dng cung cp cho l hi trong vic to hi qu nhit truyn
nhit cho cc b phn cn cp nhit trong nh my. Than c cung cp bi Tp on
Than Khong sn Vit Nam.
Du t: bn cnh vic s dng than nh l ngun nhin liu chnh, nh my cn s
dng du FO lm nhin liu trong cc trng hp than ht hoc mt in t xut.
1.2.2. Nc v hi nc
L ngun gii nhit v truyn nhit cho cc thit b trong nh my.
Nc: c cung cp cho l hi bc hi v gia nhit thnh hi qu nhit. Do
nhng yu cu k thut vi hi nc khng nh hng n thit b cng nh qu
trnh vn hnh nn vic s dng ngun nc c kim sot rt cht ch v cht lung
trnh c cn, nh hng n vic to hi.
Hi nc: c ly t l hi v c th thu hi t cc b phn khc. Vic s dng
nhit thu hi gip gim thiu v mt nng lng, mang li hiu qu kinh t v mi
trng cho nh my.

13

 Quy trnh sn xut hi

Nc
ngng

Nc
thy cc
H thng
x l
nc
Thit b
trao i
cation
Tch kh

Bn
cha
nc ni
hi
Ni hi

Thit b
s dng
ni hi

Hnh 2.1.2: S quy trnh sn xut hi

1.3. X l cc sn phm khng ph hp, ph phm v km tra

Nu sn phm khng t mt trong cc yu cu cht lng th:
+ H cp sn phm: Khi m khng t c th chuyn t 10% XK thnh 13%,
13% XK thnh 13% PE, 13% PE thnh sn phm dy en.
+ Khi sn phm 0.2% < [Na2O] < 0.3%, m 15% chuyn sang n v ni b
nu phn.

14

+ Khi sn phm c mu sc khng t, c nng kim > 0,3% hoc m

15% a tr li u dy chuyn v dng lm mm cho qu trnh kt tinh (cho vo bn
trung gian).
Ph phm:
+ Ph phm ch yu l b c thi ra t phn xng sn xut nhm hydroxyt.
+ B sau khi x l v t tiu chun c thi ra sn cha b. B kh c s
dng lm bt mu trong vt liu xy dng. Hin nay nh my ang c xu hng
nghin cu sn xut vt liu chu la t b .
Kim tra:
+ Cch khong 1 gi b phn sn xut cc dy chuyn c nhim v ly mu ca
mu bn thnh phm, ph phm mang n phng th nghim b phn KCS phn
tch thnh phn xem c t cht lng hay khng
+ Cc phng php kim tra v x l ph phm:
Xc nh nng Al2O3: Chun phc cht.
Xc nh nng Na2O: Phng php trung ho.
.

15

CHNG 2: QUY TRNH CNG NGH SN XUT

2.1. Phn xng sn xut nhm hydroxyt:
Vi bt

Nguyn liu

Xt NL
DD s 1

Nghin
Ht t
chun

Ht ln

Ry
Gia nhit 1

Dung dch
hn hp

kh Silic (M)

Gia nhit 2

Gia nhit
DD s 2

Phn ng (R)

Pha long (D)

HX600

DD s 4

Lng (T)

Bn
Nc
ra

C c (E)

Lc
Nc

Ra b W1-W6

Lm ngui

Gia nhit
Mm KT

Kt tinh (C)

p b

DD s 3
Phn li (S)
Lc TP

Sn phm

Hnh 2.2.1: S quy trnh cng ngh sau

16

Kho cha
b

2.2. Thuyt minh quy trnh

Quy trnh vn hnh ca nh my l quy trnh lin tc, nhp liu lin tc v sn
phm ra lin tc, quy tnh lun c t nht 2 h hot ng thay phin nhau m bo
trng thi lin tc, bao gm cc giai on sau:
2.2.1. Giai on nghin qung
Qung t bi cha c cho vo phu nh lng (cha c ti a 30 tn) nh h
thng vt ti xon a vo my nghin bi vi nng sut nghin khong 4.5 tn/gi (gi
tr ny c th thay i ty thuc vo cng ca qung).
Hat ng:
Trc khi cho vo my nghin,
qung c trn vi lng bt vi
thch hp (50 kg/h), ng thi cho
vo my nghin dung dch hn hp
(6 7 m3/h) v c nghin ti
kch thc ph hp.
Qung sau nghin c dng huyn
ph a qua li lc s b. Ti y
cc ht c kch thc cn kh ln
c gi li trn li s c
Hnh 2.2.2: My nghin bi t
cng nhn a tr li vt ti nhp liu
thc hin nghin li.
Phn huyn ph lt qua li lc ban u s c bm vn chuyn ln b phn
sng rung vi kch thc l sang l 7m. Ti y huyn ph s c phn cp
mt ln na, cc ht c kch thc ln hn 7m s li trn tm sng v c
a tr v vt ti nhp liu, huyn ph c kch thc nh hn 7m s t tiu
chun v c a vo thit b khuy trn tip theo trc khi a qua thit b
gia nhit ln th I.
Xt c b sung vo t h thng vt ti to mi trng huyn ph cho qu
trnh nghin t qung. Dng xt l dng hn hp gia xt nhp liu 32%
(dung dch s 1) v dung dich xt sau c c (dung dch s 2). ng thi xt
cng c b sung ti li lc s b pha long xt ti thi im . T l
nhp liu l 1 qung: 1 xt.
Huyn ph t bn trung gian c bm qua bn (M), c khuy lin tc vi
tc 21 vng/pht trnh lng ng.

