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THE

ELEMENTS
OF

GREEK SYNTAX,
COMPILED

FOR THE USE OF HIS PUPILS,

BY THE

REV. WILLIAM

ALEXANDER OSBORNE,

M.A.

OF TRINITY COLLKGE, CAMBRIDGE,

AMD HEAD MASTER OF THE MACCLE5FULD FREE GRAMMAR SCHOOL.

DIVIDE ET IMPERA.'

MACCLESFIELD:
PRINTED BY
J.

SWINNERTON, MARKET PLACE.

^^

PREFACE.

Had

the old Eton

Grammar been
I

in use in the Macclesfield

Free Grammar School when

tership, in 1837, I

was appointed to its masshould probably have been contented to

its rules. But the by which I should have then been influenced, can scarcely be demanded for a work so comparatively new as Dr. Valpy's and it has appeared to me, after two years' experience, that the paucity of rules in the text, and the difFuseness of the notes, are alike puzzling to the young student, while the absence of any continuous arrangement renders the book less valuable to the more advanced scholar. This opinion has, on several occasions, been strengthened by those of Examiners, (men of the highest

continue

it,

with some few additions to

respect for old associations,

standing in both Universities,)

who have

stated their convic-

tion of the difficulty, not to say impossibility, of inculcating

a sound knowledge of Greek construction upon this basis.

I

have sought for a Grammar which might supply

;

this

deficiency, but with little success

this

works on subject, while professedly written for schools and colfor the better

leges, are generally too diffuse for the one,

and too meagre

for the other. for the use of

I have, therefore,

compiled

this short Treatise

my own scholars,

and, in so doing, I have de-

rived most valuable assistance from Edwards' Abridgment

IV

of Matthioe's Greek

Grammar, a work which

I

I
it

should have
as

adopted

in

my

School, had

not considered

much
is

too
too

copious for young minds and memories, as Valpy's

scanty and deficient.

Contrary to ordinary custom,

examples, that the a

have given but few

memory

of the pupil
(if it

may

not be over-

burdened, and that the work

hereafter should

grow

into

Grammar) may be

small in size, and cheap in price, two

great desiderata for elementary school-books.

Macclesfield, November, 1839.

SYNTAX,

ITHE ARTICLE.
1.

The
6

Article agrees with the

is

Noun

in

Gender,
is

Numspoken
is

ber,
of,

and Case, and

as

used when a particular object

;

iWoj, the horse

but
Tig,

is

omitted when the object

indefinite, as
2.

IWo? or tWoj

a horse,
is

The

Article with the Infinitive

used for a Substan&c.

tive in every case, as

To
3.

(^poveivf

understanding, row

(ppoviiv,

The

Article with the Participle

may be

construed as

the Relative with the Verb, as

01
4.
TTOiovvTsg

ravTu, those
jxsv

who do
and
.

this,

The
jt^si/,

Article with
the one,
6 hs,

Se is

used as a Pronoun, as

'O
5.

the other.

(1)

The

Article

is

often joined with an

Adverb or part of

a sentence, persons or things being understood, as

Oi TreXag, Neighbours;
01
TTsp]

ApyiloLiLov,
it

With a Genitive
To. nXoLToivos,

signifies

The companions of Archidamus, property and relation,

(2)
as

The works of Plato.

used in

(l)^The Article
^\0e, For' this

is

Homer

for the Demonstrative

Pronoun, as

yhp

man came; and

so also the Relative, in Plato

and

later writers, as

8' 05,

Said he.

(2)

This expression sometimes includes the person himself, as

ol irepl

Qpaffi'

$ov\ov, Thrasybulus with his companions.

6
II. THE
1.

ADJECTIVE.
its

The

Adjective agrees with

as

Substantive, in Gender,

Number, and Case,

2.

XpYjo-Tog uvY}p ea-Ti xoivov ayot^ov,

A good man is a public benefit. {V)

tfou

The The
V)

Adjective sometimes agrees in Gender w^ith a

word
3.

implied, as ^i\s rexvov, dear childf

being implied.

