I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM

PHT TRIN SN PHM MI

CHUYN :

PHT TRIN V THNG MI HA VI TO DA TRN LIPIT CHC NNG

HC VIN: Nguyn Vn Tun

Trn Th Thy Linh

NI DUNG
I. II. 1. 2.

M u Ni Dung Cng ngh sn xut Lipid vi to Thnh phn sinh khi ca vi to

3.
4.

Cc c tnh ca Lipid vi to
Tnh an ton ca phng php nghin cu vi to

5.
III. IV.

ng dng
Kt Lun Ti liu tham kho

I. M U

Vit Nam c trn 3200 km b bin vi mt ngun sinh vt bin nhit i rt a dng v phong ph v thnh phn loi v giu cc hp cht t nhin c th ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm, nng nghip, y dc.... Trong cc loi vi to bin l ngun sinh khi s cp quan trng trong chui thc n bin ng thi chng cng cha nhiu hp cht quan trng cho con ngi v ng vt nui nh: cc loi sc t, vitamin, khong cht, protein, cc loi axit bo khng bo ho... Vic sn xut ging cc i tng thu hi sn c gi tr kinh t pht trin mnh m, vn c t ra l tm kim nhng loi vi to bin mi c gi tr dinh dng cao ng thi c th sn xut thng mi n nh phc v nhu cu sn xut ging thu hi sn cng nh cc ng dng khc trong i sng ca con ngi l ht sc cn thit.

II. N I D UNG
1.

Cng ngh sn xut Lipid vi to Fermentation The integrated process Harvesting

Industrial production of microalgal lipids

Extraction and refining

Cell disruption

FERMENTATION

Labyrinthula, Schizochytrium loi vi to bin d dng mi, giu hm lng PUFA (Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid ) ch yu l EPA, DHA v DPA, cao hn chc ln so vi bt c mt loi vi sinh vt v to bin khc hin v ang c bit n Vit Nam (Hong Lan Anh v CS, 2005, Nguyn nh Hng v cs, 2007) cng mi ch c tin hnh nghin cu ti phng Cng ngh To, Vin Cng ngh sinh hc, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam t nm 2005. C. cohnii v Schizochytrium sp. c trng bng cch ln men d dng. S ln men d dng l c lp ca nh sng v xy ra phn ng sinh hc. Hn na li ch ca qu trnh ln men d dng bao gm nng sinh khi cao hn, kh nng ti gia tng v n gin quy m ca cc qu trnh ln men.

FERMENTATION

Cc DHA tim nng sn xut cng nghip ca cc vi to ch yu ph thuc vo vic la chn dng chnh cho sn lng axit bo, thnh phn, kh nng thch ng vi cc ni ln men. Khi vi to c nh gi cao mi trng ph thuc v tng hp cc acid bo, c bit l PUFA, chu nh hng bi nhiu thng s, nh tui ca vng, mn, thnh phn trung bnh, nhit v thng kh, mt qu trnh ln men hiu qu nn c thnh lp thng qua iu tra c h thng v nh hng ca iu kin dinh dng v mi trng khc nhau v s dng cc t bo khc nhau cao mt chin lc cho s pht trin v sn xut DHA ca vi to c la chn. Cc chng sn xut c th c chn cho s tng trng nhanh v mc cao ca sn xut ca cc loi du c th

FERMENTATION

Ngay khi khi u ca mt qu trnh sn xut, cc ng cha ring l t mt ngun ging s c s dng cy lc vo cc bnh nh mc. Cc phng tin c s dng pht trin C. cohnii v Schizochytrium sp. t bnh lc c em nui cy vi quy m sn xut c cha mt ngun carbon, ngun nit, mui v mt s vi cht dinh dng khc. Trong sut qu trnh ny, nng ca cc cht cha carbon, pH, nhit p lc, lung khng kh, ch rung lc v oxy ha tan thng xuyn theo di v kim sot. Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh ln men, cc sn phm s c chuyn qua bn d tr v c chun b cho vic thu hoch tip theo.

