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Abs
pro
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pap
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by
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SIM

Key
ma
load

1.

usin
cur
equ
rad
Dep
stat
dur
wea
ann
wh
and
abo
As
for
con
adj
loa
the
par
bat
con
Sol
DC
bat
ERFORM
MAXIMU
stract: A simple
oposed for MPP
matic condition
per proposes a
h battery bac
ctricity in rura
ing to its simp
per also discus
erage irradiance
ermine, how ou
changes in s
ivering power
ckup. The role
ickly, maximu
interrupted pow
rformance is an
lure in solar p
hout battery
MULINK.
ywords: Solar
ximum power
ds, Lithium-ion
INTROD
Solar power i
ng photovoltai
rrent using the
uatorial sun be
diant energy fr
partment main
tions, which m
ration of sunsh
ather is exper
nual global rad
hich is compara
d sub-tropical r
out 6,000 millio
solar energy i
agriculture
nventional ene
usts and distri
ad and system
charge and di
rt of the solar
ttery control
ntrollers.
lar Power Supp
C-DC Voltage
ttery banks. Us
MANCE EV
UM POW
D.V.N. A
e and cost effect
PT from the pho
ns (Irradiance w
n energy syste
kup as a sma
l areas. The pr
plicity, ease of
sses about the
e cases are pres
utput power an
olar irradianc
to both AC
e of MPPT al
um utilization
wer supply whe
nalyzed with an
power how th
backup were
photovoltaic,
point tracking,
n battery.
DUCTION:
is the conversi
ic (PV), which
photoelectric
elt of the earth
rom the sun [
ntains a natio
measure solar
hine [5]. In mo
rienced 250 to
diation varies
able with radia
regions. The e
on GWh of ene
is available ab
and low p
ergy is scares
butes the pow
equipment, es
scharge of the
power system
of the solar
ply System is c
-stabilization.
sing MPPT fu
VALUATI
WER TRAC
ANANTH, V
tive control tech
otovoltaic array
w/m
2
of the pho
m combing sol
all-scale altern
roposed system
control and r
in detail resul
sented and anal
nd other quantit
ce. In this, th
and DC load
gorithm is to
of solar po
n solar power f
nd without MPP
he system resp
evaluated us
buck-boost dc
, solar irradian
ion of sunlight
h converts lig
effect. India is
h; thereby rece
[3].The India
onwide networ
radiation, and
ost parts of Ind
o 300 days a
from 1600 to
ation received
equivalent ene
ergy per year [
bundant in natu
power applic
s. Solar PV
er to ensure th
specially the m
battery. Contro
ms. The efficien
power system
controlled by u
It is not bo
unction the sys
ION OF S
CKING A
VITAM Colle
hnique has been
y under varying
otovoltaic). Thi
lar photovoltai
ative source o
is an attractiv
reliability. Th
lts for low and
lyzed in order to
ties are affected
he solar cell i
ds with battery
charge battery
ower and also
fails. The system
PT algorithm, i
ponds with and
sing MATLAB
c-dc converter
nce, AC and DC
into electricity
ht into electri
s located in th
eiving abundan
Meteorologica
rk of radiation
d also the daily
dia, clear sunny
year [4]. Th
2200 kWh/m
2
in the tropica
rgy potential i
2,3].
ure, be utilized
cations wher
power system
he safety of th
management o
oller is the cor
ncy, reliability
ms are up to
using MPPT fo
ound with th
stem can freely
SOLAR PH
LGORITH

ge of Enginee

n
g
is
ic
of
ve
e
d
o
d
is
y
y
o
m
if
d
B/
r,
C
y
c
e
nt
al
n
y
y
e
2
,
al
is
d
e
m
e
of
e
y,
o
or
e
y
search t
output
tempera
intellige
used wi
PWM c
easier,
former
float ch
banks.
converte
capacito
fluctuat
or 12kW
In this
source o
back-up
load an
power p
used to
2.
The PV
34KW i
series R
RL (sen
The bat
power b
adopted
converte
photovo
array, a
which
designe
in the fi
Fig 1: Blo
and DC L