Adjective

is

often put in the Neuter

Gender,

when

in English the
TTpofji.YiSlri,

word " thing" would be

Prudence
is

supplied, as

Ho<pov

a sage

tiling,

4. Adjectives often

change the Substantive into a Genitive

Dcsplcable men.

Plural, as
01
5.
(pocuXoi Tcov oivQpMTTCJOv.

Substantives are sometimes (but rarely) used as

Ad-

jectives, as
TrjV

'EKKuloL ^mvyjv.

The Greek Language.

is

6.

The kind

or quality

sometimes used for the thing or

'HpoixXsiYj for 'HpaycKYig.
o^,

person, as
To xujcov for Kuxix, vice
7.
;

/3<^

with

Compound many others

Adjectives and Derivatives ending in

in Attic writers, are of

two terminations
morn appeared.
as

only, as
'E^avrj poSoSaxTuXoj *Ha)g.
8.

The

rosy-fingered

Comparatives used by themselves qualify the sense,

^pvQpoTspog,

" a

little

red."

Superlatives with

ouc

carry the

comparison as far as possible, as

'fig ra^ia-Toc,

as quick as possible.
as

9.
Toi

Neuter Adjectives are used

;

Adverbs, as

6^v,

quickly,
el-

xaXXKTTct, excellently

and Masculines and Feminines

;

liptically, as Ev&vg,

immediately
is

iS/a,

privately.

(Ij

But a Plural Adjective

in the

sometimes joined with a Dual Substantive;

and Substantives
or
Participle,

Feminine Dual are joined with a Masculine Adjective

rcb

as

TSvro)

^/xepo,

These

two

days.
in

fXen.J
the

In

the

Tragic writers, when a

she uses the Masculine
its

woman
Gender
;

speaks of herself

Plural

Number*

and so

also a chorus of

women, speaking by
-

leader, in the Singular, as \diroimL KeiOuv,

Hipp.

1119,

III. THE
1.

RELATIVE.
its

The

Relative agrees with

as
[xs Tifj^urs.

Antecedent, in Gender,
thank you for the honour

Number, and Person,

Xocpiv oI5a
Trig
Ttjotijj
f,

with which you honour me,

2.
is

The

Relative in Attic writers

is

attracted by, that

is,

used in the same case as the antecedent, as

XpMfjiui ^i^Kioig ol$
gp^o).

/ use

the books which

I have.

Or

the Antecedent

is

transferred to the

same part of the

sentence, as
OOtos
3.
e(TTiv ov

Keyeis uvSpconov,

This

is

the

man whom you mean.

is

Sometimes the Demonstrative Pronoun

el]u<),

used for the

Relative and
T)
4.

as
;

TovTo Xsysis

What

is

this

which you say

El<r)v 01 Aeyouc*.

Sometimes the Antecedent is understood, Some say. (1)

as

IV. APPOSITION.
Apposition
1.
is

employed

in three constructions

With two Substantives

Sia/Sacnj/

referring to the

same thing

in

the same case, as

Fefvpus,

tm

a-TpuTcp.

Bridges, a means of crossing

for the
2.

army.

'EjtAoj

With a Possessive Pronoun in the Genitive, as TOO Tukaivwpov ^ios. The life of me unhappy.
With a sentence
KTuvcopi^sv,

3.
'E\yriv

in the Accusative, as
AuttJjv

MsvsXsop

Trmpoiv.

(which killing would be) a

Let us kill Helen, pang to Menelaus. hitter

(1)
o'i

Hence we

find kurXv ore. soisetiaaes,

and thence even the anomalies iarh

J/^a^n^

and

i<Tr\v oirives.

v. CONSTRUCTION OF VERBS.
1.

The

tion passes

Active Voice is either Transitive, on to the object, as

ere,

vt^hen the ac-

TuTTTco

beat you

; is

Or Neuter when a
Tpe^oo,

simple action or affection

^oiipu),

signified, as

I run ;

I rejoice.

2. The Middle Voice is used vv^hen the action returns upon the agent, as Aouw, I wash ; Aouojooai, / wash myself; Alpao, I take up for another ; uipo[ji.uif for myself;

Or

w^here the subject causes the action, as

ovXa, Patithea caused arms to he made, (1)

JJoLvhicc lwoi)j(raTo

3. Transitive

Verbs only can correctly take a Passive

form.