HARVESTING

Khu cui ca x l vi to giu DHA lin quan n mt hoc nhiu k thut tch rn lng. Khi kt thc qu trnh ln men, sinh khi c th cn phi c ngn cch vi mi trng nui cy qua ly tm, lng, lc hoc keo t. Ly tm: Ly tm thng c coi l phng php thu hoch a thch ca vi to. Mt my ly tm l mt phn ca thit b, ni chung thc y bi mt ng c, trong t mt i tng trong xoay quanh mt trc c nh, p dng v lc vung gc trc. Ly tm l mt qu trnh c lin quan n vic s dng lc lng hng tm cho vic tch cc hn hp, c s dng trong cng nghip v trong cc thit lp phng th nghim

HARVESTING

Lc :

Lc l mt hot ng c hc, c s dng cho vic tch cht rn ra khi cht lng trong mt dung mi, mt phng tin trong dng chy thng qua cc cht lng c th vt qua, nhng trong cc cht rn trong cht lng c gi li. Mc chia s ph thuc vo kch thc l chn lc v nng ca mi trng, cng nh cc c ch xy ra trong qu trnh lc.
Mng vi lc v siu lc c la chn thay th c th lc thng thng cho vic phc hi sinh khi microalgal(vi to). Vi lc c th thch hp cho vic phc hi ca cc t bo mng manh. Tuy nhin, sn xut quy m ln ca sinh khi to, cng ngh mng lc c th khng l mt qu trnh kh thi.

HARVESTING

Sy phun kh:

y l phng php ph bin c dng trong cng ngh thc phm, hi nc trong sn phm c thng qua qu trnh sy c tch ra khi sn phm v qu trnh sy kh t n c m mong mun. My sy phun c th lm kh mt sn phm rt nhanh chng so vi cc phng php khc sy kh thng thng khc. Nhit tng i cao l cn thit cho hot ng sy phun. Tuy nhin, nhit thit hi cho cc sn phm thng thng ch nh, do tc dng lm mt bay hi trong thi gian lm kh rt quan trng, v bi v thi gian tip theo ca vic tip xc vi nhit cao ca vt liu kh c th l rt ngn. Nhit b mt in hnh ca mt ht trong giai on lm kh khng i l tng i thp (45-50 C). V l do ny, n c th phun kh ng dng mt s to m khng ph hy cc sinh vt.

HARVESTING

Sy ng kh:

My ny c xy dng trn nguyn l p lnh v lm kh chn khng. Mt chu k sy gm ba giai on: lm lnh, lm kh v giai on chnh sy kh. iu kin vo my sy rt a dng thng qua cc chu k m bo rng cc kt qu mong mun sn phm c tnh cht vt l v ha hc, v s n nh cn t c.

CELL DISRUPTION

Mc tiu ca s ph v t bo l (a) ha tan s cht ti a ca sn phm hin din trong t bo trong khi duy tr ti u hot ng sinh hc, (b) trnh s thay i th cp ca sn phm v (c) hn ch cc tc ng c hi ca s gin on v vic x l cc bc tip theo.

Phng php la chn cho s ph v t bo quy m ln s khc nhau trong mi trng hp, nhng s ph thuc vo (a) tnh nhy cm ca cc t bo gin on, (b)n nh sn phm, (c)d dng khai thc t cc mnh vn t bo, (d)tc ca phng php v(e)chi ph ca phng php. Bt chp phng php khc, qu trnh thc hin phi c hiu qu v cc sn phm phi li trong mt hnh thc hot ng.

EXTRACTION AND REFINING

Cc phng php khai thc phi c tin hnh nhanh chng, hiu qu v nh nhng gim s xung cp ca cht bo microalgal(vi to). Cc dung mi chit xut nn khng tn km, d bay hi, khng c hp cht c hi, c th hnh thnh mt h thng hai pha vi nc, v d tch cc thnh phn khng mong mun.

Du tinh ch sau c ty trng, mt qu trnh m trong acid citric, silic hot tnh v t st ty trng c thm vo hp th bt k cn li vt liu cc v kim loi nng, v chng qu trnh oxy ha lipid. Tip theo, du c kh mi. Cc du kh mi l pha long vi du hng dng cao oleic mang li mc DHA mt chun cng nghip l 40%. Du sau c n nh bng cch thm cht chng oxy ha, ch yu l ascorbyl palmitate v tocopherols. Du cui cng l ng gi trong cc thng cha nit thanh lc v lu tr ng lnh cho n khi xut hng.