In any a
solar ch
HOTOVO
HM WITH
ering, Visakh
the max power
voltages and
ature compensa
ent selection o
ith appropriate
control to opti
and has about
has 60-80% e
harge and tem
The electrical
ed into storage
or system (E
tions [6-9]. Sev
W battery backu
paper a PV
of power to th
p energy sourc
nd DC motor. A
point tracking (
extract maxim
PROPOSED
V module with
is designed to
RL load of 10K
nsitive) load of
ttery bank is L
backup when
d in this pap
er which funct
oltaic (PV) cel
and converts th
is more suita
ed to drive. The
igure 1.
ock diagram rep
Loads
applications wi
harge controlle
OLTAIC S
H BATTE
hapatnam, Ind
r point of sola
d conduct bul
ation to the ba
of energies so t
e proportion in
imize the pow
t 95% operatio
efficiency, and
mperature comp
l energy deliv
e energy using
ECS) which
veral batteries
up systems.
array generati
he DC load wh
ce. The DC lo
A simple and
(MPPT) contro
mum power from
D SYSTEM
280Vdc under
supply constan
KW and 100Va
f 16KW and 8
Lithium-Ion of
solar cell fail
per is a high
tions as an opt
ll, most comm
he power to a
able to whate
e block diagram
presentation of
ith PV module
er is used to c
SYSTEM U
ERY BACK
dia
ar array. It can
lk & float c
attery banks. It
that the battery
n due time. Co
wer utilization,
onal efficiency
d cant condu
pensation to t
vered by the P
g battery bank
meets the d
can be stacke
ing system is
hile the battery
oad encompas
cost effective
ol with dc-dc c
m the PV array
r normal cond
nt AC and DC
ar at 220Vdc, A
800Var at 400V
150V 8000mA
ls. The MPPT
efficiency D
timal electrical
monly for a sola
voltage or cu
ever load the
m of the system
PV-battery syst
e is energy sou
correct for de
USING
KUP
n set up the
charge and
t can make
y energy is
ompared to
, MPPT is
y, whereas
uct bulk &
the battery
PV is easy
k or energy
daily load
ed for 6kW
the major
y is used as
sses of RL
maximum
converter is
y.
ditions with
C loads, DC
AC parallel
Vph-ph ac.
Ah, used as
T algorithm
DC to DC
l load for a
ar panel or
urrent level
system is
m is shown

tem with AC
urce, MPPT
tecting the
978-1-4673-1935-5/12/$31.00 2012 IEEE
var
and
The
sou
pro
is p
the
from
con
bat
a f
pow

Sol
pow
gen
soli
are
sur
elec
gen
the
any
from
clo
pow

Fig
diod

The
giv
V
oc
The
exp
I
d
=
Wh
Q =
A =
K =
T =
The
I=I
V
0
=
P
in
=
Wh
P
mp

riations in the
d shown by P-
e diode allows
urce to load.
ovide smooth d
provided to op
case if there
m PV cell is u
nsists of a batt
ttery from bein
full charge. A
wer is still avai
lar cell with
wer technolog
nerally several
id-state physic
a p-n diode w
rface. The cell
ctricity. Nume
nerate required
pv instal- MP
y solar power
m PV module
se to maximum
wer.
2. Equivalent
de and ground l
e open circuit v
ven by the equa
c
=V+I R
sh
-
e diode current
pression:
I
D
jc
qcc
AKT
- 1[
here I
d
= the sa
= electron char
= curve-tting
= Boltzmann co
= temperature o
e load current i
I
L
-I
D
jc
q
cc