17

2.2.2. Giai on gia nhit ln 1

T bn trung gian (m), huyn ph c bm vo
thit b gia nhit (dng ng chm 4 pass) nng
nhit ln khong 98oC trc khi vo bn phn
ng.
+ Dung dch huyn ph i trong ng.
+ Hi cp nhit (hi bo ha ly t l hi) i
ngoi ng.
Dng huyn ph sau gia nhit c bm ln M1,
M2 chun b a vo bn phn ng.
Hnh 2.2.3: H thng trao i nhit

2.2.3. Giai on kh silic

Huyn ph sau khi c gia nhit c a
v thit b kh silic M1, M2 v lu y
khong 2 - 4 gi. Trong giai on ny silic b
khong ho. Nh my s dng 2 thit b kh
silic m bo qu trnh vn hnh c lin
tc, trong lc thit b ny cung cp huyn ph
cho cc thit b phn ng pha sau th thit b
cn li c nhim v l cha huyn ph v thc
hin qu trnh kh silic t nhp liu pha trc.
Hnh 2.2.4: Bn Silic

2.2.4. Giai on gia nhit ln 2

T thit b kh silic, hn hp s c a qua thit b gia nhit ln th II nng
nhit hn hp ln khong 1500C trc khi a vo thit b phn ng. Thit b gia
nhit ny c cu to kiu thit b truyn nhit dng ng chm, 6 pass. Bn ngoi l hi
nc vi p sut khong 5-6 kg/cm2 (nhit khong 1600C) vi nng sut nhp hi
l 12-15 m3/h, bn trong l hn hp huyn ph cn gia nhit i qua 6 pass vi nng
sut nhp liu l 10 m3/h.
2.2.5. Giai on phn ng
Sau khi kh, huyn ph t bn M1, M2 c bm vo thit b phn ng gm 5
bn. T bn R5 R1.

18

 Cng lc , NaOH nng 180g Na2O/l c bm vo thit b. Dng NaOH ny

bao gm dng NaOH ban u trn vi dung dch 2 sau c c.
Hai dng nguyn liu ny c trn chung theo t l: 1 qung: 3 kim.
Thit b phn ng c cp hi bo ho trc tip vi nhit khong 140-1450C.
nhit ny phn ng xy ra, Al2O3 phn ng vi NaOH v to thnh Aluminat.
Al2O3 + 2NaOH = 2NaAlO2 + H2O
Cc tp cht nh st oxit (Fe2O3), titan oxit (TiO2) khng phn ng vi NaOH.
Thit b phn ng gm 5 bn t ni tip nhau
nhm tng thi gian lu, nng sut v hiu sut.
Dy 5 thit b ny c 3 thit b gia nhit bng ng
xon (R1, R2, R3) v 2 thit b loi v-o (R4,
R5). Trong cc thit b phn ng c lp cnh
khuy vi tc 20-25 vng/pht gip to iu
kin phn ng ng u, tng b mt tip xc
pha, trnh to vng t v ng cn di y thit
b. Ap sut lm vic ca mi bnh gim dn t R5
(5at) xung R1 (3at), s chnh lch khong 0,5at
mi bn. Nh vy sau khi khuy trn dung dch
trong bn R5 dung dch c p qua cc bn cn
li theo th t nh vo s chnh lch p sut.

Hnh 2.2.5: H thng phn ng

Sau khi ra khi bn R1 dung dch c p vo qua

bn pha long D.
Thi gian phn ng l 2h v hiu sut phn ng sau khi ra khi 5 thit b l 90-95%.
Hn hp sau khi ra khi thit b phn ng s c a vo thit b tch lng hi, hi
c tch ra s c s dng cho qu trnh gia nhit dung dch xt trc khi cho vo
thit b phn ng.
2.2.6. Giai on pha long
Dung dch t R1 c p qua bn D v c pha long vi dung dch 4 (nc sau
qua qu trnh ra b) theo t l pha long 1.16 2.08 v kt hp vi vic khuy trn
khong 25 vng/pht m bo s ng nht ca dung dch. Nng pha long
thch hp vo khong 95 5g/l Na2O.
Dung dch sau khi pha long c bm qua thit b tch ct trc khi vo qu trnh
lng.

19

2.2.7. Giai on lng

Nh my s dng cht tr lng l HX600 vi phi liu nh sau: 2,1 Kg HX600 + 40
Kg xt 32% + 1m3 / 1,5h vo bn trung gian. T bn trung gian, dung dch c a
n khu thit b lng T gm cc thit b hot ng c lp.
Nguyn l hot ng ca thit b lng:
+ y l thit b hot ng bn lin
tc: Nhp liu tho liu lin tc, ly
b gin on.
+ u tin cht tr lng c ha
trn vi xt v nc nng, sau trn
vi dung dch Aluminat ( c tch
ct). Hn hp ny c thng trung
gian phn phi u cho 5 bn lng T
(hot ng c lp).
+ mi bn lng: Dng hn hp
c a vo ng trung tm i su vo
lng bn, nh ng trung tm nn dng
chy khng b xo trn nhiu.