VI. CONSTRUCTION OF CASES.

THE
1.

]S^OMINATIVE.
its

Verb agrees with

Xoo)cpoiTvi$

Nominative Case
Socrates said.

in

Number

and Person, as
sl-jre,

2.

Neuter Plurals take generally a Verb Singular,

l6^ot,v

as

rfupoi

Bdys

TTpYiyiJ^oLTu.

Circumstanccs happened
;

unexpectedly

Except when many living beings are signified, as The magistrates promised them. Ta TgA>) u7re<rp^ovTo auTOij.
3.

Nouns of multitude
To
ttA^Soj oTovra*.

in the Singular often take a

Verb

in the Plural, as

The people

think, (2)

(1)

Some
The

are

Deponent and use the form of the

Kr6.oyi.ai, iKT-fiOrju, KiKrrifiai.

1st Aorist

and Perfect

Passive in a middle sense, as

(2)

Plural

is

also

used with eKaffros and &\\os &\\o6U.

is

The Singular

by the Schema Pindaricurh.

used with

all

Genders, as 'AxctraT ofx^al fx\4wv.

The

notes of the melodies are sounding.

9
4.

The Nominative Dual

"Aixipoo gAsyov.

is

often joined with a

Verb

Plural, as

5.

Verb

in the

Both said. Dual follows a Plural Nominative, when

to, as
uBoop.

two persons or things only are referred

Xeifxxppoi
TvoTctiiol

(Tutx^uWiTQv

Two

mountaifi torrents

unite their waters.

THE GENITIVE.
l.'\.

The

Genitive

is

used with

all

Nouns and Verbs

to

express possession or quality, as

'O oTxoj Tou
2.
(Saa-iXsooc.

The

king^s house. (1)

The

Genitive will follow any Verb and also

the relation in

many Ad-

jectives,

signifying

which they are to be

e.

taken, and

may be
As

translated " with respect to," as

i.

ilc i^yz Tuyov^.

he icas affected with respect to speedy as quick as he was able.

3.

The

Genitive follows Verbs signifying, to abstain, to

ask, to attain, to begin, to buy, to

be careful or

careless, to

cease, to consider, to deliver, to deprive or depart from, to

desire, to
full, to

despise, to endeavour, to escape, to

forget, to neglect, to perceive, to

be empty or remember, to reunderstand, as

strain, to reverence, to separate, to spare, to

'Atts^siv Tivog,

So

also

from any thing. the Genitive follows Adjectives and Substantives

abstain
to,

To

corresponding

or derived from these

Verbs, as in the

senses of plenty, want, care, negligence, &c., as

"/ij5p<j xaxcuv.

Ignorant of

evil.

'OXiyoopix Tou Quvoctou.

11.
''

Contempt of death.

1.

The

Genitive

is

used after Comparatives when

Taller than me.

than"

is

expressed in English, as
Msil^cov e/xoy.

And hence

with words signifying, comparison, command,

obedience or resistance, government, superiority, as

'KyKpocTYji opyric.

Controlling his temper.

6 KdSpov,

(1)

And

hence by Ellipse, as NrjAeus

Neleus the son of Codrus.

10
2.

Hence

the Genitive
"A^iog

is

used with words implying cost

or value, as
TiixYig.

Worthy of honour,
is

III

1.

The

Genitive often signifies the cause, and

if evexa

used independently, (as

Aa.vci.thv Ks^oXctiixsvoi.

was to be supplied), as

This

is

particularly

Angry on account of the Greeks. the case with the Article and Infinitive.
is

(1)

2.

The

Genitive of the cause

also used after

Verbs of

accusing or condemning and the

Jiwxsiv riva
3.
<^6vou.

like, as

To prosecute a man for murder.

So Verbs of intreating take a Genitive of the motive

Aiara-Qixou

urged, as
as Zrivog.

intreat

you by Jupiter.

4.

The

Genitive of the cause follows a Substantive also, as

aKuTnai.

" Hp^g

Wanderings caused by Juno. (2)

is

IV

"

1.