AKT
-1
=
t
cn

1
V in vo
=VI= V
0
I

= V
o
here P
pv
=
I

in
ppt
= I
2
R=[
I
D

2
R
current-voltag
-V and I-V cur
s only unidirec
The inductor
direct current, I
perate the syste
is no load or
used to charge
tery charger; d
ng charged whe
dump load m
ilable after full
MPPT algori
gy uses sem
l square centim
cs point of view
with the junctio
l converts the
erous cells are
d power. Unlik
PPT solar char
systems need
; it forces PV
m power point
electrical circu
leakage current
voltage of the e
ation
------(1)
t is given by th
in amps -----(2
aturation curren
rge = 1.6 10
constant
onstant = 1.38
on absolute sca
is therefore giv
1[-
v
cc
R
sh
in amp
olts
o
P
pv
in watts
n watts
R= P
pv
2
R in wa
ge characteristi
rve (Fig 3a & 3
ctional current
near the sou
IGBT with des
em as per the r
r lesser load, t
e the battery. T
diode which is
en the charger
may be require
ly charging the
ithm: The pho
miconductor c
meters in size
w, the cell is b
on positioned c
sunlight into
e assembled in
ke the dynamic
ge controller i
d to extract ma
module to ope
t to draw maxi
uit of pv modul
ts.
equivalent pv m
he classical dio
2)
nt of the diode
19 Coulombs
1023 Joule/
ale K
ven by the expr
ps ----(3)
-----(4)
-----(5)
-----(6)
atts --(7)
cs of solar cel
3b).
flow from PV
urce is used to
sired gate puls
requirement. In
the total powe
The batter bank
to prevent th
is opened afte
ed, if excessiv
e battery.
otovoltaic (PV
cells (wafers)
[1]. From th
basically a larg
close to the top
o direct curren
n a module to
c wind turbine
is necessary fo
aximum powe
erate at voltag
imum availabl

le, showing the
module is
de current
/K
ression:
ll
V
o
e
n
er
k
e
er
e
V)
),
e
e
p
nt
o
e,
or
er
e
e
e
Pmppt i
and Pp
depends
expressi
as the ir
(Ppv an
same du

The pho
PV cell
=
c
soIar
Obviou
power w
MPPT s
with a
battery
Traditio
as a wh
inverter
differen
this arc
below th
Normal
voltage
Voltage
Power:
Solar P
voltage.
charging
The pow
output (
P/ Ps
As a res
solar ill
efficien
power in
3.
The phy
diode w
When t
photon
material
junction
potentia
and circ
cell is th
about 1
cell are
is output powe
pv gives outpu
s on output c
ion
q
AkT
, an
rradiance chan
nd Pmpp) pres
uty cycle value
oto conversion
is dened as th
cIcctrIc powcr out
r powcr ImpIngIng
sly, the higher
we get under a
solar charge co
higher voltag
system.
onal Solar Inve
hole. In such sy
r, flows though
nt panels have
chitecture mea
heir MPPT, res
l Solar Charg
is a little high
e: Uch=280V,
Pch=34*KW.
Panel working
. Battery Ch
g and 8000mA
wer solar cell (
(Pb)=12.07kW
=Ps Pb
sult of differen
lumination int
ncy of solar cha
ncrease rate is
SIMULATIO
ysical of PV ce
with a pn juncti
the junction a
is transferred
l, creating cha
n. The charge
al gradient, ge
culate as curren
he basic buildi
W of power.
connected in
er (watts) outpu
ut power from
current (I) an
n ideality factor
nges, it can be
sent the same
es.
n efficiency o
he following [
tput
g thc ccII
*100%
r the efficienc
given illumina
ontroller allow
ge output tha
erters perform M
ystems the sam
h all panels in
different IV cu
ans some pan
sulting in the l
ge Controller
her than battery
Charge Curren
voltage is a m
harge Voltage
AH.
(Ps) is more tha
W under normal
/ Ps64.5%
nt manufacture
tensity, differe
arge controller
64.5%.
ON ANALYS
ell is very simi
ion formed by
absorbs light,
d to the electro
arge carriers th
carriers in the
et accelerated
nt through an e
ing of the PV p
To obtain hig
series and par
ut from MPPT
m solar cell a
nd duty cycle
r most likely i
seen that both
maximum poi
r effective pow
1]:
% ---(8)
cy, the higher
ation.
s users to use P
an operating v
MPPT for an e
me current, dicta
n the string. B
urves, i.e. diffe
nels will be p
oss of energy.
: Solar Pane
y voltage. If So
nt Ich= 60A, th
much higher th
: Ub=150V
an power of ba
conditions.
of solar panel
nt temperature
r and so on. Th
SIS:
lar to that of th
y semiconducto
the energy of
on-proton syst
hat are separ
e junction regio
under the ele
external circuit
power system i
gh power, num
rallel circuits
T algorithm
and which
(D). The
is a change
h functions
ints for the
wer of the
the output
PV module
voltage of
entire array
ated by the
But because
erent MPPs
performing
el working
olar Charge
hen Charge
han battery
with 50%
attery
ls, different
e, different
he effective
he classical
or material.
f absorbed
tem of the
rated at the
on create a
ectric field,
t. The solar
it produces
merous such
on a panel
(mo
mo
com
The
rep
vs.
V)
diff
Fig3
irra