 T HE

INTEGRATED PROCESS

Thnh cng pht trin v thng mi ha cc vi to da trn lipid chc nng da vo hot ng p ng c hai v cn i mi. Thch thc thng thng l lm th no hot ng hiu qu trong hin ti trong khi cng c hiu qu i mi cho tng lai.

Mt v d ca mt qu trnh tch hp c a ra trong Hnh 10.2, trong cho thy hot ng ca n v chnh sn xut du to. Bin th khc nhau cho qu trnh ny c th hin c kh thi v s la chn thng l da trn chi ph (c vn v iu hnh), an ton, cht lng v tc .

2. THNH PHN SINH KHI CA VI TO

Table 10.3 Proximate compositions of Schizochytrium sp. and C. cohnii whole cell microalgae fermentation produced Kt quvia phn tch gn process ng thc hin trn vi to kh t cohnii

v Schizochytrium sp. c bo co trong Bng 10.3. Du th C. cohnii cht bo (40-66%) v protein (20-23%) l nhng thnh phn Parameter (%) sp. ch yu ca Schizochytrium vi to kh, vi s lng nh ca tro (~ 4,0%), cht x th (2,0-5,8%) Moisture 3.0 v m (~ 3,0%). DHA 2.7ni phn t, tnh theo trng lng kh, trong ton b t bo vi to t C. Ash cohnii v Schizochytrium 4.0 sp. bao gm 20,4-21,0% 3.9 ca cc t bo. Lipid lp thnh phn ca vi to kh t Schizochytrium Crude protein 20.0 chit xut lipid th t cc 23.1 sp. c xc nh bng t bo v ct phn on thnh cc thnh phn lp lipid khc nhau. TAG i Total lipids 66.0 chnh trong cht bo 40.0 din cho lp lipid phn th, chim 9092% ca tng s lipid th. S lng nh ca este sterol acid Crude fiber content 2.0 5.8 bo (0,4%), diacylglycerols (1%), sterol t do (1%) v cc axit bo t do (0,1%) c hin din trong phn lipid th phn lp basis) t Schizochytrium sp. Carotene- c xc nh DHA (dry weight 21.0 20.4 l hin ti carotenoid chnh trong lipid th.

3. CC C TNH CA LIPIT VI TO

DHASCO oil, sn xut bi Cng ty C phn Sinh hc Martek, c chit xut t bin cc microalgal loi C. cohnii. Sn phm cui cng cha khong 40% (w / w) DHA. l mt sn phm lng du, l mu vng cam trong mu do s khai thc hp tc ca cc sc t carotene. Sn phm cui cng cha khong TAG 95%, vi mt s diacylglycerols v vt cht khng x phng ha, nh l in hnh cho tt c cc loi du thc vt thc phm cp. Khong 45% ca DHA c trong du to c t v tr sn-2 ca cc phn t TAG (Myher et al. 1996). C cu TAG du to gn ging vi sa m, i vi s phn b v tr ca DHA trong TAG. Martin et al. (1993) bo co rng trong sa m khong 50-60% ca DHA l u tin este ha v tr sn-2 ca cc TAG. Nh vy, tiu ha v hp th DHA trong du to d kin s c tng t nh ca cht bo DHA trong sa m.

3. CC C TNH CA LIPIT VI TO

DHASCO-S oil l TAG du, chit xut t cc Schizochytrium sp., m l lm giu. Khong 40% (w / w) trong DHA. N c m t nh l mt mu vng vi nh sng mu da cam c cha du v ln hn 90% (w / w) ca cc TAG, vi mt s diacylglycerols, axit bo t do, carotenoids, squalene v phytosterol. Carotene-c xc nh l thnh phn carotenoid chnh ca phn lipid. Du cha nhiu axit bo, bao gm c EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) v DPA, cng nh DHA. Tuy nhin, DHA l PUFA c nhiu nht thnh phn ca du. Phn tch thnh phn ca cc thnh phn khc ca du so snh thun li vi cc in hnh thng mi du n c. Nhn chung, vic khai thc cn li l dung mi khng th pht hin, v khng c pht hin acid bo transt, d lng thuc tr su, hoc kim loi nng nh thy ngn, thch tn hoc ch.