Hnh 2.2.6: H thng bn lng

+ Di tc dng ca lc trng trng v tc dng ca cht tr lng, phn qung

khng phn ng c tn ti dng rn (gi l b ) s lng xung y thit b v
c cnh khut o trn u trnh ng lp di y thit b. Phn dung dch
cha mt lng nh b i chiu ni ln trn, trn qua cc l chy vo g xung quanh
thit b, sau theo ng chy chuyn vo bn cha trung gian (F). ng thi cnh
khuy rng ba cng to phn cn y xung ca tho cn. B s c ly ra gin
on ri a qua bn W ra.
2.2.8. Giai on lc Aluminat
tng hiu sut lc tch phn rn khng tan dng bn
(bao gm Fe2O3 v cc tp cht khc) v tng sch
ca sn phm: Trc khi kt tinh, dung dch t bn F c
qua qu trnh lc.
Trc qu trnh lc dung dch aluminat l qu trnh ph
vi cc tm vi lc, trnh b bm trc tip vo vi lc lm
h vi.
Sau dung dch aluminat c bm vo thit b lc
Hnh 2.2.7: Lc khung bn loi ng
20

thc hin qu trnh lc ng nhit 90 1000C.

Thit b lc ng: l thit b lc dch lin tc v ly b gin on. Nguyn tc hot

ng ging vi thit b lc khung bn. Dch lc c i vo thit b lc c th bng 2
ca v i t trn xung, phn phi qua cc ng dn dch lc ri i xung trong cc
khung lc, gia cc khung lc l cc tm vi lc c chc nng gi li b lc v cho
php dch lc i qua. Dch lc c tho ra di y thit b. Dch lc c i t
trn xung do qu trnh lc ny cn c gi l lc ng.
Dung dch sau khi lc c dn qua thit b trao i nhit (trao i nhit vi dung
dch nc ci 3) gim nhit khong 60-650C trc khi em kt tinh.
B lc s c tho ra hng ngy lm v sinh v tho b l t ng.
2.2.9. Giai on lm ngui dung dch Aluminat
Qu trnh thay i l ngc chiu, hai dng c b tr xen k nhau.
Dung dch Aluminat sau lc cn c lm ngui n nhit phng khong 60
650C ri mi bm i kt tinh.
Ti bn kt tinh C cng nhn vn hnh s b sung thm mm kt tinh Al(OH)3 vi
mt lng thch hp bn phn ly MS1 tng hiu qu kt tinh.
NaAlO2+ 2H2O

T= 40h

Al(OH)3 + NaOH

Nh my b tr 25 bn kt tinh hot ng c lp nhau trong bn C9 v C10 c

nhim v cha mm kt tinh cho tt c cc bn cn li.
Nguyn l hot ng:
+ u tin dung dch Aluminat sau lc
c lm ngui s c bm qua bn C3
(hoc C4), ha trn vi mm kt tinh t
MS1 (hn hp s c khuy lin tc).
+ T bn C3 (hay C4), hn hp s c
bm qua C5 gip gim dn nhit n gn
ngui th phn phi sang cc bn kt tinh
cn li. Thi gian ca hn hp lu li trong
bn kt tinh khong 40 gi.
+ Mi bn kt tinh u c cnh khuy
(n =10 14 vng/pht) nh vy dung dch c
gii nhit v mm kt tinh c o trn u.
21

Hnh 2.2.8: Trao i nhit dng tm

2.2.10. Giai on phn ly

Sau khi lu bn kt tinh 40 gi, dung dch bn no t yu cu th s c
bm v bn xyclon lng.
T bn kt tinh, hn hp c a n thit b phn li.
Thit b phn li c cu to gn ging vi thit b lng: vi ng trung tm v g chy
trn.
Hn hp c bm vo ng trung
tm t trn xung, cc mm kt tinh
do tc dng ca trng lc s b ko
xung di y thit b, dung dch
lng ni ln trn v theo g chy trn
chy ra ngoi, sau c bm vn
chuyn sang bn cha, y l dung
dch s 3.
Qu trnh phn li din ra 2 giai
on: Phn li s cp v phn li th
cp. Hn hp s c vn chuyn a
vo thit b phn li s cp S. Trong
Hnh 2.2.9: H thng Xyclon phn ly
xyclon, huyn ph c lng theo
phng tip tuyn vi vn tc 25m/s. Dng hn hp quay trn trong rnh gia ng
tm v v tr, mt phn sn phm kt tinh c a vo bn cha sn phm, cc ht
to s lng xung y nh trng lc v c x xung bn BS, cn cc ht nh ra khi
ng trung tm s b cun theo dng nc ci theo g chy trn qua h thng 3 thit b
phn li S1, S2, S3 tip theo, dung dch chy trn t cc thit b ny s c vn chuyn
vo bn cha dung dch s 3. Sau chuyn sang giai on lc thnh phm.
2.2.11. Giai on thnh phm
Hin ti nh my ch s dng mt h
thng lc l lc a (trc y s dng thit
b lc tang trng), v nh th va nng cao
hiu sut thu hi, va gim c nhn cng
trong giai on ny. Mt phn sn phm
sau lc s c cho vo bn cha mm
b sung mm kt tinh vo thit b kt tinh.
Thit b lc a hot ng da trn s
chnh lch p sut ca thit b v kh
quyn, tuy nhin, bt hyroxit nhm cn
c ra kim nh dn phun nc nng.
22

Hnh 2.2.10: Lc a

 Nc nng ny c ly t nc ngng ca qu trnh c c.