The

Genitive

used partitively after

all

kinds

of words, as

2.

To such a pitch of folly. ravaged part of the land. Hence the Genitive is used to express any portion of
E\g TO(rouTo uMplocc.
ijidix;
TYiCj

yYjg.

He

time, placC) or measure, as

NuKToc Ku)

rjfjispac.

Night and day.

the left hand.

AoLioLg l\ %6^o^.

On

Or

is

used with Adverbs of time, place, and quantity, as

nXYiO-'iov 7VJV ciXXcjov.

Near

the others.

3.

The

Genitive follows Verbs implying participation,

communication, and enjoyment, as

'AiroKcivsiv tojv ayot^Mv.

To

enjoy the benefits.

4.

Hence

the Genitive follows Verbs denoting to gain or

to receive, as
"Et6')(^= tvjv oc^loov.
_

He

met with

his deserts.
Alas for

(1.)

Hence
:

the Genitive

is

used with Interjections, as'Tl

with the

tt/s rvxris,

the misfortune

or in Exclamations

Interjection suppressed, as T^5

avaiBiias.

(2

Oh the impudence ! Hence the Genitive follows Verbs

signifying to smell or to breathe, as

"Oj"*! fivpwv.

He

s?neUs of perfurnes.

11
5.

The

Genitive follows Verbs in the middle voice, sig-

nifying, to take or lay hold on, to let go, to miss, as

"EXa^sTo

TYji aiovog.

He

clung to the

pillar.

(1)
af-

The

Genitive

is

used with Verbs signifying the

fections or senses, as
'^lo-^avojota* ^o'pou.

I hear

noise.

But words denoting

an Accusative,
as

sight

and sometimes hearing

sees the light

will take

OpoL (paoj YjsXioio.

He

of the Sun.
is

VI
XctXaau

The

material of which anything

made

is

put in

the Genitive, as
TroieovTon
to.

(xytx\u,oiTu

kl^ov.

They make

their

images of brass or stone.

VII.
as

The Genitive
when
the

is

used absolutely with a Participle,

While

'Eu,ou 8iS(rxcvToc.

I am

teaching.
;

And sometimes
native also

the Dative and

Accusative

and the Nomie^ov, Ttapov, 8eov,

Verb

is

impersonal, as

VIII
'O vovg
Tuiv

The

Genitive

is

used after Verbs Passive with

or without a Preposition, as
VTTO Qivou

^KxpQslpsjcu.

The

intellect is

impaired hy wine.

<pl\cjov vixcujxevoj.

Conquered by his friends.

THE DATIVE.
I
1.

The Dative
is

usually denotes the object to or for

which any thing

TovTo

done, as

croi l8cop>j<ra.

I have given this

to

you. (2)

1)

But

if

the whole and the part are both expressed, the whole

is

put in

the Accusative and the part in the Genitive, as

'EA.ai8oi/To Trjs ^wvris Tht/'OpSvTTjv.

They

seized Orontes by the gird'e.

(2)

From

this sense

of reference to an object

is

derived the use of

as,

etfA,
fioi

virdpxu, ylyvojxai with a Dative, in the sense of the Latin liabeo^

Mereffrl

TovTov.

I have

a share in

thui.

12
2.

The Dative

is

used after Verbs signifying to

to meet, to

assist, to

benefit or injure, to

command,

obey or

resist, to

please or displease, to trust, to use, to yield, as

AuToip
3.
6 xYjpuxsaa-i xs\U(re.

But he

told the heralds. (1)

blame or reproach govern the Accusative of the subject, and the Dative of the object or perto

Verbs signifying

son, as
'E^riTiaav

rm

ti.

To blame any

one for any thing,

4.

Hence

all

fitness, friendship, likeness,

words implying convenience, ease, equality, pleasure and the contrary, and
or
relation,

in general

reference

are

construed

with a

Dative, as
0/Ao? T^
II.
TToAsi.

Well-disposed to the city

is

(2)

1.

The Dative

also

used for the Latin Ablative,

signifying the cause, instrument, or

XotXencag (pspco Tolg TrapoOcrj -npuy^oio-u

manner ofaction,

as

I am

vexed at the present

circumstances.
2.