4. TNH AN TON KHI NGHIN CU V LIPIT VI TO

Nhiu nghin cu an ton c thc hin vi cc loi du giu DHA t to v C. cohnii v Schizochytrium sp. Nhng nghin cu ny c thc hin theo hng dn an ton ca FDA v thng c a ra ph hp vi quy nh ca FDA thc hnh tt phng th nghim. DHASCO oil t C. cohnii tri qua cc nghin cu an ton rng ln ng vt v c chng minh l khng c c tnh cp tnh khi c dng liu ti a c th (20 g / kg trng lng c th) chut (Boswell v cng s nm 1996.). S an ton ca DHATM-S t Schizochytrium sp. c da trn s an ton ca cc sinh vt ngun, s an ton ca cc thnh phn du ha tan trong cc ngun sinh vt, tc l cc axit bo v cc thnh phn sterol, v mt pic ca cc nghin cu c tnh c in thc hin trn to.

5. ng dng

Cng thc cho tr s sinh:

Marteks oil c s dng trong cng thc tr s sinh t nm 1994 v n nay n c c tnh trn 24 triu tr em, trong c hn 500 000 tr sinh non, c cng thc n cho tr s sinh c cha life'sDHATM. Hin nay, du life'sDHA c cp php v bn cho 24 nh sn xut sa bt tr em, m i din cho hn 70% th trng bn bun trn ton th gii cng thc tr s sinh.
Nhiu nghin cu xem xt tc dng ca DHA b sung v chc nng th gic tr thng v thiu thng. Birch et al. (2002) pht hin ra rng tr s sinh c b m v sau cai sa cng thc c b sung DHA v ARA (arachidonic acid) cho thy th lc trng thnh hn so vi nhng tr b sa m cai sa cng thc khng b sung.

5. ng dng

Trong mt nghin cu khc, Uauy et al. (1990) ghi nhn tc dng tch cc ca DHA v chc nng vng mc v th lc tr sinh non. Do s pht trin nhanh chng ca b no v mt ca h, v t l tng trng nhanh chng v th cht, tr thiu thng c nhu cu cao cho DHA v ARA. Ngoi ra, tr sinh non c chng minh l c nguy c ln hn cho thm ht thn kinh, chng hn nh khuyt tt hc tp, cc vn x hi / hnh vi v ch s thng minh thp hn. V bi v h c h thng enzyme km pht trin, kh nng sn xut hiu qu DHA v ARA t cc axit bo tin thn l c hn. Cng c mt s nghin cu so snh cng thc tr s sinh thng xuyn cng thc c b sung DHA v ARA l c hiu lc ca h pht trin tm thn. Mt nghin cu cho thy tr s sinh non c cho n-DHA v ARA-b sung chng minh cng thc ci tin pht trin th gic v tinh thn khi so snh vi tr s sinh n khng b sung cng thc (O'Connor et al. 2001).

5. ng dng

B sung dinh dng v thc phm chc nng:

Khi ngi tiu dng nhn thc v DHA pht trin, do , hin nng tip th ca n. Ngi tiu dng c mt s thch mnh m i vi thc phm c ngun gc t nhin hn. S thch ny chuyn thnh nhu cu gia tng i vi thc phm c cha thnh phn t nhin. Trong thc t, 93% ngi tiu dng M c kho st tin rng mt s thc phm c li cho sc khe m i vt ra ngoi dinh dng tt v chng cha cc thnh phn c th tr gip c th ngn nga hoc cha bnh (Hi ng Thng tin Lng thc Quc t 2002). Nh vy, omega-3 DHA tip tc c cng nhn l mt thnh phn t nhin.

