Hiu bit c bn v thuc bo v thc vt

Thuc bo v thc vt (BVTV) hay nng dc l nhng cht c c ngun gc t t nhin hay ha cht tng hp c dng bo v cy trng v nng sn, chng li s ph hoi ca nhng sinh vt gy hi n ti nguyn thc vt. Nhng sinh vt gy hi chnh gm su hi, bnh hi, c di, chut v cc tc nhn khc. Thuc BVTV c chia thnh nhiu nhm da trn i tng sinh vt hi. - Thuc tr bnh - Thuc tr su - Thuc tr c - Thuc tr c Cc dng thuc BVTV Dng thuc Ch vit tt Nh du ND, EC Th d Tilt 250 ND, Basudin 40 EC, DC-Trons Plus 98.8 EC Bonanza 100 DD, Baythroid 5 SL, Glyphadex 360 AS Viappla 10 BTN, Vialphos 80 BHN, Copper-zinc 85 WP, Padan 95 SP Appencarb super 50 FL, Carban 50 SC Basudin 10 H, Regent 0.3 G Orthene 97 Pellet, Deadline 4% Pellet Karphos 2 D Ghi ch Thuc th lng, trong sut. D bt la chy n Ha tan u trong nc, khng cha cht ha sa Dng bt mn, phn tn trong nc thnh dung dch huyn ph Lc u trc khi s dng Ch yu ri vo t Ch yu ri vo t, lm b mi. Dng bt mn, khng tan trong nc, rc trc tip - Thuc tr nhn - Thuc tr tuyn trng - Thuc iu ha sinh trng - Thuc tr chut

Dung dch

DD, SL, L, AS BTN, BHN, WP, DF, WDG, SP HP, FL, SC H, G, GR P

Bt ha nc

Huyn ph Ht Vin

Thuc phun BR, D bt

ND: Nh Du, EC: Emulsifiable Concentrate.

DD: Dung Dch, SL: Solution, L: Liquid, AS: Aqueous Suspension. BTN: Bt Thm Nc, BHN: Bt Ha Nc, WP: Wettable Powder, DF: Dry Flowable, WDG: Water Dispersible Granule, SP: Soluble Powder. HP: huyn ph FL: Flowable Liquid, SC: Suspensive Concentrate. H: ht, G: granule, GR: granule. P: Pelleted (dng vin) BR: Bt rc, D: Dust. Cch tc ng ca thuc * Thuc tr su - Tip xc: thuc tc ng qua da. - V c: thuc tc ng qua ming. - Xng hi: thuc tc ng qua ng h hp. - Ni hp hay lu dn: thuc thm vo trong t bo v xm nhp vo h thng mch dn trong cy. Su chch ht hoc n phn v cy c phun thuc ri cht. - Thm su: Thuc thm vo m cy v dit nhng cn trng sng n di nhng phn phun thuc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s thuc c tnh xua ui hoc gy ngn n i vi cn trng. * Thuc tr bnh Tip xc: tiu dit nm bnh ni tip xc vi thuc v ngn chn s xm nhim tip tc ca nm bnh. Ni hp (lu dn): thuc xm nhp v chuyn v trong cy nhm tiu dit nm bnh nm su trong m cy, xa ni tip xc vi thuc. * Thuc tr c - Tip xc: thuc hy dit cc m cy c khi tip xc trc tip vi thuc. - Ni hp hay lu dn: thuc c cy c hp thu v di trong mch nha, chuyn n cc b phn khc lm thay i trng thi sinh hc ca c hoc git cht cy c. - Chn lc: dit c di nhng khng hi n nhm c khc hoc cy trng. - Khng chn lc: dit tt c cc loi c k c cy trng.