Fig
irra

The
wit
MA
Fig
of
sup
resp
pho
can
alre
the
dist
as d
Sol
2.5
13.
inc
sola
the
usin
out
Fig
vary

odule), The so
odules electri
mbination to g
e electrical cha
presented by th
power (P-V)
characteristic
fferent solar illu
3a: Shows P-V c
adiation
g3b: Shows I-V
adiation
e variation in
th time variat
ATLAB. The
g.4, is strongly
solar irradian
pplied to the
ponse of the
otovoltaic syst
n be troubleso
eady scheduled
case of unpre
tribution netw
described in [1
lar irradiation v
3] and magnit
75] is shown
reasing and de
ar rays intens
solar cell out
ng MPPT alg
tput voltage an
g4: Shows solar
rying solar irrad
olar array or p
ically conne
generate the r
aracteristics of
he current vs. v
curves. Figs. a
cs of the us
umination inten
characteristics o
characteristics
electric power
tion in solar
power produc
dependent on
nce lead to fl
distribution
e system, as
ems connected
ome for the p
d the load for
edictable varia
orks prediction
5].
varies with tim
tude as [13.75
in figure 4. T
ecreasing can b
sity from morn
tput also chan
gorithm and c
nd/ or power ne
r output power, c
diation considere
panel is a grou
ected in
equired curren
f the PV modul
voltage (I-V) a
and show the
ed photovolta
nsities.
of solar cell with
of solar cell with
r and voltage
irradiance is
ed by the sys
solar irradianc
fluctuations of
network. The
ssuming high
d to the distrib
producer of en
the time of pe
ations of powe
n algorithms m
me in seconds a
27.5 41.25 55.
The variation
be considered
ning to evenin
nges according
apacitor at lo
early constant.
current and volt
ed in this paper
up of a severa
series-paralle
nt and voltage
le are generally
and the curren
e (I- V) and (P
aic module a

h constant

h constant
from solar cel
studied using
stem, shown in
ce. Fluctuation
f active powe
e unpredictabl
h densities o
bution network
nergy that ha
eak demand. In
er quantities in
must be utilized
as [0 0.5 1 1.5 2
.00 41.25 27.50
in the form o
as disparity o
ng. Due to this
gly, but we ar
oad, makes th
tage with
al
el
e.
y
nt
P-
at
ll
g
n
ns
er
e
of
k,
as
n
n
d
2
0
of
of
s,
e
e

With th
current
figure4.
The pr
implem
voltage
referenc
techniqu
predeter
current
obtain M
Fig5a: c