Excess and deficiency of measure, and the time and

is

place at which any thing

done, are put in the Dative, as

KeipuXYJ l^sl^M^/.

head

taller.

III.

The Dative
1.

also follows

words signifying to follow

the ancients,

(coincide with), to contend with, or converse with, as

"Etioixoh Tolg TtoLXuioig.

I coincide with

IV
Ail

[xoi

Impersonal Verbs take a Dative of the object,

with either a Genitive of the subject or an Infinitive, as

(Toi

(^iXuiv.

You want friends.

It seems right to

Aoxsi

Ipuv ruuTu.

me

to

do these things,

2. But some Impersonals take an Accusative of the per-

son with an
TTpsTTsi,

Infinitive, as

8eT,

it

behoves,

lvSs;i^erai,

s^e(TTi,

7rpo(r^xn

and XP^^
XpYi

^^

(Ts TToislv.

You ought
Do

to act.

(1)

Verbs signifying to

assist, to benefit

or injure, govern also an Accusa-

tive, as Mi] vvv fipoTois

nlv ci^eAet.

not then aid mortals.

'A.Se\<f>h

(2)

But Adjectives of
Akin
to

likeness often govern a Genitive, as

said.

rwu

tlp-riixivcov.

what has been

18

Datives also follow Passive Verbs, as

iZsTTo/rjTat fioi.

have done

it.

THE ACCUSATIVE.
I

1.

The

Accusative follows Verbs Transitive, and de-

notes the object of an action, as

*Ayci7rSv tivol.

To

love

any

one.

2.

The

Accusative of the object follows Verbs signifying

as
this.

any feeling or emotion of the mind,

Tep<pQs)s TorJTo.

Delighted with

3.

Verbs signifying to admonish, to adjure, to ask, to

choose, to do or speak well or
off,
ill,

call, to

to hide, to

to put

on or

to take away, to teach, govern

make, two Accusathing.

tives, as

"ATTavTa
4.

(Ts 8jSafojtx,ai.

I will

teach

you every

Those Verbs which take a double Accusative

'E7ri=j|ut,evor

in the

Active take an Accusative also in the Passive, as

aXjc^v.

Clothed with valour.

5.

So

also Adjectives derived

from Active Verbs take an

Accusative, as

^s
II.

(^v^ifxog

ovh)s.

No

one can escape you.

Many

Verbs, even though Intransitive, admit an

Accusative of a cognate sense, as

Xotlpco

%apav.

rejoice with

a joy.

III

1.

The

Accusative follows Verbs signifying motion

Polynices came to the land.

to a place, as

^HxQs
2.

TIoXvvstKYj^

x^dva.
is

The

Accusative

also used in definitions of space

and

duration of time, as
IZoTajxoj TO sitpos TSTTupcav TrXsQpoov.

A river ^00 feet in breadth,

ten years.

^Eixax^^vTo

Uxx

evictvTouc.

They fought

14
IV
Ou;^

The

Accusative

is

used absolutely either with the

is

Participle
u/3ps

when

the opinion of any one

cJf

signified, as

Xeyoo rul,' aXX' exsTvov

Tra^ovra

vcuv.

But

because

(I

think) he

is

present with us.

2nd, in Apposition with a sentence, (page 8), or 3rd, at the beginning of a sentence, where xara might be supplied. (1)

Or

INTERJECTIONS
are joined with every Case of the Substantive, especially

the Genitive of the cause and the Dative of the object, as

Ot
fji.01

TMv

xocxaov.

Woe

is

me

for'

my

misfortunes,

ADVERBS
are often used as
Prepositions, and govern the

Genitive,

Dative, or Accusative, according to the relation which they

denote, as
XoLpiv yuvajxoj.
" Afj^u Toic kroiipoig.

For

the sake

of a woman,

Together with his companions,

Yes, by Juno,

NdH

TY}v"Hpotv,

GENERAL RULES FOR CONSTRUCTION.

I

The Nominative
ttsAoj
;

follows as well as precedes SubhfA),

stantive Verbs, as ylyvoixai,

ruy^avoo,

u^rapp^co,

forms, as xupw,
called, to

and Verbs denoting

to appear, to

and poetic be

*0

be chosen, to be thought, as The man seems well-behaved. avvjp <l>aivsTui sTrieix^s.