5. ng dng

Mt trong nhng ng dng ca DHA giu du trong sn phm thc phm c th s dng du microencapsulated. Microencapsulation cung cp bo v chng li qu trnh oxy ha du v truyn t s n nh oxy ha. Do , du to lm giu DHA c th c microencapsulated thnh mt sn phm bt l tng i n nh cho vic lu tr nhit mi trng xung quanh. Du to c th c tp trung trong cc hnh thc ca cc TAG, nh cc axit bo t do, hoc l este alkyl n gin. Hu ht cc sn phm du to c bn dng TAG. Thc phm tim nng ng c vin tng hp DHA giu du to bao gm sa chua, ph mai, thanh dinh dng, bnh nng v mt s ng dng khc.

5. ng dng

Thc n chn nui:

Vi to c th c a vo thc n ca nhiu loi ng vt khc nhau, t c cho vt nui v ng vt trang tri. Trong thc t, 30% vic sn xut to hin nay trn th gii c bn cho cc ng dng thc n ng vt. Nhiu nghin cu an ton chng minh s ph hp ca sinh khi to l mt thc n b sung. Vi to cng c s dng trong thc n ng vt khc. V d, vi to nh Spirulina, Chlorella, Haematococcus v Phaeodactylum khng ch cung cp dinh dng cho ng vt nh g, nhng carotenoid ca h l nhng ngun cung ca cc sc t cho lng trng

5. ng dng

Thc n nui trng thy sn:

Vi to ng vai tr quan trng trong chn nui ng vt di nc nh c, tm v ng vt thn mm (v d nh hu, s ip, con trai) v l mi quan tm ln cho nui trng thy sn. Chng c th c s dng trong thc n nui trng thy sn nh sng cho tt c cc giai on sinh trng ca ng vt thn mm hai mnh v, cho u trng / u giai on pht trin ca bo ng, gip xc v mt s loi c, v cho ng vt ph du s dng trong chui thc n nui trng thy sn.

5. ng dng

Thc n nui trng thy sn:

Vi to l mt ngun thc phm quan trng v ph gia thc n trong nui thng mi ca nhiu loi ng vt thy sn, c bit l u trng v ng vt thn mm hai mnh v ca nh, u trng tm penaeid v cc sinh vt thc n ti sng nh lun trng. Tm quan trng ca to trong nui trng thy sn l khng ng ngc nhin nh to l ngun thc n t nhin ca nhng con vt ny. Mc d mt s la chn thay th cho to tn ti, chng hn nh nm men v thc n microencapsulated, to sng vn l tt nht v l ngun thc phm a thch.

5. ng dng

Thc n nui trng thy sn:

Kh khn ln v sn xut microalgal nui trng thu sn l chi ph. Cc cng ngh mi ang c pht trin gim nhng chi ph ny. Phng php mi tp trung, bo qun cc loi to c yu cu cho php khi lng ln hn ca to c trng, tp trung, vn chuyn n cc tri ging, lm gim chi ph sn xut v cung cp mt ngun cung cp ng tin cy hn ca to. Hn na, mt s hiu bit tt hn v sinh l to v nh hng ca iu kin vng nui trng v thnh phn ha hc v gi tr dinh dng ca to l rt quan trng cho ngnh cng nghip nui trng thy sn.

III. KT LUN

Gi tr dinh dng ca vi to l rt ln.

Nhiu nghin cu c cng nhn v tnh an ton cng nh gi tr chc nng ca vi to. Cc quy trnh cng ngh sn xut vi to dn c hon thin. Cc sn phm thu c t vi to dn c ng dng rng ri trong i sng. l mt ngun thc phm ca tng lai.

Cn tip tc nghin cu ci tin thm cc qu trnh sn xut cng nh phng php gim ti thiu chi ph.

IV.TI LIU THAM KHO

Functional Food Product Development Edited by Jim Smith and Edward Charter Prince Edward Island Food Technology Centre Charlottetown, Canada. Nghin cu, sn xut v ng dng axit bo khng bo ho a ni i (PUFA) t vi to bin d dng Schizochytrium sp. trong nui trng thu sn Lun vn thc s - Hong S Nam. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17120926

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S02732300019 1459X