- Tin ny mm: Thuc c tc dng dit c trc khi ht c sp ny mm hay ngay khi c ang ny mm. iu kin thnh cng ca bin php ny l t phi bng phng, m . Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua r mm v l mm. - Hu ny mm sm: dit c t khi cy c ang mc v mc (c hai l tr li). - Hu ny mm: thuc c tc dng dit c sau khi c v cy trng mc. Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua l v mt phn qua r. K thut s dng thuc S dng theo 4 ng a. ng thuc: Cn c i tng dch hi cn dit tr v cy trng hoc nng sn cn c bo v chn ng loi thuc v dng thuc cn s dng. Vic xc nh tc nhn gy hi cn s tr gip ca cn b k thut bo v thc vt hoc khuyn nng. b. ng lc: Dng thuc khi sinh vt cn din hp v cc giai on d mn cm vi thuc, thi k su non, bnh chm xut hin, trc khi bng pht thnh dch. Phun tr s km hiu qu v khng kinh t. c. ng liu lng, nng : c k hng dn trn nhn thuc, m bo ng liu lng hoc nng pha long v lng nc cn thit cho mt n v din tch. Phun nng thp lm su hi quen thuc, hoc phun qu liu s gy ng c i vi cy trng v lm tng tnh chu ng, tnh khng thuc. d. ng cch: Ty vo dng thuc, c tnh thuc v nhng yu cu k thut cng nh ni xut hin dch hi m s dng cho ng cch. Nn phun thuc vo sng sm hoc chiu mt. Nu phun vo bui tra, do nhit cao, tia t ngoi nhiu lm thuc nhanh mt tc dng, thuc bc hi mnh d gy ng c cho ngi phun thuc. Nn i trn gi hoc ngang chiu gi. Nu phun ng xa nn i hai ngi c th cu gip nhau khi gp nn trong qu trnh phun thuc. Hn hp thuc L pha hai hay nhiu loi thuc nhm tr cng mt lc c nhiu dch hi. Tuy nhin cn lu cc im sau: Ch nn pha cc loi thuc theo s hng dn ghi trong nhn thuc, bng hng dn pha thuc hoc s hng dn ca cn b k thut bit r v c tnh ca thuc. Nn hn hp ti a hai loi thuc khc nhm gc ha hc, khc cch tc ng, hoc khc i tng phng tr trong cng mt bnh phun. Hn hp thuc nhm mt trong nhng mc ch sau:

M rng ph tc dng. S dng s tng tc c li. Hn ch s mt hiu lc nhanh ca mt s hot cht. Gia tng s an ton trong s dng. Tit kim cng lao ng, tng hiu qu kinh t.

Tuy nhin khi hn hp cn tun th theo khuyn co ca nh sn xut v c nhng hot cht khng th hn hp vi nhau. Khng phi hp thuc c tnh acid vi tnh kim. Hin nay c nhiu loi thuc c pha sn phn no p ng th hiu ca b con nng dn nh thuc tr c Butanil 55 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht : Propanil v Butachlor, Tilt super 300 ND c

hn hp t hai hot cht Propiconazole v Difennoconazole, Sumibass 75 EC c hn hp t hai hot cht Fenitrothion v Fenoburcarb.

GII THCH MT S THUT NG 1. Tn thuc - Tn thng mi: do Cng ty sn xut hoc phn phi thuc t ra phn bit sn phm gia Cng ty ny v Cng ty khc. Tn thng mi gm 3 phn: tn thuc, hm lng hot cht v dng thuc. Th d thuc tr su Basudin 10 H, trong Basudin l tn thuc, 10 l 10% hm lng hot cht v H l dng thuc ht. - Tn hot cht: l thnh phn ch yu trong thuc c tc dng tiu dit dch hi. Tn hot cht ca Basudin l Diazinon. - Ph gia: l nhng cht tr, khng mang tnh c c pha trn vo thuc to thnh dng thng phm gip cho vic s dng d dng. 2. Nng , liu lng - Nng : lng thuc cn dng pha long vi 1 n v th tch dung mi, thng l nc. (n v tnh l %, g hay cc thuc/s lt nc ca bnh phun). - Liu lng: lng thuc cn p dng cho 1 n v din tch (n v tnh l kg/ha, lt/ha ). 3. Dch hi: l nhng sinh vt, vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn, lm tht thu nng sut hoc lm gim phm cht nng sn. Cc loi dch hi thng thy l su, bnh, c di, chut, cua, c, tuyn trng, nhn 4. Ph tc ng: l nhiu loi dch hi khc nhau m loi thuc c th tc ng n. - Ph rng: thuc c th tr c nhiu dch hi trn nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. - Ph hp: (cn gi c tr) thuc tr c t i tng gy hi (mt loi thuc tr dch hi c tnh chn lc cng cao th ph tc ng cng hp). 5. Phng tr - Phng: ngn chn khng cho tc nhn gy hi xm nhp v pht trin trong cy trng. - Tr: bao vy, tiu dit cc tc nhn gy hi trc hoc sau khi chng xm nhp vo cy. 6. c