Infinitive, if the

This Rule holds good also after an

subject
is

same

referred to, as

Ueia-ca slvai Seo-TroT*)^

I will

prove that

I am

master.

(1)

Hence

the Adverbial use of the Accusative, as

/car' apxh'^,

At

the he-

ginning;

ii.pxhv, Atjirst.

15
II.

The

Infinitive is
6s\e, wish,

sometimes used
or
^iy.vr^a-o,

elliptically for

the Imperative,
derstood, as
A\\v a(,KTTs6iiv

remember, being un-

KM

uTTsipo^ov

sfxfjisvai

uKXoov.

Be always foremost
h(Tri

in valour
2.
gfeoTi

and

excel others.

The Infinitive is also used may be supplied, as

'fli
t-jtoc
SIM'S

absolutely where

or

sIttsTv.

So

to

speak,

'lis

/As/xv^(r5ai.

As far To

as

recollect.

Or

without
Ou
3.

coj,

as

TToXXcL Koyoo sIttsIv.

speak

briefly.

Infinitives with or

without an Article are used in the

place of the Latin gerunds and supines, as

Asysiv Ixavoj.
'I^slv ovx.

Capable of speaking.

ula^po.

Not unpleasing

to look at.

Ill
tive with

1.

Participles are used in the place of the Infinisignifying, to desist or persevere, or

Verbs

an affec-

tion of the mind, as

*Ayu%cov
2.
jx?

hdTsKii.

He continues

to love

me.

So Participles are used with Substantive Verbs and

where the Verb only adds an Adverbial sense
(Tou Qoivf/^ua-ag s^oo.

others,

to the

Participle, as
Tot Xoyov
"

I still

admire your argument.

EXah

TouTO tiowiv.
is

He
cro<$oj

did this privily.

But the Participle

XoDX-poufii

sometimes redundant, as
ouv.

Tvy^uvsi

Socrates

is

wise,

IV
as the

I. Verbal Adjectives in tso^ govern the same Case Verbs from which they are derived, and may be ex-

plained by hi with the Infinitive, as

'Eni^viJiYiTeov
Icrriv slprjVYjg

for

dsl iTTiSujxeTv.

Men

ought

to desire

peace.

Unless they are used Passively, as

06

(T^i TTspjoTTTs*) 6(7Tiv

r}

'EWoig.

by them.

(Herod.)

Greccc must not be overlooked

16
2.

Verbal

Substantives also take

the

Case

of their

themes, as
Tdv
(Toov
'

HpoLxKsl Ivipri^oLTwv.

Your

gifts to J^ercules,

CONSTRUCTION OF CONJUNCTIONS.
I

1.

Two

or

more Negatives strengthen the negaThe

other

tion, as
TaXXcx, ouSevj ovtoi^ri otJSa/xwj ovosf^lav Koivcovlav e^et.

things have no connexion with

2. Myi is

any

one,

any where,

in

any way. (1)

is

used and not

ov v^^henever

the sense

indefinite

or the truth of one proposition depends on that of the other, as

^0X6* QVK a^iov
elvai ?^v,
(h jOojSev

(xerep^g* a.-jrwv.

It seems that he

deserves not to live

who partakes
ou, is

not at all

of them.

(Plato.)

Hence

also

fti^,

not

used in prohibitions,

v^^ith

either the

Present Imperative or the Aorist Subjunctive.

3.

Ou

fj,v}

is

used for the Future, with the

1st

Aor. Subj.

Passive, or the

2nd Aor. Middle and Active.

II.

1.

"Av with the Indicative gives the force of a Sub2.

junctiv(\

With the Imperfect signifies frequency or With the Optative or Subjunctive implies a 4. Is used also with Infinitives and conditional meaning. may easily be resolved into the simple these where Participles
custom.
3.

Verb.
2.

Compounds of av
xv, OTroVav,
OTrco?

or Particles joined with

t^v,

it

most
olv,

fre-

quently take the

gTreiSav,

Subjunctive, as lav or
av, "npiv
civ, co^

eoog

sTreav,

av.