Sau sy bt nhm hyroxit v gt phn ny vo mng thnh phm v
ng bao vi trng lng 50kg.
2.2.12. Giai on ra b
Bn sau qu trnh lng c a
sang h thng ra b W.
L qu trnh ngc chiu: B sau qu
trnh lng c vn chuyn t thit b
W1 ti thit b W6, nc ra b t bn
cha nc ngng c bm vn chuyn
t thit b W6 ti thit b W1.
Qu trnh ra b xy ra 8 thit b.
Trong W1a W2a v W1b W2b hot ng
song song; W3, W4, W5, W6 hot ng
ni tip ngc chiu: nc ra cp t
bn cui cng W6 ln bn u tin W1,
b sau khi c ra t bn trc c
y qua bn tip theo. Nc ra l nc
Hnh 2.2.11: H thng bn ra b
nng c cp t bn cha nc ngng
sau gia nhit.
B sau cng sau khi ra khi W6 s c x l, khi t tiu chun s thi ra sn cha
bi. B kh c dng lm bt mu trong vt liu xy dng.
Nc ra b cui cng ra khi thit b W1 c em s dng cho qu trnh pha
long hn hp sau thit b phn ng, y chnh l dung dch s 4.
B sau cng sau khi ra khi W6 s c s l, khi t tiu chun s thi ra sn cha
b. B kh c dng lm bt mu trong vt liu xy dng.
2.2.13. Qu trnh c c nc ci 3
Nc ci 3 sau phn ly cn cha mt lng xt ng
k cn ti s dng.
H thng c c trc y bao gm 4 h hot ng
c lp, mi h gm 3 ni: E123, E456, E789, E10 11 12,
nhng t nm 2010 ch cn s dng 3 h, v h cn li
c tn dng l thit b ngng t hi th sau c c
Condensat CS.
Qu trnh c c trong cc ni l qu trnh ngc
Hnh 2.2.12: H thng c c
23

chiu, sn phm lin tc, nhp liu gin on.

Sn phm ca ni trc l nguyn liu cho ni sau, hi th ni sau l hi gia
nhit cho ni trc.
ni cui, sn phm c bm v bn cha dung dch s 2 sau c c.
Nc ci 2 sau c c c pha chung vi lng xt ban u. Dung dch hn hp
chia lm 2 phn:
Mt phn tr li qu trnh nghin.
Phn cn li cho vo qu trnh phn ng to hn hp Aluminat.
Hi th ra khi qu trnh s c ngng t trong thit b condensate (CS) trao i
nhit vi nc lm mt c bm t ging. Nc ngng t s c cha vo trong
bn cha nc ngng phc v cho cc qu trnh lng, ra b, ra thnh phm, cp
hi. Nc lm mt sau khi lm ngng t hi s tng nhit , sau c a qua
thp gii nhit (cooling tower) lm gim nhit xung v tip tc s dng.
2.2.14. Giai on gia nhit hn hp xt
Nc ci 2 sau c c c pha chung vi lng xt ban u (t l 2 dng ph thuc
vo nng sau cng ca dung dch). Nc ci chia lm 2 phn:
+ Mt phn tun hon tr li qu trnh nghin.
+ Phn ln nc ci cn li s dng cho qu trnh phn ng ti Natrialuminat
(trc khi a vo phi gia nhit cho phn nc ci ny).
H thng gia nhit gm 5 thit b trao i nhit dng ng chm 6 pass hot ng ni
tip nhau, trong :
+ Hai thit b tn dng li ngun hi cn d trong qu trnh khc gia nhit.
+ Ba thit b s dng ngun hi bo ha cp trc tip t l hi gia nhit cho
phn hi d li dng cp cho 2 thit b trn.
Hn hp xt thit b sau cng c cp cho R4 hoc R5 trong qu trnh phn ng.
2.2.15. Giai on to hi
L hi cung cp hi dng gia nhit cho thit
b phn ng qu trnh ha tch qung xy ra
v t hiu qu. Ngoi ra, n cn cung cp hi
cho h thng c c nc ci (cha trong bn
3) ca chu k trc pha liu cho chu k
sau.
Nc ging bm ln v nc ca qu trnh
24

Hnh 2.2.13: L hi

gii nhit c bm qua qut lm ngui xung b 1 v b 2. b 1, ngi ta cho

thm NaOH nng pH ln khong 10. B 2, ngi ta cho thm phn to kt ta.
Nc t cc b 1 v 2 s chy trn qua b 3 n b 8 lng cn. T b s 8, nc
chy vo b 1 ri c bm ln 2 thng lc (lc bng m si) lc tip. Nc t hai
thng lc chy vo b 3 ri li bm vo thng lc 2 lc li ln cui trc khi vo b
2. Nc sau khi x l i vo thit b trao i cation v bn cha ni hi.
Bm cp nc c nhim v cung cp nc cho ni hi. Du FO sau khi gia c
nhit v t chy s i vo cui ng trung tm, kh l i ngc ln u l v theo ng
la n cui ni hi, theo ng khi thot ra ngoi, nc bao bc bn ngoi ng la
v ng trung tm, c cung cp nhit ri chuyn thnh hi nc.
Khi p sut t 7kg/cm2, m t t van hi chnh ch cung cp hi cho thit b cn gia
nhit. Nc ngng t sau khi gia nhit s c hon lu v bn cha.