Fig5b: M

The PV
34Kw i
load of
(sensitiv
energy
pollutio
current,
Fig 4. I
increasi
after ma
construc
Fig 6.
In this
above c
with ch
optimiz
using M
will imp
extractio
(watts) t
he changes in t
(middle) and
.
roposed MPPT
ment is as show
output from P
ce saw tooth w
ue proposed
rmined relation
and the open
MPPT at any o
control algorithm
MPPT algorithm
V module with
is designed to
f 10Kw and
ve) load of 16K
is never con
on and many f
, thereby powe
Initially the so
ing and decrea
aintained const
ction of the sy
method, dc/dc
control method
hanges in so
zed to get max
MPPT algorithm
prove the outp
on from solar
to duty cycle (
the irradiation
voltage (botto
T algorithm
wn in fig5b. T
PV cell. This vo
waveform volta
in this wo
nship between
circuit voltag
operating condi
m for the system
m proposed in the
280Vdc under
supply a const
100Var at 22
Kw and 800Va
nstant in a da
factors. There
er is varying w
olar irradiation
ased to same
tant for remain
ystem using M
c converter is
d, where the d
olar irradiation
ximum efficien
m. Thus optima
put power, thu
cell. The relat
(%) is in Fig 5c
, the output po
om) are as sho
is simple and
The multimeter
oltage is compa
age of 250V. T
ork makes u
n the operating
ge/short circuit
itions.
m under conside
e paper
r normal cond
tant loads, DC
20Vdc, AC p
ar at 400Vph-p
ay, varies wit
fore PV sourc
ith irradiation
n is 13.75kWh/
value at 3 sec
ning simulation
MATLAB is as
controlled by
duty cycle will
n, so output
ncy compared
al selection of
us maximizing
tionship of out
c.
ower (top),
own in the
d easy to
r reads the
ared with a
The MPPT
use of a
voltage or
current to

eration

ditions with
C series RL
arallel RL
ph ac. Solar
th climate,
ce voltage,
of sunlight
/m2 and is
conds then
n time. The
s shown in
y using the
l be varied
power is
to without
f duty cycle
the power
tput power
Fig5



Fig

Ca
app
tho
inte
sam
Fig
to d

5c: duty cycle v
g 6: PV module w
ase 1a: In th
plying MPPT
ough the circu
ervals, due to
me way, thereb
g 7: shows the cu
disparity in solar
vs. output power
with battery bac
his case influe
algorithm is s
uit is increasin
the fact that s
y, the output p
urrent through t
r irradiation wit
r of solar cell
ckup for AC and
ence of the s
studied. The c
ng and decreas
olar irradiance
power is also va
the solar power,
thout MPPT alg

d DC load
system withou
current flowing
sing at regula
e is varying th
arying.

, variation is due
gorithm.

ut
g
ar
e
e
Fig 8: cu
algorithm

In this
supply.
diminut
Therefo
constan
Fig 9a:
algorith

The wav
on the t
16Kw b
variatio
wavefor
taken at
Fig 9b: Z
MPPT a

The AC
400Vph
urrent and volta
m
the DC load
The variation
tive impact on
ore power to
nt.
current and v
hm
veform for AC
top and voltag
base values w
on in input.
rms of Fig 9a
t 3.9 seconds ti
Zoomed view of
algorithm
C load wave f
h-ph at 50Hz su
age near DC loa
is getting nea
n in solar irr
n both DC and
both DC and
voltage at AC l
C load was sho
ge (pu) on bott
which are alm
The zoomed
a at AC load w
ill 8 cycles, is s
f current and vo
form is mainta
upply.
ad without MPP
arly 45A with
radiation is ha
d AC loads as
d AC loads
load without M
own in Fig 9, c
tom with 400V
most constant,
d current an
without MPPT
shown in Fig 9
oltage at AC load
ained nearly c

PT
h 230V dc
aving very
s in Fig 8.
are nearly
MPPT
current (pu)
Vph-ph and
even with
nd voltage
T algorithm
9b.