But these

also occasionally take the Optative, as also all Inav, as ttwj av,

terrogative Particles joined with

I wish

that,

&c.

III.

1.

El

is

used with the Indicative when the relation

(1)

Two

Negatives of the same kind sometimes cancel one another.


17
between the condition and
positive, as
its

consequence

is

actual and

El

ha-Tiv oixoj,

ovx

Snro^YjfjLsl.

If he

is

at home, he

is

not abroad.

Or

in actions

which are either past or passing,

tuvtu
eTruG-^ov,

as

El

^(Tuv ocycuQo), oux, civ

If

they were goody

they would not have been suffering these things. (1)

2.

El (and
is

oxrirep

oiv si)

is

used with the Optative when a

totally uncertain.

thing

merely possible or probable, but

is

Or when time
peated, as
E\

signified or a past action frequently re-

hTV')(piiv TKTi,

his(^svyov

uvrovq.

If they met with any^

is

they always avoided them.

3.

EI

is

used with the Subjunctive, when a question

asked, whether a thing should be, as

*

E^pyjcrTYipioc^ovTO,

si

uvsXcjot/tui

rot

ouvof/^ciTu.

They inquired if

they should adopt the names.

So 61, e yap, sTOe are used with the Optative for a wish, or when the wish relates to anything past with an Aorist or Imperfect Indicative.

IV.
sentence.

Foip,

8e,

and

jxsv

can never be placed

first

in

V.
are

Particles
is

of time,

Ittsj,

eTreiS^,

ore, ottots

are joined

with an Optative ;when a past action

is

spoken of; but they

compounded with
2. "Axpis

av

and take a Subjunctive ^when the

action

present or future.
o3, 60);,
jxep^pij

ov

take an Imperfect or Aorist

(1) El is used with a Present or

of, as positively
iffri.

Future Indicative when a thing

is

spoken

happening, as Et 8e TeAeuT^cet rhv

fiiov eS, oKfiios KeK\rja-6ai &^ios

is still

2.

With

the Indicative of a Past Tense where the consequence

present, as
Oij Ke Oav6vTi irep 5S' aKaxoifxriy

E(

/U6Tct

015

erdpoiai

ddfirf.

I should

not

now

grieve, if he

had been

slain.


18
Indicative^ when a past action lasted; only to a time already
past, as
nlvei
eoog e^epfjiYiv

auTov,

He

drinks

till

he has

warmed

himself.

They
3.

take an Optative after a past action, but a Subjunctive

after a present one.

np)v

is

similarly constructed, but takes an Infinitive

is

when a

future action
cog, ju,^,

only conceived in thought.

VI.I'/va,

(1)

and occasionally
after a

oTrcog

are used with

the Indicative of a past tense of actions which should have

happened/ but have not, or supposed to be past, as

Tl QUK Bpfi^* e/xauT^v

wish concerning something

onoog aTn^XXayyjv.

Wh2/ have

not

thrown myself down, that

I may

have been freed ?

They

are used also with the Future Indicative, expressing a

states that continues .or will

happen

at

an indefinite time; or

with an Aorist Subjunctive expressing a transient state at

once concluded.
2. "Ivu,
o(ppoc,

oTTMs

and

cog

take the Optative after Verbs

of past time, and the Subjunctive after Verbs of present and

future. (2)

VII 1. "On and cog are used with the Indicative Verbs signifying to know, or any affection of the mind,
FvooQi
OTi lycti ocKfi^Yi
Xsycjo.

after as

Know

that

I speak

the truth,

But they take an Optative with or without v whien a is quoted in a narrative and this is sometimes interchanged with an Infinitive by an Anacoluthon. (3)
2.

fact or statement

3. "fla-Ts is generally

sionally
(1)
(2)

followed by an by an Indicative or Optative.

Infinitive,

but occa-

M^ always signifies " whether" with the Indicative Present, When both are used, the Optative implies an action possible or
'6ti, fi^ '6ti,

desirable,
ix. 51.

the Subjunctive one depending on the will of the subject, as in Herod,

(3J oi/x

and ovx

'^irots

are used to express " not only" and " not

only not," as the Latin non modo,

stood.

ipca

or

Kfyu or some such word being under-

19

PREPOSITIONS,
I

Governing One Case only.