25

PHN 3: CC THIT B TRONG PHN XNG NHM

HYDROXIT V VN HNH H THNG
CHNG 1: CC THIT B TRONG PHN XNG
1.1. Cu to v qu trnh lm vic ca mt s thit b chnh
1.1.1 Thit b nghin
Nhim v: a qung v kch thc thch hp (6-7m) trc khi a vo thit b
phn ng. Thit b lm vic vi nng sut trung bnh 4,5 tn/h.
Cc b phn chnh ca h thng nghin:
Phu nh lng: dng cyclon, qung t bi cha c xe xc vo phu.
Phu c th cha ti a 30 tn. 4 chn chnh l cn in t.
Vt ti qung: a qung t phu nh lng ln my tr nghin.
My nghin bi: da vo kch thc ca qung sau nghin m cho s bi vo
my nghin.
Li lc s b: sn phm sau nghin c a qua li lc s b gi li
nhng ht kch thc kh ln khng t tiu chun, sau cc ht ny s
c em tr li vt ti a vo my nghin.
Bm: vn chuyn huyn ph sau nghin a ln sng rung phn cp ht.
Sng rung: kch thc tiu chun ca l sng l 7m, cc ht kch thc
nh hn s tip tc c a qua bn cha trung gian v em i gia nhit.
1.1.2 Thit b gia nhit trc phn ng
L thit b truyn nhit kiu ng chm 6 pass (dng lnh i qua 6 chng), vi din
tch truyn nhit l 30 m2, p sut lm vic t 5-6 bar, gm 48 ng truyn nhit.
Thit b dng hi nc bo ha 5-6 bar cho php gia nhit hn hp ln nhit
khong 150 1600C.
1.1.3 Thit b phn ng
y l thit b quan trng nht trong dy chuyn sn xut gm 5 thit b t R1 n
R5. Ti y xy ra qu trnh ho tan Al2O3 thnh Al(OH)3.
Bn trong thit b phn ng c cnh khuy hot ng vi vn tc 20-25 vng/pht.
Cnh khuy mi cho lp vo gia trc, gn st y l mm khuy, tho liu y
thit b, c 2 dng nhp liu cho 2 dng NaOH v qung. Nh my c 2 loi thit b
phn ng: thit b loi v o v gia nhit bng ng xon. 2 loi thit b ny c cu to
v hot ng nh nhau nhng ch khc nhau cch gia nhit cho bn phn ng.

26

1.1.4. Thit b lng

Thit b lng dng phn lp gia phn khng tan v dung dch Aluminat gm 5
bn lng t T1 n T5.
Cu to thit b kh n gin gm cnh khuy tc 0,2 vng/pht. Nguyn liu cho
vo ng trung tm phn phi u trong thit b. Bn di thit b c rng ba
tho b. Pha trn c g chy trn tho phn dung dch ra.
Ngoi ra, trong giai on lng cn cho thm cht tr lng nn bn cnh thit b lng
cn c bn pha hn hp tr lng. Vic cho cht tr lng vo qu trnh lng lm cho
hiu sut qu trnh tng t 2-3 ln.
1.1.5. Thit b lc Aluminat
Giai on lc thc hin sau khi lng nhm loi ra bt nhng tp cht vn cn st li
trong dung dch trc khi a dung dch i kt tinh.
Thit b lc ng: l thit b lc dch lin tc v ly b gin on. Nguyn tc hot
ng ging vi thit b lc khung bn. Dch lc c i vo thit b lc c th bng 2
ca v i t trn xung, phn phi qua cc ng dn dch lc ri i xung trong cc
khung lc, gia cc khung lc l cc tm vi lc c chc nng gi li b lc v cho
php dch lc i qua. Dch lc c tho ra di y thit b. Dch lc c i t
trn xung do qu trnh lc ny cn c gi l lc ng.
1.1.6. Thit b trao i nhit tm
Nhim v: y l thit b phc v cho nhu cu nng v h nhit dung dch. Nh
my dng thit b trao i nhit h nhit dung dch kt tinh, nng nhit dung
dch c c bng cch cho tip xc gia dung dch trc kt tinh v trc c c.
Cu to: ch yu l cc tm trao i nhit dng sng xp song song vi nhau.
Nguyn tc hot ng:
Dung dch trc kt tinh (A) c nhit cao c a t my lc Natri
Aluminat trc tip t bn F i vo chy mng n cc rnh c to bi cc
tm trao i nhit.
Dung dch 3 (B) cng c bm vo cc rnh cn li .Hai dung dch ny
chy ngc chiu trong cc rnh xen k nhau tin hnh trao i nhit.
Sau qu trnh ny, dung dch A c a ln bn C thc hin qu trnh kt
tinh, dung dch B i n thp c c thc hin qu trnh c c.
Nh my c 2 thit b trao i nhit c hot ng cng lc hoc lun phin nhau
ty theo yu cu kim tra, v sinh. Thng qu trnh v sinh c tin hnh rt nhanh
trong chu trnh khp kn (dung dch 1 nng i vo ho tan phn kt tinh bm trn ri
c a li v bn 1) nn t nh hng n ton qu trnh.