d without
constant of

Fig

The
this
from
hav
rap
Als
util
Fig
algo

The
ind
MP
slop
cur
and
and
Ca
oth
circ
Fig
Fig

Wi
cha
cur
g 10: Battery cur
e Lithium-Ion
s case, we did
m battery var
ving both posit
pid charging an
so we can say
lized, battery is
g 11: Battery SO
orithm
e output of b
dicates charging
PPT algorithm,
pe) to supply
rrent (middle)
d vice-versa af
d voltage (botto
ase 1b: In the
her parameters
cuit power flow
g 5.
g 12: current out
ith MPPT techn
anged from 56A
rrent extraction
rrent without MP
battery curren
d not apply M
ries from -90A
tive and negati
nd discharging.
that the solar
s also deliverin
OC %, current an
attery is show
g and discharg
, battery is also
constant pow
is decreasing
fter 2s and nea
om) is nearly c
system consid
were as is ta
w is constraine
tput from solar
nique, the curr
A (Fig 7) to 28
n from solar cel
MPPT algorithm
nt flow is show
MPPT algorithm
A to 50A. Th
ve waveforms,

cell output is
ng supply.
nd voltage witho
wn in Fig 11,
ging rate, In th
o getting discha
er to DC and
as solar curren
arly constant c
constant at 230V
dered, the solar
aken as in prev
ed with MPPT
cell with MPPT
rent through th
80A (Fig 12). T
ll has improved

wn in Fig 10. In
m. The curren
e waveform i
, which implie
not effectively

out MPPT
% SOC (top
his case withou
arged (negativ
AC load. Th
nt is increasing
current after 3
Vdc.
irradiation and
vious case, bu
algorithm as in
T algorithm
he solar cell ha
This shows tha
d 5times.
n
nt
s
s
y
p)
ut
e
e
g
s
d
ut
n
as
at
Fig 13: s
condition

The sol
same w
voltage
increasi
current
Fig 14: c
condition

The out
MPPT a
voltage
solar ce
Fig 15: Z
normal c

The clo
voltage
Fig 16: c
solar cell output
ns with MPPT a
lar irradiation
way as is show
(volts) is in
ing. As load
(amps) is decr
current and volt
ns with MPPT a
tput AC load
algorithm is sh
and current fro
ell power.
Zoomed view of
conditions with
ose-up view o
in pu. With M
current and volt
t power, current
algorithm
is increasing
wn in the Fig
ncreasing, outp
is a constant
reasing in steps
tage near AC lo
algorithm
current(top) a
hown in Fig 1
om 1.05 to 1.1
f current and vo
MPPT algorith
of output AC
MPPT algorithm
tage at DC load
t and voltage un
insteps and re
13 with MPPT
tput power (w
t power load,
s.
oad under norma
and voltage in
14. The small i
5 pu is due to
oltage near AC lo
m
loads current
m is shown in F
d with MPPT alg

nder normal
educed the
T. So solar
watts) also
, therefore

al
n pu. With
increase in
increase in

load under
t (top) and
Fig 15.

gorithm

The
alg
vol
in i
Fig
algo

In
Com
in
%S
disc
alg
PV
(so
to
obs
tim
but
0A
Fig
3.5
The
Fig
circ
pro
e output DC l
orithm is show
ltage (V) arte
input supply.
g 17: Battery SO
orithm
this paper, th
mparing Fig 1
former figure,
SOC reveals th
charging (nega
orithm, the ba
V cell. This im
lar power) and
deliver part o
serve that the b
me. The current
t in Fig 11. th
Amps axis.
g 18: voltage TH
seconds
e voltage harm
g 18. In this
cuits to reduc
oposed scheme
load current (t
wn in Fig 16. It
constant, even
OC %, current an
he battery is h
1 to Fig 17, th
, whereas incr
he fact about c
ative slope) ra
attery is charg
mplies better ut
d battery as bac
or full power
battery chargin
t waveform is
he current is
HD with MPPT
monics are less
scheme we d
ce lower or h
itself will redu
top) and voltag
t can seen that
n though there
nd voltage with M
having 50% c
he %SOC (top
reasing in late
charging (posit
ate. So with pr
ging with exce
tilization of na
ckup when this
to the loads.
ng rate is also
also below 0A
oscillating abo
algorithm for 3
than 5% THD
did not even u
higher order h
uce the harmon
ge with MPPT
current(A) and
is discrepancy

