CHNG 13

PHNG PHP IN KHI LNG V PHNG PHP O IN LNG

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 1

NI DUNG CHNH
I. PHNG PHP IN KHI LNG II. S LC V PHNG PHP O IN LNG (c)

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

PP IN KHI LNG (1LT + 1BT)

1. NGUYN TC 2. NH LUT C BN CA QU TRNH IN PHN 3. QU TH 4. K THUT THC NGHIM & NG DNG
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 3

1. NGUYN TC

Thuc nhm phng php i in phn: s in phn lm bin i ton b cu t kho st t dng oxy ha thnh dng kh v ngc li. nh lng Mn+ trong dung dch. Tch kim loi ra khi hn hp cc kim loi khc.
4

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

1. NGUYN TC
Chn

cp in cc tr (Pt), p t hiu in th ph hp. SP dng rn (kim loi bm vo cathod, oxid kim loi anode). Cn in cc trc v sau khi in phn hm lng kim loi trong mu ban u.
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 5

1. NGUYN TC
Nu DD c 2 hay nhiu cu t, c th nhn: Nhng kim loi bm ln lt trn catod Kim loi catod v oxid kim loi anod
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 6

2. nh lut c bn ca qu trnh in phn

nh lut Faraday: Khi lng cht thot ra khi in cc t l cng dng in I v thi gian in phn t (lng in chy qua DD).

Lng in chy qua DD nh nhau trn in cc s thot ra lng vt cht tng ng nhau.
7

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

2. nh lut c bn ca qu trnh in phn

m(g): khi lng cht thot ra in cc Q = I.t (coulomb) l in lng ti qua bnh in phn. : ng lng gam cht kho st (g)

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 8

2. nh lut c bn ca qu trnh in phn

96500 s Faraday: lng in cn thit 1 ng lng gam cht kho st phng in trn in cc:

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

3. Qu th

L khong th p t thm qu trnh in phn xy ra vi cng dng I mong mun.

I E EC Kh2
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

Kh1

Ox1

ECB2 ECB1 Ox2

EA

E
10

3. Qu th
Nguyn nhn c qu th : Do bnh in phn c in tr trong R lm gim th theo nh lut Ohm. Qu th do phn cc nng . Qu th do phng in chm ti b mt ca in cc qu th hot ha.

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

11

Qu th R
Nu

bnh in phn c R s tt th theo nh lut Ohm.

p t thm mt khong th b tr:

R = R.I (V)
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

I(A): cng dng in phn R(): tng in tr trong ca bnh in phn.

12

Qu th R
NGUYN NHN C R: S tng in tr ca lp DD st b mt in cc do nng cu t gim (tham gia p in ha).
L p

sn phm bm ln b mt cn tr p in ha tip theo xy ra to ra in tr.

13

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

Qu th e(nng )
Do s thay i nng hoc s thay i dng hp cht cu t vng st in cc. Gia hai cc hnh thnh nguyn t galvanic to pin c sc in ng ngc chiu vi dng mch ngoi. Nu C xut hin ch do chnh lch nng gy ra bi b mt in cc vi nng trong lng dung dch khuy trn tt s lm C = 0.

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 14

Qu th hot ha
NGUYN NHN: Do hin tng phng in chm, qu th hot ha e ph thuc: Nhit , bn cht, thnh phn dung dch in phn (e (phc) > e dng khc). Bn cht v hnh dng ca in cc. e(Hg) > e(Pt). e(nhn) > e(g gh) (c nhiu tm hot ng).
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 15

Qu th hot ha
kin lm vic ca in cc: e ph thuc mt dng IS: e tng theo IS Dng sn phm sinh ra trn b mt in cc: e(rn) < e(lng) < e (kh)
iu
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 16

4. K THUT THC NGHIM & NG DNG

4.1. Thit b in phn 4.2. iu kin in phn 4.3. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh in phn 4.4. Cc bin php lm tng chn lc ca qu trnh in phn 4.5. ng dng
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 17

4.1. Thit b in phn

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 18

Pin (Acquy) V

S thit b in phn E const

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 19

R1

R2 A V

S thit b in phn I const

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

20

4.1. THIT B IN PHN

in

cc: thng l Pt (dng xon hay li) in cc bn ngoi l: Catod: nu sn phm thu c l kim loi Anod: nu sn phm l oxid kim loi
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 21

4.2. iu kin in phn

E

c nh, I thay i I c nh, E thay i Bi v, khi in phn bt u: ng dng th anod bn phi ng dng th catod bn tri
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 22

4.2. iu kin in phn

E

c nh, I thay i:
E

E
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 23

4.2. iu kin in phn

ng dng: DD c nhiu cu t cng phng in trn mt in cc. u im: tinh khit ca sn phm rt cao Nhc im: Tn thi gian (do I gim)
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 24

4.2. iu kin in phn

I

c nh, E thay i:
E2 E1 E

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

25

4.2. iu kin in phn

ng dng: ng dng th ca cu t chnh v cu t ph cch xa nhau. u im: Thi gian tch ngn.