27

1.1.7. Thit b c c
Nhim v: Dng tng nng dung dch 3 (100g/l120g/l) ln dung dch 2
(160g/l120g/l).
Cu to v b phn ph tr:
Thit b c c gm 2 phn chnh: b phn un si dung dch (bung t)
v b phn bc hi (bung bc).
Bung t: gm ng truyn nhit b tr xung quanh ng tun hon trung
tm theo hnh lc gic u. Cc ng truyn nhit to b mt truyn nhit
un si dung dch.
Bung bc: l 1 bung trng, y hi th c tch khi hn hp lng
hi ca dung dch si. Trong bung bc c b phn tch bt dng
tch nhng git lng do hi th mang theo.
B phn ph tr :thit b ngng t condensate CS, thp gii nhit cooling
tower.
1.1.8. Thit b lc a
Nhim v: y l thit b c nhim v lc to ra thnh phm v mt phn s dng
cho vic to mm thit b kt tinh.
Cu to: Gm trc rng v cc a quay trong thng huyn ph. a gm nhng tm
rng hnh qut ghp li vi nhau, mi tm l mt ngn rng c c l. Tm ni vi
trc bng on ng. Qua khng gian bn trong tm c ni lin v thng vi rnh
ca trc rng. Vi lc c cng trn b mt tm. H thng hot ng p sut chn
khng.
Nguyn l hot ng: Sn phm t bn cha phn li BS c bm qua h thng ra
kim trc khi a vo thit b lc a. Nh chn khng m nc lc trong thng
huyn ph chui qua vi lc vo bn trong cc tm qua on ng trung gian i vo rnh
ca trc rng n u phn phi ra ngoi. Cn sn phm bm trn vi lc s c tch
thu v sau em i ng bao.
1.2 Bng c tnh k thut mt s thit b
Tn thit
b

K hiu

Cc thng s ch yu

Nng sut

-V l : ngoi = 2456 ; D = 3772.

L hi

MECHMAR - Bung t : ngoi = 294 ;D = 2996 ; dy s = 18

- ng la: = 76/68; D = 3750. Dung tch 8300 lt.

28

10 T/h

- Nhin liu: than 30 T/ngy, l than dy xch balng hi.

- Chiu di thng L = 3795 ; ng knh phn tr
D = 1900; chiu di cn 1 l 837 ; chiu di cn 2
l 1145
My
nghin bi

MN

- Th tch thng = 3.85 m3

4.5 tn/ h

- Khi lng bi : M = 5 tn ; ng knh hai bi <

90.
- n = 1470 vng /pht; U = 380 V ; N = 37 kW
- =2285x6154,tole 10 ly, ng gia nhit =50/60
R123

Thit b
phn ng

- Ftn= 21.5m2 (22 vng xon d=1880),Vlv=12m3,

Plv=3-4kg/cm2, Tolv=135oC; n=20v/p

4h/m

- Thit b p lc, gia nhit bng hi nc bo ho

kiu v o.
R45

- =2400x3960; inox dy12mm, Vlv=14.5m3 ;

Plv=3-4kg/cm2, Tolv=135oC ; n=20v/p

Thit b
lng
Thit b
ra b
My lc
a

- =3900x5000; tole 10 ly ; Vlv=51m3; n=0.2v/p

W123

- =3900x5000; tole 10 ly ; Vlv=51m3; n=0.2v/p

W456

- =5000x5000; tole 10 ly ; Vlv=90m3; n=0.2v/p

LTP

- =1792x18000; Plv=500-650mmHg

3 tn/h

- =1360x7250, ng tun hon =500, ng truyn

E789

nhit =60x2000 dy 4mm (264 ng)

-Ftn=100m2, Vlv=5m3; Plvmax=5 kg/cm2

Thit b
c c

- =1360x7250, ng tun hon =440, ng truyn

E123, E456

nhit =53/60 (140 ng)

Ftn=41.5m2, Vlv=2.8m3; Plvmax=5 kg/cm2;

Thit b
pha long

60m3/ngy

- =2930x5350, tole 10ly, Vlv=36m3, n=20v/p

29

30-35
m3/ngy

CHNG 2: QUY NH VN HNH PHN XNG

2.1. Quy nh chung ca nh my
Thng xuyn theo di my mc, thit b b phn mnh m trch
Khng cc van bm b x, h.
My mc thit b hoc phn in b h hng phi bo co kp thi cho th bo tr
sa cha, ng thi bo trc ban hoc k thut.
m bo ng cc ch tiu k thut ca b phn mnh.
Giao nhn ca r rng.
Ghi nht k y cc s c trong ca.
V sinh sch s khu v mnh m trch.
2.2. Quy nh ring tng b phn
2.2.1. B phn nghin:
Chy b phn nghin:
Chy my nghin, sng phn cp.
Cung cp xt bn s 3 vo mng trn khi thit b tch ht qung chy.
Cho hot ng bng ti, b phn gait qung, cung cp qung cho my nghin.
Chy bm tch qung khi mng chy trn nay huyn ph sau khi nghin.
iu chnh lng xt v qung theo ng yu cu k thut.
Lu : Thi gian nghin ti thiu l 3 gi/4 tn qung v khng my nghin chy
khng ti hoc cho nhiu qung vo my nghin cng lc.
Dng b phn nghin:
Ngng cung cp qung cho my nghin.
Ngng cung cp xt t bn s 3.
Cho my nghin chy thm 5 pht ri dng.
Kho van y thit b tch qung ht khi thi gian ngng my ngn.
Kim tra my nghin, phn cp, thit b tch qung ht, bng ti, b phn gt
qung, bm van, ng ng c tnh trng tt.
2.2.2. B phn c c
Thng xuyn kim tra theo di my mc thit b, bm van, ng ng, p sut lm
vic ca thit b.
Bm xt s 3 phi hot ng lin tc, khi khng b sung xt vo cc bn pha liu th
cc h thng c c phi kha k cc van cung cp cho cc b phn ny v m van bn
s 3 gia nhit.