MPPT
charge initially
p) is decreasing
er figures. Th
tive slope) and
roposed MPPT
ess power from
atural resource
s solar cell fail
. We can also
changing with
Amps in Fig 17
ove and below
3 cycles taken a
D as is shown in
used any filte
harmonics. Th
nics naturally.
T
d
y
y.
g
e
d
T
m
s
s
o
h
7,
w
at
n
er
e
Fig 19: c
3.5 secon

The cur
than 5%
deliveri
scheme,
Case 2a
circuit b
seconds
loads fr
as show
Fig 20: c
to 4 seco

The PV
the DC
flows to
Fig 21: c
interrup

The DC
made ze
breaker
place. T
load Fig
current THD wi
nds
rrent harmonic
% THD as is
ing power as
, both voltage
a: In this case,
breaker is used
s. During this t
rom PV cell, th
wn in Fig 20.
current through
onds without bat
V cell current w
circuit breaker
o the loads.
current and volt
ption between 3 t
C load current
ero, as solar ce
as in Fig 21
The same curre
g 22.
ith MPPT algor
cs taken from 3
shown in Fig
per IEEE stan
and current ha
, PV module a
d which opens
time, as there i
he current from
h solar cell with
ttery backup
which is about 2
r operation, be
tage near DC lo
to 4 seconds wit
t amps (top) a
ell output was i
. So a compl
ent and voltag
rithm for 3 cycle
3.5s till 3 cycl
19 which is
ndards. In the
armonics are ve
alone is deliver
s the circuit fr
is no power su
m the PV cell be
its interruption
200A became z
ecause of which
oad with PV cell
thout battery bac
and voltage (v
interrupted by
ete load shed
e zero also ho

es taken at
les are less
said to be
e proposed
ery less.
ring load, a
rom 3 to 4
upply to the
ecame zero

between 3
zero due to
h no power

l
ckup
volts) were
DC circuit
has taken
lds for AC
Fig
inte

As
sou
Hen
Ca
Fig
to 4

The
to t
wit
nea
cha
cur
wit
Fig
inte

The
bac
to 4
cur
bec
this
g 22: current and
erruption betwee
there is no b
urces DG set e
nce complete l
ase 2b: PV cell
g 23: current thr
4 seconds with b
e PV cell curr
the DC circui
th battery back
arly 220A ha
arging. After
rrent is diverte
th MPPT algor
g 24: current and
erruption betwee
e DC current
ckup when PV
4seconds was
rrent from 44.
cause the batte
s time interval.
d voltage near A
en 3 to 4 second
backup power
etc, there is no
load shed has t
with battery b
rough solar cell
battery backup
ent which is n
t breaker oper
kup. In Fig 20,
as risen to 2
delivering lo
ed for battery
rithm better hol
d voltage near D
en 3 to 4 second
and voltage
V cell was inter
shown in Fig 2
6 to 44A and
ery is supplyin
.
AC load with PV
ds without batter
like battery o
o way we can
aken place.
backup
with its interrup
nearly 280A be
ration is as sh
the PV cell ou
80A is becau
ad required c
charging. So,
lds good.
DC load with PV
ds without batter
of the system
rrupted by DC
24. There is ve
d voltage from
ng power to t
V cell
ry backup.
or other powe
deliver power

ption between 3
ecame zero du
hown in Fig 23
utput current i
use of battery
current, exces
battery backup

