=

0
0 rad

30

6
1
2
3
2

45

60

2
2

3
2

2
2

1
2

3
3

90

2
1
0

(-)=
(-)= -

1 :
qq
F = k 1 22
Coulomb:
r
F
:
E=
q
Coulomb: E = k

Q
r

:
Qq
U =k
r
:

VA =

U A WA
=
q
q

Q
Coulomb: VA = k
r
: VAB =

WA B
q

Coulomb:
1 1
VAB = kQ
r1 r2

C=

Q
V

: C = 0
:
QV
CV 2
U=
,
U=
,
2
2

U=

S
l

Q2
2C

2 :
q
I=
:
t
1 Kirchhoff: ( ) = ( ) = 0

2 Kirchhoff: (V)=0
:

R=

V
I

V
R = .
R

A
R=
:
S
Ohm: I =

 :
:

= 0 (1 + )
R = R0 (1 + )

:
V = V1 + V2 +"
:
I = I1 = I 2 = "
R = R1 + R2 +"
:

: E =

W
,
q

E=

P
I

Ohm : I =
:

V = E Ir

I = I1 + I 2 +"
V = V1 = V2 = "

I =

1
1
1
= +
+"
R R1 R2

: a =

: W = VIt
:
W = I 2 Rt
V2
W=
t
R
W
: P = , P = VI
t
:
P = I 2R
V2
P=
R

3 :
:
2I
B = k
r

:
2 I
2 I
B = k
: B = k
N
r
r
:
:

B = k 4 = k 4 nI
A
B
N
: B = = k 2 I
A
2
Laplace:

Joule: Q = I 2 Rt

FL = BI A

...: B =

FL
A

: =

E
R + r

r
P
P

a% = a.100% =

P
P

:
B = k 4
A
:

= S

(Faraday):

E =

: I =

=
R
Rt

Newmann: Q = I t =

N
t

4 :
N 1
: f = =
t T

2
: = = 2 f =
t

...
( t0=0 =0 >0 )
: = 0 t
= 0 t
0 = 0

a = a0 t
a0 = 2 0

: T = 2

m
D

(: - D=k)
1
:
K = m 2
2
1
: U = D 2
2
:
:
K max =

ET = K + U = .
ET = K max = U max

1
1
m02 U max = D 02
2
2

:
mg
D=
A
A
T = 2
g

D = m 2

F = ma F = m 2 0 t

F = m 2
F = D ( )

1 :

oyle ( ):
PV=. =.
Charles ( ):
P
= . V = .
T
Gay-Lussac ( ):
V
= . P =
T
:

PV=nRT

P=

1 Nm 2
3 V

= 2 =
= 2 =

3R
M

3
m

2 :
:

1 :

W=P.V
3
U = nRT
2
Q=U+W

W = nRT ln

:
3
5
5
CV = R , Cp = R , =
2
2
3
V
V

Q=W
:
:

Q=U=nCV
W=P(V-V)=nR(T-)
Q=nCP
Q=U+ P(V-V)

A :

Q=0
PV = .
W = U
PV PaVa
W=
1

U=0
Q=W
CP=CV +R

CP
CV

3 :
:
qq
qq
qq
U = Kc 1 2 + Kc 1 3 + Kc 2 3
r1,2
r1,3
r2,3

:
Q Qc
Q
W
e=
,
,
e= h
e = 1 c
Qh
Qh
Qh

: 1 = 2 d

Qh

Tc
Th

ec = 1

Tc
Th

.
:
x:

x = 0
x = 0 t

y:

F=Eq
V
E=
d
F Eq Vq
y = =
=
m m dm
y = ayt

...
. :
F=Eq
F Eq
= =
m m
=t
1
x = at 2
2

2d
: t =
d
a

Qc

Carnot :

y=

1 2
ayt
2

t1 =

L
0

L .
:
y1 =

1
1 Vq L
a y t12 =

2
2 dm 0

4 :

:
1x = 0
1 y = a y t =

1 = +
2
1x

Lorentz: F = B q

Vq L
dm 0
2
1y

VqL
= +

dm0

...

2
0

.
F=0 ,

1x
VqL
=
1 y dm02

y=

. :

2
F =B q =m
R
m
R=
Bq

Vq
x2
2dm02

T=

2 m
Bq

m
:
,
R=
Bq
T=
= =

2 m
Bq
2 m
Bq

5 :
(Faraday): E =

t
...:
E = L

:
R:

1
: E = L2
2

p = i = i 2 R
W
T
2
P = V =
R
P=

E =

:
= V t V = N = 2 f =

:
= V t ,
i = I t I =
:

I =

V
R

2
V

V =

Joule:

Q = I 2 Rt

i
t

: M = N 2 0 n1 A
:

Ea = L

i
t

: L = 0

: U =

2
A
l

1 2
LI
2