30

 Khng ch van nh vo n bo di lin tc sng. Khi n bo trn sng phi

kho ngay cc van ny trnh trn xt.
Ly mu kim tra nng trc khi p hoc bm v bn pha liu theo ng yu cu
k thut.
2.2.3. B phn phn ng
Kim tra ti lc , thng xuyn theo di cc van, ng ng, p sut lm vic ca
thit b, thi gian phn ng.
Khng ch lu lng bm t M-R theo ng yu cu k thut.
Khi m van hi nu R, ch c m van x hi ngng t khong 3 pht, khng c
m lin tc trong sut qu trnh nu.
iu chnh thi gian bm pha long (hoc lu lng khi h thng hot ng lin
tc) thch hp t nng pha long theo quy nh.
Ly mu kim tra nng theo yu cu k thut.
Nhc nh b phn kt tinh cho bt nng vo bn ng quy nh.
2.2.4. B phn kt tinh
M bm, khng ch van bn D cho bm D chy lin tc, khng nn m van bn D
ln v khng bn D trng.
Lc ht chn khng.
Phi nay kn np bn lc, bm ht hi lu dung dch qua lc vo bn D khong 15
pht.
Kim tra trong ca dung dch trc khi xung bn lc. Nu dung dch c hin
tng cn b phi ngng bm D, thi gian lng tip khong 30 pht, ng thi x
l b trong cc bm nu cn b nhiu.
Dung dch bm vo bn C phi m bo nhit t 58-65oC, thi gian lu dung
dch trong bn khong 80h.
Ti bn T:
Mi ca u kim tra x l b.
Cm tuyt i khng c x b T xung ng cng. Nu bm b khng ln
cn x y phi ni ng vo bn M, bm ln m, nu b t bm ln W, iu chnh van
nc cho qu trnh ra b.
2.2.5. B phn x b
Khi x b t W6 phi thng xuyn kim tra m c ca b. Khi long hoc ht
b phi lp tc ng van x y W6 ngng x b.
7 kg bt vo mi ngn (khi lng mi bao bt l 10 kg, c khong 20 bao bt
dung.
Trng hp vn chuyn b bng xe bn: s dng axt c trung ho n pH = 7.
31

 Trng hp x b ra mng:
M van y W5 nh khong 201/12 giy.
Khi x b phi kim tra mng.
2.2.6. Quy nh x bm x
Khi cn x cc bn T, W yu cu bt ng a b v bn cha trung gian BT sau
dung bm bm b ln bn thch hp:
Trng hp x cc T, b c bm v bn W1 (nu bn W1 nhiu th bm v
bn W2).
Trng hp x cc b W, b c bm v bn ra k tip.
Ring cc W trng hpb nhiu c th s dng 2 bm b d phng bm trc
tip b ln W k tip. Trc khi s dng hai bm ny cn kim tra h thng ng
ng, van, trnh bm tt.
Tt c cc qu trnh x bm b khc phc s c cn ghi chp y vo trong
nht k.

32

CHNG 3: KHC PHC S C V X L V SINH

3.1. Cc s c v cch khc phc
3.1.1. Trng hp thit b y
Khc phc:

ng van bn s 3 vo nghin, m van dung dch s 3 vo mng trn

Chy my nghin

Chy bm, iu chnh lu lng bm.

3.1.2. S c cp in
Khc phc:
Tt tt c cc cu dao, cng tc vn hnh ca phn xng trnh s c khi
c in tr li lm hng cc thit b, my mc.
Kho van y, kho van dung dch vo my trn.
My nghin vn hot ng nhng gim lu lng qung
3.1.3. S c do my nghin
Vt ti nguyn liu b gy, cc bi ca bnh rng truyn ng b v bi hay dy
cua-r b dn nh hng n s vng quay ca my.
Khc phc:
Trc vt hot ng khng tt phi dng my thay th v sa cha
Ngng my nghin.
Kho van thit b, tt bm.
Kho van dung dch 3 trn vo mng.
3.1.4. S c v bm
Do sc ph ca huyn ph lm a bm mau mn, bm ht t b nght.
Khc phc: m van, dng que st thng hay xt nc p sut cao.
3.1.5. S c v thit b gia nhit
ng truyn nhit b nght do dng lnh i vi tc nhanh trong khi kch thc
ng nh hoc c th do s kt tinh gy ra.
L ng thng gy r r dung dch.
Phn m mi ghp bch sau mt thi gian b h gy r r dung dch.