V cell
ry backup
m with battery
CB between 3
ery small dip in
m 216 to 212V
he load during
er
r.
e
3
s
y
s
p
y
3
n
V,
g
Fig 25: c
interrup

The AC
backup
to 4seco
per unit
of PV c
load.
Fig 26: Z
cell inter

The zoo
shown i
Fig 27: %
between

The Li-
3second
solar ce
action, b
(negativ
Under n
current and volt
ption between 3 t
C current and
when PV cell
onds was show
t voltage were
cell is because
Zoomed view of
rruption betwee
omed picture o
in Fig 25.
%SOC, Current
3 to 4 seconds
- ion battery i
ds, as solar cell
ell failed to del
battery is deliv
ve slope) till 4
normal conditi
tage near AC lo
to 4 seconds wit
d voltage of t
l was interrupt
wn in Fig 25. T
almost constan
e of battery po
current and vol
en 3 to 4 second
of AC current
t and Voltage of
is getting char
l is delivering
liver load beca
vering load, th
4s, then again
ions, the exce
oad with PV cell
th battery backup
the system w
ed by DC CB
The p.u. curren
nt even after in
ower deliverin
ltage near AC lo
ds without batte
and voltage fo
f battery when P
rged (positive
power to the lo
ause of the circ
hereby getting
increasing as
ess current fro

l
up
ith battery
between 3
nt (top) and
nterruption
ng required

oad with PV
ery backup
or Fig 24 is

PV cell fails
slope) till
oads, when
cuit breaker
discharged
in Fig 27.
m PV cell
flow
bat
We
rev
%S
4
Ma
is b
a r
bat
reli
any
The
util
irra
(fig
cha
V
Ho
dur
uni
refr
con
the
cha
all
sys
effi
sys
5
[1]
LLC
[2]K
Ene
[3]
New
[4]h
[5]
gene
chal
[6] G
New
[7]
Stat
Carm
[8]
VRL
failu
[9] H
Fan
Ada
IEE
201
[10]
[11]
from
man

ws to battery,
ttery power is
e can observe
versed (-ve to
SOC is decreas
C
aximum Power
better way to e
renewable ene
ttery backup i
iable (fig 21 &
ywhere (fig 6)
e output pow
lized as an is
adiation (input
g 13 & 16). B
arging can be i
and I harmon
wever, the ba
ring a PV cell
interrupted bac
frigerators, ligh
ntinues to prod
day. When th
arged to their fu
DC and AC l
stem returns
ficiency, reliab
stem.

M. R. Patel, "Win
C, 1999.
Kalogirou, S., Sol
ergy and Combusti
Duffie J.A., Beck
w York: Wiley; 19
http//en.wikipedia.
Shirish Garud, Fe
eration in India a
llenges, The Ener
G. M. Ehrlich, Li
w York: McGraw-H
Giovanni Fiengo,
te Of Charge
melo Speltino sem
A. Tenno, R. Te
LA batteries: mod
ure detection, J. P
Hongwen He; R
; State-of-Charg
aptive Extended K
EE Trans. Vehicula
1
] http://www.leoni
] M.S. Keshner, R
m super-large-scale
nufacturing of PV
, but when th
discharged to
e from the fig
+ve) and ba
ing during this
ONCLUSION
r Point Trackin
extract maximu
ergy source (ty
in rural areas
& 24), easily co
) for small sca
wer can be dis
olated load. E
t), output pow
Because of th
improved (fig
nics less than
attery energy
l outage. The
ck-up power
hts, pumps, and
duce power an
e PV output is
full state of cha
oads. Once th
to normal o
bility was inte
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direction wa
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3 to 4seconds
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11 & 17) from
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agriculture etc
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rate of battery
load is having
fig 18 & 19)
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m
h
e
d
c.
or
ar
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y
g
).
e
t,
as
y
g
e
rs
e
m
d
ss
n
s.
er
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n
an
,
ay