1.

Prepositions governing the Genitive.

Radical

sense.
for,

Usage.

Equivalent Latin.
pro.

in

equivalent to

instead
2. 'Atto

of.

removal

from,
after, (in time)
a, ab.

owing
by3. 'Ex

to,

selection

out
in

of,

or from,
of,

e, ex.

consequence

by, or through.
4.

Upo

priority, or

before,

coram or
of.

preference.
2.

on account

prae.

Prepositions governing the Dative only.

rest or

1.

'v

abiding,
2.

m, or among. by means of.

in with

abL

Xvv

accompaniment with,

cum.
of.

by means
3. Prepositions
1.

governing the Accusative only.

into, or to,
,

E\i'

motion

in with ace.

with respect
for,

to,

'

until, (with

time)

about, (with numerals.) *

'CIS is

used for

m with names of persons, as 'n$

^/le,

To me.

20
II

Governing Two Cases.

Usage,
1.

Case.

Radical Sense.
'AvoL

Latin.

Dative
(In the Poets only.)

on
continuance
up, through,

super, with
abl.

Accusative

per.

upon, or
against.
*

in,

at the rate of.

2. Ai^.

Genitive

throughout or
distance

through,
in,

per.

at a distance of.

before.

prae.

Accusative

throughout or through,
duration
3.

per.
of.

on account
Kar^. (1)
at,

propter.

Genitive

direction or

or against.

contra.
de.

downward mo- down from.

tion

Accusative

relation

according

to.

as respects.

secundum or quod attinet

ad.

agreeing with.

on account
in,

of.

during.

about.
4. 'Tiilp.

Genitive.
j

substitution

for,

or instead
of.

of.

pro;

or
1

on account
above,
over.

superiority

super.

Accusative

extension

over, or beyond.
against.

super or supra.
'<ivay

I)

Karh. is also used distributively like the Latin Singulus, as Kaff

One hy 9ne.

21
III
Case.

Governing Three Cases.

Usage.
Latin.

Badical meaning.
1. 'Ay.(^\.

Genitive

concerning
circuit

of,

or around.

de or

circa^

Dative
Accusative

about, around,

circa or de,

concerning.
position

about,

circum.

towards,
relating to.
2. 'Ett\.

Genitive

place or time.

to, or
at,
of,

towards,

ad.

or during, (1) or from.

connexion
Dative
subordination

with.
in presence of. in the

apud, or

coram.
penes.
pro.

power

of.

dependence.

on condition

of,

for the purpose of.

on acount
combination.
at, in

of.

addition to,

super,

against.

besides.

praeter.
in.

Accusative

motion or
position

to.

upon, against,
for, or

super.

about,

with regard to
3.

MsTot.

Genitive

connexion
or
participation

with.

cum.

Dative
(Only in the Poets.

among
after,

inter.

Accusative

post.

among.
(1)

Hence

arises the phrase,

irti

EvK\4iiov Hpxovros, In the archomkip of

Euclid.

22
Case.

Radical meaning
4
Jlotpoi.

Usage.

Latin.

Genitive

motion
presence
juxta-position

from,
at.

a,

ab.

Dative
Accusative

at or near.

cum, prope
praeter.

beside, towards
besides,

alongside

of.

comparison

otherwise than,

prae.

by means
5
.

of.

nsp).

Genitive

relation or

concerning,
about,
for,

de.

value

or

at.

Dative
Accusative

on, or about,
for.

ad, circa

super.

round about,
with regard
6
.

circum.

to.

npos.

Genitive

property
or

by, or from,

a or ex.

on account
against.
at,

of,

agency
Dative
Accusative
addition

or with,

ad.

to.

direction

to,

or toward,
of.

ad.

on account
agreeably
7. 'TTch.

to.

secundum.

Genitive

agency
inferiority

by, or from.

a, ab.

under,

sub.

accompanied with.
Dative
Accusative
the same as the Genitive.

proximity

under,
at.

sub with ace.

J.

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