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

26

4.2. iu kin in phn

D

tin hnh iu kin E const hay I const; ta cng phi tnh E p t ban u ngn cn cc cu t nhiu phng in cng cu t chnh. Tnh ton E p t da vo ng dng th cc in cc.
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 27

4.2. iu kin in phn

VD: in phn DD Cu2+ trong mi trng acid vi [Cu2+] = 0,1M v [H+] = 1M. in cc Pt c din tch S = 100cm2/1 in cc. Lc bt u in phn c I = 1A, in tr trong ca DD in phn R = 0,5. Tnh E p t.

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

28

 Vi

dung mi nc, c p in ha:

E0(Cu2+/Cu) = +0,34V E0(O2/H2O) = +1,3V

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

E0(2H+/H2) = 0 V

29

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

30

I E
0,3V 1,3V H2 2H+ Cu Cu2+ H2O O2

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

31

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

32

4.3. Cc yu t nh hng
YU CU IN CC: Tr vi DD kho st v vi dng ta Bn vi nhit D loi cht bn bm ln C Sbmt ln gim sai s khi cn, gim thi gian in phn thng dng in cc Pt li
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 33

4.3. Cc yu t nh hng
QU TH: Loi C bng khuy DD.
e:

lu (O2) v (H2)

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

34

4.3. Cc yu t nh hng
MT DNG: IS = I/S (A/cm2) gy nh hng: e tng theo IS IS nh: ta mn, bm khng cht IS ln: ta th, d ri Thng chn IS: 0,005 0,050 A/cm2
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 35

4.3. Cc yu t nh hng
DUNG DCH IN PHN: Dng hp cht khi in phn Nhit in phn iu kin khuy trn nh hng ca cu t l
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 36

Dng hp cht khi in phn

Thng dng: mui nitrat hoc sulfat (Cl2 gy nh hng in cc). Khng ch H2 to thnh m bng p Thm mui nitrat cht n (cht kh cc) khng ch H+ phng in trn catod

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

37

Nhit in phn
Tng

nhit :

Tng tc di chuyn cu t Gim e: tng 10C, e gim 30mV

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 38

iu kin khuy trn

Khuy

trn tt: Gim C Tng tc di chuyn cu t n in cc ui kh khi DD

39

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

nh hng ca cu t l
I E A (chnh)
H2 2H+

B (ph)
[A] < 10-6M m B bt u phng in A c xem l tch hon ton
40

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

nh hng ca cu t l
pH:

gy nh hng n ng dng th H+ H2 Loi B (nhiu): dch chuyn ng dng th ra xa cu t chnh To ta To phc

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 41

4.4. Cc bin php lm tng chn lc ca qu trnh in phn

Di

ng dng th ca cu t nhiu: To ta, to phc Dng keo hp ph Nng pH in phn kim loi kho st di dng phc ca NH3.
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 42

4.4. Cc bin php lm tng chn lc ca qu trnh in phn

Thc

hin qu trnh phng in ca ion kim loi trn anod to oxid kim loi in phn vi catod thy ngn: Hg c th to hn hng vi rt nhiu kim loi m nu dng Pt lm in cc th khng th tch c ng dng tch khong vt, qung, hp kim,
GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 43

4.5. ng dng

Phng php in phn c chnh xc cao (sai s 0,1 0,2%). phn tch hn hp nhiu cht m khng cn tch chng ta khi nhau.
44

Dng

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

4.5. ng dng
NHC IM: ng dng cho mt t nguyn t. Hm lng cu t kho st phi ln. Thi gian phn tch di.

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

45

PHNG PHP O IN LNG (C)

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 46

PHNG PHP O IN LNG

1. Nguyn tc 2. Phn loi 3. ng dng

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

47

1. Nguyn tc
Da vo vic o in lng tiu tn cho qu trnh oxi ha hay kh (iu kin: hiu sut dng t 100%) xc nh hm lng cu t kho st. Da vo nh lut Faraday:

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

Q. I.t. m= = 96500 96500

48

2. Phn loi
C 2 PPPT o in lng: PP o trc tip in lng (dng nh lut Faraday tnh)
PP

chun in lng

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

49

PP o trc tip in lng

Lng in chy qua DD phn tch cng chnh l lng in chy qua my o. Lng in tiu th cho p in ha c xc nh bng: B phn tch dng My o Coulomb Tnh ton trc tip
50

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK)

PP chun in lng
Cht cn phn tch s tc dng vi lng thuc th xc nh sinh ra t bnh in phn. Tnh lng in tiu tn cho qu trnh in phn to thuc th. S L ca cht kho st = s L ca thuc th hm lng cht kho st.

GV: Trn T Phng Tho BM Ha L (HBK) 51