- LD50: Ch s biu th c cp tnh ca mt loi thuc BVTV i vi ng vt mu nng (n v tnh l mg cht c/Kg trng lng chut). Ch s LD50 chnh l lng cht c gy cht 50% s c th chut trong th nghim. LD50 cng thp th c cng cao. - LC50: c ca mt hot cht c trong khng kh hoc nc (n v tnh l mg cht c/th tch khng kh hoc nc). Ch s LC50 cng thp th c cng cao. - Ng c cp tnh: thuc xm nhp vo c th mt ln, gy nhim c tc thi biu hin bng nhng triu chng c trng. - Ng c mn tnh: khi thuc xm nhp vo c th vi liu lng nh, nhiu ln trong thi gian di, thuc s tch ly trong c th n mt lc no c th s suy yu, c nhng b phn trong c th b tn thng do tc ng ca thuc pht huy tc dng. 7. Tnh chng thuc ca sinh vt hi: l kh nng ca sinh vt hi chu ng c liu thuc c gy t vong cho cc c th khc trong chng qun. Cc yu t c th nh hng n tnh chng thuc ca su hi l: - Yu t di truyn (Kh nng c th truyn li cho th h sau). - Yu t sinh hc (h s sinh sn, s la trong nm). - Yu t sinh thi (iu kin kh hu, ngun dinh dng). - Yu t canh tc (phn bn, ging trng). - Yu t p lc s dng thuc trn chng qun (nng , liu lng, s ln phun trong cng mt v trng). a. C ch chng thuc ca su hi Ngi ta thy su hi c nhng phn ng chng thuc su: - Phn ng ln trnh: su khng n thc n c thuc hoc di chuyn xa. - Hn ch hp th cht c vo c th: lp da cha cutin s dy thm. - Phn ng chng chu sinh l v tch ly: cht c s tch ly m m, hoc ni t c cho c th, lm gim kh nng lin kt men ChE. vi cht c gc ln hoc cc- ba-mt hu c. - C ch gii c: cht c c chuyn ha thnh cht t c hn (DDT chuyn ha thnh DDE). b. Bin php ngn nga s pht trin hnh thnh tnh chng chu thuc ca su hi - Dng thuc hp l: hiu r sinh vt hi, p dng bin php bn ng. - p dng chin lc thay th: s dng tng nhm thuc cho tng vng, khu vc trong tng thi im ring. C k hoch kho st thuc mi thay th thuc c. - Dng thuc hn hp: hn hp thuc vi du thc vt hoc du khong s lm chm pht trin tnh khng thuc ca sinh vt hi.

- p dng IPM: pht trin quan im mi v s dng thuc trong IPM nh p dng thuc c ngun gc sinh hc, lun phin s dng thuc, thuc t c bo v thin ch. 8. Thi gian cch ly (PHI: PreHarvest Interval): l khong thi gian t khi phun thuc ln cui n khi thu hoch nng sn nhm m bo cho thuc bo v thc vt c thi gian phn hy n mc khng cn c th gy ra nhng tc ng xu n c th ca ngi v gia sc khi tiu th nng sn . 9. D lng: l lng cht c cn lu li trong nng sn hoc mi trng sau khi phun thuc BVTV. D lng c tnh g (microgram) hoc mg (miligram) lng cht c trong 1 kg nngbng sn hoc th tch khng kh, nc t Trng hp d lng qu nh, n v cn c tnh bng ppm (phn triu) hoc ppb (phn t). - MRL (Maximum Residue Limit): mc d lng ti a cho php lu tn trong nng sn m khng nh hng n sc khe con ngi, vt nui. - ADI (Acceptable Daily Intake): lng cht c chp nhn hp thu vo c th, khng gy hi cho ngi hoc vt nui trong 1 ngy, c tnh bng mg hay g hp cht c cho n v th trng. Theo PGS.TS. Trn Vn Hai (HCT)