33

 Khc phc: dng acid v sinh ng ng trong trng hp ng b nght do

kt tinh; c lp thit b c hin tng r r v hn li nhng ch thng; kim tra mi
ghp bch thng xuyn, c bit l phn m ca bch phng trng hp r r.
3.1.6. S c v vi lc
Vi lc h thng lc sau thi gian s dng b nght do b ng nhiu.
Khc phc: ngng ly sn phm, tt h thng chn khng, git vi theo nh k
bng dung dch axt.
* Ngoi ra cc bm lin tc b hng (bm khng ln), cc ng ng b r r,
ng ng nght khi b phn cp qung ngng hot ng, qung lng c trong
ng (cn phi thng ng), vi lc b rch, nght
3.2. Cch x l v sinh
V sinh thit b lm cho khng c cn lng, rn cc trong thit b trnh nh
hng n nng sut thi b v ton nh my.
Trong phn xng nhm, qu trnh v sinh thit b thng c tin hnh theo
nh k hoc lc nng sut thit b b nh hng ng k.
Do s lng thit b thng c t 2 tr ln i vi mi loi thit b nn vic v
sinh hay sa cha c tin hnh lun phin gip t cn tr hoc ngt on quy trnh.
Cch v sinh:
Vic v sinh thit b theo hng lm sch thit b v gim thiu lng cht thi
ra mi trng: thng dng NaOH t bn 1, sau khi v sinh thit b a v bn
2 dng cho cc b phn khc (v d ra thit b gia nhit, v sinh thit b c
c) hoc hon lu cht ra (v d v sinh ng truyn nhit trong thit b gia
nhit trc phn ng cho bn 2).
No vt phn cn lng trong bn em x l li hoc thi b (nu khng ng
k).
To chn ng, rung ph b lp cn (thit b R).

34

PHN 4: KT LUN
Trong thi i cng nghip ha hin i ha ca th gii cng nh Vit Nam ni
ring, nn cng nghip ca nc ta v ang tng ngy t c nhiu thnh cng to
ln, a t nc ta ngy mt giu v p, ha nhp vo nn vn minh th gii hin
i. Nht l nghnh cng nghip ha ng vng c trn th trng trong nc v
dn c v th trn th trng cc nc. Nhiu nh my, cng ty pht trin khng
ngng. Trong c nh my Ha Cht Tn Bnh trc thuc cng ty Ha Cht C Bn
Min Nam c b cng nghip chng nhn t ISO 9001 v nh my chng t
bn lnh ca mnh trn th trng trong v ngoi nc.
Dy chuyn cng ngh ca nh my ngy c ci tin nhm p ng nhu cu sn
xut cng nh h gi thnh sn phm, nng cao tnh cnh tranh v kinh t. i ng cn
b, cng nhn vin chc c trnh tay ngh cao, tn ty vi cng vic. Cc sn phm
ca nh my c uy tn cht lng cao, c tiu th trong v ngoi nc.
Phng th nghim vi trang thit b y , hin i, khng gian rng ri thoi mi,
p ng c nhu cu phn tch cc sn phm, nguyn liu, bn sn phm trong nh
my v mt s ni khc gi n.
Ch i ng ca nh my i vi cn b, cng nhn vin rt chu o v n ngh
cho n an ton v sinh lao ng.
Khun vin ca nh my c trng nhiu cy xanh, xy h nui c, to dng mt
khng gian xanh, thn thin vi mi trng. Gip cn b, cng nhn vin c th th
gin sau nhng gi lm vic cng thng.
Lnh o ca nh my lun c tinh thn trch nhim cao trong cng vic, th hin
ng tc phong cng nghip ca con ngi trong thi k cng nghip ha hin i
ha.
Nh my c cc t in, sa cha t, thit blun bo tr thit b mt cch
thng xuyn v sa cha khi c s c xy ra.
Bn cnh nh my vn cn mt s vn cn phi lu : Trong khu vc sn
xut nh my cn nhiu ting n. Cc thit b my mc s dng lu nm nn ng
ng mt s ni b hoen, r. Mt s thit b ti phng th nghim c, nht l h thng
t ht v l nung hot ng rt km hiu qu.
Trong thi gian thc tp ti nh my, chng em c tip cn vi cng vic
thc t kt hp vi cc kin thc hc ti trng hon thin k nng ca mt
ngi phn tch. Chng em xin cm n ban lnh o nh my, cc c ch, anh ch
phng th nghim to iu kin gip chng em hon thnh chng trnh thc tp
trong thi gian va qua. Chng em mong rng trong thi gian ti y nh my s nhp
thm mt s trang thit b hin i phc v cho cng vic phn tch, kim tra mu

c nhanh chng, chnh xc hn na gp phn a thng hiu ca nh my khng

nhng trong nc, cc nc ln cn m n tt c cc nc trn th gii.

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]. Nh My Ha Cht Tn Bnh, Lch s hnh thnh nh my, Nh My Ha Cht
Tn Bnh, 2011.
[2]. Phng An Ton Mi Trng, Ni quy an ton lao ng phng chy cha chy,
Nh My Ha Cht Tn Bnh, 2011.
[3]. Phng Cng Ngh Thit B, Quy trnh cng ngh sn xut, Nh My Ha Cht
Tn Bnh, 2011.
[4]. T ha nghim, Cc ch tiu phn tch, Nh My Ha Cht Tn Bnh, 2011.
[5]. Nguyn Th Lng, Bi ging phn tch cc thnh phn qung Bauxite, trng
i Hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm TP. H Ch Minh, 2011.
[6]. Cc tc gi, Bi ging ha phn tch, trng i Hc Cng Nghip Thc Phm
TP. H Ch Minh, 2011.
[7]. Cc tc gi, Bi ging phn tch cng nghip 1, trng i Hc Cng Nghip
Thc Phm TP. H Ch Minh, 2011.
[8]. o Thanh Kh, C s ha hc qung Bauxite, trng i Hc Cng Nghip
Thc Phm TP. H Ch Minh, 2011.